EP2715862B1 - Battery for a vehicle, and method for producing a battery - Google Patents
Battery for a vehicle, and method for producing a battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2715862B1 EP2715862B1 EP12722304.8A EP12722304A EP2715862B1 EP 2715862 B1 EP2715862 B1 EP 2715862B1 EP 12722304 A EP12722304 A EP 12722304A EP 2715862 B1 EP2715862 B1 EP 2715862B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- battery cells
- cooling device
- housing
- separators
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000004382 potting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000446313 Lamella Species 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SMNRFWMNPDABKZ-WVALLCKVSA-N [[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(2,6-dioxo-3H-pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] [[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-fluoro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)C2C=CC(=O)NC2=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](F)[C@@H]1O SMNRFWMNPDABKZ-WVALLCKVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GWNFQAKCJYEJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 3-[8-[[4-methyl-5-[(3-methyl-4-oxophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]sulfanyl]octanoylamino]benzoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC(NC(=O)CCCCCCCSC2=NN=C(CC3=NN(C)C(=O)C4=CC=CC=C34)N2C)=CC=C1 GWNFQAKCJYEJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002984 plastic foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012945 sealing adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/049—Processes for forming or storing electrodes in the battery container
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6554—Rods or plates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6556—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/64—Heating or cooling; Temperature control characterised by the shape of the cells
- H01M10/647—Prismatic or flat cells, e.g. pouch cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6567—Liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Definitions
- the invention relates to a battery for a vehicle, wherein a plurality of battery cells is arranged in a housing of the battery.
- the battery includes cooling means for removing heat from the battery cells.
- a material is introduced, which assumes a first volume in a ground state and an expanded volume in relation to the first volume in an expanded state.
- the cooling device is pressed by the spent in its expanded state material against the battery cells.
- the invention relates to a method for manufacturing such a battery.
- the DE 10 2007 010 745 A1 describes a battery for a vehicle with a plurality of battery cells, which are arranged in a battery case. On the battery cells, a heat conducting plate with cooling channels for a heat conducting medium is arranged on the top side. Between cell connectors and the heat conduction plate, a thermally conductive foam, such as a polyurethane foam is disposed. This material fills gaps in the battery case and also ensures that the cooling plate is acted upon by a pressure acting in the direction of the battery cells.
- battery cells of a battery for a vehicle are arranged in a housing, and a heat conduction plate with cooling channels is arranged on the battery cells on the head side.
- a heat conduction plate with cooling channels is arranged on the battery cells on the head side.
- the DE 10 2008 059 097 A1 also describes a battery for a vehicle having a plurality of battery cells disposed in a battery case, wherein between a battery housing cover and a top side mounted on the battery cells cooling plate as a protective layer is provided a potting compound, which is formed for example of a foam.
- a potting compound which is formed for example of a foam.
- the cooling plate is not pressed by expanding the potting compound against the battery cells, as a battery cells comprehensive cell composite is placed in the battery case cover upside down and then the battery case lid is sufficiently filled with potting compound. The potting compound is thus filled in the open housing.
- the US 2007/0259258 A1 describes a battery for a vehicle having a plurality of battery cells in a housing, wherein the respective battery cells in the housing with cooling plates in abutment, which partially pass through the housing wall.
- a foam for example, a two-component polyurethane foam is introduced via openings.
- the DE 10 2008 059 953 A1 describes a battery for a vehicle with a cooling plate having channels for a cooling fluid. On the cooling plate are battery cells, and the battery cells and the cooling plate are clamped together by a clamping band. Between an arranged under the clamping band clamping plate and an opposite end of the cooling plate of the battery cells, an elastic element, for example, a foam mat or a plurality of springs is arranged. This elastic element presses the battery cells against the cooling plate.
- the DE 10 2007 021 293 A1 describes a battery for an electric vehicle, fuel cell vehicle or hybrid vehicle.
- Individual battery cells which are combined to form a cell package, are surrounded on the outside by a common housing made of plastic.
- the housing comprises a container open on one side and a lid closing the container, both of which are manufactured by injection molding.
- positioning projections are provided on the bottom and on the lid of the housing, which have areas with different elasticity. The softer region of a respective positioning projection makes it possible to compensate for manufacturing tolerances of the battery cells.
- the fins are adapted in shape to the respective battery cell, wherein a respective battery cell is accommodated in a receiving space, which is formed by one or more fins.
- the DE 10 2009 004 543 A1 describes a vehicle battery with round cells, which are arranged between two radiator walls. Cooling channels for a coolant are provided in the cooler walls. Profile elements made of a thermally conductive material are provided between the battery cells, so that a heat transfer between the round cells is made possible via the profile elements. Clamping devices clamp the two radiator walls together so that they are pressed with comparatively great force against the profile parts and the round cells.
- the EP 2 065 963 A2 describes a battery for a vehicle in which a plurality of battery cells form a battery pack.
- a cooling plate is in thermal contact with a bottom of the battery pack.
- the cooling plate has a cavity in which cooling tubes are arranged.
- the cuboid cooling plate with the cavity includes a top wall which is in abutment with the bottom of the battery pack. The expansion of a plastic foam introduced into the cavity causes the cooling tubes to come into intimate contact with the upper wall of the cooling plate.
- Object of the present invention is therefore to provide a battery of the type mentioned above and a method for manufacturing such a battery, which is provided in a particularly simple manner for a good heat dissipation in the cooling mode.
- a material is introduced between the housing and the cooling device, which in a ground state a first volume and in an expanded state occupies an over the first volume enlarged volume.
- the cooling device is pressed against the battery cells.
- a particularly good contact of the cooling device with the battery cells can be achieved. This in turn results in the operation of the cooling device to a particularly good dissipation of the heat released by the battery cells.
- the introduction of the expansion agent in a space provided between the housing and the cooling device gap is also particularly easy to accomplish, so that the battery can be produced particularly low expenditure.
- the increase in volume of the expansion medium occurring after introduction between the housing and the cooling device ensures a high contact pressure with which the cooling device is brought into contact with the battery cells.
- At least one wall of the housing of the battery is formed by separators, which electrically isolate the battery cells from each other. If the separators provided for potential isolation at the same time form the housing of the battery, the battery can be manufactured particularly easily.
- the separators can in this case in particular be connected to one another such that the at least one wall of the housing is hermetically sealed against water and / or moisture, in particular atmospheric moisture. This can be ensured for example by gluing the separators together.
- At least one receiving space for the cooling device is formed by the at least one wall. Then, in the production of the battery, the cooling device need only be introduced into the receiving space formed by mounting the separators. Then then introduced into the receiving space expansion means ensures that the cooling device is pressed with a correspondingly large contact pressure against the battery cells.
- the material is designed as unyielding foam in its expanded and cured state.
- a foam such as in the form of a mounting foam, can be particularly easily introduced between the housing and the cooling device become.
- the mounting foam for example, as a one-component mounting foam or as a two-component mounting foam inexpensive to deploy and easy to handle.
- the cooling device preferably comprises at least one profile part through which a coolant can flow.
- a profile part can be formed particularly easily and inexpensively by extrusion, and during operation of the cooling device, the coolant ensures a particularly efficient heat dissipation.
- thermal compound it has been found to be advantageous if between the at least one profile part and a shell of the respective battery cell thermal compound is arranged. As a result, manufacturing tolerances of the battery cells and / or the cooling device and / or the housing can be compensated particularly well.
- the thermal compound also ensures a surface contact of the cooling device to the battery cells and prevents the occurrence of thermally insulating air between the shell of the battery cells and the cooling device.
- a thermally conductive adhesive between the profile part and the sheaths of the battery cells may be arranged. Then a particularly good heat transfer from the battery cells to the cooling medium is ensured not only in cooling mode, but also a particularly secure hold of the profile parts on the sheaths of the battery cells.
- the at least one profile part is formed from an aluminum alloy. This material ensures a particularly good heat transfer from the battery cells to the coolant.
- a profile part of an aluminum alloy of an advantageously low weight is advantageously low weight.
- the profile part can also be formed from a non-destructive bendable plastic. It is also possible for at least one profile part made of an aluminum alloy and at least one profile part made of a plastic to be used in the battery. If the battery has a profile part made of non-destructively deformable, in particular elastic, plastic, so the risk of damage to the profile part in an accidental application of force to the battery is particularly low. So it can be accident-related Applying force to a displacement of the battery cells relative to the cooling device come without the profile part kinks or breaks. As a result, leakage of the coolant from the cooling device can be particularly largely prevented.
- the use of plastic for the profile part results in a more uniform heat dissipation over the entire battery due to the lower compared to metal heat transfer coefficient.
- the coolant is already heated comparatively strongly by the upstream battery cells, so that a lower current is then applied to the downstream battery cells. Temperature difference between the coolant and the battery cells and thus less efficient heat dissipation is given.
- a plurality of battery cells are arranged in a housing of the battery.
- a cooling device designed to dissipate heat from the battery cells is arranged in the housing.
- a material is introduced into a space provided between the housing and the cooling device, whereby the cooling device is pressed against the battery cells by an increase in the volume of the material.
- At least one wall of the housing of the battery is formed by separators, which electrically insulate the battery cells from each other.
- separators By at least one wall at least one receiving space for the cooling device is formed, in which the cooling device is introduced.
- FIG. 1 shown battery 10 for a vehicle is formed for example as a lithium-ion battery.
- the battery 10 comprises a plurality of battery cells 12, which are electrically insulated from one another by separators 14 formed from a plastic, which are also referred to as spacers (cf. Fig. 6 ).
- the present prismatic battery cells 12 form a stack.
- two passages 20 are formed by the separators 14 (see FIG. Fig. 2 ), in which two profile parts 22, 24 of a cooling device are received (see. Fig. 1 ).
- the profile parts 22, 24 are formed as a flat tube through which a coolant can flow, in which a plurality of mutually parallel cooling channels are formed by ribs 26 (cf. Fig. 3 ).
- a coolant connection 28 is arranged, via which the coolant is supplied to the profile part 22.
- a coolant connection 30 provided on the second profile part 24 serves to lead the heated coolant away from the battery 10 to a cooler (not shown).
- a height of the profile parts 22, 24 is slightly less than a height of the profile parts 22, 24 receiving passages 20.
- a mounting foam 32 In a space between the bottom plate 18 formed by the separators 14 and the profile parts 22, 24 is in the region of the passages 20 arranged a mounting foam 32.
- the mounting foam 32 is introduced into the passages 20 in the production of the battery 10 after the introduction of the profile parts 22, 24 in the passages 20.
- the mounting foam 32 ensures that the profile parts 22, 24 are pressed against the sheaths of the battery cells 12 with a high contact pressure.
- the expanded, cured mounting foam 32 ensures that the large contact force is permanently maintained.
- a layer of thermal compound 34 is also provided between the profile parts 22, 24 and the battery cells 12.
- the profile parts 22, 24 may be formed of an aluminum alloy. Alternatively, the profile parts 22, 24 may be formed of a flexible, non-destructively bendable plastic, so that even with an accidental force application of the battery 10, the profile parts 22, 24 do not kink or break and there is no leakage of coolant from the profile parts 22, 24.
- the housing for the stack of battery cells 12 is formed by the separators 14 arranged between each two battery cells 12 and two separators 36 terminating the end of the stack of battery cells 12 (cf. Fig. 1 ).
- the separators 14, 36 formed from an inherently rigid plastic are glued together in respective contact areas 38 (cf. Fig. 6 ).
- the investment areas 38 provided positive engagement elements, for example in Fig. 3 shown cones 40, and with these corresponding recesses in the separators 14, 36 for a correct position arrangement of the separators 14, 36 to each other.
- the adhesively bonded separators 14, 36 form a stack of the battery cells 12 to five sides hermetically sealed housing, and a cover 42 (see. Fig. 4 ) closes the housing at the top against water and moisture from tight.
- the assembled separators 14 form guide rails 50 for provided on the lid 42 locking lugs 52 (see. Fig. 3 ).
- the locking lugs 52 are glued in the guide rails 50 with an elastic and sealing adhesive (see. Fig. 4 ).
- the housing for the stack of battery cells 12 is also tight at the top.
- dome 54 With the separators 14 integrally dome 54 or sockets are formed, which pass through corresponding passage openings in the side plates 44 and in the fixing plate 48 (see. Fig. 3 ).
- the side plates 44 and the fixing plate 48 ensure that predetermined distances between the separators 14 are maintained (cf. Fig. 1 ).
- the dome 54 are hot staked after the introduction of the same in the passage openings in order to achieve a secure support of the side plates 44 and the fixing plate 48.
- busbars 56 are integrated, via which poles of the battery cells 12 are electrically contacted.
- the busbars 56 by screws 58 (see. Fig. 3 ) are connected to the poles of the battery cells 12.
- screws 58 see. Fig. 3
- a cover 60 which is sealed by a seal 62 against a base of the cover 42, ensures that the screws 58 and the bus bars 52 are protected upwardly against ingress of moisture or water.
- lines 64 via which the voltage of the battery cells 12 is detected, are integrated in the cover 42.
- a Channel 66 is provided, through which in case of failure from the battery cells 12 leaking hot gases are discharged.
- electrical energy for a drive motor of the vehicle can be taken from the battery 10 or introduced into the battery 10.
- a sealing potting compound 76 may be provided (see. Fig. 6 ).
- a provided in the lid 42 board 70 (see. Fig. 5 ) is also covered in the battery 10 by a cover 72 (see. Fig. 1 ).
- the coolant connection 30 is connected in a sealing manner via a sealing ring 74 arranged in the end-side separator 36 to the profile part 24 assigned to this coolant connection 30.
- the connection of the second coolant port 28 to the associated profile part 22 takes place in an analogous manner.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Batterie für ein Fahrzeug, wobei eine Mehrzahl von Batteriezellen in einem Gehäuse der Batterie angeordnet ist. Die Batterie umfasst eine Kühleinrichtung zum Abführen von Wärme von den Batteriezellen. In einen zwischen dem Gehäuse und der Kühleinrichtung vorgesehenen Zwischenraum ist ein Material eingebracht, welches in einem Grundzustand ein erstes Volumen und in einem expandierten Zustand ein gegenüber dem ersten Volumen vergrößertes Volumen einnimmt. Die Kühleinrichtung ist durch das in seinen expandierten Zustand verbrachte Material gegen die Batteriezellen gepresst. Des Weiteren betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zum Fertigen einer solchen Batterie.The invention relates to a battery for a vehicle, wherein a plurality of battery cells is arranged in a housing of the battery. The battery includes cooling means for removing heat from the battery cells. In a space provided between the housing and the cooling device, a material is introduced, which assumes a first volume in a ground state and an expanded volume in relation to the first volume in an expanded state. The cooling device is pressed by the spent in its expanded state material against the battery cells. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing such a battery.
Die
Auch bei der
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Bei diesen aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Batterien ist es vergleichsweise aufwändig, die Kühleinrichtung in einen gut wärmeleitenden Kontakt mit den Batteriezellen zu bringen.In these known from the prior art batteries, it is relatively expensive to bring the cooling device in a good heat conducting contact with the battery cells.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, eine Batterie der eingangs genannten Art sowie ein Verfahren zum Fertigen einer solchen Batterie zu schaffen, bei welcher auf besonders einfache Art und Weise für eine gute Wärmeabfuhr im Kühlbetrieb gesorgt ist.Object of the present invention is therefore to provide a battery of the type mentioned above and a method for manufacturing such a battery, which is provided in a particularly simple manner for a good heat dissipation in the cooling mode.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch eine Batterie mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 und durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 7 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen mit zweckmäßigen Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by a battery having the features of patent claim 1 and by a method having the features of patent claim 7. Advantageous embodiments with expedient developments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims.
Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Batterie ist zwischen das Gehäuse und die Kühleinrichtung ein Material eingebracht, welches in einem Grundzustand ein erstes Volumen und in einem expandierten Zustand ein gegenüber dem ersten Volumen vergrößertes Volumen einnimmt. Durch das in seinen expandierten Zustand verbrachte Material ist die Kühleinrichtung gegen die Batteriezellen gepresst. Durch ein solches, auch als Expansionsmittel bezeichenbares Material kann eine besonders gute Anlage der Kühleinrichtung an den Batteriezellen erreicht werden. Dies führt wiederum im Betrieb der Kühleinrichtung zu einer besonders guten Abfuhr der von den Batteriezellen freigesetzten Wärme.In the battery according to the invention, a material is introduced between the housing and the cooling device, which in a ground state a first volume and in an expanded state occupies an over the first volume enlarged volume. By the material spent in its expanded state, the cooling device is pressed against the battery cells. By means of such material, which can also be designated as an expansion medium, a particularly good contact of the cooling device with the battery cells can be achieved. This in turn results in the operation of the cooling device to a particularly good dissipation of the heat released by the battery cells.
Das Einbringen des Expansionsmittels in einen zwischen dem Gehäuse und der Kühleinrichtung vorgesehenen Zwischenraum ist zudem besonders einfach zu bewerkstelligen, sodass sich die Batterie besonders aufwandsarm fertigen lässt. Die nach dem Einbringen zwischen das Gehäuse und die Kühleinrichtung erfolgende Volumenzunahme des Expansionsmittels sorgt für einen großen Anpressdruck, mit welchem die Kühleinrichtung mit den Batteriezellen in Anlage gebracht wird.The introduction of the expansion agent in a space provided between the housing and the cooling device gap is also particularly easy to accomplish, so that the battery can be produced particularly low expenditure. The increase in volume of the expansion medium occurring after introduction between the housing and the cooling device ensures a high contact pressure with which the cooling device is brought into contact with the battery cells.
Hierbei ist zumindest eine Wand des Gehäuses der Batterie durch Separatoren gebildet, welche die Batteriezellen elektrisch voneinander isolieren. Wenn die ohnehin zur Potentialtrennung vorgesehenen Separatoren zugleich das Gehäuse der Batterie bilden, lässt sich die Batterie besonders einfach fertigen. Die Separatoren können hier insbesondere derart miteinander verbunden sein, dass die zumindest eine Wand des Gehäuses gegenüber Wasser und/oder Feuchtigkeit, insbesondere Luftfeuchtigkeit, hermetisch dicht ist. Dies kann beispielsweise durch Verkleben der Separatoren miteinander sichergestellt werden.Here, at least one wall of the housing of the battery is formed by separators, which electrically isolate the battery cells from each other. If the separators provided for potential isolation at the same time form the housing of the battery, the battery can be manufactured particularly easily. The separators can in this case in particular be connected to one another such that the at least one wall of the housing is hermetically sealed against water and / or moisture, in particular atmospheric moisture. This can be ensured for example by gluing the separators together.
Zudem ist erfindungsgemäß durch die zumindest eine Wand wenigstens ein Aufnahmeraum für die Kühleinrichtung gebildet. Dann braucht bei der Fertigung der Batterie die Kühleinrichtung lediglich in den Aufnahmeraum eingebracht zu werden, welcher durch das Montieren der Separatoren gebildet ist. Anschließend sorgt dann das in den Aufnahmeraum eingebrachte Expansionsmittel dafür, dass die Kühleinrichtung mit einem entsprechend großen Anpressdruck gegen die Batteriezellen gedrückt wird.In addition, according to the invention, at least one receiving space for the cooling device is formed by the at least one wall. Then, in the production of the battery, the cooling device need only be introduced into the receiving space formed by mounting the separators. Then then introduced into the receiving space expansion means ensures that the cooling device is pressed with a correspondingly large contact pressure against the battery cells.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist das Material als in seinem expandierten und ausgehärteten Zustand unnachgiebiger Schaumstoff ausgebildet. Ein solcher Schaumstoff, etwa in Form eines Montageschaums, kann besonders einfach zwischen das Gehäuse und die Kühleinrichtung eingebracht werden. Der Montageschaum ist beispielsweise als Einkomponenten-Montageschaum oder als Zweikomponenten-Montageschaum kostengünstig bereitstellbar und leicht zu handhaben.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the material is designed as unyielding foam in its expanded and cured state. Such a foam, such as in the form of a mounting foam, can be particularly easily introduced between the housing and the cooling device become. The mounting foam, for example, as a one-component mounting foam or as a two-component mounting foam inexpensive to deploy and easy to handle.
Bevorzugt umfasst die Kühleinrichtung wenigstens ein von einem Kühlmittel durchströmbares Profilteil. Ein solches Profilteil kann besonders einfach und kostengünstig durch Strangpressen gebildet werden, und im Betrieb der Kühleinrichtung sorgt das Kühlmittel für eine besonders effiziente Wärmeabfuhr.The cooling device preferably comprises at least one profile part through which a coolant can flow. Such a profile part can be formed particularly easily and inexpensively by extrusion, and during operation of the cooling device, the coolant ensures a particularly efficient heat dissipation.
Hierbei hat es sich als vorteilhaft gezeigt, wenn zwischen dem wenigstens einen Profilteil und einer Hülle der jeweiligen Batteriezelle Wärmeleitpaste angeordnet ist. Dadurch können nämlich Fertigungstoleranzen der Batteriezellen und/oder der Kühleinrichtung und/oder des Gehäuses besonders gut ausgeglichen werden. Die Wärmeleitpaste sorgt zudem für eine flächige Anlage der Kühleinrichtung an den Batteriezellen und verhindert das Auftreten von thermisch isolierender Luft zwischen der Hülle der Batteriezellen und der Kühleinrichtung.It has been found to be advantageous if between the at least one profile part and a shell of the respective battery cell thermal compound is arranged. As a result, manufacturing tolerances of the battery cells and / or the cooling device and / or the housing can be compensated particularly well. The thermal compound also ensures a surface contact of the cooling device to the battery cells and prevents the occurrence of thermally insulating air between the shell of the battery cells and the cooling device.
Zusätzlich oder alternativ kann ein wärmeleitender Klebstoff zwischen dem Profilteil und den Hüllen der Batteriezellen angeordnet sein. Dann ist nicht nur im Kühlbetrieb eine besonders gute Wärmeübertragung von den Batteriezellen auf das Kühlmedium sichergestellt, sondern zudem ein besonders sicherer Halt der Profilteile an den Hüllen der Batteriezellen.Additionally or alternatively, a thermally conductive adhesive between the profile part and the sheaths of the battery cells may be arranged. Then a particularly good heat transfer from the battery cells to the cooling medium is ensured not only in cooling mode, but also a particularly secure hold of the profile parts on the sheaths of the battery cells.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung ist das wenigstens eine Profilteil aus einer Aluminiumlegierung gebildet. Dieses Material sorgt für einen besonders guten Wärmeübergang von den Batteriezellen auf das Kühlmittel. Zudem ist ein Profilteil aus einer Aluminiumlegierung von einem vorteilhaft geringen Gewicht.In a further advantageous embodiment, the at least one profile part is formed from an aluminum alloy. This material ensures a particularly good heat transfer from the battery cells to the coolant. In addition, a profile part of an aluminum alloy of an advantageously low weight.
Das Profilteil kann auch aus einem zerstörungsfrei biegbaren Kunststoff gebildet sein. Es können auch in der Batterie wenigstens ein Profilteil aus einer Aluminiumlegierung und wenigstens ein Profilteil aus einem Kunststoff zum Einsatz kommen. Wenn die Batterie ein Profilteil aus dem zerstörungsfrei verformbaren, insbesondere elastischen, Kunststoff aufweist, so ist die Gefahr einer Beschädigung des Profilteils bei einer unfallbedingten Kraftbeaufschlagung der Batterie besonders gering. Es kann also bei der unfallbedingten Kraftbeaufschlagung zu einer Verschiebung der Batteriezellen relativ zu der Kühleinrichtung kommen, ohne dass das Profilteil knickt oder bricht. Dadurch kann ein Austreten des Kühlmittels aus der Kühleinrichtung besonders weitgehend verhindert werden.The profile part can also be formed from a non-destructive bendable plastic. It is also possible for at least one profile part made of an aluminum alloy and at least one profile part made of a plastic to be used in the battery. If the battery has a profile part made of non-destructively deformable, in particular elastic, plastic, so the risk of damage to the profile part in an accidental application of force to the battery is particularly low. So it can be accident-related Applying force to a displacement of the battery cells relative to the cooling device come without the profile part kinks or breaks. As a result, leakage of the coolant from the cooling device can be particularly largely prevented.
Zudem ergibt sich bei der Verwendung von Kunststoff für das Profilteil aufgrund des im Vergleich zu Metall niedrigeren Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten eine gleichmäßigere Wärmeabfuhr über die gesamte Batterie. Bei einem Profilteil mit einem großen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten wird nämlich das Kühlmittel von den stromaufwärts angeordneten Batteriezellen bereits vergleichsweise stark erwärmt, sodass dann für die stromabwärts angeordneten Batteriezellen eine geringere. Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem Kühlmittel und den Batteriezellen und somit eine weniger effiziente Wärmeabfuhr gegeben ist.In addition, the use of plastic for the profile part results in a more uniform heat dissipation over the entire battery due to the lower compared to metal heat transfer coefficient. In the case of a profile part with a large heat transfer coefficient, in fact the coolant is already heated comparatively strongly by the upstream battery cells, so that a lower current is then applied to the downstream battery cells. Temperature difference between the coolant and the battery cells and thus less efficient heat dissipation is given.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zum Fertigen einer Batterie für ein Fahrzeug wird eine Mehrzahl von Batteriezellen in einem Gehäuse der Batterie angeordnet. Zudem wird in dem Gehäuse eine zum Abführen von Wärme von den Batteriezellen ausgelegte Kühleinrichtung angeordnet. Anschließend wird in einen zwischen dem Gehäuse und der Kühleinrichtung vorgesehenen Zwischenraum ein Material eingebracht, wobei durch eine Volumenzunahme des Materials die Kühleinrichtung gegen die Batteriezellen gepresst wird.In the method for manufacturing a battery for a vehicle according to the invention, a plurality of battery cells are arranged in a housing of the battery. In addition, a cooling device designed to dissipate heat from the battery cells is arranged in the housing. Subsequently, a material is introduced into a space provided between the housing and the cooling device, whereby the cooling device is pressed against the battery cells by an increase in the volume of the material.
Zumindest eine Wand des Gehäuses der Batterie ist durch Separatoren gebildet, welche die Batteriezellen elektrisch voneinander isolieren. Durch die zumindest eine Wand ist wenigstens ein Aufnahmeraum für die Kühleinrichtung gebildet, in welchen die Kühleinrichtung eingebracht wird. Durch eine derart mit den Batteriezellen in Anlage gebrachte Kühleinrichtung lässt sich im Kühlbetrieb eine besonders effiziente Abfuhr von Wärme der Batteriezeilen erreichen.At least one wall of the housing of the battery is formed by separators, which electrically insulate the battery cells from each other. By at least one wall at least one receiving space for the cooling device is formed, in which the cooling device is introduced. By such brought into contact with the battery cells cooling device can be achieved in cooling operation, a particularly efficient dissipation of heat of the battery lines.
Die für die erfindungsgemäße Batterie beschriebenen Vorteile und bevorzugten Ausführungsformen gelten auch für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zum Fertigen einer Batterie.The advantages and preferred embodiments described for the battery according to the invention also apply to the method according to the invention for manufacturing a battery.
Die vorstehend in der Beschreibung genannten Merkmale und Merkmalskombinationen sowie die nachfolgend in der Figurenbeschreibung genannten und/oder in den Figuren alleine gezeigten Merkmale und Merkmalskombinationen sind nicht nur in der jeweils angegebenen Kombination, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen oder in Alleinstellung verwendbar, ohne den Rahmen der Erfindung zu verlassen.The features and combinations of features mentioned above in the description as well as the features and feature combinations mentioned below in the description of the figures and / or shown alone in the figures are not only in the respectively specified combination, but also in other combinations or alone, without departing from the scope of the invention.
Weitere Vorteile, Merkmale und Einzelheiten der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Ansprüchen, der nachfolgenden Beschreibung bevorzugter Ausführungsformen sowie anhand der Zeichnungen. Dabei zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Perspektivansicht einer Batterie zum Speichern und Freigeben von Antriebsenergie für ein Fahrzeug;
- Fig. 2
- in einer Perspektivansicht einen Separator, welcher zwei Batteriezellen der Batterie elektrisch voneinander isoliert;
- Fig. 3
- eine Schnittansicht durch die Batterie gemäß
Fig. 1 ; - Fig. 4
- einen Deckel der Batterie in einer Ansicht von unten, welcher ein durch die Separatoren gebildetes Gehäuse für die Batteriezellen nach oben hin abschließt;
- Fig. 5
- den Deckel gemäß
Fig. 4 in einer Draufsicht; und - Fig. 6
- ausschnittsweise die Batterie gemäß
Fig. 1 in einer weiteren Schnittansicht.
- Fig. 1
- a perspective view of a battery for storing and releasing drive power for a vehicle;
- Fig. 2
- in a perspective view of a separator, which electrically isolates two battery cells of the battery from each other;
- Fig. 3
- a sectional view through the battery according to
Fig. 1 ; - Fig. 4
- a lid of the battery in a view from below, which closes a housing formed by the separators for the battery cells at the top;
- Fig. 5
- the lid according to
Fig. 4 in a plan view; and - Fig. 6
- in sections, the battery according to
Fig. 1 in a further sectional view.
Eine in
Die Separatoren 14, welche durch Kleben miteinander verbunden sind, bilden Seitenwände 16 und eine Bodenplatte 18 (vgl.
Die Profilteile 22, 24 sind als von einem Kühlmittel durchströmbare Flachrohre ausgebildet, in welchen durch Rippen 26 eine Mehrzahl von zueinander parallelen Kühlkanälen gebildet sind (vgl.
Insbesondere aus
Der Montageschaum 32 wird bei der Fertigung der Batterie 10 nach dem Einführen der Profilteile 22, 24 in die Durchlässe 20 in die Durchlässe 20 eingebracht. Durch die sich beim Expandieren des Montageschaums 32 ergebende Volumenzunahme des Montageschaums 32 sorgt dieser dafür, dass die Profilteile 22, 24 mit großer Anpresskraft gegen die Hüllen der Batteriezellen 12 gedrückt werden. Der expandierte, ausgehärtete Montageschaum 32 sorgt dafür, dass die große Anpresskraft dauerhaft aufrechterhalten wird.The mounting
Zum Toleranzausgleich und zur Sicherstellung eines besonders guten, flächigen Wärmeübergangs zwischen den Profilteilen 22, 24 und den Batteriezellen 12 ist zudem zwischen den Profilteilen 22, 24 und den Batteriezellen 12 eine Schicht Wärmeleitpaste 34 vorgesehen.For tolerance compensation and to ensure a particularly good, areal heat transfer between the
Die Profilteile 22, 24 können aus einer Aluminiumlegierung gebildet sein. Alternativ können die Profilteile 22, 24 aus einem flexiblen, zerstörungsfrei biegbaren Kunststoff gebildet sein, sodass selbst bei einer unfallbedingten Kraftbeaufschlagung der Batterie 10 die Profilteile 22, 24 nicht knicken oder brechen und es zu keinem Austritt von Kühlflüssigkeit aus den Profilteilen 22, 24 kommt.The
Bei der Verwendung von Kunststoff für die Profilteile 22, 24 ist zudem eine besonders gleichmäßige Wärmeabfuhr von den Batteriezellen 12 gegeben, da aufgrund des vergleichsweise geringen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten von Kunststoff nicht bereits aus den - in Strömungsrichtung des Kühlmittels durch den Kühlmittelanschluss 28 gesehen - stromaufwärts angeordneten Batteriezellen 12 ein großer Wärmeeintrag in das Kühlmittel erfolgt.When using plastic for the
Das Gehäuse für den Stapel der Batteriezellen 12 ist durch die zwischen jeweils zwei Batteriezellen 12 angeordneten Separatoren 14 und zwei den Stapel der Batteriezellen 12 endseitig abschließende Separatoren 36 gebildet (vgl.
Zusätzlich sorgen in den Anlagebereichen 38 vorgesehene Formschlusselemente, beispielsweise in
Der Zusammenhalt des Gehäuses ist durch Seitenplatten 44 und Endplatten 46 gewährleistet (vgl.
Die zusammengefügten Separatoren 14 bilden Führungsschienen 50 für an dem Deckel 42 vorgesehene Rastnasen 52 (vgl.
Mit den Separatoren 14 sind einstückig Dome 54 oder Buchsen ausgebildet, welche durch entsprechende Durchtrittsöffnungen in den Seitenplatten 44 bzw. in der Fixierplatte 48 hindurchtreten (vgl.
In den Deckel 42 sind Sammelschienen 56 integriert, über welche Pole der Batteriezellen 12 elektrisch kontaktiert werden. Hierfür können die Sammelschienen 56 durch Schrauben 58 (vgl.
In den Deckel 42 sind des Weiteren Leitungen 64 integriert, über welche die Spannung der Batteriezellen 12 erfasst wird. Zudem ist in dem Deckel 42 ein Kanal 66 vorgesehen, durch welchen im Fehlerfall aus den Batteriezellen 12 austretende heiße Gase abgeleitet werden. Über zwei in den Deckel 42 integrierte Hochvoltanschlüsse 68 kann aus der Batterie 10 elektrische Energie für einen Antriebsmotor des Fahrzeugs entnommen bzw. in die Batterie 10 eingebracht werden.Furthermore, lines 64, via which the voltage of the
In einem Bereich des Deckels 42, in welchem ein als Kontaktzunge ausgebildetes Ende des Hochvoltanschlusses 68 angeordnet ist, kann eine abdichtende Vergussmasse 76 vorgesehen sein (vgl.
Wie aus
Claims (7)
- Battery for a vehicle, comprising a plurality of battery cells (12) arranged in a housing (16, 18, 20) of the battery (10), and having a cooling device (22, 24) for removing heat from the battery cells (12),
wherein a material (32) is introduced into a gap provided between the housing (20) and the cooling device (22, 24), said material, in a basic state, having a first volume and, in an expanded state, having a volume which is greater than the first volume, the cooling device (22, 24) being pressed against the battery cells (12) by the material (32) which has been converted into its expanded state, characterised in that
at least one wall (18) of the housing of the battery (10) is formed by separators (14, 36) which electrically insulate the battery cells (12) from one another, while at least one receiving space (20) for the cooling device (22, 24) is formed by the at least one wall (18). - Battery according to claim 1,
characterised in that
the material is embodied as a foam material (32) which is rigid in its expanded and hardened state. - Battery according to claim 1 or 2,
characterised in that
the cooling device comprises at least one profile part (22, 24) through which a coolant is able to flow. - Battery according to claim 3,
characterised in that
heat-conducting paste (34) and/or a heat-conducting adhesive is arranged between the at least one profile part (22, 24) and a casing of the respective battery cell (12). - Battery according to claim 3 or 4,
characterised in that
the at least one profile part (22, 24) is formed from an aluminium alloy. - Battery according to one of claims 3 to 5,
characterised in that
the at least one profile part (22, 24) is formed from a plastics material that can be non-destructively flexed. - Method for producing a battery (10) for a vehicle, wherein a plurality of battery cells (12) are arranged in a housing (16, 18, 20) of the battery (10), and wherein a cooling device (22, 24) designed to remove heat from the battery cells (12) is arranged in the housing (16, 18, 20),
wherein a material (32) is introduced into a gap provided between the housing (20) and the cooling device (22, 24), the cooling device (22, 24) being pressed against the battery cells (12) by an increase in the volume of the material (32), characterised in that
at least one wall (18) of the housing of the battery (10) is formed by separators (14, 36) which electrically insulate the battery cells (12) from one another, while at least one receiving space (20) for the cooling device (22, 24), into which the cooling device (22, 24) is placed, is formed by the at least one wall (18).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE201110102765 DE102011102765A1 (en) | 2011-05-28 | 2011-05-28 | Battery for a vehicle and method of manufacturing a battery |
PCT/EP2012/002130 WO2012163484A1 (en) | 2011-05-28 | 2012-05-18 | Battery for a vehicle, and method for producing a battery |
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EP2715862A1 EP2715862A1 (en) | 2014-04-09 |
EP2715862B1 true EP2715862B1 (en) | 2015-03-04 |
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US (1) | US9728823B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2715862B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103563164B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102011102765A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012163484A1 (en) |
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KR101201742B1 (en) * | 2010-11-05 | 2012-11-15 | 에스비리모티브 주식회사 | Battery module |
DE102011003535A1 (en) | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | tensioning devices |
US8968906B2 (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2015-03-03 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Compact battery cooling design |
-
2011
- 2011-05-28 DE DE201110102765 patent/DE102011102765A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-05-18 EP EP12722304.8A patent/EP2715862B1/en active Active
- 2012-05-18 US US14/122,985 patent/US9728823B2/en active Active
- 2012-05-18 CN CN201280026165.5A patent/CN103563164B/en active Active
- 2012-05-18 WO PCT/EP2012/002130 patent/WO2012163484A1/en active Application Filing
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102018210690A1 (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2020-01-02 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Storage module for an energy storage device of a motor vehicle and energy storage device for a motor vehicle |
DE102019102541A1 (en) | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-06 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Storage device for an energy storage device of a motor vehicle and motor vehicle with at least one such storage device |
DE102019102541B4 (en) | 2019-02-01 | 2022-08-04 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Storage device for an energy store of a motor vehicle and motor vehicle with at least one such storage device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2715862A1 (en) | 2014-04-09 |
CN103563164A (en) | 2014-02-05 |
US20140093766A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 |
US9728823B2 (en) | 2017-08-08 |
DE102011102765A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
CN103563164B (en) | 2016-06-01 |
WO2012163484A1 (en) | 2012-12-06 |
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