EP2707641B1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur wärmeisolierung eines bereichs eines anschlusses der anschlussendstücke zweier ummantelter unterwasserrohre - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und verfahren zur wärmeisolierung eines bereichs eines anschlusses der anschlussendstücke zweier ummantelter unterwasserrohre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2707641B1
EP2707641B1 EP12721500.2A EP12721500A EP2707641B1 EP 2707641 B1 EP2707641 B1 EP 2707641B1 EP 12721500 A EP12721500 A EP 12721500A EP 2707641 B1 EP2707641 B1 EP 2707641B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thermally insulating
connection
insulating sleeve
flange
end fitting
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EP12721500.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2707641A1 (de
Inventor
Henri Morand
Philip Ward
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Technip Energies France SAS
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Technip France SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/26—Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/01—Risers
    • E21B17/015—Non-vertical risers, e.g. articulated or catenary-type
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/003—Insulating arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
    • F16L59/14—Arrangements for the insulation of pipes or pipe systems
    • F16L59/16—Arrangements specially adapted to local requirements at flanges, junctions, valves or the like
    • F16L59/18—Arrangements specially adapted to local requirements at flanges, junctions, valves or the like adapted for joints
    • F16L59/184—Flanged joints

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for thermal insulation of a connecting end connection area of two insulated submarine pipelines for off-shore exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits, at least one of these lines being a flexible pipe and the other pipe can be a flexible pipe or a rigid pipe or a submarine structure comparable to a rigid pipe.
  • the invention applies in particular to all types of flexible pipes, in particular, to unbound pipes as well as those of the bonded type. These pipes are described in the normative document API RP 17B "Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe” published by the American Petroleum Institute .
  • the hydrocarbons When they emerge at the wellhead, the hydrocarbons generally have a high temperature and are therefore relatively fluid. On the other hand, when they then circulate in the submarine pipes, they tend to cool down because of the thermal losses related to the low temperature of the sea water.
  • the temperature of the hydrocarbons flowing in the flexible pipes is typically between 30 ° C and 150 ° C. During production shutdowns, this temperature can temporarily drop to -20 ° C in the event of rapid decompression of a gas, before rising to stabilize around the temperature of the seawater which is of the order of 4 ° C at great depth.
  • the subsea pipes In order to avoid cold spots, it is therefore important for the subsea pipes to be insulated along their entire length, including at the intermediate connections, ie at the connection ends of the pipes between them.
  • the various thermal insulation layers covering the pipe are generally placed on the ground, during the manufacture of this pipe.
  • the pre-insulated pipe is then wound on a reel or on a basket embarked on an installation vessel, then unrolled during its installation at sea.
  • these sections comprise at each end a connecting piece comprising a front end flange and a cylindrical cap extending this flange and forming a seal on the outer sheath of said pipe.
  • connection of the different connectors between them is made on the installation vessel, as and when laying the pipe.
  • the intermediate connection between the end flanges of the two connectors is achieved by means of quick and removable devices.
  • the most common solutions for making these connections between the flexible pipes are bolted flanges or connectors using a crimping collar of the type known for example under the trademark “Grayloc®” or under the trademark “Techlok®”.
  • the areas of the pipe at the end flanges of the connecting pieces and the connecting members between these flanges shall also be thermally insulated after being mounted on the vessel and before the pipe is submerged, in order to ensure continuity thermal insulation.
  • One of the commonly used techniques is to cover the two connecting ends and the connecting members, an insulating box consisting of two half-shells assembled by strapping. These boxes are made to measure according to the geometry of the tips and connecting members and they are most often made of polyurethane injected inside a mold.
  • the cribs have the disadvantage of being bulky because they completely cover the two connecting tips and are therefore difficult to handle and set up, especially on a ship whose deck is usually congested.
  • the large volume of the box also has the adverse effect of facilitating thermal convection phenomena in the seawater present inside. Indeed, there is a significant radial clearance, of the order of 40mm between the cap of the nozzle and the inside of the box, this game being filled with seawater. This convexion facilitating heat exchange and therefore the thermal losses, it is necessary to compensate for increasing the thickness of the insulation wall of the box.
  • polyurethane has the advantage of being relatively easy to mold and to have good thermal properties.
  • its mechanical properties drop sharply when the temperature exceeds 80 ° C, the material then softening significantly which affects the mechanical strength of the box.
  • WO 2008/071637 relates to an aerated cryogenic hose for transporting liquefied natural gas.
  • US 4,295,669 relates to a rigid hydrocarbon transport pipe used in a refinery. These pipes are not submerged.
  • the object of the invention is to avoid these drawbacks by proposing a thermal insulation device which is technically efficient, quick to put in place and easily removable.
  • the invention therefore relates to an isolation device according to claim 1.
  • the isolation device according to the invention may comprise one or more of the features of claims 2 to 13.
  • the invention also relates to a method according to claim 14.
  • Another subject of the present invention is the use of a device as defined above for the thermal insulation of a connection tip connection area of two insulated submarine pipelines for the offshore exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits, of which at least one is a flexible pipe.
  • connection assembly between two insulated underwater pipelines 1 for off-shore exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits, at least one of these pipes 1 being a flexible underwater pipe.
  • the two pipes 1 are flexible pipes or a first pipe is a flexible pipe and a second pipe is a rigid pipe or a first pipe is a flexible pipe and a second pipe is constituted by a submarine equipment, type manifold, wellhead or pump, having a short rigid section which is connected to the first flexible pipe.
  • the flexible pipe is of the unbonded type or the bonded type.
  • front means closer to the free end of the pipe 1.
  • each pipe 1 is provided with a connecting piece designated by the general reference 10 intended to ensure the connection of the pipes together or with terminal equipment and these tips must be made under conditions ensuring both good bonding and good sealing.
  • connection ends 10 fitted to each pipe 1 are identical and designated by the same references.
  • each connection tip 10 comprises a front end flange 11 for attachment to another connection tip 10 or terminal equipment.
  • the connecting piece 10 also comprises a cylindrical cover 12 extending this flange 11 and forming a seal on the outer sheath of the corresponding pipe 1.
  • the end flanges 11 of the two pipes 1 are connected by means of connecting members 5 constituted for example by bolts or by a clamping collar, for example sold under the trademark "Grayloc®” or "Techlok®”.
  • the thermal insulation device of the connecting region of the connecting pieces 10 comprises for each connecting piece 10, a thermal insulation sheath 15 covering at least a portion of the length of each end piece 10, adjacent to the flange of end 11.
  • each connecting piece 10 does not cover the end flange 11.
  • each heat insulating sheath 15 covers only the front part of the connecting end piece 10 leaving the end flange 11 of the corresponding end piece 10 uncovered.
  • the thermal protection sheath 15 extends over the entire length of the connection piece 10 leaving free the end flange 11 of the corresponding end piece.
  • the thermal insulation flange 15 extends for example for a connecting piece 10 over the entire length of this end piece 10 leaving, on the one hand, the end flange 11 and, on the other hand, a groove 13 formed on the cylindrical cover 12 of said nozzle, this groove 13 being intended to securely attach external equipment, such as a stiffener, a curvature limiter or an attachment system to a platform or the laying ship.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 for the other connection piece 10 extends for example over the entire length of the latter.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 is placed on the connection tip 10 during the manufacture of the pipe 1 before the transfer of this pipe 1 to the laying ship.
  • the prior installation of the thermal insulation sheath 15 facilitates handling on the ship and saves time during the installation in service of the pipe.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 is advantageously made by molding an insulating material around the cover 12 of the nozzle 10, said insulating material being in the liquid state at the time of molding and then solidifying via a thermal (cooling) or chemical effect (reaction with a hardener added just before molding).
  • the mold is made of a material having a low thermal conductivity, for example polyethylene, it can be left in place after solidification of the insulating material. In the opposite case, especially when the mold is metallic, it must be removed after solidification of the insulating material.
  • the cover 12 In order to ensure good adhesion between the thermal insulation sheath 15 and the cover 12 of the nozzle 10, the cover 12 must be carefully degreased and cleaned before the molding operation. To increase the adhesion, it is also possible to coat the cover 12 beforehand with an adhesive or a primer.
  • the molded insulating material may be a homogeneous polymer, or a polymer foam that is to say a polymer having numerous internal cavities filled with air, gas or vacuum, or a polymeric matrix syntactic foam, c that is to say a polymeric material mixed with insulating hollow spheres made of ceramic, glass or plastic material.
  • the molded insulating material may in particular comprise polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, a polysulfide polymer or an epoxy resin.
  • the molded insulating material is advantageously made of polyurethane foam, or of polypropylene foam, or of syntactic foam based on polyurethane, or syntactic foam based on polypropylene.
  • the molded insulating material is a syntactic foam based on a thermosetting polymer, for example based on epoxy.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 is formed of two half shells fitted and glued around the cover 12 of the connecting piece 10.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 is made by winding around the cover 12 of the connecting piece 10 of one or more strips of insulating material, said strips being moreover glued against said cover 12.
  • these strips are arranged in several superimposed layers and glued together so as to ensure watertightness. This bonding can be done using an adhesive or a resin or by heating and partially melting previously rolled strips.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 can be made by any known technique for isolating rigid submarine pipelines.
  • the removable cover 20 may be made of polymeric materials similar to those used for the thermal insulation sheath 15, and in particular with syntactic foams based on polyurethane or polypropylene.
  • the removable cover 20 consists of two half-shells 20a and 20b each having, on its inner face, a profile 21 complementary to the connecting members 5 to thermally encapsulate and insulate said connecting members 5.
  • the removable cover 20 is formed by a winding of a turn 25 of a flexible profile, which is set to length to cover 360 °.
  • This flexible turn 25 also has on its inner face, a profile 21 complementary to the connecting members 5 to coat and isolate said connecting members 5.
  • the turn 25 advantageously has on its internal face a geometry in the form of saw teeth 27, which has the effect of reducing the flexural stiffness of the flexible profile, and consequently to facilitate the winding of the latter, especially when the latter has a large thickness and must be wound at a small radius of curvature.
  • these zones of junction are precisely adjusted, as shown in Fig. 5 , or have a complementary transverse profile, for example in the form of a bevel, as shown in FIG. Fig. 6 or in the form of tenon and mortise, as shown in Fig. 7 .
  • the junction zone or zones may also be covered with a tongue of the type of the end tongue 26 shown on the Fig. 8 .
  • the removable cover 20 has on each of its lateral edges, an annular tongue 23 for covering a strip of the adjacent thermal insulation sheath 15, as shown in FIGS. Figs. 1 to 3 .
  • Each annular tongue 23 is fixed to the thermal insulation sheath 15, for example by a clamp 24 or any other suitable means.
  • the heat-insulating sheath 15 of at least one connection piece 10 comprises a drainage channel 18 equipped with a valve 19.
  • This drainage channel 18 has a first end opening outwardly of the sheath 15 and a second end opening inside this sheath 15 at the end flange 11 of said tip 10.
  • the valve 19 consists of a cap for example of plastic material in which the face obstructing the channel 18 has been cut preferably according to a cross 19a.
  • the face cut by the cross 19a tends to open to let the water through. pressures are balanced.
  • the drainage channel equipped with a valve passes radially through the removable cover 20 instead of the thermal insulation sheath 15.
  • the area under the removable cover 20 has a low volume, much lower than that of the cover of the previous solutions used so far. Because of this small volume, the strong confinement of the metal parts, and the stagnant nature of the sea water located in this area, the corrosion phenomena are reduced because the oxygen present in the water is rapidly consumed by the beginning. of the corrosion reaction, then is not renewed, which then slows down this corrosion phenomenon.
  • the cathodic protection does not work in this area, the connecting members 5 can be protected by a suitable surface coating. This constraint is less than in the solutions used until now, since the surfaces to be protected are less extensive.
  • Zone A which is not thermally insulated from the outside, as shown in Fig. 1 , is partially insulated from the inside by the pressure sheath of the pipe in the case of a flexible pipe which extends into the connecting piece 10.
  • the thermal insulation of the connecting region of the connection ends 10 of the two insulated submarine pipes 1, at least one of which is a flexible pipe, is produced as follows.
  • the thermal insulation sheath 15 At the time of manufacture of the flexible pipe 1, and before the connection of the two pipes 1 to each other by the connecting members 5, is covered with the thermal insulation sheath 15, at least a portion of the length of each tip 10, adjacent to the end flange 11, leaving said end flange 11 uncovered.
  • the pipe 1 is then wound on a reel or on a basket embarked on an installation vessel, then unrolled during its installation at sea.
  • connection of these pipe sections is carried out by placing the end flanges 11 of the two connection pieces 10 which are previously isolated one against the other, these connection flanges 11 not being covered with thermal insulation sheath 15.
  • the thermal insulation thus produced is at the same time technically efficient, quick to put in place and easily removable.
  • the device according to the invention can therefore be used to thermally isolate a connection zone of connection ends of insulated submarine pipelines for offshore exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits, at least one of which is a flexible pipe.
  • the connection zone provided with the isolation device is then totally immersed in the body of water.
  • the temperature of the hydrocarbons circulating in the pipes is typically between 30 ° C and 150 ° C.
  • this temperature can temporarily drop to -20 ° C in the event of rapid decompression of a gas, before rising to stabilize around the temperature of the seawater.
  • This temperature is generally between 0 ° C and 10 ° C, and is particularly of the order of 4 ° C at great depth.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Vorrichtung zur Wärmeisolierung eines Anschlussbereichs von Anschlussendstücken (10) von zwei wärmegedämmten Unterwasserleitungen (1) zur Offshore-Förderung von Kohlenwasserstoff-Vorkommen, von denen zumindest eine eine flexible Leitung ist, wobei jedes Anschlussendstück (10) einen vorderen Endflansch (11) und eine zylindrische Kappe (12) aufweist, welche diesen Flansch (11) verlängert, wobei die Flansche (11) der Anschlussendstücke (10) dazu ausgelegt sind, über Verbindungsorgane (5) miteinander verbunden zu werden,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass sie eine wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) aufweist, die zumindest einen an den Endflansch (11) angrenzenden Bereich der Länge eines jeden Endstücks (10) bedeckt, wobei der Endflansch (11) unbedeckt bleibt, sowie eine abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) zum Wärmeschutz aufweist, welche nach dem Verbinden der Endflansche (11) der beiden Endstücke (10) über die Verbindungsorgane (5) den zwischen den beiden wärmeisolierenden Umhüllungen (15) freigelassenen Raum bedeckt, wobei die abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) an jeder wärmeisolierenden Umhüllung (15) befestigt ist.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) sich über die gesamte Länge des entsprechenden Endstücks (10) erstreckt und dabei den Endflansch (11) des Endstücks (10) unbedeckt lässt.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) sich über die gesamte Länge des entsprechenden Endstücks (10) erstreckt und dabei einerseits den Endflansch (11) des Endstücks (10) und andererseits eine Nut (13) unbedeckt lässt, die in die zylindrische Kappe (12) des Endstücks (10) eingearbeitet ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) mit dem entsprechenden Endstück (10) verklebt ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) aus zwei Halbschalen gebildet ist.
  6. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) durch Formen eines Polyurethan-Schaums oder eines syntaktischen Schaums gebildet ist.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) an ihrer Innenseite ein zu den Verbindungsorganen (5) komplementär ausgebildetes Profil (21) aufweist, um die Verbindungsorgane (5) zu umhüllen.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) aus zwei steifen Halbschalen (20a, 20b) gebildet ist.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass der Verbindungsbereich der beiden Halbschalen (20a, 20b) miteinander ein komplementär ausgebildetes Querprofil aufweist, beispielsweise in Keilform oder in Form von Nut und Feder.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) aus einer Windung (25) aus flexiblem Material gebildet ist, die um die Endflansche (11) der beiden Endstücke (10) und die Verbindungsorgane (5) herumgewickelt ist.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 10,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) an jedem ihrer Seitenränder eine ringförmige Zunge (23) zum Bedecken eines Streifens der angrenzenden wärmeisolierenden Umhüllung (15) aufweist.
  12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass jede ringförmige Zunge (23) mit einer Klemmschelle (24) an der wärmeisolierenden Umhüllung (15) befestigt ist.
  13. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass die wärmeisolierende Umhüllung (15) von zumindest einem Anschlussendstück (10) einen Drainagekanal (18) aufweist, der mit einem Ventil (19) ausgestattet ist und der ein erstes Ende, das außerhalb der Umhüllung (15) endet, sowie ein zweites Ende aufweist, das innerhalb dieser Umhüllung (15) im Bereich des Endflansches (11) des Anschlussendstücks (10) endet.
  14. Verfahren zum Verlegen einer Vorrichtung nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche zur Wärmeisolierung eines Anschlussbereichs von Anschlussendstücken (10) von zweier wärmegedämmten Unterwasserleitungen (10), von denen zumindest eine eine flexible Leitung ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass es aus den folgenden Schritten besteht:
    a) nach der Montage des Anschlussendstücks (10) an der Leitung (1) und vor dem Verbinden der beiden Leitungen (1) miteinander wird von der wärmeisolierenden Umhüllung (15) zumindest ein an den Endflansch (11) angrenzender Teil der Länge eines jeden Endstücks (10) bedeckt, wobei der Endflansch (11) unbedeckt bleibt,
    b) die Endflansche (11) der beiden Anschlussendstücke (10) werden aneinandergesetzt,
    c) die Endflansche (11) werden mit den Verbindungsorganen (5) aneinander befestigt,
    d) nach dem Verbinden der Endflansche (11) der beiden Leitungen wird der zwischen den beiden wärmeisolierenden Umhüllungen (15) freigelassene Raum mit einer abnehmbaren Abdeckung (20) zum Wärmeschutz bedeckt,
    und
    e) die abnehmbare Abdeckung (20) wird mit den beiden wärmeisolierenden Umhüllungen (15) verbunden.
  15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 14,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass es nach dem Schritt e) das vollständige Eintauchen des Anschlussbereichs in Wasser, insbesondere in Meereswasser, umfasst.
EP12721500.2A 2011-05-10 2012-05-10 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur wärmeisolierung eines bereichs eines anschlusses der anschlussendstücke zweier ummantelter unterwasserrohre Active EP2707641B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1154023A FR2975164B1 (fr) 2011-05-10 2011-05-10 Dispositif et procede d'isolation thermique d'une zone de raccordement d'embouts de connexion de deux conduites sous-marines calorifugees.
PCT/EP2012/058663 WO2012152875A1 (fr) 2011-05-10 2012-05-10 Dispositif et procede d'isolation thermique d'une zone de raccordement d'embouts de connexion de deux conduites sous-marines calorifugees.

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EP2707641A1 EP2707641A1 (de) 2014-03-19
EP2707641B1 true EP2707641B1 (de) 2015-07-15

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EP (1) EP2707641B1 (de)
AP (1) AP3987A (de)
AU (1) AU2012252326B2 (de)
BR (1) BR112013028806B1 (de)
DK (1) DK2707641T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2975164B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2012152875A1 (de)

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DK2707641T3 (en) 2015-10-19
EP2707641A1 (de) 2014-03-19
BR112013028806B1 (pt) 2019-12-03
AP2013007270A0 (en) 2013-11-30
BR112013028806A2 (pt) 2017-01-31
WO2012152875A1 (fr) 2012-11-15
FR2975164B1 (fr) 2013-06-21
AP3987A (en) 2017-01-07
AU2012252326B2 (en) 2017-03-02
FR2975164A1 (fr) 2012-11-16
AU2012252326A1 (en) 2013-11-21

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