EP2705303A2

EP2705303A2 - Facility and method for preparing biomass

Info

Publication number: EP2705303A2
Application number: EP12765982.9A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Willibald Hergeth; Martin Maul
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2011-05-03
Filing date: 2012-03-03
Publication date: 2014-03-12
Also published as: WO2012152248A2; WO2012152248A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for preparing biomass for use in a heating installation, a facility for preparing biomass, a facility for compacting biomass into shaped pieces, the use of said facility and a method for operating a heating installation.

Description

Device and method for the treatment of biomass

The invention relates to a

Process for processing biomass for use in a heating system, a

Device for processing biomass, a

Use of the device and a method for operating a heating system.

An apparatus and method for producing horse dung pellets is disclosed in DE 10 2006 006 701 B3. A suitable heating system and method for operating a heating system, in particular using horse dung, is published in DE 102 26 538 A1.

Further state of the art results from the leaflets Refrigeration: Physical basics of refrigeration in ww. in us energy efficiency .de

A disadvantage of the known from the prior art solutions is that they process biomass under high energy costs and perform the thermal utilization.

On this basis, it is an object of the invention to provide a generic method and devices with which the energy and equipment required for the treatment of biomass is minimized.

According to the invention the object is achieved by the features mentioned in the independent claims.

The particular advantage of this invention is that when flowing through the process air through the evaporator, the process air condenses and thus moisture is removed. The process air with the moisture is also bound in the process air pollutants such. Withdrawn ammonia. The resulting condensate can be collected and used as agricultural fertilizer.

Bestätigungskopiel The device for pressing biomass in fittings allows depending on the design of the head-side protrusions on the piston and slide manifold design options for the fittings, bale, tons, ball, cylindrical egg-shaped and many other forms are represented. Beneficial for the machine-oriented promotion are body shapes with a round contour, since there breaking or fanning is avoided, which not only reduces the pollution of the system, but receives the calorific value of the fittings.

The invention can be better understood by reference to the accompanying Figures 1 to 4e and the figures of pages 27 to 43 is taken.

1 shows a schematic process flow diagram for a method according to the invention for the treatment of biomass,

FIG. 2a shows a schematic representation of a device for processing biomass, FIG.

FIG. 2b shows a temperature-distance diagram for the process air as it flows through the air dryer 3

2c shows a perspective, schematic view of a drying drum with a stream of process air,

3 shows a schematic process diagram for separating the biomass,

4 shows a schematic, not to scale, perspective view of a heat exchanger for process air,

5 shows a further perspective view of the drying drum,

Fig. 6a shows a schematic cross section through the dryer drum with on and

Each outlet for connections for filling and removal of biomass or connections for supply and removal of process air at the periphery of the drying drum, 6b and 6b 'a cross section through the drying drum of FIG. 5,

Fig. 7 insight into the dryer drum overlooking baffles and rotor for

Mixing of biomass with process air and for the comminution of biomass,

8 shows in perspective the fuel dryer with dryer drum, dust filter and screw conveyor for transporting away the dried biomass,

9 shows the drying drum in scale representation in side, bottom, front and perspective view,

10 shows the air dryer with inside view,

Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a fuel dryer with cylindrical

Dryer drum,

FIG. 12 shows, in a detail, the rotating tools mounted on a shaft for the mixing of biomass with process air and for the comminution of biomass in the drying drum;

FIG. 1 shows a schematic process flow diagram for a method for processing biomass B formed as livestock manure and horse dung with litter.

Keeping horses, especially for breeding and recreational sports, has become an important, albeit little noticed, economic factor in Germany. The number of horses and ponies held solely for this purpose in Germany is estimated at about 1 million animals. The total turnover of this branch of industry in Germany is around € 6 billion annually. Approximately 57 m ^{3 of} horse manure are produced per horse per year (approx. 25 kg fuel / horse per day), whereby litter in the form of straw or sawdust is taken into account. The calorific value of horse manure is interesting and noteworthy. Thus, when burning 1 kg horse manure 3.5 to 4.0 kWh can be obtained. The calorific value of 1 kg of horse manure in a form suitable for burning, dried form is roughly comparable to the calorific value of 200 to 300 ml of fuel oil. At dunging out of stables for pets, such as horses, animal manure or horse dung falls along with the respective bedding material for the animals, so for example straw or sawdust also mixed with food leftovers, such as hay as a mixture. A device for the treatment of biomass in the form of, for example, horse manure therefore advantageously provides a conveying path in the form of a conveyor belt or a screw conveyor or a chain conveyor, with the aid of which the horse manure is transported from the manure removal points to a dryer for drying the horse manure.

After drying the Horse manure to a residual moisture content of at least 12% and a crushing of the long-fiber fractions in a further process step, the pelleting. By this step, the horse manure or biomass for a continuous feeding a burner of a heating system is easier to handle. In addition, pelleted biomass or horse manure is very well storable without significantly altering its physicochemical properties. The horse dung pellets can be stored temporarily in short-term or long-term storage facilities such as silos. In addition, they are easy to transport as pellets because of their ease of handling with an automatic conveyor. Thus, a screw conveyor or a chain conveyor or a conveyor belt provided seih to remove the pellets from the silo again and supply a burner to a heater.

The waste heat generated in a heating device can be used, for example, in two ways. On the one hand, a hot water cycle for a residential or farm building or the like can be operated in the vicinity of the horse stable. On the other hand, hot water can be made available for the buildings. It is also possible to operate a heat exchanger with the heating device in such a way that with the aid of the heat exchanger the process air for dehumidifying and drying the biomass is heated and a high saturation deficit is thereby achieved.

In Fig. 2a, 2c is a schematic, not to scale, perspective view of a device 13 for processing biomass B shown for the combustion thereof. The device 13 consists essentially of a fuel dryer 2 with a drying drum 19, which in the manner of a hollow cylinder with a horizontal extending longitudinal axis 26 is formed. The drying drum 19 is further shown in Figures 2b and 3 to 3c. Furthermore, the device 13 has a designated as a whole with 4 air dryer for drying process air L for the drying of biomass B in the dryer drum 19. The device 13 also includes a device 33 for pressing dried biomass B to form pieces 34, such as to the spherical pellets shown in Figs. 4c to 4e. By way of example only, a conveying means for conveying the shaped pieces 34 into a temporary store 48, which is shown only schematically as a cube-shaped container, is shown belonging to the device 13.

The device 13 shown in FIGS. 2 a, 2 c and their individual components shown in FIGS. 2 a to 4 e can be realized on a different scale. Thus, it may be appropriate to design such a system for a heating power of less than 100 kW or for a heating power of more than 100 kW. It may also be expedient to design the air dryer 4 and the fuel dryer 2 as mobile plant parts, which can be used for service purposes, for example in contracting companies. As set forth in the description of FIG. 1, a fuel dryer 2 in the form of a hollow cylindrical drying drum 19 is used for dehumidifying the horse dung up to a residual moisture content of about 12%. For this purpose, the drying drum 19 fixed on a frame 50 in the form of a welded tubular steel frame is provided. The drying drum 19 is formed from two sheet metal forming halves 51, 51 '. The halves 51, 51 'of the drying drum 19 are, as shown for example in Figures 3a, 3b, along a Umfangsfalzes 52, which defines a longitudinal center plane, screwed with screws. On its upper lateral surface 30, the drying drum 19 has an oval filling opening 53 for biomass B extending over its entire axial length.

The biomass B in the form of undried horse dung is introduced through the filling opening 53 in a discontinuous manner. The filling opening 53 can be closed with a lid. Diametrically opposite the filling opening 53, a funnel-like housing section 54 for discharging the biomass B dried in the drying drum 19 is flanged onto an underside jacket surface 31 of the drying drum 19. The funnel-shaped housing section 54 extends over the entire axial length of the drying drum 19 and adjoins an oval opening 22 'for removal of biomass B from the drying drum 19. The funnel-like housing section 54 can be used for discharging and supplying dried biomass. Se B in a crushing device, such as a hammer mill serve. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the funnel-like housing section 54 is used for supplying the dried biomass B already shredded in the drying drum 19 to the device 33 for pressing the biomass B into shaped pieces 34. The device 33 is arranged on a platform below the drying drum 19 for this purpose ,

When flowing through the process air L through the air dryer 4 results in a temperature profile T (s) as shown in the diagram of Fig. 2b. Here, the process air L enters the air dryer 4 at the temperature T1 at the upstream port 14, is then cooled by a condenser 6 and dried, with the temperature falling to the level T2. Further downstream, the process air L flows through a first heat exchanger 6 and is thereby heated to the temperature T3, which is higher than the temperature T1 at the upstream connection 14. Am

Downstream port 15 leaves the process air L dried and heats the air dryer. 4

The schematic process diagram according to FIG. 3 illustrates the separation of the biomass B before it enters the fuel dryer 2. In general, there are three forms of operation for processing biomass B:

a) Separation of the raw, untreated biomass B in its constituents manure and litter, feeding the manure to the fuel dryer 2, further processing of the manure as fertilizer,

b) Separation of the raw, untreated biomass B in its components dung and litter, feeding the litter to the fuel dryer 2, further processing of the litter as fuel or

c) feeding the untreated biomass B to the fuel dryer 2, further processing the biomass B as fuel.

As the figures 3a and 3c show in different perspective view of the drying drum 19, approximately congruent to the longitudinal central axis or longitudinal axis 26 of the dryer drum 19, a shaft 55 is arranged, which is mounted on each end face 32 of the dryer drum 19 in bearings. From the shaft 55 protrude in different radial directions gripper 24. The grippers 24

are fixed to each other at an axial distance a to the shaft 55 and have at their, the shaft 55 opposite ends each rake-like, each with five prongs provided mixing and crushing tools 24 'on. The mixing and crushing tools 24 'for biomass B form together with a respective one

Arm 27 in the form of a square steel profile the respective gripper 24. In the embodiments shown five grippers 24 are arranged on the shaft 55, each offset by about 70 ° to each other radially from the shaft 55 protrude. The shaft 55 is rotatably connected to a toothed wheel 56 or gear, which is fixed to a stub shaft, which projects through an end face 32 of the drying drum 19. Thus, a rotor 23 is formed in total, which is a mixing and crushing tool for the filled into the dryer drum 19 biomass B with the grippers 24.

About a schematically illustrated traction mechanism with an electromotive rotary drive 25, the rotor 23 is set in rotational motion. The grippers 24 act with their mixing and crushing tools 24 'with comb-like stators 57 or rake 29 on the entire drum inner side 28 of the dryer drum 19. The stators 57 are arranged on the drum inner side 28 that their comb-like structure of the mixing and crushing tools 24 'of the gripper 24 can be crossed (see Fig. 3b). As a result, biomass B reaching between the grippers 24 and the stators 57 is comminuted. As shown in Fig. 3c, a ring of stators 57 may be provided at a parting plane 58 between the halves 51, 51 'of the drying drum 19. The stators 57 protrude like a comb with equal length tines horizontally into the interior of the drying drum 19 and thus constitute a comminution tool for biomass B, which extends around the entire inner circumference of the drying drum 19.

As shown particularly in FIGS. 2a, 2b, a connection 20 for a circular cylindrical tube 59 for supplying process air L to the drying drum 19 is arranged on the end face 32 of the drying drum 19 on which the toothed disk 56 is mounted. On the opposite end face 32 of the drying drum 19, a second connection 21 for a circular cylindrical tube 60 for discharging process air L from the drying drum 19 is arranged radially offset relative to the longitudinal axis 26 of the latter. The tubes 59 and 60 open at approximately the same height in the drying drum 19. As shown in FIGS. 2, 2a, the tubes 59, 60 are connected to an air dryer 4 for heating and drying process air L supplied to the drying drum 19 via the tube 59 , In addition, in the air dryer 4, the cooling functions of the drying drum 19 flowing Process air L and condensing and removing the moisture contained in the effluent from the drying drum 19 process air moisture provided.

The air dryer 4 is shown in FIGS. 2 and 2 c overall as a box-shaped construction and has a left in the viewing direction of FIG. 2 connection 14 for the tube 60 for supplying humidified process air L from the drying drum 19. The enriched with pollutants such as ammonia and moisture from the drying drum 19, effluent process air L first passes to a capacitor 16, which is shown in simplified form as a plate. The condenser 16 is flowed through by a refrigerant 5 of a chiller 9 and allows drying of the process air L. The refrigerant 5 is R134a. The condensate thereby obtained at the condenser 16 is discharged via a discharge line 61 from the housing 18 of the air dryer 4. The condensate can be used as a liquid fertilizer.

After drying and cooling, the dried process air L passes into the first heat exchanger 6 at the condenser 16 which is operated at a temperature of + 1 ° C. The first heat exchanger 6 is operated by the waste heat from an evaporator 8 of the chiller 9 and heats the process air L. for example 55 ° C. The process air is directed after flowing through the first heat exchanger 6 in the housing 18 of the air dryer 4 to a second, also shown only schematically heat exchanger 10. The second heat exchanger 10 is connected via a not shown water circuit 17 of an exhaust gas heat exchanger 11 of a heating system 12. The heating system 12 is heated with the fittings 34 of the device 13 for processing biomass B. In the second heat exchanger 10, the process air L is heated to 60 ° C, for example. Then, the process air L with the aid of a fan 7 via a further terminal 15 for the tube 59 again the drying drum 19 is supplied. It is thus a total of a closed or largely closed cycle of the process air L realized in which this flows through the drying drum 19 in an axially turbulent manner.

In the exemplary embodiments shown, a fuel dryer 2 is shown, which is capable of drying about 500 kg of biomass B to a residual moisture content of at least 12% in a random process. After the drying process of the biomass B, which is preferably automated and monitored by means of a control and / or regulating device, is completed, the shredded and dried biomass B discharged through the opening 22 'on the lower side surface 31 and the funnel-like housing portion 54 by gravity. For this purpose, the oval opening 22 'on a cap, not shown, which is to be opened. The dried biomass B enters the device 33 for pressing biomass B into shaped pieces 34, wherein the shaped pieces 34 can have any shape. Basically, for example, bale, barrel, spherical, cylindrical or egg-shaped forms of the fittings 34 are conceivable.

6a shows the drying drum 19 with peripheral connections (20, 21) for filling and removal of biomass (B), the filling opening 22 and the opening 22 'for removing the dried biomass. The port 21 for discharging process air L and the opening 22 'for removing the dried biomass are diametrically opposed to each other, wherein the opening 22' at the bottom of the drying drum 19 is formed. This ensures that the dried biomass separated from the process air L can be deposited in the area of the opening 22 'and removed from there. It also ensures that the process L can be largely removed from biomass via connection 21 after exchange with the biomass.

FIG. 6 b shows an embodiment of the drying drum 19 in which a rotor 23 with grippers 24 for moving the biomass B is arranged inside the drying drum 19. Upon rotational movement of the rotor 23, the grippers interact with rake 29 mounted on the inside of the drum 28 for effective circulation and drying of the biomass. Around the rotor 23, the filling opening 22, the opening 22 'for removing the dried biomass and the connections 20, 21 for supplying and removing the process air L are each designed as a cutout in the jacket surface of the drying drum 19.

Another advantage of the invention is that process air is condensed by the drying process air through the evaporator and thus moisture is removed. The process air with the moisture is also removed from the process air bound pollutants such as ammonia. The addition of effective microorganisms further degrades ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the biomass. Thus, on the one hand, the condensate forming in the drying process is less stressed. This leads to a reduced load on the dryer drum Corrosion by ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, the fuel produced from the biomass is far less burdened by these components.

Effective microorganisms is the name of a method of agricultural soil improvement and plant treatment by introducing or spraying with a mixture of microorganisms. This mixture consists mainly of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and non-sulfur adult bacteria.

The Nichtschwefpurpurbakterien are physiologically very diverse. They always belong to the alpha or Betaproteobacteria and are able to operate photosynthesis with various - including organic - compounds as electron donors. Here you will find the unusual metabolic type of photo heterotrophy. Unlike their name suggests, many species can also use sulfide - a sulfur compound - as an electron donor for photosynthesis. The ability of phototrophic sulfide oxidation has long been overlooked because even low sulfide concentrations (<1 mM) are toxic to the bacteria. Some representatives are able to grow by lack of light through respiration or fermentation. Most non-sulfur purple bacteria can fix nitrogen.

Effective microorganisms - also called EM - are a special mixture of microorganisms that support regenerative processes and suppress rot processes. This blend was developed about 30 years ago on Okinawa (Japan). The most important microorganisms in EM are lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and photosynthetic bacteria. All microorganisms are collected on site in nature and specially bred.

• EM accelerate the implementation of organic materials and prevent rot

• EM liven up the soil and increase the activity of soil organisms

• EM improve warming in the spring and storage capacity of the soil

• EM reduce germination time and promote rooting

• EM clean water

• EM reduce environmentally relevant noxious gases and eliminate bad odors LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

fuel dryer

dust filter

air dryer

refrigerant

Heat exchanger, first

fan

Evaporator

refrigeration machine

Heat exchanger, second

Exhaust gas heat exchanger

heating system

Facility

connection

capacitor

Water cycle

casing

dryer drum

connection

22 'opening

rotor

grab

Mixed crusher tool

rotary drive

longitudinal axis

poor

Drum inside

rake

Lateral surface, upper side

Lateral surface, underside

front

Device for pressing 4 fitting

5 cylinders

6 working chamber

7 pistons

8 38 'slide

9 cylinder jacket

0 window opening

1 discharge chute

2 end

3 Control and / or regulating device 4 shaping

5 opening

6 boilers

7 subsidies

8 buffers

9 screw conveyor

0 frame

1 51 'half

52 circumferential fold

53 filling opening

54 housing section

55 wave

56 toothed disc

57 stator

58 parting line

59 pipe

60 pipe

61 discharge line

62 pressure medium container

63 platform

64 pressure medium pump

65 valve block

66 compressed air device

a distance, axial v. 24

B biomass

L process air

Claims

claims

Process for the preparation of biomass (B) for use in a heating system or as a fertilizer, in which the biomass (B) is fed to a fuel dryer (2) and dried by circulating with process air (L), wherein the in the fuel dryer (2) moistened Process air (L) is fed to an air dryer (4), characterized in that the process air (L)

- In the air dryer (4) initially cooled by heat exchange with a refrigerant (5) and moisture is removed by condensation,

- Is then supplied in a first heat exchanger (6) for heating and

- By a fan (7) between the fuel dryer (2) and air dryer (4) is promoted.

A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the biomass (B) is comminuted during or after drying.

A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the biomass (B) after drying and crushing pressed into shaped pieces, in particular pelletized.

Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heat exchange with the refrigerant (5) takes place via an evaporator (8) which is operated with a refrigerating machine (9) which supplies a refrigerant (5) to the evaporator (8) ,

Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the process air (L) downstream of the first heat exchanger (6) is fed to a second heat exchanger (10) for increasing the process air temperature.

6. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the second heat exchanger (10) via a water circuit with the exhaust gas heat exchanger (11) of a heating system (12) is supplied.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the biomass contains at least litter and manure and before being fed into the fuel dryer (2) is separated into the components litter and manure so that the fuel dryer (2) as biomass (B) only the ingredients bedding or manure is supplied.

8. Device (13) for processing biomass (B) in particular according to the method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the device (13) comprises a fuel dryer (2) and an air dryer (4), which communicate with each other via a process air cycle are connected, wherein the air dryer (4) comprises a refrigerator (9) for drying the process air (L).

9. Device according to claim 8, characterized in that the air dryer (4) with connections (14,15) for supplying and discharging process air (L), a condenser (16) for cooling and drying the process air (L) and a first heat exchanger (6) for heating the process air (L) is provided, wherein the heat exchanger (6) is arranged downstream of the condenser (16).

10. Device according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the first heat exchanger (6) with a compressor chiller (9) is operated, wherein the heat exchanger (6) with the high-temperature side connection of the compressor chiller (9) is in communication.

11. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the

Compressor chiller (9) within the air dryer (4) in the air flow L between the condenser (16) and the first heat exchanger (6) for heating the process air (L) is arranged.

12. Device according to one of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that the air dryer (4) has a first heat exchanger (6) downstream of the second heat exchanger (10) for heating the process air (L).

13. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the second heat exchanger (10) via a water circuit (17) with the exhaust gas heat exchanger (11) of a heating system (12) is supplied.

14. Device according to one of claims 8 to 13, characterized in that the air dryer (4) is housed in a separate from the fuel dryer (2) housing (8).

15. Device for processing biomass, in particular one of claims 8 to 14, wherein the fuel dryer (2) has a drying drum (19), connections (22, 22 ') for filling and removal of biomass (B), characterized in that in the interior of the drying drum (19) a device for moving the biomass (B) is arranged, wherein at the same time a drying and crushing of the biomass (B) takes place during operation.

16. The device according to claim 15, characterized in that the device for moving the biomass (B) has a rotor (23) with grippers (24) and a rotary drive (25) for rotating the rotor (23).

17. Device according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the grippers (24) mesh with rotary movement of the rotor (23) on the inside of the drum (28) mounted rake (29).

18. Device according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the filling opening (22) and / or the opening (22 ') for removing the dried biomass and / or the terminals (20,21) for feeding and discharging Process air (L) are each designed as a cutout in the lateral surface of the drying drum (19).

19. Device according to one of claims 15 to 18, characterized in that the connection (21) for discharging process air (L) and the opening (22 ') for removing the dried biomass are diametrically opposite each other.

20. Device according to one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the opening (22 ') for removing the dried and comminuted biomass (B) with a device (33) for pressing biomass (B) in fittings (34) in combination stands.

21. Device according to one of claims 15 to 20, characterized in that in the region of the connection (21) for discharging process air (L), a dust filter (3) for cleaning the process air (L) is provided.

22. Device according to one of claims 15 to 21, characterized in that inside the dryer drum in the region of the connections (22) for filling biomass (B) air baffles for swirling the biomass with process air (L) are provided.

23. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that the dust filter (3) is provided with a compressed air device (66) for the cyclical blowing out of the dust in the drying drum (19).

24. Use of the device (13) according to any one of claims 8 to 23 in a heating system.

25. A method for operating a heating system (12) with a device (13) according to one of claims 7 to 18, wherein as fuel biomass (B), in particular animal manure in a fuel dryer (2) using heated process air (L) dried and crushed, the biomass (B) is then supplied to a boiler (46) for combustion via a conveyor (47) after being pressed into molded body (34), wherein the molded body (34) after pressing at least temporarily supplied to a buffer (48) become.

26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that the exhaust gas heat of the boiler (46) for heating the process air (L) is used.

27. Process for the production of biomass shaped fuel articles, which comprises the following steps:

• crushing the biomass, Drying the biomass by circulating it with process air,

Removing the pollutants bound in the biomass by introducing effective microorganisms,

• Transforming the biomass into fuel moldings.

28. The method according to claim 27, characterized in that the effective microorganisms comprises a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and / or yeasts and / or non-sulfur trace bacteria and / or water.

29. The method according to claim 27 or 28, characterized in that the addition of the microorganisms takes place by temporary spraying.

30. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 29, characterized in that prior to the forming of the biomass further drying takes place