Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/168—Organometallic compounds or orgometallic complexes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/34—Shaped forms, e.g. sheets, not provided for in any other sub-group of this main group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
  • A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
  • C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
  • C11D3/044—Hydroxides or bases
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
  • C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
  • C11D3/10—Carbonates ; Bicarbonates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
  • C11D9/045—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps containing substances which prevent the deterioration of soaps, e.g. light or heat stabilisers or antioxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
  • C11D9/22—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins
  • C11D9/30—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins containing nitrogen

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a bar soap comprising pyrithione sources.
• Pyrithione sources such as sodium pyrithione or zinc pyrithione (hereinafter, ZPT) have been known widely used to provide an antimicrobial efficacy for a broad list of industrial applications.
• ZPT zinc pyrithione
• sodium pyrithione and zinc pyrithione have been employed as preservatives against the growth of micro-organism in personal care compositions, paints, adhesives and so on.
• Another application of pyrithione source for example, is the wide use of ZPT as an antidandruff agent in hair care products.
• Bar soap is a popular product form for cleansing.
• a bar soap comprising pyrithione source for antimicrobial efficacy can be desired.
• various metallic parts of the manufacturing equipment for example pipes, nozzles may be contacted with the bar soap. In some situation, such contact can maintain a long time (e.g. overnight to 24 hours), and at a relatively elevated temperature.
• Such contact has the potential of causing a color change of the bar soap, so called “discoloration", which is from a colored precipitate.
• the precipitate is a reaction resultant of pyrithione source with dissolved metal ions, such as ferric ions and/or cupric ions from the metal parts of the equipment.
• the discoloration can also be brought about by dissolved metal ions as metal contaminants in raw materials used for making bar soap, such as fatty esters.
• this discoloration of a bar soap is unwanted for aesthetic reasons, where certain desirable colors are important to meet the consumer's needs. Consumer dissatisfaction and economic loss can result from such discoloration.
• the formation of a colored pyrithione precipitate is unwanted for a safety and regulatory consideration. For example, a green discoloration from copper pyrithione may stain stratum corneum, resulting a bar soap that is not suitable for body cleaning or facial cleaning.
• the use of zinc-containing compounds may be less desired in solving this discoloration problem because: 1) soluble zinc level limitations from regional regulatory authorities, as there are countries like China that limit the maximum soluble zinc salt level excluding those zinc contributed by ZPT or zinc phenolsulfonate to be 1% in a cosmetic composition and 2) adoption of such zinc materials may not be very cost effective.
• the amount of HEDP chelant incorporated in a bar soap needs to be very carefully controlled in order not to chelating some metal ions which is useful in bar soap formulation.
• the present invention relates to a bar soap comprising a pyrithione source, a soap surfactant, and a pH adjusting agent selected from a group consisting of ammonia solution, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, soluble carbonate salts and combinations thereof, wherein said soap attains a pH of greater than or equal to 10.7.
• This bar soap shows a decreased discoloration.
• the present invention also relates to a process of inhibiting the formation of a discoloration in a bar soap caused by the reaction of ferric ion or cupric ion and pyrithione sources in the bar soap comprising the step of adding pH adjuster during manufacturing the bar soap to attain a pH of greater than or equal to 10.7, wherein the pH adjusting agent selected from a group consisting of ammonia solution, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, soluble carbonate salts and combinations thereof.
• the pH adjusting agent selected from a group consisting of ammonia solution, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, soluble carbonate salts and combinations thereof.
• Fig. 1 shows photos taken of the surfaces of 5 different bar soaps of Examples 5-7 and comparative Examples 2-3 pierced with iron nails, which are used to compare the discoloration inhibition efficacy between the present bar soap and comparative bar soap.
• the present invention relates to a bar soap comprising a pyrithione source, a soap surfactant, and a pH adjusting agent selected from a group consisting of ammonia solution, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, soluble carbonate salts and combinations thereof, wherein the soap attains a pH of greater than or equal to 10.7:
• This bar soap shows a decreased discoloration.
• pyrithione i.e., 1 -hydroxy-2-pyridinethione
• pyridine is an aromatic heterocycle related to pyridine as shown in Formula 1.
• N-hydroxythioamide group Via the sulfur and the oxygen of its N-hydroxythioamide group, it forms a complex (as shown in formula 2) with a transitional metal, which may be selected from the group consisting of zinc ion, ferric ion and cupric ion, but is not limited to these.
• a transitional metal which may be selected from the group consisting of zinc ion, ferric ion and cupric ion, but is not limited to these.
• the chemical structure of the N- hydroxythioamide group in the pyrithione anion species gives rise to a bidentate character due to the negative charge and the adjacent strong electron donor potential, and it is this allowing the coordination with metal cations such as zinc, copper or ion.
• Fe 3+ has a radius of 0.64A which is smaller than that of Cu 0.73A, and which in turn is smaller than that of Zn 0.74A. This helps explain the formation of undesired pyrithione discoloration in the existence of other pyrithione source, such as zinc pyrithione.
• an increased pH plays a role in turning the equilibrium of the pyrithione speciation from the pyrithione carrying a positively charged nitrogen atom (shown in the equilibrium scheme II below on the right) to a negatively charged nitrogen atom(shown in the equilibrium scheme II below on the left).
• the pyrithione speciation on the left of the equilibrium scheme II is incapable of coordinating with metal ion including ferric ion. Free ferric ions can then turn into Fe(OH) 3 and finally Fe 2 0 3 under increased pH condition, and further prevent the formation of undesired colored ferric pyrithione.
• discoloration means the color change brought by colored precipitates formed from a reaction of pyrithione source with unwanted dissolved metal ions, such as ferric ions and/or cupric ions.
• the discoloration can be in a color of grayish blue, blue, black, purple, green and the other colors, which are different from an original color of a bar soap comprising a pyrithione source.
• original color it means the color of the bar soap before the pyrithione source in the bar reacts with ferric and/or cupric ion.
• the pyrithione source can be a pyrithione and a pyrithione salt capable of providing antimicrobial efficacy.
• Preferred pyrithione salts are those formed from heavy metals such as zinc, tin, cadmium, magnesium, aluminum and zirconium.
• Zinc salts are most preferred, especially the zinc salt of 1 -hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (zinc pyridinethione, also named zinc pyrithione, ZPT).
• Other cations such as sodium may also be suitable.
• the pyrithione source may be selected from the group consisting of sodium pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, magnesium disulfide pyrithione, pyrithione acid, dipyrithione, chitosan pyrithione and combinations thereof.
• it is sodium pyrithione or zinc pyrithione and more preferably, it is a zinc pyrithione (ZPT).
• ZPT is commercially available from various suppliers. For example, ZPT FPS available from Arch Chemical can be used. It is an aqueous dispersion comprising 48% active ZPT.
• Pyrithione sources are well known in the personal cleansing art, and are described, for example, in US patent 2,809,971 ; US patent 3,236,733; US patent 3,753,196; US patent 3,761, 418; US patent 4,345,080; US patent 4,323,683; US patent 4, 379,753; and US patent 4,470,982. Descriptions about pyrithione sources in the above mentioned patents are incorporated herein by reference.
• the pyrithione source can be present in the present composition in an amount ranging from about 0.05%, 0.1 % or 0.4% to about 0.5%, 2% or 5%.
• the bar soap of the present invention will typically comprise a soap surfactant, or in short "soap", in an amount ranging from about 40%, 45%, 50% to about 65%, 75%, 84%.
• a soap surfactant or in short "soap"
• the term "soap” is used herein in its popular sense, i.e., the alkali metal or alkanol ammonium salts of alkane- or alkene monocarboxylic acids.
• Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, mono-, di- and tri-ethanol ammonium cations, or combinations thereof are suitable for purposes of the present invention.
• sodium soaps are used in the compositions of this invention, but from about 1% to about 25% of the soap may be ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium or a mixture of these soaps.
• the soaps useful herein are the well known alkali metal salts of alkanoic or alkenoic acids having about 12 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms. They may also be described as alkali metal carboxylates of alkyl or alkene hydrocarbons having about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms.
• Soaps having the fatty acid distribution of coconut oil may provide the lower end of the broad molecular weight range.
• Those soaps having the fatty acid distribution of peanut or rapeseed oil, or their hydrogenated derivatives may provide the upper end of the broad molecular weight range.
• soaps having the fatty acid distribution of tallow and vegetable oil can be preferred to use soaps having the fatty acid distribution of tallow and vegetable oil.
• the vegetable oil is selected from the group consisting of palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil stearine, and hydrogenated rice bran oil, or mixtures thereof, since these are among the more readily available fats.
• palm oil stearine, palm kernel oil, and/or coconut oil are especially preferred.
• the proportion of fatty acids having at least 12 carbon atoms in coconut oil soap is about 85%. This proportion will be greater when mixtures of coconut oil and fats such as tallow, palm oil, or non-tropical nut oils or fats are used, wherein the principal chain lengths are CI 6 and higher.
• a preferred soap is sodium soap having a mixture of about 50% tallow, 30% palm oil stearine, and 20% palm kernel oil or coconut oil.
• the soaps may contain unsaturated fatty acid in accordance with commercially acceptable standards. An excessive degree of unsaturation in the soap is normally avoided.
• Soaps may be made by the classic kettle boiling process or modern continuous soap manufacturing processes wherein natural fats and oils such as tallow or coconut oil or their equivalents are saponified with an alkali metal hydroxide using procedures well known to those skilled in the art.
• the soaps may be made by neutralizing fatty acids, such as lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (CI 6), or stearic (C18) acids with an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate.
• the pH of the present bar soap is greater than or equal to 10.7, preferably greater than or equal to 11 , 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, and 13.5, till up to 14.
• pH of the present composition is measured at around 25 ° C using any commercially available pH meter.
• the tested composition is in a solid form, it is first dissolved in distilled water to form an aqueous solution of a concentration of 10%. The pH of this aqueous solution is then tested to be representative of the bar soap.
• the present bar soap comprises a pH adjusting agent in a sufficient amount to attain the above mentioned pH.
• the pH adjusting agents useful for the present composition includes alkalizing agents. Suitable alkalizing agents include, for example, ammonia solution, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, soluble carbonate salts, ammonia solution, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, soluble carbonate salts and combinations thereof.
• the amount of the pH adjusting agent required to attain the requisite pH can be calculated by one skilled in the art following known chemical parameters, for example, pKa value of the pH adjusting agent.
• the present bar soap comprises a soluble carbonate salt presented in an amount effective to attain a pH of greater than or equal to 10.7 to decrease discoloration.
• Soluble carbonate salts may include those carbonates and bicarbonates that have a solubility of greater than or equal to O.Olg in water at 20 ° C .
• Such carbonates can be selected from a group consisting of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, aluminum carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and combinations thereof.
• the present composition comprises a soluble carbonate salt in an amount effective to prevent discoloration.
• soluble carbonate salt is present in the present composition in an amount ranging from about 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1% or 1.5% to about 2%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% or 20%.
• the present composition may additionally comprise a zinc source.
• Suitable zinc source include those zinc-containing materials described in US patent 4,161,526, which can also provide discoloration inhibiting benefit.
• the zinc source is selected from a group consisting of a zinc salt of an organic carboxylic zinc salt, inorganic zinc salt, zinc hydroxide, zinc oxide, and combinations thereof.
• the zinc source is zinc carbonate and/or zinc oxide.
• the zinc source for example, zinc carbonate is also known as being able to potentiate the efficacy of the pyrithione source.
• the present composition comprises from 0.01% to 0.5% of a zinc source.
• the present bar soap comprises 0.5% zinc pyrithione, 2% sodium carbonate, and 0.1% zinc carbonate.
• the bar soap can additionally comprise inorganic salts.
• Inorganic salts can help to bind the water in the bar composition thereby reducing water activity ("Aw") of water in the present compositions and preventing water loss by evaporation or other means.
• Structurants can also optionally be included as ingredients in the present bar soap.
• Suitable structurants in the present compositions include raw starch (e.g. corn, rice, potato, wheat, and the like), pregelatinzed starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylate polyer available under the trade name of Stabylene from BF Goodrich and Carbopol from 3 V Corporation, carregeenan, xanthan gum, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, and the like.
• Preferred structurants include raw starch and/or pregelatinized starch.
• Free fatty acid can optionally be added to the present bar soap compositions to provide enhanced skin feel benefits such as softer and smoother feeling skin.
• Suitable free fatty acids include those derived from tallow, coconut, palm and palm kernel.
• Synthetic surfactants can be optionally utilized in the present bar compositions to further improve the lathering properties of the bar soap during use.
• the synthetic surfactants useful in this invention include anionic, amphoteric, nonionic, zwitterionic, and cationic surfactants.
• Brighteners can be included as optional ingredients in the present compositions at a level of from about 0.001% to about 1%, preferably from about 0.005% to about 0.5%, and more preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.1%, by weight of the composition.
• Silica, or silicon dioxide can be optionally incorporated in the present bar compositions at a level of from about 0.1% to about 15%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, and more preferably from about 3% to about 7%, by weight of the composition.
• Silica is available in a variety of different forms include crystalline, amorphous, fumed, precipitated, gel, and colloidal. Preferred forms herein are fumed and/or precipitated silica.
• compositions include: perfumes, sequestering agents, coloring agents, opacifiers and pearlizers such as titanium dioxide. All of these are useful in enhancing the appearance or cosmetic properties of the product.
• the appearance of the bar composition according to the present invention can be transparent, translucent, or opaque. In one embodiment, the bar composition is opaque.
• Bar soaps are customarily prepared either by framing/casting or by milling/plodding.
• Framed or cast soaps are typically prepared by reacting an appropriate fat, oil or carboxylic acid with a base in the presence of water to form soap, pouring the molten soap into a frame or a mold, allowing the soap to cool and harden.
• Milled/plodded soap bars are produced by subjecting the neutralized soap to various finishing steps which alter the crystalline matrix of the soap from the omega phase, as formed in framed/cast soap bars, to the beta phase.
• the present bar soap can be made using any of the above mentioned manufacturing processes, and the pyrithione source and pH adjusting agent can be added during the mixing steps of preparing the bar soaps.
• pH of the present bar soap is measured at around 25 °C using any commercially available pH meter.
• the bar soap is first dissolved in distilled water at 35°C and agitated for a hour, to form an aqueous solution of a concentration of 10%.
• the solution is cooled down to 25 ° C and the pH is measured.
• the soap is dissolved in water to reach a 10% solution following the process described above for soap solution preparation for pH measurement.
• the ferrate is added into the soap solution to reach a total iron concentration of 20ppm based on the weight of the solution.
• the color (L value) of the soap solution before and after adding ferrate is measured to get a delta L by deducting the value measured before adding from the value after adding.
• L stands for brightness or whiteness of the sample measured.
• the absolute value of delta L divided by the original L value measured before adding ferrate is expressed as a percentage. When the percentage is less than 7%, preferably less than 5%, 3%, 1 %, 0.5%, the sample bar can be considered as having decreased discoloration problem.
• a spectrophotometer e.g., Macbeth COLOR-EYE 3100 spectrophotometer from Gretagmacbeth
• Gretagmacbeth can be used to measure the L value.
• Another method of showing the discoloration inhibition efficacy is an iron nail piercing test.
• This test mimics the real life situation where the bar soap comprising a pyrithione source has a chance of contacting metallic surfaces during manufacturing and/or during consumer use in a high moisture environment, thereby causing a discoloration problem.
• a bar soap which has been pierced with and now containing an embedded iron source is soaked completely under water for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, the water is removed and let the bar stand for 24 hours at room temperature. Then, the iron nails are removed then and the bar soap surface is checked for discoloration at the area where the iron nail contacts the bar.
• the soap noodles are made via a conventional process involving a crutching step and a vacuum drying step.
• the soap noodles are then added to an amalgamator.
• the ingredients of water, titanium dioxide, brightener and perfume are then added to the amalgamator and mixed for about 30 to 60 seconds.
• This soap mixture is then processed through conventional milling, plodding, and stamping steps to yield the finished bar soap compositions.
• the soap noodle utilized in these examples 1-4 and comparative example 1 have the following approximate composition: about 50% sodium palmate, 16% sodium tallowate, 14.5% sodium palm kernelate, about 3% glycerin, about 0.5% sodium chloride, and about 15% water, the balance being unsaponifiables. These percentage amounts are by weight of the soap noodle.
• ZPT used here is available from Arch Chemical under the name of ZPT FPS, which is a 48% aqueous dispersion.
• the bar soap having this composition is dissolved in water at a temperature of 35 ° C and agitated for 1 hour to reach a 10% aqueous solution.
• FeCl 3 solution is then added into the 10% aqueous soap solution to reach a final concentration of measured total irons at 20ppm by weight of the aqueous solution (or 200 ppm by weight of the bar soap).
• the L value measured before addition of ferric ion is set as the blank control for calculating ⁇ L value.
• the final row in the above Tables 1 shows the measurement representing the difference in the "L" value (whiteness value) between the blank control and the corresponding sample comprising Na2C0 3 or NaOH and dissolved ferric ion.
• the bar soaps of Examples 5-7 and Comparative Examples 2-3 comprising the ingredients listed below in Table 2 are made following essentially the same manufacturing method as previously described for Examples 1 -4 and Comparative Example 1.
• Zinc oxide and zinc carbonate in the present Examples 6 and 7 are mixed with soap noodles, together with titanium dioxide et.al.
• the soap noodles here are the same as those used in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Example 1.
• the finished bar soaps are pierced with an iron nail following the protocol described previously in the DISCOLORATION MEASUREMENT section for discoloration inspection.
• the iron nail used here is made of carbon steel and has a diameter of 1.5mm and a length of 15mm.
• the iron nail is pierced into the bar at a depth of around 10mm.
• the iron nail is pretreated with sand paper to remove rust before being pierced into bar soap.
• Figure 1 shows the photo taken of the surfaces of 5 different exemplary bar soaps. It can be seen that Comparative Example 2 bar soap comprising no ZPT does not show discoloration on the nail pierced surface, while Comparative Example 3 comprising 0.4% ZPT shows dark blue discoloration around the pierced area, and each of the bar soaps of Examples 5-7 shows no discoloration when they comprises sodium carbonate to achieve a pH of greater than 10.7.
• weight percent may be denoted as "wt.%” herein.

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