EP2666788A1 - Glucanfaser - Google Patents

Glucanfaser Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2666788A1
EP2666788A1 EP20120168724 EP12168724A EP2666788A1 EP 2666788 A1 EP2666788 A1 EP 2666788A1 EP 20120168724 EP20120168724 EP 20120168724 EP 12168724 A EP12168724 A EP 12168724A EP 2666788 A1 EP2666788 A1 EP 2666788A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
glucan
glucose
branched
glucose units
branched glucan
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP20120168724
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Maurice Karel Hubertina Essers
Johannes Wilhelmus Timmermans
Jerome Villarama Diaz
Ronald Tako Marinus Van Den Dool
Theodoor Maximiliaan Slaghek
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Original Assignee
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
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Publication date
Application filed by Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO filed Critical Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Priority to EP20120168724 priority Critical patent/EP2666788A1/de
Priority to EP13729503.6A priority patent/EP2852620A1/de
Priority to US14/398,251 priority patent/US9481739B2/en
Priority to PCT/NL2013/050371 priority patent/WO2013176542A1/en
Publication of EP2666788A1 publication Critical patent/EP2666788A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
    • C08B37/0009—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid alpha-D-Glucans, e.g. polydextrose, alternan, glycogen; (alpha-1,4)(alpha-1,6)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)(alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. isolichenan or nigeran; (alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. pseudonigeran; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L29/30—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing carbohydrate syrups; containing sugars; containing sugar alcohols, e.g. xylitol; containing starch hydrolysates, e.g. dextrin
    • A23L29/35—Degradation products of starch, e.g. hydrolysates, dextrins; Enzymatically modified starches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
    • A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
    • A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
    • A23L33/25—Synthetic polymers, e.g. vinylic or acrylic polymers
    • A23L33/26—Polyol polyesters, e.g. sucrose polyesters; Synthetic sugar polymers, e.g. polydextrose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2200/00—Function of food ingredients

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preparing a branched glucan, to a branched glucan, and to a use of a branched glucan.
  • Carbohydrates form an important ingredient of various nutrition. They can generally be distinguished in fast (release) carbohydrates, slow (release) carbohydrates and resistant carbohydrates.
  • the fast and slow carbohydrates are digestible carbohydrates, i.e they are digested in the stomach/small intestines. To these categories belong mainly starch and their derivates, e.g. hydrolysates and sugars.
  • the glycaemic index is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels.
  • the slow digestible carbohydrates provide a lower glycaemic index than the fast digestible carbohydrate.
  • a lower glycemic index is an indication for slower rates of digestion and absorption of the foods' carbohydrates and may also indicate greater extraction from the liver and periphery of the products of carbohydrate digestion.
  • a lower glycemic response usually equates to a lower insulin demand but not always, and may improve long-term blood glucose control and blood lipids.
  • the insulin index is also useful for providing a direct measure of the insulin response to a food.
  • Resistant carbohydrate is not digested in the small intestine. Resistant carbohydrates contribute to the total dietary fibre. Examples of resistant carbohydrates are, resistant starches (Type 1 to III), fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides and polydextrose. Some of these can be fermented by microflora in the colon, such as fructoologosacharides and galactoologosaccharides. Resistant carbohydrates that provide nutrition to the microflora may contribute to specific changes in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and/or health. These are commonly referred to as prebiotics. Examples of prebiotics are fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides..
  • prebiotic carbohydrates have different effects on the microflora and/or may offer different health benefits.
  • prebiotics that are fermented relatively quickly may mainly provide nourishment to bacteria in the proximal part of the colon
  • prebiotics that are fermented relatively quickly may mainly provide nourishment to bacteria in the distal part of the colon.
  • prebiotics that are fermented relatively quickly may mainly provide nourishment to bacteria in the distal part of the colon.
  • be selecting a type of prebiotic it may be possible to selectively target microflora in a specific part of the colon.
  • different prebiotics may give rise to the formation of different break-down products (different organic acids).
  • carbohydrates when formulated in a nutritional composition, carbohydrates, in particular fibres and digestible polysaccharides, may also affect other properties of the composition, such as organoleptic effects (e.g . mouth-feel, texture), of the composition, or rheological properties of the composition, such as viscosity.
  • organoleptic effects e.g . mouth-feel, texture
  • rheological properties of the composition such as viscosity.
  • novel digestible and for novel indigestible carbohydrates which may be used to formulate nutritional compositions or be used for preparing food supplements or pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the inventors have found a method to prepare a specific polysaccharide that is partially digestible and partially non-digestible.
  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing a branched glucan having a chain comprising a plurality of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4-glycoside bonds and a plurality of side-groups linked to said chain via another type of glycoside bonding, which side-groups comprise one or more glucose units, the method comprising contacting a glucose source, in particular a glucose source selected from glucose, maltose and polydextrose, with a polysaccharide - which polysaccharide is a glucan comprising a plurality of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4-glycoside bonds and is essentially linear or branched to a lesser extent than the branched glucan that is to be prepared - in the presence of an acid catalyst under polycondensation conditions, thereby forming the branched glucan.
  • a glucose source in particular a glucose source selected from glucose, maltose and polydextrose
  • the present invention relates to a branched glucan obtainable by a method according to the invention.
  • the invention further relates to a branched glucan, preferably obtainable by a method according to the invention, having a chain comprising a plurality of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4-glycoside bonds and a plurality of side-groups linked to the chain via another type of glycoside bonding, which side-groups comprise one or more glucose units, the fraction of glucose units in the side groups being at least 4 % of the total amount of glucose units.
  • the invention relates to a nutritional or pharmaceutical composition
  • a nutritional or pharmaceutical composition comprising a branched glucan according to the invention and one or more ingredients for nutritional products respectively pharmaceutical products.
  • the invention relates to the use of a branched glucan according to the invention for providing both caloric value to a subject consuming the glucan and for providing soluble fibre to the subject consuming the glucan.
  • the glucan may be used to provide a prebiotic effect. Said use is generally non-medical.
  • the invention related to a branched glucan for use as a medicament, in particular for use in the treatment of a disorder of the gastro-intestinal tract.
  • a glucan (obtainable) according to the invention generally has a lower caloric value than a same weight of native starch. It generally has a higher caloric value than a same weight of a polysaccharide that is completely indigestible, such a cellulose, or polydextrose.
  • the present invention provides a glucan having a caloric value in the range of 0.2 to 3 kcal/g, in particular of 0.4 to 2 kcal/g, more in particular about 1 kcal/g.
  • a branched glucan with different properties that are relevant to the behaviour of the glucan in vivo, in particular in the gastro-intestinal tract, or in (a nutritional or pharmaceutical) product before use.
  • properties like caloric value, digestion rate, height of blood glucose peak, viscosity, satiety effect, or prebiotic property may be modified.
  • a glucan according to the invention can provide both an energy source and provide a prebiotic effect.
  • the inventors further realised that this polysaccharide is particularly interesting in that the digestible part is digested relatively slowly, compared to starch.
  • the occurrence of undesirably high glucose plasma peak levels after consumption may be avoided, or at least reduced, compared to comparable nutritional compositions wherein the glucose for caloric intake is provided solely or to a higher extend by glucose, or quickly digested saccharides comprising glucose units (such as sucrose, starch and the like).
  • a branched glucan in a food or beverage can contribute to a prolonged satiety effect, after ingestion.
  • a branched glucan according to the invention can be used in a food or beverage, contributing to desirable rheological properties.
  • a branched glucan according to the invention may be used as a humectant, a bulking agent, a Maillard promoter, a freezing point depressant (reduction of ice crystals), a flavor developer (maillard), a texturizer (volume increase).
  • branched glucan may be used to reduce water activity.
  • the glucan comprising a plurality of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4-glycoside bonds and is essentially linear or branched to a lesser extent than the branched glucan that is prepared may herein after be referred to as the 'base glucan'.
  • the linkages of this glucan are 1,4-glycoside bonds, in particular 80-100 %, more in particular 95-100 %.
  • the alpha 1,4 glycoside bonds mainly originate form the base glucan whereas the sugar monomers providing the branches are responsible for the formation of other linkages, in particular 1,2 linkages, 1,3 and/or 1,6 linkages.
  • the chain or combination of chains at least conceptually derived from the base glucan may also be referred to as the backbone of the branched glucan.
  • the branched glucan (obtained) according to the invention is usually composed of a mixture of glucan molecules. These molecules may differ in molecular weight or branching related properties (such as number of side-groups per molecule, branching degree, type of linkage to the backbone, (average) size of the side groups).
  • the term 'glucose source' is used for a molecule providing glucose units that are used for binding glucose units to the glucan (the base glucan) by polycondensation to form the branched glucan.
  • the glucose source is preferably selected from the group of monosaccharide glucose, maltose and polydextrose, in particular from glucose and polydextrose.
  • polysaccharides such as glucans
  • polysaccharides molecules of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple linkage of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass (monomers).
  • the number of linkages between the monomers in a polymer, such as a polysaccharide is generally at least 3, in particular at least 10, more in particular at least 25, at least 100, at least 500 or at least 1 000.
  • the upper limit is not particularly critical, and may be chosen on the desired properties.
  • the number of linkages may be up to 1 000 000 or even more, in particular 500 000 or less, more in particular 100 000 or less, 25 000 or less, or 5 000 or less, or 3 000 or less.
  • oligomer is used herein for molecules of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises 1 to 9 linkages of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass (monomers).
  • oligomers are disaccharides (e.g . sucrose) and saccharides composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units, which units may be the same or different.
  • the weight average molecular weight as determined by HPLC-MALLS-RI-Viscostar high pressure chromatography-multi angle laser light scattering-refractive index-viscometry, in particular making use of a MALLS with 18 light scattering detectors (Dawn-EOS, Wyatt Co, USA).
  • the Viscostar is a differential pressure detector (Viscostar, Wyatt Co., USA) for measurement of instrinsic vicosity.
  • the concentration of the eluting fractions can be measured using refractive index detector (RI2000, Germany) .
  • HPLC conditions Gilson pump set to a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min.
  • the caloric value for a human is meant.
  • a method according to the invention is advantageously carried out in a melt of the glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose) and the base glucan.
  • the glucose source in particular glucose and/or polydextrose
  • the base glucan In a method wherein the contacting under polycondensation conditions takes place in a melt, at least a substantial part of the glucose source and base glucan form part of the melt, typically more than 50 wt. %.
  • essentially all glucose source and base glucan are part of the melt, typically 95-100 wt. %.
  • a part of the base glucan may remain unmolten. Without being bound by theory, it is contemplated that this part of the base glucan does not significantly participate in the polycondensation reaction. It may remain in the product, thereby contributing to caloric value, or be separated from the branched glucan afterwards.
  • the melt further comprises the acid catalyst.
  • a trace of water is present.
  • the presence of at least a trace of water e.g. at least about 10 ppmw
  • the method is carried in the presence of water, the water content preferably being at least 0.01 wt.%, in particular at least 0.1 wt. % .
  • the water functions as a plasticizer, allowing a melt to be formed, in particular when a mixture consisting of the catalyst, glucose source, and the base glucan cannot form a melt (i.e . if a compound in the mixture degrades at a temperature at which such mixture is solid).
  • the water content can advantageously be more than 1 wt. %, in particular 2 wt. % or more, more in particular 5 wt. %, e.g. up to 20 wt. %, preferably 15 wt. % or less, in particular 10 wt. % or less.
  • the water content is relatively low, for at least a substantial part of the method, such that no unacceptable hydrolysis of the base glucan and/or branched glucan takes place.
  • the contacting is initially takes place at a relatively high water content, e.g . 5-15 wt. %, in order to facilitate intimate mixing of the reagents, in particular to form a melt. Thereafter, the water content is reduced.
  • a relatively high water content e.g . 5-15 wt. %
  • the water content is reduced.
  • the contacting under polycondensation conditions usually takes place for more than 1 min, in particular for 30 min or more, more in particular for 1 hour or more, or for 1.5 hours or more.
  • the contacting may be continued as long as desired in order to realise the desired conversion.
  • a contacting time under polycondensation conditions may in particular be stopped if an unacceptable colour change occurs and/or an unacceptable formation of dark spots form.
  • a contacting time of less than 12 hours is usually sufficient, although the contacting time may be longer if desired.
  • the contacting time is 8 hours or less, in particular 6 hours or less, more in particular 3 hours or less. It is contemplated that longer reaction times can reduce the relative abundance of 1,4 linkages.
  • the contacting under polycondensation conditions can in particular be stopped by cooling the polycondensation reaction mixture to a temperature at which essentially no polycondensation takes place (typically to less than 100 °C, in particular to about 40 °C or less, more in particular to about 20 °C or less or less.
  • the mixture wherein base glucan, the glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose) and acid catalyst are contacted may comprise an organic plasticizer, preferably an organic plasticizer that is food grade (GRAS).
  • the plasticizer contributes to forming a melt at a temperature where degradation of the reagents is (substantially) avoided or at least acceptably low.
  • the organic plasticizer may be a polyol other than a carbohydrate, more in particular a polyol be selected from the group of sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol or another polyalkylene glycol.
  • a polyol be selected from the group of sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol or another polyalkylene glycol.
  • An organic plasticizer is preferably used to facilitate mixing the base glucan and the glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose), in particular if the ratio of the glucose source (in case of more than one glucose source is used, the total of all glucose sources taken together) to base glucan is relatively low.
  • the total concentration of organic plasticizer(s), if present, usually is at least 0.5 wt. %, in particular at least 2 wt. %, more in particular at least 5 wt. % based on the total concentration of organic plasticizers, glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose) and base glucan.
  • the total concentration of organic plasticizer(s), if present, usually is 20 wt. % or less, in particular 10 wt. % or less, more in particular 5 wt. % or less based on the total concentration of organic plasticizers, glucose source and base glucan.
  • the base glucan may in principle be any glucan, and is usually a glucan that is acceptable for use in a food application (GRAS).
  • the base glucan is preferably selected from the group of starch, amylose, amylopectin and maltodextrins.
  • the base glucan may be obtained be hydrolysing a larger glucan, in particular intact starch, amylose or amylopectin.
  • the base glucan has a degree of polymerisation of at least 3 (at least 3 monomeric units per molecule).
  • the number average degree of polymerisation is in the range of 10 to 500 000, in particular in the range of 100 to 100 000, more in particular in the range of 250 to 25 000.
  • the starch may originate from any source, in particular from a tuber (such as potato), root (such as tapioca) or a cereal (such as maize, wheat, rice).
  • a tuber such as potato
  • root such as tapioca
  • a cereal such as maize, wheat, rice
  • the base glucan in particular in case of a starch, preferably is pregelatinised, prior to subjecting the base glucan to the polycondensation conditions.
  • the contacting usually takes place in a mixture in which (initially) the weight to weight ratio glucose source to the base glucan is in the range of 5:95 to 99:1, in particular in the range of 15:85 to 90:10.
  • the ratio glucose source to the base glucan is the ratio of the sum of the amounts of glucose sources to the sum of the amounts of the base glucans.
  • a preferred ratio depends on desired properties of the branched products, such as digestion related properties, rheological properties or ratio of glucose units in the side-chains to glucose in the backbone. Moreover, a relatively high initial glucose content is in particular advantageous to facilitate contacting under polycondensation conditions with the base glucan, also in the absence of an organic plasticizer or in the presence of a relatively low amount of plasticizer.
  • the weight to weight ratio glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose) to the base glucan is 20:80 or more, more preferably 30:70 or more.
  • the ratio preferably is 45:55 or more, especially if glucose is the only glucose source or the major glucose source (more than 50 wt% of the glucose source).
  • the weight to weight ratio glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose) to the base glucan is 90:10 or less, preferably 80:20 or less, more preferably 70:30 or less, in particular 65:35 or less, more in particular 60:40 or less.
  • a ratio in the range of 40:60 to 60:40, in particular in the range of 45:55 to 55:45 is in particular preferred, especially for glucose as the only or major glucose source.
  • the glucose source and base glucan taken together usually form 70 wt. % or more of the mixture wherein the contacting takes place, preferably at least 80 wt. % of the mixture, in particular at least 90 wt. % of the mixture. At least at the start of the polycondensation, the glucose source and base glucan taken together usually form less than 99.5 wt. % of the mixture, in particular 98 wt. % or less, more in particular 95 wt. % or less.
  • the balance is usually formed by at least the acid catalyst and at least a trace of water.
  • a minor amount of one or more other components in particular one or more other biomolecules, such as proteins and other polypepties, fatty acids (e.g . in glycerides or phospholipids), may be present. If present, the total concentration of other components is usually less than 10 wt. %, in particular less than 5 wt. %, more in particular less than 1 wt. %.
  • any acid catalyst capable of catalysing the reaction of the glucose source with the base glucan can be used, in particular any food-grade (GRAS) acid catalyst. Good results have been achieved with an organic acid, in particular with citric acid.
  • An inorganic acid may also be used as a catalyst.
  • a preferred inorganic acid is phosphoric acid, which is considered to catalyse with an advantageous selectivity.
  • the catalyst is usually present in a concentration of 0.1-5 wt. %, preferably in a concentration of 0.1-2 wt. %.
  • a method according the invention may suitably be carried out at a temperature in the range of 100 to 250 °C, preferably in the range of 120 to 220 °C, in particular in the range of 140 to 190 °C.
  • the temperature is above the melting temperature of the mixture.
  • a relatively low temperature is in particular preferred for reducing the tendency of the carbohydrate components to degrade.
  • a relatively high temperature is in particular prefer in view of reaction rate (in particular for 1,6 linkage), reduced viscosity during the contacting.
  • the contacting under polycondensation conditions takes place at a pressure below the partial water vapour pressure under said contacting conditions.
  • a pressure below the partial water vapour pressure under said contacting conditions.
  • said pressure is a sub-atmospheric pressure, at least after start of the polycondensation, in particular a pressure of 0.5 bar or less.
  • the lower limit of the pressure is not critical, and may be determined by the equipment used. E.g ., the pressure may be 1 mbar or more, in particular 10 mbar or more.
  • the prepared branched glucan can be recovered from the contacting mixture based on methodology known per se in the art.
  • the recovery comprises a precipitation step using a solvent for one or more of the following: unreacted glucose, catalyst, plasticizer (if present) other low molecular weight compounds, polysaccharide having a relatively low molecular weight (such as degraded (base-)glucan), in which solvent the branched glucan or at least most of it) precipitates.
  • solvents are polar organic solvents like ethanol.
  • size-based recovery step may be used such as size exclusion chromatography, or dialysis with a molecular weight cut-off filter, which typically will have a molecular weight cut of below the lowest molecular weight of interest for the branched glucan.
  • the glucan is usually dissolved, e.g . in water and then purified in the size-based separation step,
  • the liquid comprising the purified glucan can be processed in a manner known per se, e.g. spray dried.
  • the recovered branched glucan may be used for formulating a nutritional product without needing to remove unreacted base glucan (if any is still present). If present, the unreacted base glucan typically contributes to the caloric value.
  • the mixture obtained after polycondensation, or the recovered glucan product comprising the branched glucan may be subjected to a selective hydrolysis, in particular an enzymatic hydrolysis, to modify a product property, such as a digestion or fermentation related property.
  • a product property such as a digestion or fermentation related property.
  • conditions may be used as are known in the art for the specific enzyme used.
  • the product may be subjected to hydrolysis in a reaction catalysed by an alpha-amylase.
  • the number of alpha 1,4 glycoside linkages is reduced and digestible parts of a branched glucan molecule may be cleaved from indigestible parts. This process reduces the average molecular weight of the product.
  • glucose, maltose and relatively small glucose polymers may be formed, which may increase the digestion rate of the product, if not removed.
  • this glucose and optionally glucose oligomers e.g . by precipitation and/or dialysis as described above
  • a branched glucan product may be obtained of which a lower part is digestible than the product before enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby making a larger part (or the whole glucan) available for use as a dietary fibre, such as a prebiotic.
  • a branched glucan according to the invention including a branched glucan obtained in a method according to the invention, may differ from known glucans in one or more ways.
  • the difference may reside in one or more of the following:
  • Exact properties may vary. In particular one or more of the following applies.
  • a branched glucan according to the invention is generally more dense than a comparable glucan (similar molecular weight+molecular weight distribution, similar polymer configuration) that is unbranched or branched to a less extent.
  • glucose units may be linked to the base glucan via an alpha 1,6 glycoside bond, an alpha 1,2 glycoside bond or an alpha 1,3 glycoside bond.
  • a glucan prepared according to) the invention (substantially) all the side-groups may be bound via one type of bonds, in particular alpha 1,6 glycoside bond. Alternatively, a (substantial) part of the side-groups may be bound via one type of bonds and a (substantial part of the) side groups may be bound via a different type of bounds.
  • a branched glucan (obtained by a method) according to the invention has a chain (a backbone, which may be a branched or crosslinked structure) comprising a plurality of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4-glycoside bonds.
  • This chain usually at least essentially consists of a plurality of glucose units,.
  • This chain usually at least essentially consists of a plurality of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4-glycoside bonds, although in practice a minor number of the linkages, generally 4 % or less may be linked via another type of glycoside linkage, typically depending on the base material on which the branched glucan has been prepared.
  • the branched glucan contains a plurality of side-groups linked to the backbone via another type of glycoside bonding, which side-groups comprise one or more glucose units.
  • the fraction of glucose units in the side groups can be determined by subjecting the glucan to enzymatic digestion (alpha 1,4 amylase) and using gel permeation chromotagraphy to analyse the fragments.
  • the fraction of glucose units in the side groups usually is at least 4 % of the total amount of glucose units, in particular 10 % or more, more in particular 20 % or more, 25 % or more, 30 % or more, 35 % or more, 40 % or more or 50 % or more.
  • the fraction of glucose units in the side groups usually is 95 % or less of the total amount of glucose units, in particular 90 % or less, more in particular 80 % or less, 75 % or less, 70 % or less, 65 % or less, or 60 % or less.
  • molecular weight of the base glucan when preparing a branched glucan according to the invention with a method according to the invention, molecular weight of the base glucan, other size-related features of the base glucan, such as molecular weight distributions, polydispersity, ratio glucose source (in particular glucose and/or polydextrose) to base glucan and other conditions under which the preparation is carried out may have an effect on the properties the branched glucan.
  • the molecular weight of the branched glucan usually is more than 10 kg/mol, in particular 100 kg/mol or more, preferably 500 kg/mol or more, in particular at least 750 kg/mol or more.
  • the molecular weight of the branched glucan usually is 10 000 kg/mol or less, in particular 5 000 kg/mol or less more in particular 2 500 kg/mol or less.
  • the branched glucan may have a monomodal or polymodal molecular weight distribution, in particular a bimodal molecular weight distribution, as can be determined by size exclusion chromatography.
  • a branched glucan product with a polymodal molecular weight distribution may in particular be obtained at a relatively low ratio glucose source to base glucan.
  • a branched glucan according to the invention generally comprises chain segments having a chain length of 3 glucose units or more that are not enzymatically hydrolysed to form glucose or maltose in the presence of alpha-amylase, at least not when subjected to hydrolytic conditions, as mentioned in the examples. It is contemplated that these chains typically comprise one or more glucose side chains.
  • the branched glucan comprises such chain segments which comprise at least 5 glucose units, more in particular at least 15 glucose units or at least 25 glucose units.
  • the upper limit of those non-hydrolysed segments is determined by the length of the non-hydrolysed branched glucan and its branching characteristic and may be a 100 or more.
  • branched glucan segments comprising 75 glucose units or less, more in particular 50 glucose units or less, or 30 glucose units or less may remain.
  • a branched glucan which after enzymatic hydrolysis under conditions as mentioned in the examples has a residual weight average molecular weight of more than 1 000 g/mol, in particular of 5 000 g/mol or more.
  • the residual weight average molecular weight may in particular be up to about 10 000 g/mol, although higher average molecular weights are considered to be feasible, e.g . of up to 20 000 g/mol, or up to 40 000 g/mol.
  • the branched glucan according to the invention generally comprises resistant carbohydrate.
  • the resistant fraction is 5 wt. % or more, preferably 10 wt. % or more, in particular 20 wt. % or more, more in particular 30 wt. % or more.
  • the branched glucan may consist of resistant carbohydrate.
  • the resistant carbohydrate fraction is 98 wt. % or less, more in particular 90 wt. % or less.
  • the branched glucan may be used as an ingredient of a nutritional or pharmaceutical composition to provide caloric value and/or to provide dietary fibre, in particular a dietary fibre with prebiotic effect.
  • the branched glucan may also serve as a thickening or gelling agent
  • the nutritional composition may be selected from beverage and other food compositions.
  • the nutritional composition may be a sports drink, health drinks.
  • Other examples include dairy products; desserts, e.g. puddings, mousses, ice-cream, fruit-ice; clinical foods; bakery products, e.g. cookies, cake, muffins; chewing gum; confectionary, e.g. candy, chocolate; dressings, e.g. salad dressings; sauces, e.g. sweet sauces; spreads, e.g. fruit spreads; processed fruit products.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may in particular be a composition for use in a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a disorder of the gastro-intestinal tract, e.g. stool-related problems.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may essentially consist of the branched glucan, or contain one or more ingredients known per se for formulating a pharmaceutical compositions, such as excipients, colourings, flavourings, coatings.
  • the nutritional or pharmaceutical composition is usually consumed orally or otherwise administered to the gastro-intestinal tract enterally, such as by tube feeding.
  • a daily dosage of the branched glucan can readily be determined based on the body weight of the subject and recommended dosages for other carbohydrates. For an adult human, a daily dosage of branched glucan will usually be in the range of 0.1 mg to 100 mg per kg body weight, in particular 1 mg to 75 mg per kg body weight, more in particular 5 to 70 mg per kg body weight.
  • the branched glucan, nutritional or pharmaceutical composition is in particular suitable for administration to a human.
  • Other animals to which the branched glucan, nutritional or pharmaceutical composition in particular include other mammals, more in particular pets, such as dogs, and animals used in agriculture (lifestock).
  • Paselli SA2 (Avebe, Netherlands), derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of potato starch, was added to a conventional polydextrose recipe (see methods for details).
  • the polydextrose recipe was made using D + glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and sorbitol (sigma-Aldrich, USA). Citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) company was also added to this mixture.
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis was made using alpha amylase, Termamyl 120 (Novozymes, Denmark) and amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger (Megazyme, Ireland)
  • the polycondensation reaction was conducted using a Heidolph Laborata 4000 efficient rotary evaporator fitted with a diaphragm-vacuum pump (Vacubrand,Germany). After heat treatment, the samples were pulverized using a mortar and pestle.
  • the dialysis was conducted at 5 0C for 3 days with a continuous flow of distilled water.
  • the dialyzed samples were then collected and freeze-dried. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that ethanol precipitated samples and dialyzed samples were comparable (data not shown).
  • % Paselli SA2 added to replace the 90% glucose in the basic formulation
  • Formulation % Paselli SA2 substitution Conditions 180 °C, 6 A 5 hours 180 °C, 3 B 40 hours 180 °C, 3 C 60 hours 120 °C, 4 D* 85 hours
  • the samples were hydrolyzed with alpha-amylase (Termamyl 120, Novozymes, Denmark) obtained from Bacillus licheniformis, alone or in combination with amyloglucosidase (Aspergillus niger). About 20 uL of either Termamyl 120 alone or together with amyloglucosidase (20uL) were added to a 25 mL solution of test and control material previously dissolved in sodium phosphate buffer (0.5N, pH 6.8) at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL. The solution was incubated at 60 0C for 3 hours or until a iodine test indicated that starch is not detectable anymore (no formation of blue color). The samples hydrolyzed using both alpha amylase and amyloglucosidase were then diluted to an approximate concentration of 30 ug/mL and analyzed using HPAEC-PAD.
  • alpha-amylase Termamyl 120, Novozymes, Denmark
  • the samples were analyzed using HPLC-MALLS-RI-Viscostar system.
  • the multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS, Dawn-EOS, Wyatt Co, USA) was equipped with 18 light scattering detectors.
  • the differential pressure detector (Viscostar, Wyatt Co., USA) was used for measurement of instrinsic vicosity.
  • the concentration of the eluting fractions were measured using refractive index detector (RI2000, Germany).
  • the HPLC-MALLS-RI-Viscostar was equipped with a Gilson pump set to a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Samples were injected at 200uL using a Gilson autoinjector.
  • the system was fitted with two columns, namely, TSK Gel G5000PW (Japan) and a Viscotek G4000 PW XL column (Houston, Texas, USA) arranged in series.
  • the system was eluted with 50mM sodium nitrate, pH 6.8 with 0.02% Na-azide added as a preservative.
  • the eluent was filtered twice using 0.20 um filter (Millipore, USA). A dn/dc of 0.156 was used for the analysis of all samples.
  • the data obtained was analyzed using ASTRA V (Version 5.3.4.14).
  • HPAEC-PAD analyses were performed on a DX-500 BIO-LC system (Dionex, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), equipped with a pulsed electrochemical detector (PED) and an autosampler (Kontron 560; Beun de Ronde, Abcoude, The Netherlands).
  • PED pulsed electrochemical detector
  • Oligosaccharide fractions (50 ⁇ l aliquots) were separated on CarboPac PA1 (Dionex) pellicular anion-exchange resins (4 * 250 mm) and CarboPac PA1 guard column (4 * 50 mm) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min at 22°C.
  • the eluents used for the analysis of neutral oligosaccharides were 1) 500 mM Na-acetate/100 mM NaOH, 2) 100 mM NaOH.
  • HPAEC-PAD analyses reveal formation of resistant starch structures that are not present in both controls ( polydextrose (100% glucose) or 100% Paselli SA2), see Figure 5 .
EP20120168724 2012-05-21 2012-05-21 Glucanfaser Withdrawn EP2666788A1 (de)

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US14/398,251 US9481739B2 (en) 2012-05-21 2013-05-21 Glucan fibre
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US10314853B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2019-06-11 Kaleido Biosciences, Inc. Glycan therapeutics and related methods thereof
US10752705B2 (en) 2014-07-09 2020-08-25 Cadena Bio, Inc. Oligosaccharide compositions and methods for producing thereof
US10849337B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2020-12-01 Cadena Bio, Inc. Oligosaccharide compositions for use as animal feed and methods of producing thereof
US10894057B2 (en) 2015-04-23 2021-01-19 Kaleido Biosciences, Inc. Glycan therapeutic compositions and related methods thereof

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WO1987007275A1 (fr) * 1986-05-21 1987-12-03 Beghin-Say Sa Procede de preparation a haute concentration dans le fluorure d'hydrogene d'oligo- et poly-osides ramifies, notamment a partir de saccharose
US6559302B1 (en) * 1997-03-19 2003-05-06 Pankaj Shashikant Shah Polymerization of mono-and disaccharides using low levels of mineral acids
EP2151500A1 (de) * 2007-04-26 2010-02-10 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Verzweigtes a-glucan, dieses produzierende a-glucosyltransferase, verfahren zur herstellung davon und verwendung davon

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US2719179A (en) * 1951-01-25 1955-09-27 Mora Peter Tibor Branched-chain carbohydrate polymers and their preparation
WO1987007275A1 (fr) * 1986-05-21 1987-12-03 Beghin-Say Sa Procede de preparation a haute concentration dans le fluorure d'hydrogene d'oligo- et poly-osides ramifies, notamment a partir de saccharose
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US10752705B2 (en) 2014-07-09 2020-08-25 Cadena Bio, Inc. Oligosaccharide compositions and methods for producing thereof
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US10702542B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2020-07-07 Kaleido Biosciences, Inc. Glycan therapeutics and related methods thereof
US10849337B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2020-12-01 Cadena Bio, Inc. Oligosaccharide compositions for use as animal feed and methods of producing thereof
US10881676B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2021-01-05 Kaleido Biosciences, Inc. Glycan therapeutics and related methods thereof
US11229660B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2022-01-25 Kaleido Biosciences, Inc. Glycan therapeutics and method of treating conditions associated with TMAO
US11653676B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2023-05-23 Dsm Nutritional Products, Llc Oligosaccharide compositions for use as animal feed and methods of producing thereof
US10894057B2 (en) 2015-04-23 2021-01-19 Kaleido Biosciences, Inc. Glycan therapeutic compositions and related methods thereof
US11883422B2 (en) 2015-04-23 2024-01-30 Dsm Nutritional Products, Llc Glycan therapeutic compositions and related methods thereof

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