EP2656394A1 - Photovoltaic module - Google Patents

Photovoltaic module

Info

Publication number
EP2656394A1
EP2656394A1 EP11805484.0A EP11805484A EP2656394A1 EP 2656394 A1 EP2656394 A1 EP 2656394A1 EP 11805484 A EP11805484 A EP 11805484A EP 2656394 A1 EP2656394 A1 EP 2656394A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
protective layer
photovoltaic module
outer protective
derivatives
cellulose
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11805484.0A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Pierre-Yves Lahary
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cerdia Produktions GmbH
Original Assignee
Solvay Acetow GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Solvay Acetow GmbH filed Critical Solvay Acetow GmbH
Publication of EP2656394A1 publication Critical patent/EP2656394A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/041—Provisions for preventing damage caused by corpuscular radiation, e.g. for space applications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
    • H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
    • H01L31/049—Protective back sheets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
    • G02B1/14—Protective coatings, e.g. hard coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a polymeric layer; and in particular the use of this polymeric layer as an external protective layer of a photovoltaic module.
  • a photovoltaic module includes a "photovoltaic cell", this cell being capable of transforming light energy into electricity.
  • Photovoltaic modules generally have an outer protective layer made of glass, because of the need for high light transmittance (> 90.5%) and excellent resistance to aggressive climatic and environmental conditions (mainly resistance to moisture, temperature and UV).
  • the outer protective layer of glass is generally heavy (density of the order of 2.5 g / cm 3 ) and fragile.
  • the invention proposes a photovoltaic module comprising at least one outer protective layer, an inner layer that can convert the solar radiation into electricity, and a protective layer on the back of the module ("backsheet"), the protective layer.
  • external material comprising at least one polymer chosen from the following polymers: cellulose and its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, alginates and their derivatives, guars and their derivatives, chitin and its derivatives, pectin and its derivatives.
  • the polymer of the outer protective layer may for example be one of the following polymers: cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylcellulose , hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, starch, hydroxypropyl starch, starch acetate, starch propionate, starch butyrate or mixed starch esters, gum arabic, agar-agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, calcium alginate, gum tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum.
  • the polymer may be a derivative of cellulose, for example cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl.
  • the cellulose derivative is obtained from cellulose derived from high quality wood pulp, or from cellulose resulting from the cotton linter.
  • high quality wood pulp is meant a wood pulp comprising at least 95% by weight of alpha cellulose.
  • the amount of alpha cellulose is determined according to the ISO 692 standard.
  • the cellulose resulting from the cotton linter it is preferably an acetate grade.
  • the polymer may be a cellulose ester. It is generally organic esters and in particular aliphatic esters.
  • the cellulose ester has an acyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms as an ester group. It can be mixed esters of cellulose. Examples of suitable cellulose esters in the context of the invention are: cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetopropionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetatophthalate, cellulose acetate propionate butyrate.
  • the butyryl group forming the butyrate may be linear or branched.
  • the degree of substitution of the cellulose is between 2 and 3, preferably between 2.3 and 2.9. The degree of substitution of the cellulose is determined according to ASTM standard D871-72.
  • the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer of the invention is advantageously between 0.3 and 0.4, preferably between 0.32 and 0, 35. Intrinsic viscosity is measured according to ASTM D871-72.
  • the polymer of the outer protective layer may be a mixture of several polymers.
  • the polymer is cellulose acetate.
  • the outer protective layer advantageously comprises at least 50% by weight of polymer, preferably at least 55% by weight.
  • the outer protective layer comprises a plasticizer.
  • plasticizer there may be mentioned triacetin, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate, diethyl citrate, dimethoxy ethyl phthalate, ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, methyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, the sulfonamides n-ethyl-o, p-toluene, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, dibutoxy ethyl phthalate, diamyl phthalate, tributyl citrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, tripropyl acetyl citrate, tripropionine, tributyrin, o-sulfonamide, p-toluene, pentaerythritol tetra
  • the outer protective layer comprises a thermal stabilizer (thermal degradation and / or thermooxidative protector) such as an antioxidant.
  • thermal stabilizers there may be mentioned glycidyl ethers, metal salts of weak acids, substituted phenols, etc.
  • antioxidants examples include hindered phenolic antioxidants. Such antioxidants are for example described in patent applications WO 2004/000921 and WO02 / 053633. Irganox 1076® (octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-r-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) and Nrganox 1010® (tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) methane) are examples. such antioxidants.
  • Irganox 1076® octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-r-hydroxyhydrocinnamate
  • Nrganox 1010® tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) methane
  • antioxidants By way of example of antioxidants, mention may also be made of phosphorus stabilizers, such as phosphites substituted with alkyl and / or aryl radicals, for example Nrgafos 168® (tris- (2,4-di -tert-butylphenyl) phosphite).
  • phosphorus stabilizers such as phosphites substituted with alkyl and / or aryl radicals, for example Nrgafos 168® (tris- (2,4-di -tert-butylphenyl) phosphite).
  • the outer protective layer comprises a light stabilizer.
  • light stabilizers By way of examples of light stabilizers, mention may be made of stabilizers having at least one hindered amine unit (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer H.A.L.S.). Such additives are for example described in patent applications WO 2004/000921 and WO2005 / 040262.
  • UV absorbers may also be mentioned. Such UV absorbers are described in particular in patent application WO 2004/000921.
  • oxanilides benzophenones such as Uvinul 400® (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone), benzotriazoles such as Tinuvin 360® (dimeric 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole) or 2, 2'-methylenebis (6- (2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-1, 1, 3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol, 2-hydroxyphenyltriazines such as Tinuvin 1577FF® (2,4-Diphenyl- 6- (2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl) -s-triazine, Tinuvin 234® (2- (2H-benzzotriazol-2-yl) 4,6-bis (1-ethyl-1-phenylethylphenol).
  • the outer protective layer may also comprise one or more additives chosen from fillers, dyes, pigments, antistatic agents, surfactants, lubricants, dispersing agents, flame retardants, auxiliary additives or molding, impact modifiers (which must have a refractive index close to that of the outer protective layer polymer to maintain transparency). This list is not exhaustive. Additives must be chosen and used in minimal amounts, to avoid interference with the transmission of solar radiation through the outer protective layer.
  • the outer protective layer does not comprise a metal compound.
  • the outer protective layer may be prepared according to a known method of layer preparation, for example by extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, casting molding, calendering, etc.
  • granules consisting of the constituent compound (s) constituting the outer protective layer, for example by extrusion in the form of rushes, of the polymer or of a composition comprising the polymer. constituent of the outer protective layer; rushes which are then cut to form granules.
  • Additives such as plasticizers, stabilizers etc. can be introduced at different locations of the extrusion device, for example at different locations of a twin-screw extruder.
  • the granules can then be introduced into a layer-forming and transformation device as described above.
  • the outer protective layer is generally a plate.
  • the thickness of the outer protective layer is between 0.025 mm and 15 mm, preferably between 0.05 mm and 10 mm, more preferably between 0.5 mm and 8 mm, even more preferably between 1 mm and 8 mm, all especially between 2 and 6 mm.
  • the surface of the outer protective layer of the invention may be covered with one or more coatings of another material. It may be a protective coating against dirt, abrasion etc.
  • This coating (s) may be made for example of a fluorinated polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
  • the photovoltaic module can be rigid or flexible.
  • the outer protective layer of the invention is optically transparent, that is to say that it has a light transmittance of at least 88% according to ASTM D1003.
  • the photovoltaic module comprises an inner layer that can convert solar radiation into electrical energy, this layer being generally encapsulated, and a protective layer on the back of the module ("backsheet").
  • the inner layer of the photovoltaic module consists of a material that can convert solar radiation into electric current.
  • photovoltaic sensors including the so-called "conventional” sensors based on doped silicon, monocrystalline or polycrystalline; thin-film sensors formed for example of amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium disilinide or organic materials can also be used.
  • Photovoltaic sensors are often fragile, and so they are usually encapsulated to be protected. Any known encapsulant can be implemented. By way of example, mention may be made of poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) with peroxides and stabilizers, or thermoplastic encapsulants based on alpha olefins, ionomers, silicones, polyvinyl butyral, and the like.
  • the photovoltaic module As regards the "backsheet”, it must give the photovoltaic module impermeability to moisture, good creep resistance, good tear resistance (ie a film made from the composition must have good mechanical strength), and good electrical insulation.
  • These are generally multilayer films based on fluoropolymer (such as PVF polyvinyl fluoride or PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride) and / or polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
  • a photovoltaic module is successively placed on a "backsheet", a first layer of lower encapsulant, the inner photovoltaic layer, a second layer of upper encapsulant and the outer protective layer.
  • additional layers can be found between these layers, particularly layers of binders or adhesives. These different layers are assembled to form the module.
  • the photovoltaic modules are a concentrated photovoltaic module.
  • Concentrated photovoltaic modules are known to those skilled in the art. Such modules generally include Fresnel lenses for concentrating the sun's radiation on the photovoltaic cells. Compared to conventional photovoltaic modules, these modules undergo, due to the concentration of solar radiation, significant thermal stresses. The outer protective layer of these modules must therefore have good thermal resistance.
  • the outer protective layer of the invention has very good properties for its application in photovoltaic modules. Indeed, it is transparent (it has a transmittance to high light) and light, and it has good mechanical properties, in particular module. It can be obtained in various sizes and shapes, and is suitable for mass production. Another advantage of the outer protective layer of the invention is that it is made of a biobased material.
  • Plasticized cellulose acetate disks for external protective layer of photovoltaic module were prepared in this example.
  • a cellulose acetate of degree of substitution 2.45 and intrinsic viscosity 0.342 according to the ASTM D871-72 standard was plasticized by 30% by weight of triacetin marketed by Eastman.
  • This material was prepared under the following conditions.
  • the cellulose acetate powder was introduced through the feed hopper and the liquid plasticizer (triacetin) was introduced at the beginning of the screw by a specific feed channel.
  • the implementation conditions applied are the following:
  • a Konica Minolta CM-5® spectrophotometer was then used to measure the transmittance according to ASTM D1003. A 94.3% transmittance at 700 nm was obtained for this 3 mm thick sample.
  • Irganox ® 1010 tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di- (tert) -butyl-4-hydrocinnamate)) methane
  • Ciba tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di- (tert) -butyl-4-hydrocinnamate) methane
  • Irgafos ® 168 tris- (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite
  • Tinuvin ® 234 (2- (2H-benzzotriazol-2-yl) 4,6-bis (1-ethyl-1- phenylethylphenol) (marketed by the company Ciba).

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a polymer layer and in particular to the use of this polymer layer as an external protecting layer for a photovoltaic module. The polymer of the layer is chosen from cellulose and its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, alginates and their derivatives, guars and their derivatives, chitin and its derivatives and pectin and its derivatives.

Description

MODULE PHOTOVOLTAIQUE  PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE
[0001] La présente invention concerne une couche polymérique ; et en particulier l'utilisation de cette couche polymérique comme couche protectrice externe d'un module photovoltaïque. The present invention relates to a polymeric layer; and in particular the use of this polymeric layer as an external protective layer of a photovoltaic module.
[0002] Le réchauffement climatique, lié aux gaz à effet de serre dégagés par les énergies fossiles, a mené au développement de solutions énergétiques alternatives qui n'émettent pas de tels gaz lors de leur fonctionnement, comme par exemple les modules photovoltaïques. Un module photovoltaïque comprend une « pile photovoltaïque », cette pile étant capable de transformer l'énergie lumineuse en électricité. [0003] Les modules photovoltaïques présentent généralement une couche protectrice externe en verre, du fait de la nécessité d'une transmittance à la lumière élevée (>90,5%) et d'une excellente résistance à des conditions climatiques et environnementales agressives (principalement résistance à l'humidité, à la température et aux UV). Cependant la couche protectrice externe en verre est généralement lourde (densité de l'ordre de 2,5 g/cm3) et fragile. [0002] Global warming, linked to the greenhouse gases released by fossil fuels, has led to the development of alternative energy solutions that do not emit such gases during their operation, such as for example photovoltaic modules. A photovoltaic module includes a "photovoltaic cell", this cell being capable of transforming light energy into electricity. Photovoltaic modules generally have an outer protective layer made of glass, because of the need for high light transmittance (> 90.5%) and excellent resistance to aggressive climatic and environmental conditions (mainly resistance to moisture, temperature and UV). However, the outer protective layer of glass is generally heavy (density of the order of 2.5 g / cm 3 ) and fragile.
[0004] Il est connu d'utiliser une couche protectrice externe en acrylique. L'inconvénient d'une telle couche est qu'elle présente une tenue thermique relativement faible. It is known to use an outer protective layer made of acrylic. The disadvantage of such a layer is that it has a relatively low thermal resistance.
[0005] Il est également connu d'utiliser une couche protectrice externe en polycarbonate. L'inconvénient d'une telle couche est qu'elle présente une transmittance à la lumière plus faible que le verre. [0006] On est toujours à la recherche de nouveaux matériaux performants. It is also known to use an outer protective layer made of polycarbonate. The disadvantage of such a layer is that it has a lower light transmittance than glass. We are always looking for new high performance materials.
[0007] A cet effet, l'invention propose un module photovoltaïque comprenant au moins une couche protectrice externe, une couche interne pouvant convertir le rayonnement solaire en électricité, et une couche protectrice au dos du module (« backsheet »), la couche protectrice externe comprenant au moins un polymère choisi parmi les polymères suivants : la cellulose et ses dérivés, l'amidon et ses dérivés, les alginates et leurs dérivés, les guars et leurs dérivés, la chitine et ses dérivés, la pectine et ses dérivés. For this purpose, the invention proposes a photovoltaic module comprising at least one outer protective layer, an inner layer that can convert the solar radiation into electricity, and a protective layer on the back of the module ("backsheet"), the protective layer. external material comprising at least one polymer chosen from the following polymers: cellulose and its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, alginates and their derivatives, guars and their derivatives, chitin and its derivatives, pectin and its derivatives.
[0008] Le polymère de la couche protectrice externe peut par exemple être l'un des polymères ci-après : la cellulose, l'acétate de cellulose, le propionate de cellulose, le butyrate de cellulose, le triacétate de cellulose, l'éthylcellulose, l'hydroxyéthylcellulose, la méthylcellulose, l'hydroxyméthylcellulose, l'amidon, l'hydroxypropyle d'amidon, l'acétate d'amidon, le propionate d'amidon, le butyrate d'amidon ou des esters mixtes d'amidon, la gomme arabique, l'agar-agar, l'acide alginique, l'alginate de sodium, l'alginate de potassium, l'alginate de calcium, la gomme adragante, la gomme guar, la gomme de caroube. The polymer of the outer protective layer may for example be one of the following polymers: cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylcellulose , hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, starch, hydroxypropyl starch, starch acetate, starch propionate, starch butyrate or mixed starch esters, gum arabic, agar-agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, calcium alginate, gum tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum.
[0009] En particulier le polymère peut être un dérivé de la cellulose, par exemple, l'acétate de cellulose, le propionate de cellulose, le butyrate de cellulose, le triacétate de cellulose, l'éthylcellulose, l'hydroxyéthylcellulose, la méthylcellulose, l'hydroxyméthylcellulose. In particular, the polymer may be a derivative of cellulose, for example cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl.
[0010] Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, le dérivé de cellulose est obtenu à partir de cellulose issue de pulpe de bois de qualité supérieure, ou à partir de cellulose issue de linter de coton. Par « pulpe de bois de qualité supérieure », on entend une pulpe de bois comprenant au moins 95% en poids d'alpha cellulose. La quantité d'alpha cellulose est déterminée selon la norme ISO 692. En ce qui concerne la cellulose issue de linter de coton, il s'agit de préférence d'un grade acétate. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the cellulose derivative is obtained from cellulose derived from high quality wood pulp, or from cellulose resulting from the cotton linter. By "high quality wood pulp" is meant a wood pulp comprising at least 95% by weight of alpha cellulose. The amount of alpha cellulose is determined according to the ISO 692 standard. As regards the cellulose resulting from the cotton linter, it is preferably an acetate grade.
[001 1] Plus particulièrement le polymère peut être un ester de cellulose. Il s'agit généralement d'esters organiques et notamment aliphatiques. [001 1] More particularly, the polymer may be a cellulose ester. It is generally organic esters and in particular aliphatic esters.
[0012] Avantageusement l'ester de cellulose a un groupe acyl ayant de 2 à 4 atomes de carbone comme groupe ester. Il peut s'agir d'esters mixtes de cellulose. On peut citer à titre d'exemple d'ester de cellulose convenable dans le cadre de l'invention : l'acétate de cellulose, le propionate de cellulose, le butyrate de cellulose, l'acétopropionate de cellulose, l'acétobutyrate de cellulose, l'acétatophtalate de cellulose, l'acétate propionate butyrate de cellulose. Le groupe butyrile formant le butyrate peut être linéaire ou branché. [0013] Avantageusement le degré de substitution de la cellulose est compris entre 2 et 3, de préférence entre 2,3 et 2,9. Le degré de substitution de la cellulose est déterminé selon la norme ASTM D871-72 [0014] La viscosité intrinsèque du polymère de l'invention est avantageusement compris entre 0,3 et 0,4, de préférence comprise entre 0,32 et 0,35. La viscosité intrinsèque est mesurée selon la norme ASTM D871-72. Advantageously, the cellulose ester has an acyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms as an ester group. It can be mixed esters of cellulose. Examples of suitable cellulose esters in the context of the invention are: cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetopropionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetatophthalate, cellulose acetate propionate butyrate. The butyryl group forming the butyrate may be linear or branched. [0013] Advantageously, the degree of substitution of the cellulose is between 2 and 3, preferably between 2.3 and 2.9. The degree of substitution of the cellulose is determined according to ASTM standard D871-72. [0014] The intrinsic viscosity of the polymer of the invention is advantageously between 0.3 and 0.4, preferably between 0.32 and 0, 35. Intrinsic viscosity is measured according to ASTM D871-72.
[0015] Le polymère de la couche de protection externe peut être un mélange de plusieurs polymères. The polymer of the outer protective layer may be a mixture of several polymers.
[0016] De manière préférée, le polymère est l'acétate de cellulose. [0016] Preferably, the polymer is cellulose acetate.
[0017] La couche protectrice externe comprend avantageusement au moins 50% en poids de polymère, de préférence au moins 55% en poids. The outer protective layer advantageously comprises at least 50% by weight of polymer, preferably at least 55% by weight.
[0018] Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, la couche protectrice externe comprend un plastifiant. A titre d'exemple de plastifiant, on peut citer la triacétine, le phtalate de diéthyl, le phtalate de diméthyle, le butyl phtalyl butyl glycolate, le diéthyl citrate, le diméthoxy éthyl phtalate, l'éthyl phtalyl éthyl glycolate, le méthyl phtalyl éthyl glycolate, les sulfonamides n-éthyl-o,p-toluène, le phosphate de triphényle, le tricrésyl phosphate, le dibutoxy éthyl phtalate, le diamyl phtalate, le tributyl citrate, le tributyle acétyle citrate, le tripropyle acétyle citrate, la tripropionine, la tributyrine, la sulfonamide ο,ρ-toluène, le pentaerythritol tetraacétate, le dibutyl tartrate, le diéthylène glycol diacétate, le diéthylène glycol dipropionate, l'adipate de dibutyle, l'adipate de dioctyle, l'azélate de dibutyle, le phosphate trichloroéthyle, le phosphate de tributyle, le sébacate de di-n-butyle, le phtalate de dibutyle, le phtalate de dioctyle, le phtalate de butylbenzyle, le 2-éthylhexyl adipate, le di-2-ethylhexyl phtalate. La quantité de plastifiant est avantageusement comprise entre 10 et 45% en poids par rapport au poids de la couche protectrice externe, de préférence comprise entre 20 et 40% en poids. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the outer protective layer comprises a plasticizer. As an example of plasticizer, there may be mentioned triacetin, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate, diethyl citrate, dimethoxy ethyl phthalate, ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, methyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, the sulfonamides n-ethyl-o, p-toluene, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, dibutoxy ethyl phthalate, diamyl phthalate, tributyl citrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, tripropyl acetyl citrate, tripropionine, tributyrin, o-sulfonamide, p-toluene, pentaerythritol tetraacetate, dibutyl tartrate, diethylene glycol diacetate, diethylene glycol dipropionate, dibutyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dibutyl azelate, trichloroethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, di-n-butyl sebacate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, 2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. The amount of plasticizer is advantageously between 10 and 45% by weight relative to the weight of the outer protective layer, preferably between 20 and 40% by weight.
[0019] Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, la couche protectrice externe comprend un stabilisant thermique (protecteur de dégradation thermique et/ou thermooxydante) tel qu'un antioxydant. A titre d'exemple de stabilisants thermiques, on peut citer les glycidyl éthers, les sels métalliques d'acides faibles, les phénols substitués, etc. En particulier on peut citer les mono ou diglycidyl éthers d'hydroquinone, l'oxalate de potassium, le naphthénate de strontium, le resorcinol diglycidyl éther.le formate de magnésium ou d'aluminium, la magnésie, etc. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the outer protective layer comprises a thermal stabilizer (thermal degradation and / or thermooxidative protector) such as an antioxidant. As examples of thermal stabilizers, there may be mentioned glycidyl ethers, metal salts of weak acids, substituted phenols, etc. In particular mention may be made of hydroquinone mono or diglycidyl ethers, potassium oxalate, strontium naphthenate, resorcinol diglycidyl ether, magnesium or aluminum formate, magnesia, etc.
[0020] A titre d'exemple d'anti-oxydants, on peut citer les antioxydants phénoliques encombrés. De tels anti-oxydants sont par exemple décrits dans les demandes de brevet WO 2004/000921 et WO02/053633. L'Irganox 1076® (octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl- r-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) et Nrganox 1010® (tetrakis(methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane)) sont des exemples de tels anti-oxydants. [0021] A titre d'exemple d'anti-oxydants, on peut également citer les stabilisants phosphorés, tels que les phosphites substitués par des radicaux alkyles et/ou aryles, par exemple Nrgafos 168® (tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphényl) phosphite). Examples of antioxidants include hindered phenolic antioxidants. Such antioxidants are for example described in patent applications WO 2004/000921 and WO02 / 053633. Irganox 1076® (octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-r-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) and Nrganox 1010® (tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) methane) are examples. such antioxidants. By way of example of antioxidants, mention may also be made of phosphorus stabilizers, such as phosphites substituted with alkyl and / or aryl radicals, for example Nrgafos 168® (tris- (2,4-di -tert-butylphenyl) phosphite).
[0022] Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, la couche protectrice externe comprend un stabilisant à la lumière. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the outer protective layer comprises a light stabilizer.
[0023] A titre d'exemples de stabilisants à la lumière on peut citer les stabilisants présentant au moins un motif aminé encombrée (Hindered Aminé Light Stabilizer H.A.L.S.). De tels additifs sont par exemple décrits dans les demandes de brevet WO 2004/000921 et W02005/040262. By way of examples of light stabilizers, mention may be made of stabilizers having at least one hindered amine unit (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer H.A.L.S.). Such additives are for example described in patent applications WO 2004/000921 and WO2005 / 040262.
[0024] A titre d'exemples de stabilisants à la lumière, on peut également citer les absorbeurs UV. De tels absorbeurs UV sont notamment décrits dans la demande de brevet WO 2004/000921. On peut citer à titre d'exemple d'absorbeur UV les oxanilides, les benzophénones tels que l'Uvinul 400® (2,4-dihydroxybenzophénone), les benzotriazoles tels que le Tinuvin 360® (dimeric 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole) ou le 2,2'-methylenebis(6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-1 , 1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, les 2- hydroxy-phenyltriazines telles que le Tinuvin 1577FF® (2,4-Diphényl-6-(2-hydroxy-4- hexyloxyphenyl)-s-triazine, le Tinuvin 234® (2-(2H-benzzotriazol-2-yl)4,6-bis(1-ethyl-1- phenylethylphenol). As examples of light stabilizers, UV absorbers may also be mentioned. Such UV absorbers are described in particular in patent application WO 2004/000921. By way of example of an UV absorber, mention may be made of oxanilides, benzophenones such as Uvinul 400® (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone), benzotriazoles such as Tinuvin 360® (dimeric 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole) or 2, 2'-methylenebis (6- (2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-1, 1, 3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol, 2-hydroxyphenyltriazines such as Tinuvin 1577FF® (2,4-Diphenyl- 6- (2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl) -s-triazine, Tinuvin 234® (2- (2H-benzzotriazol-2-yl) 4,6-bis (1-ethyl-1-phenylethylphenol).
[0025] La couche protectrice externe peut également comprendre un ou plusieurs additifs choisis parmi les charges, les colorants, les pigments, les agents antistatiques, les surfactants, les lubrifiants, les agents dispersants, les agents ignifugeants, , les additifs d'aide ou moulage, les modificateurs de choc (qui doivent avoir un indice de réfraction proche de celui du polymère de la couche protectrice externe pour maintenir la transparence). Cette liste n'est pas limitative. Les additifs doivent être choisis et utilisés en des quantités minimales, afin d'éviter une interférence avec la transmission du rayonnement solaire à travers la couche protectrice externe. The outer protective layer may also comprise one or more additives chosen from fillers, dyes, pigments, antistatic agents, surfactants, lubricants, dispersing agents, flame retardants, auxiliary additives or molding, impact modifiers (which must have a refractive index close to that of the outer protective layer polymer to maintain transparency). This list is not exhaustive. Additives must be chosen and used in minimal amounts, to avoid interference with the transmission of solar radiation through the outer protective layer.
[0026] Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, la couche protectrice externe ne comporte pas de composé métallique. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the outer protective layer does not comprise a metal compound.
[0027] La couche protectrice externe peut être préparée selon un procédé connu de préparation de couche, par exemple par extrusion, moulage par injection, moulage par compression, moulage par coulée, calandrage etc. The outer protective layer may be prepared according to a known method of layer preparation, for example by extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, casting molding, calendering, etc.
[0028] On peut dans un premier temps préparer des granulés constitués du(des) composé(s) constitutif(s) de la couche protectrice externe, par exemple par extrusion sous forme de joncs, du polymère ou d'une composition comprenant le polymère constitutif de la couche protectrice externe ; joncs qui sont ensuite coupés pour former des granulés. Les additifs tels que plastifiants, stabilisants etc. peuvent être introduits à différents endroits du dispositif d'extrusion, par exemple à différents endroits d'une extrudeuse bi-vis. Les granulés peuvent ensuite être introduits dans un dispositif de transformation et mise en forme de couche tel que décrit ci-dessus. [0029] La couche de protection externe est généralement une plaque. Avantageusement, l'épaisseur de la couche protectrice externe est comprise entre 0,025 mm et 15mm, de préférence entre 0,05 mm et 10 mm, plus préférentiellement entre 0,5 mm et 8 mm, encore plus préférentiellement entre 1 mm et 8mm, tout particulièrement entre 2 et 6 mm. It is possible, in a first step, to prepare granules consisting of the constituent compound (s) constituting the outer protective layer, for example by extrusion in the form of rushes, of the polymer or of a composition comprising the polymer. constituent of the outer protective layer; rushes which are then cut to form granules. Additives such as plasticizers, stabilizers etc. can be introduced at different locations of the extrusion device, for example at different locations of a twin-screw extruder. The granules can then be introduced into a layer-forming and transformation device as described above. The outer protective layer is generally a plate. Advantageously, the thickness of the outer protective layer is between 0.025 mm and 15 mm, preferably between 0.05 mm and 10 mm, more preferably between 0.5 mm and 8 mm, even more preferably between 1 mm and 8 mm, all especially between 2 and 6 mm.
[0030] La surface de la couche protectrice externe de l'invention peut être couverte d'un ou plusieurs revêtements d'un autre matériau. Il peut s'agir d'un revêtement de protection contre la saleté, contre l'abrasion etc. Ce(s) revêtement(s) peu(ven)t être réalisé(s) par exemple en un polymère fluoré tel que le polyfluorure de vinylidène (PVDF).  The surface of the outer protective layer of the invention may be covered with one or more coatings of another material. It may be a protective coating against dirt, abrasion etc. This coating (s) may be made for example of a fluorinated polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
[0031] Le module photovoltaïque peut être rigide ou flexible. The photovoltaic module can be rigid or flexible.
[0032] De préférence la couche protectrice externe de l'invention est optiquement transparente, c'est-à-dire qu'elle présente une transmittance à la lumière d'au moins 88% selon la norme ASTM D1003. [0033] En plus de la couche protectrice externe, le module photovoltaïque comprend une couche interne pouvant convertir le rayonnement solaire en énergie électrique, cette couche étant généralement encapsulée, et une couche protectrice au dos du module (« backsheet »). Preferably the outer protective layer of the invention is optically transparent, that is to say that it has a light transmittance of at least 88% according to ASTM D1003. In addition to the outer protective layer, the photovoltaic module comprises an inner layer that can convert solar radiation into electrical energy, this layer being generally encapsulated, and a protective layer on the back of the module ("backsheet").
[0034] La couche interne du module photovoltaïque consiste en un matériau pouvant convertir le rayonnement solaire en courant électrique. The inner layer of the photovoltaic module consists of a material that can convert solar radiation into electric current.
[0035] Pour former la couche interne, on peut utiliser tout type de capteurs photovoltaïques parmi lesquels les capteurs dits « classiques » à base de silicium dopé, monocristallin ou polycristallin ; les capteurs en couche mince formés par exemple de silicium amorphe, de tellurure de cadmium, de disiléniure de cuivre-indium ou des matériaux organiques peuvent également être utilisés. [0036] Les capteurs photovoltaïques sont souvent fragiles, et ainsi ils sont généralement encapsulés pour être protégés. Tout encapsulant connu peut être mis en œuvre. On peut citer à titre d'exemple le poly(éthylène vinyl acétate) avec des peroxydes et des stabilisants, ou des encapsulants thermoplastiques à base d'alpha oléfines, de ionomères, de silicones, de polyvinyl butyral etc. To form the inner layer, one can use any type of photovoltaic sensors including the so-called "conventional" sensors based on doped silicon, monocrystalline or polycrystalline; thin-film sensors formed for example of amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium disilinide or organic materials can also be used. Photovoltaic sensors are often fragile, and so they are usually encapsulated to be protected. Any known encapsulant can be implemented. By way of example, mention may be made of poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) with peroxides and stabilizers, or thermoplastic encapsulants based on alpha olefins, ionomers, silicones, polyvinyl butyral, and the like.
[0037] En ce qui concerne le « backsheet », il doit conférer au module photovoltaïque une imperméabilité à l'humidité, une bonne tenue au fluage, une bonne résistance à la déchirure (c'est à dire qu'un film réalisé à partir de la composition doit présenter une bonne résistance mécanique), et une bonne isolation électrique. Il s'agit généralement de films multicouches à base de polymère fluoré (comme le polyfluorure de vinyle PVF ou le polyfluorure de vinylidène PVDF) et/ou de polyester comme du polyéthylène téréphtalate (PET). As regards the "backsheet", it must give the photovoltaic module impermeability to moisture, good creep resistance, good tear resistance (ie a film made from the composition must have good mechanical strength), and good electrical insulation. These are generally multilayer films based on fluoropolymer (such as PVF polyvinyl fluoride or PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride) and / or polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
[0038] Généralement, pour former un module photovoltaïque, on place successivement sur un « backsheet », une première couche d'encapsulant inférieure, la couche interne photovoltaïque, une seconde couche d'encapsulant supérieure puis la couche protectrice externe. On peut trouver en outre des couches additionnelles entre ces couches, en particulier des couches de liants ou d'adhésifs. Ces différentes couches sont assemblées pour former le module. Generally, to form a photovoltaic module is successively placed on a "backsheet", a first layer of lower encapsulant, the inner photovoltaic layer, a second layer of upper encapsulant and the outer protective layer. In addition, additional layers can be found between these layers, particularly layers of binders or adhesives. These different layers are assembled to form the module.
[0039] Pour assembler les différentes couches, on peut utiliser tous les types de techniques de pressage comme par exemple le pressage à chaud, le pressage sous vide ou le laminage, en particulier le laminage à chaud. Les conditions de fabrication seront aisément déterminées par Γ homme du métier en ajustant la température et la pression à la température d'écoulement de la composition. Pour fabriquer les modules photovoltaïques selon l'invention, l'homme du métier peut se référer par exemple au Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2003. Dans le procédé de laminage par exemple, les composants du module sont chauffés à une température généralement comprise entre 1 10 et 150°C afin de permettre la réticulation de l'encapsulant. La couche protectrice externe notamment doit donc présenter une bonne tenue à ces températures. [0040] Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, le module photovoltaïque est un module de photovoltaïque concentré. Les modules photovoltaïques concentrés sont connus de l'homme du métier. De tels modules comprennent généralement des lentilles de Fresnel destinées à concentrer le rayonnement du soleil sur les cellules photovoltaïques. Par rapport à des modules photovoltaïques classiques, ces modules subissent, du fait de la concentration du rayonnement solaire, des contraintes thermiques importantes. La couche protectrice externe de ces modules doit donc présenter une bonne tenue thermique. To assemble the different layers, one can use all types of pressing techniques such as hot pressing, vacuum pressing or rolling, in particular hot rolling. Manufacturing conditions will be readily determined by those skilled in the art by adjusting the temperature and pressure to the flow temperature of the composition. To manufacture the photovoltaic modules according to the invention, a person skilled in the art can refer for example to the Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2003. In the rolling method for example, the components of the module are heated to a temperature generally between 1 10 and 150 ° C to allow the crosslinking of the encapsulant. The outer protective layer in particular must therefore have good resistance to these temperatures. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic module is a concentrated photovoltaic module. Concentrated photovoltaic modules are known to those skilled in the art. Such modules generally include Fresnel lenses for concentrating the sun's radiation on the photovoltaic cells. Compared to conventional photovoltaic modules, these modules undergo, due to the concentration of solar radiation, significant thermal stresses. The outer protective layer of these modules must therefore have good thermal resistance.
[0041] La couche protectrice externe de l'invention présente de très bonnes propriétés pour son application dans les modules photovoltaïques. En effet, elle est transparente (elle présente une transmittance à la lumière élevée) et légère, et elle présente de bonnes propriétés mécaniques, en termes de module notamment. Elle peut être obtenue à des tailles et des formes variées, et elle est adaptée pour la production de masse. Un autre avantage de la couche protectrice externe de l'invention est qu'elle est réalisée en un matériau biosourcé. The outer protective layer of the invention has very good properties for its application in photovoltaic modules. Indeed, it is transparent (it has a transmittance to high light) and light, and it has good mechanical properties, in particular module. It can be obtained in various sizes and shapes, and is suitable for mass production. Another advantage of the outer protective layer of the invention is that it is made of a biobased material.
[0001] D'autres détails ou avantages de l'invention apparaîtront plus clairement à la vue des exemples donnés ci-dessous. EXEMPLES Exemple 1 : Other details or advantages of the invention will appear more clearly in view of the examples given below. EXAMPLES Example 1
Des disques d'acétate de cellulose plastifié pour couche protectrice externe de module photovoltaïque ont été préparés dans cet exemple. Un acétate de cellulose de degré de substitution 2,45 et de viscosité intrinsèque 0,342 d'après la norme ASTM D871-72 a été plastifié par 30% en poids de triacétine commercialisée par la société Eastman. Ce matériau a été préparé dans les conditions suivantes. Une extrudeuse bivis co- rotative Evolum 32® commercialisée par la société Clextral, de diamètre D = 32 mm et de rapport longueur sur diamètre L/D = 44 a été utilisée. La poudre d'acétate de cellulose a été introduite par la trémie d'alimentation et le plastifiant liquide (triacétine) a été introduit en début de vis par un canal d'alimentation spécifique. Les conditions de mise en œuvre appliquées sont les suivantes : Plasticized cellulose acetate disks for external protective layer of photovoltaic module were prepared in this example. A cellulose acetate of degree of substitution 2.45 and intrinsic viscosity 0.342 according to the ASTM D871-72 standard was plasticized by 30% by weight of triacetin marketed by Eastman. This material was prepared under the following conditions. An Evolum 32® twin-screw extruder sold by the company Clextral, of diameter D = 32 mm and length to diameter ratio L / D = 44 was used. The cellulose acetate powder was introduced through the feed hopper and the liquid plasticizer (triacetin) was introduced at the beginning of the screw by a specific feed channel. The implementation conditions applied are the following:
- Vitesse de rotation des vis : 100 tr/min  - Speed of rotation of the screws: 100 rpm
- Débit : 10 kg/h  - Flow rate: 10 kg / h
- Profil de température depuis la trémie d'alimentation vers la filière : de 80 à 160°C En sortie d'extrudeuse, le jonc d'acétate de cellulose plastifié a été granulé.  - Temperature profile from the feed hopper to the die: from 80 to 160 ° C At the extruder outlet, the plasticized cellulose acetate rod was granulated.
Les granulés ainsi préparés ont ensuite été mis en forme par moulage par injection avec une presse Arburg 350-90® (force de fermeture du moule de 35 tonnes). Des disques d'acétate de cellulose plastifié de diamètre 85 mm et d'épaisseur 3 mm ont été obtenus dans les conditions suivantes : The granules thus prepared were then shaped by injection molding with an Arburg 350-90® press (35-tonne mold closing force). Disks of plasticized cellulose acetate 85 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick were obtained under the following conditions:
- Profil de température de l'extrudeuse monovis depuis la trémie d'alimentation :  - Temperature profile of the single-screw extruder from the feed hopper:
160 - 172 - 172 - 179°C  160 - 172 - 172 - 179 ° C
- Température du moule : 70°C  - Temperature of the mold: 70 ° C
- Longueur du cycle d'injection : 37,8 s  - Length of the injection cycle: 37.8 s
Un spectrophotomètre Konica Minolta CM-5® a ensuite été utilisé afin de mesurer la transmittance d'après la norme ASTM D1003. Une transmittance de 94,3% à 700 nm a été obtenue pour cet échantillon de 3 mm d'épaisseur. A Konica Minolta CM-5® spectrophotometer was then used to measure the transmittance according to ASTM D1003. A 94.3% transmittance at 700 nm was obtained for this 3 mm thick sample.
Exemple 2 : Example 2
Dans cet exemple, un acétate butyrate de cellulose CAB 381-2® commercialisé par la société Eastman a été plastifié par 10% en poids de triacétine commercialisée par la société Aldrich. Les additifs suivants ont été ajoutés à la formulation : In this example, a CAB 381-2® cellulose butyrate acetate marketed by Eastman was plasticized with 10% by weight of triacetin marketed by Aldrich. The following additives have been added to the formulation:
- Anti-oxydants : o 0,5% en poids d'Irganox 1010® (tetrakis-(methylene-(3,5-di-(tert)-butyl-4- hydrocinnamate)) méthane) (commercialisé par la société Ciba). o 0,5% en poids d'Irgafos 168® (tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphényl) phosphite) (commercialisé par la société Ciba) - Antioxidants: o 0.5% by weight of Irganox ® 1010 (tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di- (tert) -butyl-4-hydrocinnamate)) methane) (marketed by the company Ciba). o 0.5% by weight of Irgafos ® 168 (tris- (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite) (marketed by the company Ciba)
- Absorbeur UV : - UV absorber:
o 0,3% en poids de Tinuvin 234® (2-(2H-benzzotriazol-2-yl)4,6-bis(1-ethyl-1- phenylethylphenol) (commercialisé par la société Ciba). o 0.3% by weight of Tinuvin ® 234 (2- (2H-benzzotriazol-2-yl) 4,6-bis (1-ethyl-1- phenylethylphenol) (marketed by the company Ciba).

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Module photovoltaïque comprenant au moins une couche protectrice externe, une couche interne pouvant convertir le rayonnement solaire en électricité, et une couche protectrice au dos du module (« backsheet »), caractérisé en ce que la couche protectrice externe comprend au moins un polymère choisi parmi les polymères suivants : la cellulose et ses dérivés, l'amidon et ses dérivés, les alginates et leurs dérivés, les guars et leurs dérivés, la chitine et ses dérivés, la pectine et ses dérivés. Photovoltaic module comprising at least one outer protective layer, an inner layer capable of converting solar radiation into electricity, and a protective layer on the back of the module ("backsheet"), characterized in that the outer protective layer comprises at least one polymer selected from the following polymers: cellulose and its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, alginates and their derivatives, guars and their derivatives, chitin and its derivatives, pectin and its derivatives.
2. Module photovoltaïque selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que le polymère est un ester. 2. Photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that the polymer is an ester.
3. Module photovoltaïque selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le polymère est un ester de cellulose. 3. Photovoltaic module according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymer is a cellulose ester.
4. Module photovoltaïque selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le polymère est l'acétate de cellulose. 4. Photovoltaic module according to claim 3, characterized in that the polymer is cellulose acetate.
5. Module photovoltaïque selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche protectrice externe comprend au moins 50% de polymère. 5. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer protective layer comprises at least 50% of polymer.
6. Module photovoltaïque selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche protectrice externe comprend un plastifiant 6. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer protective layer comprises a plasticizer
7. Module photovoltaïque selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche protectrice externe comprend un stabilisant thermique Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer protective layer comprises a thermal stabilizer.
8. Module photovoltaïque selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche protectrice externe comprend un stabilisant à la lumière 9. Module photovoltaïque selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend également un ou plusieurs revêtements polymériques sur la surface externe (exposée à l'environnement extérieur) adhérant à la couche protectrice externe 10. Module photovoltaïque selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il s'agit d'un module photovoltaïque concentré. 8. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer protective layer comprises a light stabilizer 9. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it also comprises one or more coatings. polymeric on the outer surface (exposed to the external environment) adhering to the outer protective layer 10. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is a concentrated photovoltaic module.
EP11805484.0A 2010-12-20 2011-12-20 Photovoltaic module Withdrawn EP2656394A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1060824A FR2969312B1 (en) 2010-12-20 2010-12-20 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE
PCT/EP2011/073338 WO2012084898A1 (en) 2010-12-20 2011-12-20 Photovoltaic module

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2656394A1 true EP2656394A1 (en) 2013-10-30

Family

ID=44310425

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11805484.0A Withdrawn EP2656394A1 (en) 2010-12-20 2011-12-20 Photovoltaic module

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20130340814A1 (en)
EP (1) EP2656394A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2014501443A (en)
KR (1) KR20140015297A (en)
CN (1) CN103493213B (en)
FR (1) FR2969312B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2012084898A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10889654B2 (en) 2013-10-10 2021-01-12 Solvay Acetow Gmbh Acylation process
FR3084524A1 (en) * 2018-07-30 2020-01-31 Total Sa PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A FLEXIBLE LAMINATE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

Family Cites Families (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR820109A (en) * 1936-11-30 1937-11-04 Zeiss Ikon Ag Photoelectric cell
GB1473108A (en) * 1973-09-14 1977-05-11
JP3942669B2 (en) * 1995-03-31 2007-07-11 ダイセル化学工業株式会社 Cellulose acetate with excellent physical strength and method for producing the same
JP2000124341A (en) * 1998-10-21 2000-04-28 Sony Corp Semiconductor device and its manufacture
TW200510790A (en) * 1999-04-15 2005-03-16 Konishiroku Photo Ind Manufacturing method of protective film for polarizing plate
US7019130B2 (en) * 2000-10-20 2006-03-28 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Cellulose acetate film having controlled retardation and thickness
JP2002194228A (en) * 2000-12-25 2002-07-10 Konica Corp Circuit board film and method of its manufacture
FR2818985B1 (en) 2000-12-29 2004-02-20 Nylstar Sa PROCESS FOR PRODUCING STABILIZED POLYAMIDE COMPOSITIONS
AU2003246417A1 (en) 2002-06-19 2004-01-06 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. Stabilized polyamide compositions
JP4342775B2 (en) * 2002-07-31 2009-10-14 日東電工株式会社 Surface protective film for transparent conductive film, method for producing the same, and transparent conductive film with surface protective film
JP4277639B2 (en) * 2003-09-26 2009-06-10 パナソニック電工株式会社 Photoelectric conversion element module
FR2861083B1 (en) 2003-10-20 2006-10-20 Rhodianyl COMPOSITION STABILIZED WITH A LIGHT VISIBLE AND / OR HEAT
KR101074948B1 (en) * 2003-12-17 2011-10-18 가부시키가이샤 브리지스톤 Antireflection film, electromagnetic wave shielding light transmitting window material, gas discharge type light emitting panel, flat display panel, show window material and solar cell module
JP2005181543A (en) * 2003-12-17 2005-07-07 Bridgestone Corp Antireflection film
US20100147381A1 (en) * 2005-07-13 2010-06-17 Haney Michael W Ultra and very high efficiency solar cells
US8314329B2 (en) * 2006-07-06 2012-11-20 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Dye-sensitized solar cell module and method for manufacturing the same
WO2008152889A1 (en) * 2007-06-11 2008-12-18 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. Photoelectric conversion element, method for manufacturing photoelectric conversion element, image sensor, and radiographic image detector
JP2009157339A (en) * 2007-12-05 2009-07-16 Nitto Denko Corp Polarization plate, liquid crystal panel, and liquid crystal display
US20090151773A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Acid Terpolymer Films or Sheets and Articles Comprising the Same
US20090288701A1 (en) * 2008-05-23 2009-11-26 E.I.Du Pont De Nemours And Company Solar cell laminates having colored multi-layer encapsulant sheets
JPWO2010100948A1 (en) * 2009-03-06 2012-09-06 株式会社アルバック Frameless solar cell panel and manufacturing method thereof

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2012084898A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2012084898A1 (en) 2012-06-28
US20130340814A1 (en) 2013-12-26
CN103493213A (en) 2014-01-01
FR2969312A1 (en) 2012-06-22
JP2014501443A (en) 2014-01-20
KR20140015297A (en) 2014-02-06
CN103493213B (en) 2016-10-05
FR2969312B1 (en) 2013-01-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP2242647B2 (en) Multilayer structure comprising a binder based on ethylene /carboxylic acid vinyl ester copolymer and polyolefin containing a functional monomer
EP2486095B1 (en) Photovoltaic module
EP2358807B1 (en) Use of a polyethylene based film in a photovoltaic element
US9040165B2 (en) Solar cell sealing film and solar cell
FR2955051A1 (en) HUMIDITY-RESISTANT FILM BASED ON FLUORINATED POLYMER AND INORGANIC OXIDE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION
EP3859793B1 (en) Light photovoltaic module comprising a front layer and a rear layer made of composite materials
EP3055357A1 (en) Fluorinated composition containing a uv absorber and use of same as a transparent protective layer
WO2012105512A1 (en) Surface protective material for solar cell, and solar cell module produced using same
EP2627705A1 (en) Fluoropolymer-based film for photovoltaic application
WO2020058454A1 (en) Flexible laminate of photovoltaic cells and associated production method
EP2656394A1 (en) Photovoltaic module
EP2828078B1 (en) Use of a multilayer structure based on a halogenated polymer as a protective sheet of a photovoltaic module
FR3107990A1 (en) LIGHTWEIGHT PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE FEATURING FRONT AND BACK POLYMER LAYERS AND FIBER REINFORCEMENTS
EP2701906A1 (en) Use of a multilayer pvc/fluorinated polymer structure for protecting the rear of solar panels
WO2013079861A1 (en) Multilayer polyamide film for rear panel of photovoltaic module
WO2016043235A1 (en) Sealing material for solar cells and solar cell module
CN110896110A (en) Optoelectronic module
CN117511425B (en) Anti-sticking packaging adhesive film for photovoltaic module and preparation method and application thereof
WO2021008947A1 (en) Laminate of photovoltaic cells and associated production method
KR20100079901A (en) An ethylene-vinylacetate film and a solar cell module comprising the ethylene-vinylacetate film
WO2012084899A1 (en) Led (light‑emitting diode) luminous source module
EP3469021A1 (en) Multilayer assembly comprising silane-grafted polyolefin
JP2012176609A (en) Surface protective material for solar cell, and solar cell module produced using same
EP2523993A1 (en) Film containing an odourless fluorinated acrylic polymer for photovoltaic use
JP2012160550A (en) Surface protection material for solar cell and solar cell module manufactured using the same

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20130722

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
RIN1 Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)

Inventor name: LAHARY, PIERRE-YVES

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: RHODIA ACETOW GMBH

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20180703