EP2627900B1 - Appareil de génération d'énergie électrique - Google Patents

Appareil de génération d'énergie électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2627900B1
EP2627900B1 EP10807535.9A EP10807535A EP2627900B1 EP 2627900 B1 EP2627900 B1 EP 2627900B1 EP 10807535 A EP10807535 A EP 10807535A EP 2627900 B1 EP2627900 B1 EP 2627900B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electricity
power
inverter
voltage
power generation
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EP10807535.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2627900A2 (fr
Inventor
David Gordon
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Own Energy Ip Ltd
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Own Energy Ip Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/80—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers
    • F03D80/82—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers of electrical components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/10—Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy
    • F03D9/11—Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy storing electrical energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/10—Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy
    • F03D9/17—Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy storing energy in pressurised fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
    • H02S10/10—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power including a supplementary source of electric power, e.g. hybrid diesel-PV energy systems
    • H02S10/12—Hybrid wind-PV energy systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/40—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation wherein a plurality of decentralised, dispersed or local energy generation technologies are operated simultaneously
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/30—Wind power
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a power generation apparatus, in particular, but without limitation to renewable energy resources and/or wind turbine electricity generators.
  • Renewable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic/solar panels, water turbines and ground/air source heat pumps are becoming more and more widely used as our energy demands increase, whilst at the same time, we try to reduce our reliance on fossil fuel energy sources.
  • Renewable energy sources if correctly designed and implemented, can provide a useful primary or secondary source of energy for powering homes, utilities and public services.
  • renewable energy sources suffer the major disadvantage of providing erratic energy - that is energy that varies in quality and quantity depending on the prevailing conditions.
  • a wind turbine may produce varying amounts of power depending on the local wind speed.
  • photovoltaic cells may only provide reliable electricity during sunny daytime conditions, and the power output may depend on the weather, season etc.
  • inverter which smooths and regulates the power output. This is often accomplished using batteries and other circuitry that enables excess power to be stored/accumulated and then released during times of lower power production.
  • inverters are commonly used to supplement mains electricity.
  • the inverter disclosed in this patent is connected to the ring main side of the electricity meter, which means that when the electricity generated by the turbine exceeds the instantaneous power demand, the turbine output is reduced to match it. This means that useful electricity that might have been generated is not used, which represents a loss of opportunity.
  • This invention aims to provide an improved renewable energy source of electricity.
  • the invention therefore provides an apparatus that can feed excess electricity back into the mains power supply, in particular, but not necessarily, when the power demand is lower than the power output of the renewable energy source of electricity.
  • the power generation apparatus may enable a renewable energy source of electricity to provide power to a power-consuming circuit when the mains power supply is inoperative, e.g. during a power outage.
  • the electrical connection between the power generation circuit and the power consumption circuit may additionally comprise means for storing power, e.g. a battery, and/or secondary regulating means, e.g. a secondary inverter, for converting the stored power into mains-type electricity.
  • the secondary inverter may be adapted to convert DC electric current to AC electric current at a desired RMS voltage and/or frequency.
  • the inverter may be any device/circuit capable of regulating, conditioning, shaping or otherwise modifying the output of the renewable energy source of electricity.
  • An inverter may convert DC to AC and provide an AC output of a substantially constant RMS voltage and frequency.
  • the renewable energy source of electricity may be any one or more of the group comprising a wind electricity turbine, a photovoltaic cell, and a water electricity turbine.
  • the renewable energy source of electricity is preferably a wind electricity turbine.
  • a supplementary or "feed-in" electricity meter and/or a supplementary generation meter is interposed between the inverter and the electrical connection.
  • the supplementary electricity meter is arranged to meter the amount of electricity that is fed from the renewable energy source of electricity into the mains power supply.
  • the use of a supplementary electricity meters enables a user to obtain a discount on the electricity consumed from the mains power supply, for example, where the mains electricity supplier offers a feed-in tariff that is higher than the standard electricity consumption tariff.
  • the apparatus of the invention may comprise an accumulator or battery for storing electricity generated by the renewable energy source of electricity during periods when the power output of the renewable energy source of electricity exceeds the instantaneous power demand of the ring main.
  • a supplementary inverter may be associated with the accumulator or battery for converting stored DC voltage into AC voltage at a desired voltage, current and/or frequency.
  • the invention may be used in a domestic setting so that users can benefit from reduced reliance on mains electricity.
  • domestic users may also benefit from preferential electricity rates from their electricity supplier to offset their capital investment in the apparatus.
  • preferential electricity rates from their electricity supplier to offset their capital investment in the apparatus.
  • by generating electricity on-site the energy losses associated with power transmission over long distances from conventional electricity generation stations can be reduced considerably.
  • the apparatus may be used for powering utilities, such as, but without limitation to, street lighting, traffic lights and signage etc.
  • Renewable energy sources of electricity are already known for powering remote/isolated utilities or utilities that are not within easy reach of a mains power connection, such as motorway gantries, telephone exchanges etc.
  • the apparatus of the invention is particularly suited to applications where a mains power supply is available, but where local authorities, or private property owners, e.g. retail park operators, wish to reduce their reliance on mains electricity and/or wish to benefit from preferential "feed-in" electricity tariffs.
  • the utility may comprise a street light, a roadside gantry, a telephone exchange, a cellular telephone or radio transmitter.
  • the renewable energy source of electricity may be mounted on the street light, gantry or telecommunications mast.
  • Street lighting often comprises a tall lamp post, which means that the renewable energy source of electricity, e.g. a photovoltaic cell, a wind turbine etc., can be mounted at an elevated level to benefit from reduced shadows and increased wind speeds compared to ground-level conditions. Additionally, since street lights are already in-situ, there are fewer local authority planning issues surrounding adding a renewable energy source of electricity to an existing street light than there would be to install a new, stand-alone renewable energy source of electricity.
  • the renewable energy source of electricity e.g. a photovoltaic cell, a wind turbine etc.
  • a further electrical connection may be provided for connecting the renewable energy source of electricity to the lamp of a street light in the event of a power outage.
  • FIG. 1 shows an apparatus 10 used for supplying electricity to a domestic residence 12.
  • the residence 12 is supplied with mains electricity from a mains electricity supply 14, which feeds electricity to the residence's ring main 16 via an electricity meter 18.
  • the meter 18 records the amount of electricity consumed for billing and monitoring purposes.
  • the residence 12 is fitted with a renewable energy source electricity generator, such as a roof-mounted wind turbine or photovoltaic cell 20.
  • the erratic electricity generated by the renewable energy source electricity generator 20 is smoothed and conditioned using an inverter 22, whose function shall be described in detail below.
  • the output of the inverter 22 is optionally connected to a supplementary, "feed-in" meter 24, which meters and monitors the amount of electricity generated by the renewable energy source electricity generator 20.
  • the invention provides a system comprising two separate circuits: a first circuit 28 providing power to the mains electricity supply 14; and a second circuit 30 for consumption of electricity from the mains power supply 14.
  • a first circuit 28 providing power to the mains electricity supply 14
  • a second circuit 30 for consumption of electricity from the mains power supply 14.
  • the two circuits 28, 30 are linked together, the user can benefit from electricity offsetting, e.g. selling excess generated electricity to the grid and/or topping-up the locally-generated electricity using the grid when local power consumption exceeds local power generation.
  • Figure 2 shows an apparatus particularly suited to street lighting.
  • a street lamp post 32 is fitted with a wind turbine electricity generator 20 whose power output is fed into an inverter 22.
  • the inverter's 22 output is connected to a mains power supply 14 via a feed-in meter 24 so that electricity generated by the turbine 20 can be metered and fed 26 directly into the electricity grid 14.
  • the street lamp post 32 is also provided with a lamp 34 for illuminating the vicinity of the lamp post 32 in a conventional manner.
  • the lamp 34 is powered 36 directly off the mains power supply 14.
  • the alternative embodiment of the invention also comprises separate electricity generation 28 and electricity consumption 30 circuits. Again, because the two circuits are linked, the user can benefit from offsetting.
  • the lamp post 32 comprises a battery or other electricity accumulator 38 for storing electricity generated by the wind turbine 20.
  • the battery 38 is charged using electricity from the inverter 22 and comprises a switched 40 connection 42 to the lamp 34.
  • the purpose of the battery/accumulator 38 is not to smooth or otherwise invert the power from the generator 20, but to provide a backup source of electricity in the event that the mains power supply 14 is interrupted at the same time as the generator 20 is not generating electricity.
  • switch 40 comprises an electrical connection 42 to the mains power supply that senses when there is no voltage at the mains power supply terminals, and in that event, switches on power from the battery 38 to the lamp 34.
  • Figure 3 is similar to Figure 2 and shows a similar, but slightly different arrangement to that shown in Figure 2 .
  • Identical reference signs have been used to identify identical features.
  • the street lamp post 32 is fitted with a wind turbine electricity generator 20 whose power output is fed into an inverter 22.
  • the inverter's 22 output i.e. the amount of electricity generated, is metered by a generation meter 25.
  • the inverter 25 is also connected to a feed-in meter 27, which meters the amount of electricity fed back into the mains power supply 14.
  • the power generation circuit 28 is therefore able to generate electricity from a renewable source of electricity, in this case wind power, and to feed the generated electricity back into the mains power supply 14 via a conventional, master electricity meter 15.
  • the street lamp 34 is powered directly off the mains power supply 14 in the usual way, and the lamp's 34 power consumption metered using the master electricity meter 15.
  • the generation meter 25 therefore measures the amount of power produced by renewable energy system
  • the export meter 27 measures the net power exported, i.e. power consumed by light minus power generated (this subtraction process occurs naturally due to the nature of electricity and is not performed by the meter)
  • the master electricity meter 15 measures net power consumed.
  • the generation and consumption circuits are linked at the export meter.
  • the lamp 34 is powered by the battery/inverter 38a.
  • the battery/inverter 38a comprises a battery for storing DC electricity and an inverter for converting the DC voltage into AC at a desired RMS voltage and frequency to power the lamp 34.
  • this is detected by the switching circuit 40, thereby disconnecting the lamp 34 from the battery/inverter 38a such that the lamp 34 reverts to receiving electricity from the mains 14, via connection 42.
  • the inverter 22 & 38a must match the renewable energy generator and the mains power supply.
  • the wind turbine outputs DC electric current
  • the inverter 22 converts that electricity to 220V AC at 50Hz, although these requirements will vary from country to country.
  • the load could be any electrical load, and not just a street lamp.
  • the whole apparatus preferably needs to comply with various safety and efficacy requirements/standards, such as:
  • FIG 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of the inverter 22 of the invention, which is a DC to AC inverter.
  • the inverter 22 comprises a set of input terminals 50, 52 to which the generator 20 is connected and through which the raw, DC electricity from the generator is received.
  • the inverter 22 comprises a protection circuit 54, which conditions it from voltage and current spikes and which also serves as a first pass conditioner for the incoming electricity.
  • a speed controller 56 monitors the speed of the generator 20 by reference to its voltage output and/or current or monitoring of its electrical frequency and can apply a braking voltage or load to slow it down in the event of excessive speed.
  • the incoming DC voltage then passes through a diode 58 and is connected in parallel to a capacitor or charge storage device 60 to further smooth-out voltage fluctuations and to prevent current backflow towards the generator 20.
  • the DC voltage is then shaped using a current shaping and isolation circuit 62 and converted to AC using an inverse rectifier circuit 64. Finally, a shunt 66 is used to provide output protection from the mains 14 to which the inverter 22 is connected.
  • the inverter 22 comprises a power control loop 68 which monitors the voltage at each stage of the conversion and applies corrections to each of the isolation 62, inverse rectifier 64 and shunt 66 circuits to ensure that the outputted AC power matches that of the mains power supply 14 within acceptable limits (e.g. as set out in G83/1 Electricity Association Engineering Recommendation Guidelines for SSEG's connecting in parallel to public low voltage distribution networks).
  • a power control loop 68 which monitors the voltage at each stage of the conversion and applies corrections to each of the isolation 62, inverse rectifier 64 and shunt 66 circuits to ensure that the outputted AC power matches that of the mains power supply 14 within acceptable limits (e.g. as set out in G83/1 Electricity Association Engineering Recommendation Guidelines for SSEG's connecting in parallel to public low voltage distribution networks).
  • the output of the DC to AC inverter 22 is physically connected to the AC mains of a single phase low voltage utility network 14.
  • the unit 22 is designed to match the mains voltage and frequency and to operate in a 'current share' mode with the AC mains for the following:
  • the output power is continuously conditioned, converted and surge-protected.
  • the inverter 22 has an output power of 1200 watts continuous and is able to sustain an output power of 1800 watts for 30 seconds out of every 60 seconds.
  • the DC to AC inverter 22 provides a power output curve closely following the output power curves of the generator 20.
  • the inverter 22 provides a connection to the AC mains via a flying lead with accessible terminals.
  • the unit is also self-protected against incorrect wiring e.g. transposed Live and Neutral.
  • the inverter 22 operates from semi-smooth DC voltage input varying from zero to 350 volts.
  • the turbine 20 comprises a Small-Scale Wind Turbine (SSWT) generator comprising a three-phase rectified permanent magnet generator.
  • SSWT Small-Scale Wind Turbine
  • the useful voltage range, where the inverter 22 delivers output power between zero and maximum, is determined by the turbine's power curve.
  • Figure 5 is a typical power curve for a SSWT with power output in Watts on the left vertical axis and rotational speed in rpm on the right vertical axis plotted against wind speed in m/s on the horizontal axis.
  • the square markers indicate the AC output of the inverter 22
  • the triangular markers indicate the ideal DC output of the turbine 20 as a function of wind speed in m/s.
  • the DC output voltage of the turbine is between 100 and 350V DC.
  • the maximum input current from the turbine 20 in normal operating conditions is approximately 10 Amps.
  • Figure 6 is a similar graph showing the predicted power curve of a small-scale wind turbine suitable for use with the invention.
  • the inverter 22 constantly monitors the input voltage and/or current or electrical frequency from the renewable energy source and adjust its output power delivery according to these parameters. If the generator voltage goes above a certain threshold (the pre-set 'braking' voltage level), the control circuitry applied a braking short circuit to the generator windings. The 'braking' voltage is selected to ensure the generator does not reach an excessive speed and goes to runaway. However, the voltage and rpm will be dependent on the actual load that the inverter 22 supplies to the turbine 20. The 'braking' voltage is adjustable to a different value depending on the design characteristics of the inverter 22. The short circuit condition is applied within 10 milliseconds of detection of pre-selected maximum voltage within the range of 250 to 350 V DC.
  • the turbine 20 is held in the brake condition until the short circuit current drops under certain threshold and afterwards for a set period of time called turbine brake dwell time. It is to allow for the generator to slow down and enter the useful range of voltage in the event of high wind.
  • the current threshold and the dwell time is adjustable within the range of 0.25 to 1.75A and 1 to 60 sec respectively.
  • the device used for short-circuiting the generator output is able to withstand maximum SC current of 17A at 300Vdc and continuous current of 12A until the generator slows down, i.e. kinetic energy in the shaft is dissipated.
  • the unit sustains a maximum rate of rise and fall of the input voltage no less than 20 V/msec.
  • the power control loop 68 auto-senses the input source and is non-destructive for all specified voltage levels and for incorrect wiring, e.g. reversed polarity.
  • the output of the inverter 22 to the mains 14 is via a flying lead with accessible terminals.
  • the inverter 22 keeps the generator 20 in brake condition, i.e. short circuit condition. Once mains is present, the inverter shall continue to hold the generator in brake condition for a pre-set dwell time after sensing the mains voltage.
  • the unit After this dwell time, if there is sufficient voltage at the DC input to the inverter, the unit will begin to supply power to the AC mains.
  • the inverter disconnects from the AC mains and, in the case of a SSWT, apply brake to the generator.
  • the unit 22 only attempts to reconnect to the AC mains after a dwell time of more than 180sec, which delay is configurable, from the moment the AC mains voltage is brought back within the G83/1 specified limits.
  • the inverter 22 provides over-current protection that will automatically reset after abnormal loading has been corrected.
  • the unit has an internal manual pre-set of the operational AC voltage so that it can be used in different countries.
  • the inverter is able to auto-sense the mains 14 voltage and frequency and auto set the operational AC voltage during the initialization process (>180sec, according to G83/1). By having the auto sense function, the inverter cannot be damaged by incorrect setting.
  • the inverter 22 has an ON/OFF switch that prevents the inverter from generating any power to the AC mains.
  • the switch shall be environmentally graded and easily identified. When ON/OFF switch is in the OFF position the 'brake' may preferably applied to the generator system.
  • a visual status indicator (e.g. bi-colour LED) is preferably provided for indicating the current state and health of the inverter.
  • a continuous green LED could indicate that the inverter is healthy, but on Standby, a flashing green LED could indicate that the inverter 22 is healthy and exporting to mains, a red LED could be used to indicate that the inverter 22 is faulty, requires attention from authorized personnel and a flashing red LED could indicate that the inverter 22 is experiencing an intermittent fault, e.g. AC out of spec, over-temperature shutdown, initialization.
  • a small LCD panel (not shown) is also provided to give further information on the inverter's status, error codes and display content that is software configurable.
  • the inverter preferably has an overall minimum efficiency of 90% with DC input voltage of at least 220V. Most preferably, the inverter has an overall minimum efficiency of 92% with DC input voltage of at least 200V. In standby, the inverter preferably has an overall standby consumption of less than 1.00W with AC mains connected and DC input voltage below the operational threshold.
  • the inverter 22 has an accessible chassis ground lug to securely attach ground wires and all switches and visual indicators are located on the lower section of the front panel.
  • the inverter is no greater than 100mm wide, 110mm deep and 250mm high.
  • the inverter is water and dust proof to at least IP33, but ideally IP55 as per BS EN 60529:1992.
  • the inverter preferably weighs less than 6 kg and most preferably no more than 11kg.
  • the inverter comprises suitable fixings for mounting on a sliding rail.
  • the inverter 22 comprises a USB connector of an environmentally sealed type.
  • All flying lead terminals are preferably located behind a removable panel which requires a tool to remove and preferably exit the enclosure on the bottom face.
  • the enclosure for the inverter is constructed of light and robust material, does not support fungal growth and can ideally withstand corrosion for a minimum of 20 years.
  • the inverter is cooled by ambient air, although forced ambient air cooling may be acceptable in certain circumstances utilising PWM control to minimise fan RPM. Where forced air cooling is employed, the direction of the airflow should not allow water droplets from condensation to be introduced into the enclosure.
  • the inverter has an operational temperature range of - 25°C to +55°C, or acceptably between -10°C to +40°C.
  • the unit is preferably sealed so as to operate in 100% RH conditions of mist/fog
  • the inverter 22 optionally, and preferably provides remote status alert and data, most preferably in RS232 format downloadable via a powered USB connector.
  • Status alert indicators may comprise any one or more of the group comprising: over-temperature; over-current; AC mains out of specification; DC generator brake condition; and wrong polarity of the DC voltage etc.
  • the inverter may comprise a data logging circuit that logs any one or more of the following parameters: accumulated energy exported to the AC mains (in kWh); consumed energy by the inverter; current condition of the mains (e.g. voltage, frequency and AC load in percent of full load); and current condition of the generator (e.g. i.e. voltage, available power).
  • the inverter 22 is preferably programmable via a USB port and may provide an indication of successful programming and re-programming. It may be desirable for users to be able to program the inverter 22 to control its ON/OFF status, and/or pre-set the AC mains parameters within the specification (BS EN 50438: 2007 Requirements for the connection of micro-generators in parallel with public low-voltage distribution networks and G83/1), pre-set the DC input maximum and minimum voltage, and of defining the power curve, pre-set the AC 'mains' dwell time, pre-set the 'Short Circuit Current' threshold & dwell time, and/or pre-set the maximum power delivered.
  • BS EN 50438 2007 Requirements for the connection of micro-generators in parallel with public low-voltage distribution networks and G83/1
  • pre-set the DC input maximum and minimum voltage and of defining the power curve
  • pre-set the AC 'mains' dwell time pre-set the 'Short Circuit Current' threshold & dwell time
  • the inverter is preferably capable of operating as a master or slave when connected in parallel with one or more units of the same or similar type.
  • Tilt switches may be provided that close if the inverter 22 is tilted from vertical in any direction. This feature provides a safety shut off in the event that the lamp post is struck by a vehicle and/or folded down for servicing and/or maintenance. When the tilt switches close, the inverter preferably short circuits the generator and a loss of AC supply followed by a resumption of AC supply may be required to reset this feature.
  • the inverter 22 preferably comprises an internal clock which may be set to GMT during manufacture.
  • the inverter may be capable of being programmed to short-circuit the generator and/or disconnect from the mains during at least 2 periods during a 24-hour period.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • General Electrical Machinery Utilizing Piezoelectricity, Electrostriction Or Magnetostriction (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) raccordé via un compteur électrique principal (15) à une alimentation secteur (14), l'appareil de production d'énergie comprenant:
    un circuit de production d'électricité (28) comprenant: une source d'énergie renouvelable (20) comprenant un ou plusieurs des groupes comprenant: une éolienne; une cellule photovoltaïque; et une turbine d'électricité d'eau;
    un onduleur (22) adapté pour convertir le courant continu en courant alternatif et fournir une sortie C.A. d'une tension et d'une fréquence RMS sensiblement constantes pour réguler la puissance de sortie de la source d'énergie renouvelable (20); Et
    circuit de consommation d'énergie (30) comprenant une charge électrique (34) alimenté directement à partir de l'alimentation secteur (14),
    un compteur de génération (25) pour mesurer la puissance générée par la source d'électricité renouvelable (20);
    un compteur d'alimentation (27) pour la mesure de la puissance alimentée à l'alimentation secteur (14) via le compteur électrique principal (15); Et
    une connexion électrique (26, 36, 42) entre le Inverse (22) et le circuit de consommation d'énergie (30).
  2. Un appareil de production d'énergie tel que revendiqué dans la revendication 1, dans lequel l'onduleur 22 est adapté pour réguler, conditionner, façonner ou modifier la production de la source d'énergie renouvelable de l'électricité.
  3. Un appareil de production d'énergie comme le prétend la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel le raccordement électrique (26, 36, 42) entre le circuit de production d'énergie (28) et le circuit de consommation (30) comprend un accumulateur ou une batterie (38a) pour le stockage de l'électricité produite par la source d'énergie renouvelable (20), la batterie ou l'accumulateur (38) étant facturable, utilisé, utilisant l'électricité de l'onduleur (22) et comprenant un interrupteur (40), qui commute, après détection d'une perte de alimentation électrique au secteur (14), raccorde la batterie/accumulateur (38a) au circuit de consommation électrique (30) via un onduleur supplémentaire pour la conversion de la tension continue mémorisée en tension C.A. à une tension, à un courant et/ou à une fréquence, et qui commute (40) le déconnecte (38) au moment de la détection de l'alimentation électrique au secteur (14).
  4. Un appareil de production d'électricité (10) tel que réclamé dans l'une des revendications 1 à 3, comprenant en outre un lampadaire (32), un feu (34), une première connexion électrique (26) pour transmettre de l'électricité produite par la source d'énergie renouvelable (20) à une alimentation secteur (14) et un deuxième branchement électrique (36) de l'alimentation secteur (14) à la lampe (34).
  5. Un appareil de production d'électricité (10), comme le prétend la revendication 4, dans lequel les premières (26) et deuxième (36) connexions électriques sont liées.
  6. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, dans lequel l'onduleur (22) correspond à la sortie de la source d'électricité renouvelable (20) à l'alimentation secteur (14).
  7. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, dans laquelle l'onduleur 22 comprend un ou plusieurs des groupes comprenant: a un circuit de protection (54); un régulateur de vitesse (56); moyens d'application d'une tension de freinage ou d'une charge à la source d'énergie renouvelable d'électricité; un circuit d'isolation et de façonnage de courant (62); un circuit de redresseur inverse (64); un shunt (66) interposé entre l'onduleur 22 et le secteur 14; et une boucle de contrôle de puissance (68).
  8. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) comme le prétend la revendication 7, dans lequel le régulateur de vitesse (56) est adapté pour surveiller la vitesse du générateur par référence à sa tension, courant ou sortie de fréquence électrique, et où la boucle de commande de puissance (68) surveille la tension à chaque étape de la conversion et applique des corrections à chacun des circuits d'isolation, de redresseur inverse et de shunt pour s'assurer que l'alimentation C.A. de sortie correspond sensiblement à celle de l'alimentation secteur dans des limites acceptables.
  9. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, dans laquelle l'onduleur 22 est adapté pour maintenir une puissance de sortie de 1800 watts pendant 30 secondes sur toutes les 60 secondes.
  10. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, dans laquelle l'onduleur (22) surveille constamment la tension d'entrée de la source d'électricité renouvelable (20) et ajuste sa puissance de sortie en fonction de la source d'énergie renouvelable de tension de l'électricité (20).
  11. Un appareil de production d'électricité (10), tel que réclamé dans l'une des revendications 7 à 10, dans lequel les moyens d'appliquer une tension de freinage ou une charge à la source d'énergie renouvelable (20) comprennent des circuits de commande adaptés pour appliquer un court-circuit de freinage au générateur enroulements, et où la condition de court-circuit est appliquée dans les 10 millisecondes de détection de la tension maximale présélectionnée, et où la condition de court-circuit est maintenue jusqu'à ce que le courant de court-circuit tombe sous certain seuil et par la suite pour un temps de résidence, le seuil actuel et le temps de séjour étant réglables dans la fourchette de 0,25 à 1,75 A et de 1 à 60 sec, respectivement.
  12. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10), tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, dans lequel l'onduleur (22) est adapté pour détecter la tension et la fréquence du réseau et régler la tension C.A. de sortie opérationnelle pendant un processus d'initialisation.
  13. Un appareil de production d'électricité tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, où la source d'énergie renouvelable (20) comprend une petite échelle générateur d'éoliennes (SSWT) comprenant un générateur à aimant permanent rectifié triphasé.
  14. Un appareil de production d'énergie (10) tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, où l'onduleur n'est pas supérieur à 100mm de large, 110mm de profondeur et 250mm de haut, est au moins IP33 et est adapté pour s'adapter à l'intérieur d'un lampadaire.
  15. Un appareil de production d'électricité (10), tel que réclamé dans toute revendication précédente, où la source d'énergie renouvelable (20) est montée sur un mât de lumière, de portique ou de télécommunication.
EP10807535.9A 2009-12-24 2010-12-20 Appareil de génération d'énergie électrique Active EP2627900B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0922536A GB2478695A (en) 2009-12-24 2009-12-24 Combined wind turbine and street light including a power regulator allowing electrical connection on the mains power supply side of an electricity meter.
PCT/GB2010/052164 WO2011077134A2 (fr) 2009-12-24 2010-12-20 Appareil de génération d'énergie électrique

Publications (2)

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EP2627900A2 EP2627900A2 (fr) 2013-08-21
EP2627900B1 true EP2627900B1 (fr) 2019-02-13

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WO (1) WO2011077134A2 (fr)

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US10097108B2 (en) 2014-12-16 2018-10-09 Abb Schweiz Ag Energy panel arrangement power dissipation
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AU2016219770A1 (en) 2015-02-22 2017-09-07 Abb Schweiz Ag Photovoltaic string reverse polarity detection
ITUB20151848A1 (it) * 2015-07-01 2017-01-01 Tullio Ritrovato Sistema di accumulo di energia elettrica
DE102015216931B4 (de) * 2015-09-03 2017-05-11 Permavit Gmbh Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Windkraftanlage

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2627900A2 (fr) 2013-08-21
WO2011077134A2 (fr) 2011-06-30
GB2478695A (en) 2011-09-21
GB0922536D0 (en) 2010-02-10
WO2011077134A3 (fr) 2012-03-08

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