EP2588791A1 - Assemblage d'un tube en matériau composite et d'une pièce métallique tubulaire. - Google Patents
Assemblage d'un tube en matériau composite et d'une pièce métallique tubulaire.Info
- Publication number
- EP2588791A1 EP2588791A1 EP11743288.0A EP11743288A EP2588791A1 EP 2588791 A1 EP2588791 A1 EP 2588791A1 EP 11743288 A EP11743288 A EP 11743288A EP 2588791 A1 EP2588791 A1 EP 2588791A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- composite material
- metal part
- metal
- assembly
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006345 thermoplastic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/14—Compound tubes, i.e. made of materials not wholly covered by any one of the preceding groups
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L13/00—Non-disconnectable pipe joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive, or caulked joints
- F16L13/10—Adhesive or cemented joints
- F16L13/103—Adhesive joints
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L13/00—Non-disconnectable pipe joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive, or caulked joints
- F16L13/14—Non-disconnectable pipe joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive, or caulked joints made by plastically deforming the material of the pipe, e.g. by flanging, rolling
- F16L13/147—Non-disconnectable pipe joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive, or caulked joints made by plastically deforming the material of the pipe, e.g. by flanging, rolling by radially expanding the inner part
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L47/00—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics
- F16L47/20—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics based principally on specific properties of plastics
- F16L47/24—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics based principally on specific properties of plastics for joints between metal and plastics pipes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an assembly of a tube of composite material and a tubular metal part, for the realization of pipes in particular in the oil field.
- the pipes can be made by connecting such assemblies via their respective metal parts.
- tubes of composite material may be used to form production lines between tanks or subsea wells or installations and a surface production system (bottom-surface connection) as well as for water injection lines.
- the use of composite material tubes in particular reduces the weight of the pipe and facilitate its implementation.
- the use of composite material tubes can help reduce the loads on the floating structure and therefore the mass thereof.
- connection of these pipes at the surface and at the bottom must make it possible to guarantee the integrity of the connections in the extreme conditions to which these systems are subjected.
- the document EP 0 51 1138 describes a method for mechanically assembling a tube made of thermosetting matrix composite material and a tubular metal part, in particular for offshore oil exploitation.
- the assembly method consists in introducing the metal part in the tube of composite material, then to achieve the securing with pins disposed in regular circumferential alignments, according to a specific distribution law.
- a disadvantage of such an assembly is that only the first row of pins resumes the effort, which reduces the strength of the connection.
- the present invention improves the situation.
- the invention proposes a method of assembling a tube made of composite material and a tubular metal part, comprising:
- the present invention thus makes it possible to produce pipes having a resistance in the fixing zones close to the resistance of the common parts of the tubes made of composite material.
- the invention makes it possible to take up the tensile forces to which the pipe can be subjected without damaging the tube made of composite material, until it reaches a value close to the rupture value of the current part of the tube, or even higher. .
- connection therefore has increased resistance, which improves the integrity of the connection.
- the radial deformation of the metal part comprises the application of a pressure inside said metal part, to cause a radial expansion of said metal part.
- the pressure is generated by a high pressure hydraulic tool or by a mechanical tool.
- the metal part is for example steel.
- the material of the composite tube comprises, for example, fibers embedded in a thermoplastic matrix or in a thermosetting matrix.
- the method comprises, prior to the insertion of a portion of the metal part into the tube of composite material, the provision of an adhesive or a primer on the outer wall of said metal part or on the inner wall of the tube made of composite material.
- the method may also comprise, prior to the insertion of a portion of the metal part into the composite material tube, the local pre-deformation of an end of said composite material tube, intended to receive said metal part, to create at least one radial protrusion.
- the radial deformation of said metal piece then further comprises a corresponding local deformation operation, so that said metal piece matches the shape of said tube of composite material.
- This pre-deformation can be achieved by raising the temperature of said end of the tube made of composite material, and by using a shape mold corresponding to the radial protuberance. Pre-deformation by raising the temperature is particularly suitable when the tube of composite material is thermoplastic.
- the mold may include an outer portion of the composite tube and an inner portion of the composite tube, for imposing the deformation by pressurizing and maintain the shape obtained after deformation until the cooling of the composite tube.
- the method may also include, prior to the insertion of a portion of the metal part into the tube of composite material, machining of the inner wall of the metal part, to increase the coefficient of friction between the tube of composite material and the metal part.
- the method may also include the establishment of an outer containment piece, for example metal, around the composite material tube and the inner metal part.
- the external part contributes to the robustness of the assembly. This contribution can possibly be reinforced by an active clamping system.
- the clamping piece is preferably disposed on the composite tube prior to the local pre-deformation possibly performed on the composite tube.
- the elastic shrinkage of the clamping piece makes it possible to increase the tightening of the composite tube, this shrinkage being obtainable during the unloading of the pressure applied to generate the radial deformation of the tubular metal part or by a deformation applied directly to the piece of Tightening.
- An alternative is to have the clamping keys between the clamping piece and the tube of composite material.
- One end of the tubular metal part may comprise at least one seal.
- the invention also relates to an assembly of a tube of composite material and a tubular metal part, obtained by the aforementioned method.
- the invention also relates to a pipe comprising a first assembly as mentioned above, and at least a second assembly, similar to the first assembly, connected to the first assembly.
- the connection between the assemblies may comprise a weld of the respective ends of the metal parts of the assemblies.
- the connection between the assemblies may also include screwing or shrinking of the metal ends.
- Figure 1 is a schematic simplified schematic longitudinal sectional view of an assembly of a composite material tube and a metal tube according to one embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of an assembly method according to an embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing a step of the assembly
- Figure 4 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing another step of the assembly
- Figures 5 and 6 are views similar to Figure 1 showing alternative embodiments of the assembly
- FIG. 7 is a simplified schematic view showing a connection between two elementary sections, each elementary section being constituted by an assembly of a composite material tube and a metal tube;
- Figure 8 is a view similar to Figure 7 showing an alternative connection between two elementary sections
- Figure 9 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing an alternative embodiment of the assembly.
- FIG. 1 shows an assembly of a tube made of composite material 1, hereinafter referred to as the composite tube, and of a tubular metal part 2, hereinafter referred to as the metal tube.
- the composite material of the tube 1 is for example made from fibers embedded in a thermosetting or thermoplastic matrix.
- the composite material may in particular comprise carbon fibers and / or glass fibers.
- the metal tube 2 is for example made of steel.
- the elementary section is the assembly of a composite tube 1 with a metal tube 2.
- step S1 the metal tube 2 is inserted into the composite tube 1, as symbolized by the arrows 3 in FIG. 3.
- the initial outside diameter of the metal tube 2 is slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the composite tube 1, for allow this insertion.
- the metal tube 2 is inserted into the composite tube 1 over a length L (FIG. 1).
- the length L is chosen so that the connection zone of the composite tube 1 is sufficiently strong, preferably at least as strong as the current portion of the composite tube 1.
- the metal tube 2 has a portion 2a protruding from the composite tube 1. The portion 2a forms a tip to allow the connection of the elementary section with another elementary section.
- step S2 a pressure is applied inside the metal tube 2.
- the step S2 can be carried out using a high-pressure mechanical or hydraulic tool comprising, for example, an elongated pillow to be inserted inside the metal tube 2, and a pump for sending a hydraulic fluid, which may be in particular water or oil, at high pressure into the cushion.
- a hydraulic fluid which may be in particular water or oil
- the metal tube 2 is subjected to an internal pressure to deform radially to a plastic deformation range, while remaining below the breaking point of the metal.
- the radial deformation is symbolized by the arrows 4 in FIG.
- the outer wall of the metal tube 2 then comes into contact with the inner wall of the composite tube 1, which generates a radial stress at the interface between the two tubes 1, 2.
- the outer wall of the metal tube 2 thus urges the inner wall of the composite tube 1 in tension, which causes an elastic deformation of the composite tube 1.
- step S3 the internal pressure is removed and the mechanical or hydraulic tool is removed from the metal tube 2.
- the metal tube 2 and the composite tube 1 do not return to their initial position because the strong internal pressure imposed on the Step S2 has led to a deformation in the plastic zone of the metal, that is to say to an irreversible deformation.
- step S2 may be parameterized to allow the composite tube 1 to reach a state close to its elastic limit.
- the final state of the assembly is shown in FIG. 1.
- the metal tube 2 is stressed in compression and the composite tube 1 is stressed in tension, taking into account the arrangement of the fibers of the composite tube 1.
- the mechanical connection between the composite tube 1 and the metal tube 2 is thus ensured thanks to a residual radial stress at the interface of the two tubes 1, 2. This radial stress allows a connection resistant to tensile and flexural forces.
- the dimensions and parameters are determined according to the desired characteristics. The following are given by way of nonlimiting example, values for a particular embodiment of the assembly with a composite tube 1 having a diameter. inside of about 160mm and a thickness of about 15mm.
- the length L is of the order of 1 m.
- Portion 2a has a length of the order of 30 cm to 50 cm.
- the pressure applied in step S2 is of the order of 300 MPa.
- the radial stress at the interface between the two tubes 1, 2 is of the order of 100 MPa.
- the radial displacement of the interface during step S2 is about 1.6 mm.
- the shear stress at the outer surface of the composite tube 1 is of the order of 40 MPa.
- the residual radial stress is of the order of 74 MPa
- the radial displacement of the interface is about 1.2 mm
- the shear stress at the outer surface of the composite tube 1 is about 30 MPa.
- a fixing product for example an adhesive or a primer, can be arranged between the outer wall of the metal tube 2 and the inner wall of the composite tube 1.
- the fixing product is applied to the outer wall of the metal tube 2 before insertion into the composite tube 1, or on the inner wall of said composite tube 1.
- the adhesion can also be increased by machining the outer wall of the metal tube 2, for example to achieve a rough surface condition, streaks or thread type profile. Such machining allows better mechanical indentation of the parts in contact.
- the strength of the connection can also be increased by locally modifying the profile of the composite tube 1 to form a radial protrusion 5 on the tube 1, as shown in FIG. 5.
- the metal tube 2 is then also deformed locally to form a radial protuberance 6 cooperating with the protrusion 5.
- the local deformation also called reforming, makes it possible to increase the solidity of the connection.
- FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment of a local deformation of the profiles of the tubes 1, 2.
- the local modification of the profile of the composite tube 1 can in particular be achieved by raising the temperature of the end of the tube 1, to reach a temperature of about 200 ° C for a thermoplastic polyamide matrix tube, and by use of a mold of specific shape corresponding to the desired deformation.
- the mold makes it possible to generate the deformation by the inside of the composite tube by pressurizing and maintaining this deformation during the cooling phase.
- the strength of the connection can also be increased by arranging an external piece of metal confinement, for example steel, around the composite tube 1 and the metal tube 2.
- the part has a through hole for the tube 1, for example of cylindrical or conical shape, or of a shape adapted to the shape of the composite tube 1.
- the outer part contributes to the robustness of the assembly, in particular allowing frictional tightening by applying an external residual stress by the elastic retreint of the metal part. This contribution can possibly be reinforced by an active clamping system, for example by the interposition of clamping keys between the composite tube 1 and the workpiece.
- the present invention thus makes it possible to produce elementary sections intended to be connected together to produce pipes of great length.
- the assembly method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a resistance in the fastening zone close to the resistance of the current portion of the tube 2, or even greater.
- connection between two elementary sections may for example be made by welding the free ends of two end pieces 2a.
- connection can be made through a connector 8 ( Figure 8) disposed between the two ends 2a.
- the connection can also be made by screwing or by binding the end pieces (2a).
- a seal 9 (FIG. 9) can be put in place at the end of the metal tube 2 intended to be inserted into the composite tube 1, in order to provide a complementary seal at the interface between the metal tube 2 and the As a variant, a plurality of seals may be put in place at the end of the metal tube 2.
- the shape of the metal tube 2 can be adapted to attenuate the stresses in the composite tube 1 at the end 10 of the metal tube 2.
- the end 10 of the tube 2 presents for example a chamfer or a rounded shape.
- the pressurization is then carried out on a delimited zone not including the end 10.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1055406A FR2962186B1 (fr) | 2010-07-02 | 2010-07-02 | Assemblage d'un tube en materiau composite et d'une piece metallique tubulaire. |
| PCT/FR2011/051565 WO2012001335A1 (fr) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-04 | Assemblage d'un tube en matériau composite et d'une pièce métallique tubulaire. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2588791A1 true EP2588791A1 (fr) | 2013-05-08 |
Family
ID=43742463
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11743288.0A Withdrawn EP2588791A1 (fr) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-04 | Assemblage d'un tube en matériau composite et d'une pièce métallique tubulaire. |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130126035A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2588791A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2962186B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012001335A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2486332B (en) * | 2010-12-03 | 2016-03-02 | Magma Global Ltd | Pipe system |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014102199B4 (de) * | 2014-02-20 | 2021-08-19 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Verbindung eines Flechtschlauchs mit einem Bauelement eines Fahrzeugs |
| GB2561839A (en) * | 2017-04-24 | 2018-10-31 | Radius Systems Ltd | Method for expanding a tubular structure |
| EP4170777A1 (fr) * | 2021-10-21 | 2023-04-26 | Rimac Automobiles Ltd. | Réducteur de débit |
| CN114352210B (zh) * | 2022-01-06 | 2023-11-28 | 江苏集萃碳纤维及复合材料应用技术研究院有限公司 | 一种复合材料油管 |
| CN114458934B (zh) * | 2022-01-14 | 2024-03-19 | 南京工业大学 | 构件、接头一体化复合材料预紧力纵向分形齿连接装置 |
| CN114871312B (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2023-07-07 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种基于弯管机器人的异质双金属复合管弯曲成形方法 |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3072174A (en) * | 1960-06-20 | 1963-01-08 | Resistofiex Corp | Expanding tool |
| US3112564A (en) * | 1961-10-25 | 1963-12-03 | William J Murray | Method of forming a brazed lock joint |
| US3239931A (en) * | 1964-12-08 | 1966-03-15 | Guarnaschelli Stephen | Method of making plastic lined metal tubing |
| FR1569085A (fr) * | 1968-04-11 | 1969-05-30 | ||
| US3557434A (en) * | 1968-09-26 | 1971-01-26 | Coop Ind Inc | Tool for attaching an end fitting |
| JPS59115810A (ja) * | 1982-12-23 | 1984-07-04 | Mitsubishi Plastics Ind Ltd | 異種管継手の製造方法 |
| DE3720620A1 (de) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-07-07 | Rhydcon Groten Gmbh & Co Kg | Verfahren zur herstellung von rohrverbindungen fuer hochdruckhydraulikleitungen |
| US5233739A (en) * | 1990-07-30 | 1993-08-10 | Dayco Products, Inc. | Adhesive bonding expanded insert hose construction assembly |
| FR2675563B1 (fr) | 1991-04-22 | 1993-08-27 | Aerospatiale | Procede d'assemblage mecanique d'un tube en materiau composite et d'une piece metallique et assemblage ainsi realise. |
| US5895079A (en) * | 1996-02-21 | 1999-04-20 | Kenneth J. Carstensen | Threaded connections utilizing composite materials |
| US6405762B1 (en) * | 2000-06-16 | 2002-06-18 | Cooper Cameron Corporation | Composite pipe assembly and method for preparing the same |
| US20080028592A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2008-02-07 | Stieler David C | Method of coupling plastic components to metal tubing |
| WO2008097224A1 (fr) * | 2007-02-08 | 2008-08-14 | Mohawk Energy Ltd. | Manchon de protection pour raccordement tubulaire |
| JP4992098B2 (ja) * | 2007-06-05 | 2012-08-08 | 株式会社水研 | ノンボルト継手構造およびノンボルト継手構造を形成する方法 |
| GB0722933D0 (en) * | 2007-11-23 | 2008-01-02 | Dewhurst Mike | Mechanical connection between composite tubular structure and an end fitting of any engineering material |
-
2010
- 2010-07-02 FR FR1055406A patent/FR2962186B1/fr active Active
-
2011
- 2011-07-04 US US13/807,524 patent/US20130126035A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-07-04 WO PCT/FR2011/051565 patent/WO2012001335A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2011-07-04 EP EP11743288.0A patent/EP2588791A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2012001335A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2486332B (en) * | 2010-12-03 | 2016-03-02 | Magma Global Ltd | Pipe system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2962186A1 (fr) | 2012-01-06 |
| FR2962186B1 (fr) | 2013-08-02 |
| WO2012001335A1 (fr) | 2012-01-05 |
| US20130126035A1 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
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