EP2557572B1 - Electric cable resistant to partial discharges - Google Patents

Electric cable resistant to partial discharges Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2557572B1
EP2557572B1 EP12179482.0A EP12179482A EP2557572B1 EP 2557572 B1 EP2557572 B1 EP 2557572B1 EP 12179482 A EP12179482 A EP 12179482A EP 2557572 B1 EP2557572 B1 EP 2557572B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
electric cable
fluorinated
ptfe
cable
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EP12179482.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2557572A1 (en
Inventor
Hakim Janah
Thiery Daumand
Virak Phul
Patrick Rybski
Pascal Clouet
Wilfried Lecluse
Rui Manuel Da Silva
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Nexans SA
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Nexans SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/443—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from vinylhalogenides or other halogenoethylenic compounds
    • H01B3/445—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from vinylhalogenides or other halogenoethylenic compounds from vinylfluorides or other fluoroethylenic compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/002—Inhomogeneous material in general
    • H01B3/004—Inhomogeneous material in general with conductive additives or conductive layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/303—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups H01B3/38 or H01B3/302
    • H01B3/306—Polyimides or polyesterimides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
    • H01B7/28—Protection against damage caused by moisture, corrosion, chemical attack or weather
    • H01B7/2813—Protection against damage caused by electrical, chemical or water tree deterioration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/02—Disposition of insulation
    • H01B7/0208—Cables with several layers of insulating material
    • H01B7/0216—Two layers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electric cable, and typically but not exclusively applies to electrical cables used in aeronautics, for example on board aircraft.
  • This type of electric cable must meet many criteria necessary for its use in aeronautics, especially when it is subjected to high voltages, of the order of 230 V, and for cables located in non-pressurized areas.
  • the document EP 1 498 909 relates to a multi-layer composition whose function is to isolate and / or protect electrically conductive materials, such as cables for aeronautics.
  • This insulating composition comprises successively around the electrical element to be protected, a first layer of polyimide (PI), a second layer of perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) / tetrafluoroethylene (PFA) copolymer and optionally a outer layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
  • the thickness of the IP layer ranges from 8 to 150 ⁇ m and the PTFE thickness ranges from 1 to 200 ⁇ m.
  • the resistance to partial discharges of a cable surrounded by this composition is also not optimized for high voltages, such as 230 V.
  • the present invention aims to propose a new cable that avoids all or part of the aforementioned drawbacks.
  • the present invention aims to provide a cable resistant to partial discharges, especially when the cable is intended for the field of aeronautics and undergoes during a flight, high temperatures (around 150 ° C) and low pressures (about 150 mbar)
  • said total thickness of all the fluorinated layers of at least 0.4 mm within the various layers of the cable makes it possible to increase the resistance of said cable to partial discharges and this whatever the diameter of the cable.
  • a layer is said to comprise at least one fluorinated compound when it comprises, by weight relative to the weight of said layer, at least 50% of fluorinated compound (s), preferably at least 70% of compound (s) fluorinated (s), and even more preferably at least 80% of fluorinated compound (s), and even more preferably 90% of fluorinated compound (s), such as in particular PTFE, PFA, ETFE or FEP or a combination thereof.
  • the fluorinated compound is PTFE.
  • the total thickness of all the layers of after sintering is at least 0.5 mm, and preferably 0.56 mm, while the maximum total thickness of all the PTFE layers, will advantageously be around 0.7 mm.
  • the thickness, in particular the maximum, of all the fluorinated layers will be a function of the volume intended for wiring in the aircraft.
  • the second layer of PTFE can be tape and / or extruded.
  • the second layer When banded, the second layer may be the winding of one or more PTFE tapes. It is then sintered to give it its mechanical properties.
  • the second layer comprises one or more tapes of PTFE, covered with an extruded layer of PTFE.
  • the second layer is partially or completely sintered, preferably completely sintered.
  • the first layer of PI and the second layer of PTFE are separated by an adhesive layer or a semiconductor layer or a combination thereof.
  • the semiconductor layer is disposed at the surface around the second layer, or between the first and the second layer, or between the conductive element and the first layer, or one of their combinations.
  • the semiconductor layer is in the form of ribbon, extrudate, or varnish, or a combination thereof. According to the invention, it is more particularly considered that a layer is semiconductive when its electrical conductivity is at least 0.001 Sm -1 (siemens per meter).
  • the semiconductor layer when it is in the form of ribbon or extrudate, it may be composed of polymer or fluorinated copolymers (see fluorinated semiconductor layer) comprising, by weight relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer, from 0.1% to 40% (electrically) conductive filler.
  • the semiconductor layer When the semiconductor layer is in the form of a varnish, it may be composed of fluorinated components, such as FEP or PFA dispersions or PTFE comprising, by weight relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer, 0.1% to 40% (electrically) conductive charge.
  • fluorinated components such as FEP or PFA dispersions or PTFE comprising, by weight relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer, 0.1% to 40% (electrically) conductive charge.
  • the at least one semiconductor layer may comprise at least 10% by weight of electrically conductive filler, and still more preferably at least 25% by weight of electrically conductive filler, relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer.
  • the electrically conductive filler may advantageously be chosen from carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, or a mixture thereof.
  • the semiconductor layer has a longitudinal resistivity of 0.04 to 100 Ohm.m, preferably 0.06 to 0.6 Ohm.m.
  • the first polyimide layer varies from 0.015 mm to 0.1 mm, and preferably is of the order of 0.030 to 0.075 mm, and even more preferably of the order of 0.060 mm.
  • This first layer comprising polyimide may be made by taping (winding a polyimide tape) or by coating varnish (mixture of components polymerizing in situ), according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • At least one adhesive layer is disposed on: at least one of the two faces of the first layer comprising polyimide, or between the conductive element and the semiconductor layer when it is between the conductive element and the first layer, or one of their combinations.
  • An adhesive layer has the function of allowing adhesion between the layers that it connects or between the conductive element and the layer that it connects.
  • the adhesive layer or layers is composed of one or more fluorinated polymers. This is called fluorinated adhesive layer.
  • the fluoropolymer or polymers of the adhesive layer are chosen from: poly (tetrafluoroethylene-cohexafluoropropylene) (FEP), perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) / tetrafluoroethylene (PFA) copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and poly (ethylene-co tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), or a combination thereof, said aforementioned fluorinated compounds having adhesion properties.
  • FEP poly (tetrafluoroethylene-cohexafluoropropylene)
  • PFA perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) / tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • ETFE poly (ethylene-co tetrafluoroethylene)
  • the fluoropolymer or polymers of the adhesive layer undergo prior treatment that gives them their adherent property, as is the case for the product Kapton FN ® sold
  • the first polyimide layer can be coated on each of its faces with a fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) coating as an adhesive layer.
  • FEP fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer
  • FN Kapton ® product is suitable for the present invention. It is in the form of ribbon.
  • the thickness of FEP per side is in this case 2.5 ⁇ m and the thickness of PI is 25.4 ⁇ m.
  • the layer of PI in the cable is thus obtained by winding at least two layers of tape so that it overlaps, and results in a layer thickness of PI of the order of 0.05 mm and a thickness of PI layer with adhesive layers (Kapton FN ® product ) of the order of 0.06mm.
  • the thickness ratio of the second PTFE layer on the PI layer varies from 4 to 22, and preferably from 7.5 to 12, for nominal conductor cross-sections ranging from 0.15 to 95 mm 2 .
  • the conductive element that is suitable according to the invention is, for example, of the solid or stranded type and may correspond to: copper (Cu), an alloy of tin-plated Cu, a silver-alloy of Cu, an alloy nickel-plated Cu, nickel-plated aluminum (AI), copper-plated and nickel-plated aluminum (well known under the Anglicism " nickel plated copper clad aluminum").
  • the electrical cable further comprises an outer layer (surface) capable of being marked.
  • This last layer may be a ribbon or a fluoropolymer extrudate or a fluorinated varnish (such as for example PTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFE or a mixture thereof) comprising metal complex type pigments.
  • the cable comprising the aforementioned characteristics is intended to be used in the field of aeronautics and is particularly intended to equip aircraft.
  • Example 1 Example of composition of a cable according to the invention (FIG.
  • the hook up wire or the power cable 1, shown in FIG. figure 1 comprises: a central conducting element 2, in particular of copper or aluminum, of multi-strand type, and, successively and coaxially around this element, a first FEP adhesive layer 5a, a polyimide layer PI 3 called "first layer”, a second adhesive layer 5b and a PTFE layer 4, said second layer, here representing the outer layer of the cable 1.
  • the various layers are obtained by taping.
  • the cable is then heat-treated to sinter the outer layer of PTFE. For this, a temperature above 340 ° C is applied.
  • an electrical cable comprises an electrical conductor, for example copper or copper alloy coated with a layer of nickel, generally of the multi-strand type.
  • Said electrical conductor is covered with an adhesive layer FEP, itself covered with a layer PI, itself covered with another adhesive layer FEP.
  • This FEP / PI / FEP assembly preferably corresponds to Kapton FN ® tape from Dupont comprising a 25.4 ⁇ m thick layer of PID coated on each of its faces with a 2.5 ⁇ m thick FEP layer. 'thickness.
  • the FEP / PI / FEP assembly is then surrounded by a layer comprising a winding of three PTFE tapes: a first PTFE tape having a thickness before sintering of the order of 180 ⁇ m mm, a second PTFE tape of a thickness of thickness before sintering of the order of 180 microns, and a third PTFE tape which advantageously comprises a layer of pigmented PTFE (3%) and has a thickness before sintering of the order of 76 microns.
  • the pigment of the third PTFE tape is a metal complex. This allows UV laser marking of the surface of the outer layer of said third ribbon. Generally, the pigments do not represent more than 5% by weight of said third ribbon. It is preferable not to exceed this value of 5%, or even to minimize it so as not to degrade the electrical properties of the cable.
  • the electrical conductor thus isolated is heat-treated in an oven at a temperature above the melting temperature of the PTFE, ie at a temperature of greater than 340 ° C, to sinter PTFE.
  • this single heat treatment step which comprises the heat-sealing step of the polyimide and the sintering step of the PTFE, it ensures the adhesion of all the thicknesses of ribbons. Indeed, the heat treatment leads to the cohesion of the PTFE tape on the tape PI and the sticking of the tape PI on itself and on the conductive element.
  • the step of marking the third ribbon is performed according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • a second heat treatment at a temperature above 340 ° C is performed, so as to sinter the second and third PTFE tape (ie the tapes laid after the first heat treatment).
  • the various stages of heat treatment are generally carried out in an oven or a battery of ovens.
  • the total thickness of the PTFE layer is of the order of 0.68 mm.
  • the cable is advantageously covered with a metal screen (wire braiding) and a composite sheath.
  • Example 3 Cable resistance test obtained according to Example 2 for different thickness of PTFE and different nominal conductor cross-sections (FIG. 2)
  • the discharge voltage was measured for different cables. These cables were made by following the method of Example 2. The first heat treatment takes place after the laying of the first ribbon and the second and last heat treatment takes place after the laying of the last ribbon.
  • the characteristics of the cables at the isolation stage (without metallic braid and sheath) according to the invention are represented in the table below:
  • the average thickness of Kapton FN ® represents the thickness measured on the cable once manufactured, while the thickness of the PTFE ribbons corresponds to the thickness of the PTFE tapes used (before manufacture of the cable) and the cumulative thickness corresponds to the thickness measured once the cable has been manufactured.
  • a loop of cable is made.
  • the diameter of the loop is between 8 and 12 times the outer diameter of the cable.
  • the braid of the cable is defeated about 5 mm to allow to connect it to the ground.
  • the cable loop is positioned in an oven configured to allow the application of vacuum, voltage and connection to the measuring system (oscilloscope).
  • the voltage is increased by 50 volts / s, until partial discharges occur.
  • the corresponding voltage (Partial Discharges Inception Voltage) is raised.
  • One of the features of the oscilloscope allows to count the number of discharges exceeding a previously defined template (5 pC).
  • the definition of the onset voltage of the partial discharges is that reached when there is at least one discharge per second for a period of 30 seconds.
  • the voltage is then increased by 100 volts above the PDIV before going down to determine the partial discharge extinction voltage, which is defined by the oscilloscope as the voltage at which the last discharge was detected.
  • cables having a cumulative layer thickness of greater than or equal to 0.4 mm PTFE can withstand a higher discharge voltage (PDIV) than cables having a total thickness of layers comprising PTFE less than 0.4mm, regardless of the section of the driver or its nature. It has been considered a PDIV limit higher than 800 V, peak value, which is the minimum voltage without discharges currently tapped for 230 V application of wiring and power cables.
  • PDIV discharge voltage

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Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un câble électrique, et s'applique typiquement mais non exclusivement aux câbles électriques utilisés en aéronautique, par exemple à bord des avions.The present invention relates to an electric cable, and typically but not exclusively applies to electrical cables used in aeronautics, for example on board aircraft.

Ce type de câble électrique doit satisfaire de nombreux critères nécessaires à son utilisation dans l'aéronautique, notamment lorsqu'il est soumis à des tensions élevées, de l'ordre de 230 V, et pour les câbles situés dans les zones non pressurisées.This type of electric cable must meet many criteria necessary for its use in aeronautics, especially when it is subjected to high voltages, of the order of 230 V, and for cables located in non-pressurized areas.

Ce voltage relativement élevé, combiné aux contraintes liées à l'aéronautique, telles que l'humidité, la température élevée et la basse pression, peuvent générer des décharges partielles (DP) sur les équipements électroniques, tels que les câbles électriques. Or, les décharges partielles, qui sont de minuscules arcs électriques dans le matériau isolant du câble, provoquent avec le temps, une dégradation de la matière isolante qui peut mener à la rupture du diélectrique.This relatively high voltage, combined with aeronautical constraints, such as humidity, high temperature and low pressure, can generate partial discharges (DP) on electronic equipment, such as electrical cables. However, partial discharges, which are tiny electric arcs in the insulating material of the cable, cause over time, degradation of the insulating material that can lead to the breakdown of the dielectric.

D'autres critères peuvent également être pris en compte comme le poids et le diamètre dudit câble qui ne doivent pas être excessifs, et la marquabilité dudit câble afin de permettre, quand cela est nécessaire, son identification.Other criteria may also be taken into account such as the weight and diameter of said cable which must not be excessive, and the markability of said cable to allow, when necessary, its identification.

Dans l'art antérieur, il est connu d'équiper les avions de fils de câblage, ces fils comprenant : un élément conducteur entouré d'une première couche en polyimide de 0,017 à 0,065 mm d'épaisseur, elle-même entourée d'une couche en polytétrafluoroéthylène PTFE d'une épaisseur de 0,1 à 0,22 mm pour des sections nominales de conducteur allant de 0,15 à 95 mm2. Toutefois, pour de tels fils de câblages, la tension appliquée est de l'ordre de 115 V.In the prior art, it is known to equip aircraft with wiring son, these son comprising: a conductive element surrounded by a first polyimide layer of 0.017 to 0.065 mm thick, itself surrounded by a polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE layer with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.22 mm for nominal conductor cross sections ranging from 0.15 to 95 mm 2 . However, for such wiring son, the applied voltage is of the order of 115 V.

Le document EP 1 498 909 concerne une composition multi-couches ayant pour fonction d'isoler et/ou de protéger des matériaux conducteurs électriques, tels que des câbles pour l'aéronautique. Cette composition isolante comprend successivement autour de l'élément électrique à protéger, une première couche en polyimide (PI), une deuxième couche en copolymère perfluoro(alkylvinyléther)/tétrafluoroéthylène (PFA) et éventuellement une couche externe en polytétrafluoroéthylène (PTFE). L'épaisseur de la couche de PI va de 8 à 150 µm et l'épaisseur de PTFE va de 1 à 200 µm. Toutefois, la résistance aux décharges partielles d'un câble entouré de cette composition n'est pas non plus optimisée pour des tensions élevées, telles que 230 V.The document EP 1 498 909 relates to a multi-layer composition whose function is to isolate and / or protect electrically conductive materials, such as cables for aeronautics. This insulating composition comprises successively around the electrical element to be protected, a first layer of polyimide (PI), a second layer of perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) / tetrafluoroethylene (PFA) copolymer and optionally a outer layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The thickness of the IP layer ranges from 8 to 150 μm and the PTFE thickness ranges from 1 to 200 μm. However, the resistance to partial discharges of a cable surrounded by this composition is also not optimized for high voltages, such as 230 V.

La présente invention a pour but de proposer un nouveau câble qui évite tout ou partie des inconvénients précités. En particulier, la présente invention a pour but de fournir un câble résistant aux décharges partielles, notamment lorsque le câble est destiné au domaine de l'aéronautique et subit lors d'un vol, de hautes températures (aux alentours de 150°C) et de basses pressions (environ 150 mbar)The present invention aims to propose a new cable that avoids all or part of the aforementioned drawbacks. In particular, the present invention aims to provide a cable resistant to partial discharges, especially when the cable is intended for the field of aeronautics and undergoes during a flight, high temperatures (around 150 ° C) and low pressures (about 150 mbar)

A cet effet, la présente invention a pour objet un câble électrique comprenant :

  • un élément conducteur, de préférence allongé, et de façon encore plus préférée central,
  • une première couche comprenant du polyimide (PI) entourant ledit élément conducteur,
  • une deuxième couche fluorée comprenant un du polytétrafluoroéthylène (PTFE) entourant ladite première couche, et
  • optionnellement au moins une couche semi-conductrice fluorée pouvant comprendre au moins un composés fluoré, le composé fluoré compris dans ladite couche semi-conductrice étant notamment identique ou différent de celui compris dans la deuxième couche fluorée, et
  • optionnellement au moins une couche adhésive fluorée pouvant comprendre au moins un composé fluoré, le composé fluoré compris dans ladite couche adhésive étant notamment identique ou différent de celui compris dans la deuxième couche fluorée,
caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur totale de l'ensemble des couches de PTFE est d'au moins 0,4 mm, et de préférence d'au moins 0,5 mm.For this purpose, the subject of the present invention is an electrical cable comprising:
  • a conductive element, preferably elongated, and even more preferably central,
  • a first layer comprising polyimide (PI) surrounding said conductive element,
  • a second fluorinated layer comprising one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surrounding said first layer, and
  • optionally at least one fluorinated semiconductor layer may comprise at least one fluorinated compound, the fluorinated compound included in said semiconductor layer being in particular identical to or different from that included in the second fluorinated layer, and
  • optionally at least one fluorinated adhesive layer may comprise at least one fluorinated compound, the fluorinated compound included in said adhesive layer being in particular identical to or different from that included in the second fluorinated layer,
characterized in that the total thickness of all the PTFE layers is at least 0.4 mm, and preferably at least 0.5 mm.

Il a été mis en évidence et de manière surprenante que ladite épaisseur totale de l'ensemble des couches fluorées d'au moins 0,4 mm au sein des différentes couches du câble, permet d'augmenter la résistance dudit câble aux décharges partielles et ce quel que soit le diamètre du câble.It has been surprisingly demonstrated that said total thickness of all the fluorinated layers of at least 0.4 mm within the various layers of the cable makes it possible to increase the resistance of said cable to partial discharges and this whatever the diameter of the cable.

Par « épaisseur totale de l'ensemble des couches fluorées », on entend :

  • soit l'épaisseur de la deuxième couche comprenant du PTFE qui est d'au moins 0,4 mm,
  • soit l'épaisseur de cette deuxième couche comprenant du PTFE cumulée avec l'épaisseur d'autres couches fluorées optionnelles comprenant du PTFE, ces couches de PTFE optionnelles peuvent être ladite couche semi-conductrice fluorée et/ou ladite couche adhésive fluorée, et/ou toutes autres couches fluorées optionnelles (ex : couche de marquage) l'épaisseur totale de l'ensemble de ces couches, comprenant du PTFE, étant d'au moins 0,4mm.
"Total thickness of all fluorinated layers" means:
  • the thickness of the second layer comprising PTFE that is at least 0.4 mm,
  • or the thickness of this second layer comprising accumulated PTFE with the thickness of other optional fluorinated layers comprising PTFE, these optional PTFE layers may be said fluorinated semiconductor layer and / or said fluoridated adhesive layer, and / or all other optional fluoride layers (eg marking layer) the total thickness of all these layers, comprising PTFE, being at least 0.4 mm.

De préférence, une couche est dite comprendre au moins un composé fluoré lorsqu'elle comporte, en poids par rapport au poids de ladite couche, au moins 50% de composé(s) fluoré(s), de préférence au moins 70 % de composé(s) fluoré(s), et de manière encore plus préférée au moins 80% de composé(s) fluoré(s), et de manière encore plus préférée 90% de composé(s) fluoré(s), tels que notamment du PTFE, PFA, ETFE ou FEP ou une de leurs combinaisons.Preferably, a layer is said to comprise at least one fluorinated compound when it comprises, by weight relative to the weight of said layer, at least 50% of fluorinated compound (s), preferably at least 70% of compound (s) fluorinated (s), and even more preferably at least 80% of fluorinated compound (s), and even more preferably 90% of fluorinated compound (s), such as in particular PTFE, PFA, ETFE or FEP or a combination thereof.

Avantageusement, le composé fluoré est le PTFE.Advantageously, the fluorinated compound is PTFE.

Préférentiellement, l'épaisseur totale de l'ensemble des couches de après frittage, est d'au moins 0,5 mm, et de préférence de 0,56 mm, tandis que l'épaisseur totale maximale de l'ensemble des couches de PTFE, sera avantageusement aux alentours de 0,7 mm. Ainsi, l'épaisseur, notamment maximale, de l'ensemble des couches fluorées, sera fonction du volume destiné pour le câblage dans l'avion.Preferably, the total thickness of all the layers of after sintering, is at least 0.5 mm, and preferably 0.56 mm, while the maximum total thickness of all the PTFE layers, will advantageously be around 0.7 mm. Thus, the thickness, in particular the maximum, of all the fluorinated layers, will be a function of the volume intended for wiring in the aircraft.

Selon l'invention, la deuxième couche de PTFE peut être rubanée et/ou extrudée.According to the invention, the second layer of PTFE can be tape and / or extruded.

Lorsqu'elle est rubanée, la deuxième couche peut correspondre à l'enroulement d'un ou de plusieurs rubans de PTFE. Elle est ensuite frittée afin de lui conférer ses propriétés mécaniques.When banded, the second layer may be the winding of one or more PTFE tapes. It is then sintered to give it its mechanical properties.

Préférentiellement, la deuxième couche comporte un ou plusieurs rubans de PTFE, recouvert d'une couche extrudée de PTFE.Preferably, the second layer comprises one or more tapes of PTFE, covered with an extruded layer of PTFE.

En particulier, la deuxième couche est partiellement ou totalement frittée, de préférence totalement frittée.In particular, the second layer is partially or completely sintered, preferably completely sintered.

Selon une variante de réalisation, la première couche de PI et la deuxième couche de PTFE sont séparées par une couche adhésive ou une couche semi-conductrice ou une de leurs combinaisons.According to an alternative embodiment, the first layer of PI and the second layer of PTFE are separated by an adhesive layer or a semiconductor layer or a combination thereof.

Avantageusement, la couche semi-conductrice est disposée en surface autour de la deuxième couche, ou entre la première et la deuxième couche, ou entre l'élément conducteur et la première couche, ou une de leurs combinaisons.Advantageously, the semiconductor layer is disposed at the surface around the second layer, or between the first and the second layer, or between the conductive element and the first layer, or one of their combinations.

La couche semi-conductrice se présente sous la forme de ruban, d'extrudât, ou de vernis, ou une de leurs combinaisons. Selon l'invention, on considère plus particulièrement qu'une couche est semi-conductrice lorsque sa conductivité électrique est d'au moins 0,001 S.m-1 (siemens par mètre).The semiconductor layer is in the form of ribbon, extrudate, or varnish, or a combination thereof. According to the invention, it is more particularly considered that a layer is semiconductive when its electrical conductivity is at least 0.001 Sm -1 (siemens per meter).

En particulier, lorsque la couche semi-conductrice se trouve sous forme de ruban ou d'extrudât, elle peut être composée de polymère ou de copolymères fluorés (cf. couche semi-conductrice fluorée) comprenant, en poids par rapport au poids total de ladite couche semi-conductrice, de 0,1% à 40% de charge (électriquement) conductrice.In particular, when the semiconductor layer is in the form of ribbon or extrudate, it may be composed of polymer or fluorinated copolymers (see fluorinated semiconductor layer) comprising, by weight relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer, from 0.1% to 40% (electrically) conductive filler.

Lorsque que la couche semi-conductrice se trouve sous forme de vernis, elle peut être composée de composants fluorés, de type dispersions de FEP ou de PFA ou de PTFE comprenant, en poids par rapport au poids total de ladite couche semi-conductrice, de 0,1% à 40% de charge (électriquement) conductrice.When the semiconductor layer is in the form of a varnish, it may be composed of fluorinated components, such as FEP or PFA dispersions or PTFE comprising, by weight relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer, 0.1% to 40% (electrically) conductive charge.

De préférence, la ou les couches semi-conductrices peuvent comprendre au moins 10 % en poids de charge électriquement conductrice, et encore plus préférentiellement au moins 25% en poids de charge électriquement conductrice, par rapport au poids total de ladite couche semi-conductrice. La charge électriquement conductrice peut être choisie avantageusement parmi les noirs de carbone, les nanotubes de carbone, ou un de leurs mélanges.Preferably, the at least one semiconductor layer may comprise at least 10% by weight of electrically conductive filler, and still more preferably at least 25% by weight of electrically conductive filler, relative to the total weight of said semiconductor layer. The electrically conductive filler may advantageously be chosen from carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, or a mixture thereof.

Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, la couche semi-conductrice présente une résistivité longitudinale de 0,04 à 100 Ohm.m, de préférence de 0,06 à 0,6 Ohm.m.According to one characteristic of the invention, the semiconductor layer has a longitudinal resistivity of 0.04 to 100 Ohm.m, preferably 0.06 to 0.6 Ohm.m.

Préférentiellement, la première couche en polyimide varie de 0,015 mm à 0,1 mm, et de préférence, est de l'ordre de 0,030 à 0,075 mm, et encore plus préférentiellement de l'ordre de 0,060 mm. Cette première couche comprenant du polyimide peut être réalisée par rubanage (enroulement d'un ruban polyimide) ou par enduction de vernis (mélange de composants polymérisant in situ), selon des techniques connues de l'homme du métier.Preferably, the first polyimide layer varies from 0.015 mm to 0.1 mm, and preferably is of the order of 0.030 to 0.075 mm, and even more preferably of the order of 0.060 mm. This first layer comprising polyimide may be made by taping (winding a polyimide tape) or by coating varnish (mixture of components polymerizing in situ), according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.

De manière avantageuse, au moins une couche adhésive est disposée sur : au moins une des deux faces de la première couche comprenant du polyimide, ou entre l'élément conducteur et la couche semi-conductrice lorsque celle-ci se situe entre l'élément conducteur et la première couche, ou une de leurs combinaisons. Une couche adhésive a pour fonction de permettre l'adhésion entre les couches qu'elle relie ou entre l'élément conducteur et la couche qu'elle relie.Advantageously, at least one adhesive layer is disposed on: at least one of the two faces of the first layer comprising polyimide, or between the conductive element and the semiconductor layer when it is between the conductive element and the first layer, or one of their combinations. An adhesive layer has the function of allowing adhesion between the layers that it connects or between the conductive element and the layer that it connects.

Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, la ou les couches adhésives est composée d'un ou de plusieurs polymères fluorés. On parle alors de couche adhésive fluorée.According to one characteristic of the invention, the adhesive layer or layers is composed of one or more fluorinated polymers. This is called fluorinated adhesive layer.

En particulier, le ou les polymères fluorés de la couche adhésive sont choisis parmi : poly(tétrafluoroéthylène-cohexafluoropropylène) (FEP), copolymère perfluoro(alkyvinyléther)/tétrafluoroéthylène (PFA), polytétrafluoro-éthylène (PTFE), et poly(éthylène-co-tétrafluoroéthylène) (ETFE), ou une de leurs combinaisons, lesdits composés fluorés susmentionnés présentant des propriétés d'adhérence. En effet, ils sont aptes à faire adhérer l'élément conducteur à la première couche (couche de PI) ou la couche de PI à la deuxième couche (e.g. couche de PTFE, PFA, FEP, ETFE ou une de leurs combinaisons). En effet, le ou les polymères fluorés de la couche adhésive subissent au préalable un traitement qui leur donne leur propriété adhérente, comme c'est le cas pour le produit Kapton FN® commercialisé par la société Dupont.In particular, the fluoropolymer or polymers of the adhesive layer are chosen from: poly (tetrafluoroethylene-cohexafluoropropylene) (FEP), perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) / tetrafluoroethylene (PFA) copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and poly (ethylene-co tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), or a combination thereof, said aforementioned fluorinated compounds having adhesion properties. Indeed, they are able to adhere the conductive element to the first layer (PI layer) or the PI layer to the second layer (eg layer of PTFE, PFA, FEP, ETFE or a combination thereof). In fact, the fluoropolymer or polymers of the adhesive layer undergo prior treatment that gives them their adherent property, as is the case for the product Kapton FN ® sold by the company Dupont.

Par exemple, la première couche en polyimide peut être recouverte sur chacune de ses faces d'un revêtement de copolymère d'éthylène propylène fluoré (FEP) en tant que couche adhésive. Le produit Kapton FN® convient pour la présente invention. Il se présente sous forme de ruban. L'épaisseur de FEP par face est dans ce cas de 2,5µm et l'épaisseur de PI est de 25,4 µm. La couche de PI dans le câble est ainsi obtenue par enroulement d'au moins deux épaisseurs de ruban pour qu'il y ait recouvrement, et en découle une épaisseur de couche de PI de l'ordre de 0,05 mm et une épaisse de couche PI avec couches adhésives (produit Kapton FN®) de l'ordre de 0,06mm.For example, the first polyimide layer can be coated on each of its faces with a fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) coating as an adhesive layer. FN Kapton ® product is suitable for the present invention. It is in the form of ribbon. The thickness of FEP per side is in this case 2.5 μm and the thickness of PI is 25.4 μm. The layer of PI in the cable is thus obtained by winding at least two layers of tape so that it overlaps, and results in a layer thickness of PI of the order of 0.05 mm and a thickness of PI layer with adhesive layers (Kapton FN ® product ) of the order of 0.06mm.

De préférence, le ratio d'épaisseur de la deuxième couche de PTFE sur la couche de PI varie de 4 à 22, et de préférence de 7,5 à 12, pour des sections nominales de conducteur allant de 0,15 à 95 mm2.Preferably, the thickness ratio of the second PTFE layer on the PI layer varies from 4 to 22, and preferably from 7.5 to 12, for nominal conductor cross-sections ranging from 0.15 to 95 mm 2 .

L'élément conducteur convenant selon l'invention est par exemple du type massif ou câblé (« stranded ») et peut correspondre à : du cuivre (Cu), à un alliage de Cu étamé, à un alliage de Cu argenté, à un alliage de Cu nickelé, à de l'aluminium (AI) nickelé, à de l'aluminium cuivré et nickelé (bien connu sous l'anglicisme « nickel plated copper clad aluminum »). The conductive element that is suitable according to the invention is, for example, of the solid or stranded type and may correspond to: copper (Cu), an alloy of tin-plated Cu, a silver-alloy of Cu, an alloy nickel-plated Cu, nickel-plated aluminum (AI), copper-plated and nickel-plated aluminum (well known under the Anglicism " nickel plated copper clad aluminum").

Dans un autre mode de réalisation, le câble électrique comprend en outre une couche extérieure (superficielle) apte à être marquée. Cette dernière couche peut être un ruban ou un extrudât de polymère fluoré ou un vernis fluoré (comme par exemple en PTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFE ou un de leurs mélanges) comprenant des pigments de type complexes métalliques.In another embodiment, the electrical cable further comprises an outer layer (surface) capable of being marked. This last layer may be a ribbon or a fluoropolymer extrudate or a fluorinated varnish (such as for example PTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFE or a mixture thereof) comprising metal complex type pigments.

Le câble comprenant les caractéristiques susmentionnées est destiné à être utilisé dans le domaine de l'aéronautique et est notamment destiné à équiper les avions.The cable comprising the aforementioned characteristics is intended to be used in the field of aeronautics and is particularly intended to equip aircraft.

Pour une meilleure compréhension de l'invention, la description fera référence à des dessins annexés et qui figurent uniquement à titre illustratif et non limitatif.For a better understanding of the invention, the description will refer to the accompanying drawings and which appear solely for illustrative and non-limiting.

Sur ces dessins :

  • La figure 1 illustre une vue en section transversale d'un câble électrique au stade de l'isolation (sans gaine) selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention ; et
  • La figure 2 représente un graphique montrant la tension d'apparition de décharges (PDIV) à 150°C pour une pression de 150mbar en fonction de l'épaisseur en mm de la deuxième couche en PTFE et pour différents types de câbles, et de sections nominales de conducteurs de 0,95 à 70 mm2.
On these drawings:
  • The figure 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an electrical cable at the insulation stage (without sheath) according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; and
  • The figure 2 represents a graph showing the discharge onset voltage (PDIV) at 150 ° C for a pressure of 150mbar as a function of the thickness in mm of the second PTFE layer and for different types of cables, and nominal conductor cross sections from 0.95 to 70 mm 2 .

Exemples de réalisation :Examples of realization: Exemple 1 : exempleExample 1: Example deof composition d'un câble selon l'invention (figure1)composition of a cable according to the invention (FIG.

Pour des raisons de clarté, seuls les éléments essentiels pour la compréhension de l'invention ont été représentés de manière schématique, et ceci sans respect de l'échelle sur la figure 1.For the sake of clarity, only the essential elements for understanding the invention have been shown schematically, and this without respect of the scale on the figure 1 .

Selon un premier mode de réalisation, le fil de câblage (hook up wire) ou le câble de puissance 1, représenté sur la figure 1, comprend : un élément conducteur 2 central, notamment en cuivre ou en aluminium, de type multibrins, et, successivement et coaxialement autour de cet élément, une première couche adhésive en FEP 5a, une couche en polyimide PI 3 dite «première couche », une seconde couche adhésive 5b et une couche en PTFE 4, dite deuxième couche, représentant ici la couche externe du câble 1. Les différentes couches sont obtenues par rubanage. Le câble est ensuite traité thermiquement afin de fritter la couche externe de PTFE. Pour cela, une température supérieure à 340°C est appliquée.According to a first embodiment, the hook up wire or the power cable 1, shown in FIG. figure 1 , comprises: a central conducting element 2, in particular of copper or aluminum, of multi-strand type, and, successively and coaxially around this element, a first FEP adhesive layer 5a, a polyimide layer PI 3 called "first layer", a second adhesive layer 5b and a PTFE layer 4, said second layer, here representing the outer layer of the cable 1. The various layers are obtained by taping. The cable is then heat-treated to sinter the outer layer of PTFE. For this, a temperature above 340 ° C is applied.

Dans cet exemple, l'épaisseur de PI est de 0,058mm et l'épaisseur de la deuxième couche de PTFE après frittage est de l'ordre de 0,56 mm, de sorte que le ratio PTFE/PI= 0,56/0,058=9,65.In this example, the thickness of PI is 0.058 mm and the thickness of the second PTFE layer after sintering is of the order of 0.56 mm, so that the PTFE / PI ratio = 0.56 / 0.058 = 9.65.

Exemple 2 : procédé et autre composition d'un câble selon l'inventionExample 2 Method and Other Composition of a Cable According to the Invention

Selon un autre mode de réalisation, un câble électrique comprend un conducteur électrique, par exemple en cuivre ou en alliage de cuivre recouvert d'une couche de nickel, généralement de type multibrins.According to another embodiment, an electrical cable comprises an electrical conductor, for example copper or copper alloy coated with a layer of nickel, generally of the multi-strand type.

Ledit conducteur électrique est recouvert d'une couche adhésive en FEP, elle-même recouverte d'une couche en PI, elle-même recouverte d'une autre couche adhésive en FEP. Cet ensemble FEP/PI/FEP correspond de manière préférée au ruban Kapton FN® de chez Dupont comprenant une couche de PI de 25,4 µm d'épaisseur revêtue sur chacune de ses faces d'une couche de FEP de 2,5 µm d'épaisseur.Said electrical conductor is covered with an adhesive layer FEP, itself covered with a layer PI, itself covered with another adhesive layer FEP. This FEP / PI / FEP assembly preferably corresponds to Kapton FN ® tape from Dupont comprising a 25.4 μm thick layer of PID coated on each of its faces with a 2.5 μm thick FEP layer. 'thickness.

L'ensemble FEP/PI/FEP est ensuite entourée par une couche, comprenant un enroulement de trois rubans PTFE : un premier ruban de PTFE d'une épaisseur avant frittage de l'ordre de 180 µm mm, un deuxième ruban PTFE d'une épaisseur avant frittage de l'ordre de 180 µm, et un troisième ruban PTFE qui comprend avantageusement une couche de PTFE pigmentée (3%) et présente une épaisseur avant frittage de l'ordre de 76 µm. Le pigment du troisième ruban PTFE est un complexe métallique. Celui-ci permet le marquage par laser UV de la surface de la couche extérieure dudit troisième ruban. Généralement les pigments ne représentent pas plus de 5% en poids dudit troisième ruban. Il est préférable de ne pas dépasser cette valeur de 5%, voire de la minimiser afin de ne pas dégrader les propriétés électriques du câble.The FEP / PI / FEP assembly is then surrounded by a layer comprising a winding of three PTFE tapes: a first PTFE tape having a thickness before sintering of the order of 180 μm mm, a second PTFE tape of a thickness of thickness before sintering of the order of 180 microns, and a third PTFE tape which advantageously comprises a layer of pigmented PTFE (3%) and has a thickness before sintering of the order of 76 microns. The pigment of the third PTFE tape is a metal complex. This allows UV laser marking of the surface of the outer layer of said third ribbon. Generally, the pigments do not represent more than 5% by weight of said third ribbon. It is preferable not to exceed this value of 5%, or even to minimize it so as not to degrade the electrical properties of the cable.

Après la pose (ou rubanage) du premier ruban de PTFE, le conducteur électrique ainsi isolé est traité thermiquement dans un four à une température supérieure à la température de fusion du PTFE, à savoir à une température supérieure à 340°C, pour obtenir le frittage du PTFE. Par cette unique étape de traitement thermique qui comprend l'étape de thermosoudage du polyimide et l'étape de frittage du PTFE, on assure l'adhésion de toutes les épaisseurs de rubans. En effet, le traitement thermique conduit à la cohésion du ruban PTFE sur le ruban PI et au collage du ruban PI sur lui-même et sur l'élément conducteur.After laying (or taping) the first PTFE tape, the electrical conductor thus isolated is heat-treated in an oven at a temperature above the melting temperature of the PTFE, ie at a temperature of greater than 340 ° C, to sinter PTFE. By this single heat treatment step which comprises the heat-sealing step of the polyimide and the sintering step of the PTFE, it ensures the adhesion of all the thicknesses of ribbons. Indeed, the heat treatment leads to the cohesion of the PTFE tape on the tape PI and the sticking of the tape PI on itself and on the conductive element.

Après cette étape de cuisson, le deuxième puis le troisième ruban sont posés.After this cooking step, the second and the third ribbon are laid.

Ensuite, l'étape de marquage du troisième ruban (marquage par laser UV) est réalisée selon des techniques connues de l'homme du métier.Then, the step of marking the third ribbon (UV laser marking) is performed according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.

Enfin, un deuxième traitement thermique à une température supérieure à 340°C est effectué, de sorte à fritter le deuxième et troisième ruban de PTFE (c'est-à-dire les rubans posés après le premier traitement thermique). Les différentes étapes de traitement thermique s'effectuent généralement dans un four ou une batterie de fours.Finally, a second heat treatment at a temperature above 340 ° C is performed, so as to sinter the second and third PTFE tape (ie the tapes laid after the first heat treatment). The various stages of heat treatment are generally carried out in an oven or a battery of ovens.

Après cuisson, l'épaisseur totale de la couche en PTFE est de l'ordre de 0,68 mm.After firing, the total thickness of the PTFE layer is of the order of 0.68 mm.

Puis, le câble est avantageusement recouvert d'un écran métallique (tressage de fils métalliques) et d'une gaine composite. Ces deux derniers éléments sont connus de l'homme du métier.Then, the cable is advantageously covered with a metal screen (wire braiding) and a composite sheath. These last two elements are known to those skilled in the art.

Exemple 3: Test de résistance de câbles obtenu selon l'exemple 2 pour différente épaisseur de PTFE et différentes sections nominales de conducteurs (figure 2)Example 3: Cable resistance test obtained according to Example 2 for different thickness of PTFE and different nominal conductor cross-sections (FIG. 2)

La tension d'apparition de décharges a été mesurée pour différents câbles. Ces câbles ont été réalisés en suivant le procédé de l'exemple 2. Le premier traitement thermique a lieu après la pose du premier ruban et le deuxième et dernier traitement thermique a lieu après la pose du dernier ruban. Les caractéristiques des câbles au stade isolation (sans tresse métallique et gaine) selon l'invention sont représentées dans le tableau ci-dessous :
L'épaisseur moyenne de Kapton FN® représente l'épaisseur mesurée sur le câble une fois fabriqué, tandis que l'épaisseur des rubans de PTFE correspond à l'épaisseur des rubans PTFE utilisés (avant fabrication du câble) et l'épaisseur cumulée correspond à l'épaisseur mesurée une fois le câble fabriqué. ex Nature du conducteur/ section nominale (mm2) Epaisseur moyenne de Kapton FN® (mm) épaisseurs des rubans de PTFE(µm) Epaisseur cumulée PTFE (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 NPC/0.95 0,060 64 64 0,19 2 NPC/0.95 0,060 76 76 76 76 0,50 3 NPC/0.95 0,060 76 76 76 76 76 76 0,72 4 NPC/1.45 0,062 100 100 0,32 5 NPC/1.45 0,062 100 0,16 6 NPC/1.45 0,069 100 76 76 76 76 0,653 7 NPC/4.1 0,062 100 76 76 76 76 0,61 8 NPC/4.1 0,062 100 0,16 9 N PC/6.6 0,069 180 180 76 0,683 10 NPA/27.1 0,076 76 76 0,224 11 NPA/27.1 0,074 180 100 0,466 12 NPA/27.1 0,058 180 180 76 0,557 13 NPA/42.9 0,060 180 180 76 0,497 14 NPA/70 0,056 180 180 76 0,659 Les exemples 1 à 9 sont des fils de câblage et les exemples 10 à 14 sont des câbles de puissance.
NPC : cuivre plaqué Nickel
NPA : Aluminium plaqué Nickel The discharge voltage was measured for different cables. These cables were made by following the method of Example 2. The first heat treatment takes place after the laying of the first ribbon and the second and last heat treatment takes place after the laying of the last ribbon. The characteristics of the cables at the isolation stage (without metallic braid and sheath) according to the invention are represented in the table below:
The average thickness of Kapton FN ® represents the thickness measured on the cable once manufactured, while the thickness of the PTFE ribbons corresponds to the thickness of the PTFE tapes used (before manufacture of the cable) and the cumulative thickness corresponds to the thickness measured once the cable has been manufactured. ex Nature of conductor / rated section (mm 2 ) Average thickness of Kapton FN ® (mm) thicknesses of PTFE ribbons (μm) Cumulative PTFE Thickness (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 NPC / 0.95 0,060 64 64 0.19 2 NPC / 0.95 0,060 76 76 76 76 0.50 3 NPC / 0.95 0,060 76 76 76 76 76 76 0.72 4 NPC / 1.45 0.062 100 100 0.32 5 NPC / 1.45 0.062 100 0.16 6 NPC / 1.45 0,069 100 76 76 76 76 0.653 7 NPC / 4.1 0.062 100 76 76 76 76 0.61 8 NPC / 4.1 0.062 100 0.16 9 N PC / 6.6 0,069 180 180 76 0.683 10 ZIP / 27.1 0,076 76 76 0.224 11 ZIP / 27.1 0.074 180 100 0.466 12 ZIP / 27.1 0.058 180 180 76 0.557 13 ZIP / 42.9 0,060 180 180 76 0.497 14 ZIP / 70 0,056 180 180 76 0.659 Examples 1 to 9 are wiring wires and Examples 10 to 14 are power cables.
NPC: Nickel plated copper
NPA: Nickel-plated aluminum

Pour chaque échantillon de 1000 +/- 5 mm, une boucle de câble est réalisée. Le diamètre de la boucle est compris entre 8 et 12 fois le diamètre extérieur du câble.For each 1000 +/- 5 mm sample, a loop of cable is made. The diameter of the loop is between 8 and 12 times the outer diameter of the cable.

La tresse du câble est défaite sur environ 5 mm pour permettre de la connecter à la terre.The braid of the cable is defeated about 5 mm to allow to connect it to the ground.

La boucle du câble est positionnée dans une étuve configurée de manière à permettre l'application de vide, de tension et la connexion au système de mesure (oscilloscope).The cable loop is positioned in an oven configured to allow the application of vacuum, voltage and connection to the measuring system (oscilloscope).

Lorsque les conditions de température et dépression sont atteintes et stabilisées, une tension alternative 50 Hz est appliquée entre le conducteur et la tresse.When the temperature and vacuum conditions are reached and stabilized, a 50 Hz AC voltage is applied between the conductor and the braid.

La tension est augmentée de 50 Volt/s, jusqu'à apparition de décharges partielles. La tension correspondante (Partial Discharges Inception Voltage) est relevée.The voltage is increased by 50 volts / s, until partial discharges occur. The corresponding voltage (Partial Discharges Inception Voltage) is raised.

L'une des fonctionnalités de l'oscilloscope permet de compter le nombre de décharges dépassant un gabarit préalablement défini (5 pC).One of the features of the oscilloscope allows to count the number of discharges exceeding a previously defined template (5 pC).

La définition de la tension d'apparition des décharges partielles est celle atteinte quand il se produit au moins une décharge par seconde pendant une période de 30 secondes.The definition of the onset voltage of the partial discharges is that reached when there is at least one discharge per second for a period of 30 seconds.

La tension est ensuite augmentée de 100 volts au dessus du PDIV avant de redescendre pour déterminer la tension d'extinction des décharges partielles, qui est définie par l'oscilloscope comme la tension à laquelle la dernière décharge a été détectée.The voltage is then increased by 100 volts above the PDIV before going down to determine the partial discharge extinction voltage, which is defined by the oscilloscope as the voltage at which the last discharge was detected.

Comme le montre le graphique 2, les câbles présentant une épaisseur cumulée de couches comprenant du PTFE supérieure ou égale à 0,4 mm, peuvent supporter une tension d'apparition de décharges (PDIV) supérieure aux câbles présentant une épaisseur totale de couches comprenant du PTFE inférieure à 0,4mm, et ce quelle que soit la section du conducteur ou sa nature. Il a été considéré une limite de PDIV supérieure à 800 V, valeur crête, qui est la tension minimale sans décharges actuellement pressentie pour l'application 230 V de fils de câblage et de câbles de puissance..As shown in Fig. 2, cables having a cumulative layer thickness of greater than or equal to 0.4 mm PTFE can withstand a higher discharge voltage (PDIV) than cables having a total thickness of layers comprising PTFE less than 0.4mm, regardless of the section of the driver or its nature. It has been considered a PDIV limit higher than 800 V, peak value, which is the minimum voltage without discharges currently tapped for 230 V application of wiring and power cables.

Ces essais montrent ainsi qu'une épaisseur de couche(s) comprenant du PTFE d'au moins 0,4 mm permet d'obtenir des câbles présentant une bonne résistance aux décharges partielles à une température élevée 150°C et à basse pression 150mBar.These tests thus show that a layer thickness (s) comprising PTFE of at least 0.4 mm makes it possible to obtain cables having good resistance to partial discharges at an elevated temperature of 150 ° C. and at a low pressure of 150 mbar.

Bien que l'invention ait été décrite en liaison avec un mode de réalisation particulier, il est bien évident qu'elle n'y est nullement limitée et qu'elle comprend tous les équivalents techniques des moyens décrits ainsi que leurs combinaisons si celles-ci entrent dans le cadre de l'invention.Although the invention has been described in connection with a particular embodiment, it is obvious that it is not limited thereto and that it comprises all the technical equivalents of the means described and their combinations if they are within the scope of the invention.

Claims (15)

  1. An electric cable (1) comprising:
    - a conducting element (2),
    - a first layer (3) comprising polyimide (PI) surrounding said conducting element (2),
    - a second fluorinated layer (4) comprising polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), surrounding said first layer, and
    - optionally at least one fluorinated semiconducting layer comprising at least one fluorinated compound,
    characterized in that the total thickness of the assembly of PTFE layers is of at least 0.4 mm.
  2. The electric cable (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the total thickness of the assembly of fluorinated layers is of at least 0.5 mm.
  3. The electric cable (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fluorinated compound of the fluorinated semiconducting layer is selected from among:
    polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP),
    perfluoro(alkylvinylether)/tetrafluoroethylene (PFA) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), or one of their combinations.
  4. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second layer appears as one or several ribbons or an extrudate, or one of their combinations.
  5. The cable according to one of the preceding claims for monitoring, wherein the second layer is totally sintered.
  6. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said semiconducting layer is positioned at the surface around the second layer (4), or between the first layer (3) and the second layer (4), or between that the conducting element (2) and the first layer (3), or one of their combinations.
  7. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the semiconducting layer appears as a ribbon or extrudate, or varnish, or one of their combinations.
  8. The electric cable (1) according to claim 7, characterized in that, when the semiconducting layer is found as a ribbon or extrudate, it consists of fluorinated polymer or copolymers comprising by weight, based on the total weight of said semiconducting layer, 0.1 % to 40% of (electrically) conducting filler.
  9. The electric cable (1) according to claim 7, characterized in that, when the semiconducting layer is found as a varnish, it consists of fluorinated components comprising, by weight based on the total weight of said semiconducting layer, 0.1% to 40% of (electrically) conducting filler.
  10. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the semiconducting layer has a longitudinal resistivity from 0.04 to 100 Ohm.m.
  11. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thickness of the first layer (3) varies from 0.028 mm to 0.1 mm.
  12. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one adhesive layer is positioned on: at least one of the two faces of the first layer (3), or between the conducting element (2) and the semiconducting layer when the latter is located between the conducting element (2) and the first layer (3), or one of their combinations.
  13. The electric cable (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the adhesive layer consists of one or several fluorinated polymers.
  14. The electric cable (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the fluorinated polymer(s) of the adhesive layer is(are) selected from among:
    poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP), perfluoro(alkylvinylether)/tetrafluoroethylene (PFA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), or one of their combinations, said aforementioned fluorinated compounds having adherence properties.
  15. The electric cable (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thickness ratio of the fluorinated layer(s) over the PI layer, varies from 4 to 22.
EP12179482.0A 2011-08-09 2012-08-07 Electric cable resistant to partial discharges Active EP2557572B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1157253A FR2979032B1 (en) 2011-08-09 2011-08-09 ELECTRICAL CABLE RESISTANT TO PARTIAL DISCHARGES

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2557572A1 EP2557572A1 (en) 2013-02-13
EP2557572B1 true EP2557572B1 (en) 2016-04-06

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EP12179482.0A Active EP2557572B1 (en) 2011-08-09 2012-08-07 Electric cable resistant to partial discharges

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US (1) US10096398B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2557572B1 (en)
CN (1) CN102956318A (en)
ES (1) ES2581605T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2979032B1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102956318A (en) 2013-03-06
FR2979032B1 (en) 2013-07-26
ES2581605T3 (en) 2016-09-06
FR2979032A1 (en) 2013-02-15
EP2557572A1 (en) 2013-02-13
US10096398B2 (en) 2018-10-09
US20130206452A1 (en) 2013-08-15

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