EP2553355A2 - Cycles de réfrigération par absorption utilisant un réfrigérant lgwp - Google Patents
Cycles de réfrigération par absorption utilisant un réfrigérant lgwpInfo
- Publication number
- EP2553355A2 EP2553355A2 EP11763408A EP11763408A EP2553355A2 EP 2553355 A2 EP2553355 A2 EP 2553355A2 EP 11763408 A EP11763408 A EP 11763408A EP 11763408 A EP11763408 A EP 11763408A EP 2553355 A2 EP2553355 A2 EP 2553355A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- liquid
- stream
- phase
- organic compounds
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/047—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for absorption-type refrigeration systems
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B15/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
- F25B15/02—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type without inert gas
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Definitions
- This invention relates to economical absorption refrigeration systems that employ refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP) and low ozone depletion potential (ODP).
- GWP global warming potential
- ODP ozone depletion potential
- Absorption refrigeration is a more economical alternative to compression refrigeration when a source of waste or other low-cost heat (e.g. solar heating) is available. As such, absorption refrigeration has the potential to play a very important role in reducing the
- absorption refrigerators and vapor compression refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very low boiling point. In both types, when this refrigerant evaporates or boils, it takes some heat away with it, providing the cooling effect.
- absorption refrigeration and vapor compression refrigeration differ in the way the refrigerant is changed from a gas back into a liquid so that the cycle can repeat.
- a vapor compression refrigerator uses mechanical work, frequently supplied by an electrically-powered compressor, to increase the pressure on the gas, and then condenses the hot, high pressure gas back to a liquid by heat exchange with a cool fluid (usually air).
- An absorption refrigerator does not use mechanical work to increase the pressure of the pressure of the gas and changes the gas back into a liquid using a different method that needs only a low-power pump, or optionally only heat, thereby providing a system that has fewer moving parts, which increases the overall lifetime of the system.
- Solar energy can be utilized through the use of relatively inexpensive collector panels with the solar energy transferred to a working fluid which is typically water with glycols added to suppress the freezing point. This fluid then becomes the heat source that powers the absorption cooling system. In addition, when cooling is not required, this can be used to heat potable water.
- a working fluid typically water with glycols added to suppress the freezing point.
- This fluid then becomes the heat source that powers the absorption cooling system.
- this can be used to heat potable water.
- An additional benefit for new installations is that the base vapor compression cooling system can be downsized and thereby operate with less cycling that will improve the performance of this system.
- absorption refrigeration can have an advantage is such environments because it holds the potential to use the same source of energy that typically increases the load on these systems, i.e. solar energy, to provide needed cooling.
- a heat pump normally refers to a refrigeration device that includes a reversing valve and optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of heat flow may be reversed.
- heat pumps draw heat from the air or from the ground, or even from water.
- the two most common absorption refrigeration pairs are NH 3 -water and water-LiBr.
- NH 3 -water use NH 3 as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent.
- the toxicity of NH 3 limits it use in areas that can be occupied by the public.
- compatibility issues with one of the more common materials of construction in cooling systems, copper can increase the cost of the installed systems based on NH 3 -water by having to use less desirable and/or more expensive materials.
- water-LiBr a problem arises because water is not a suitable refrigerant in many important cases of interest. Applicants have come to appreciate that water has two main drawbacks that limit its viability in certain important applications. The first is that due to the low pressures the equipment sizing becomes impractical for many applications.
- refrigerant/absorbant pairs comprising fluorinated organic compounds, including fluorinated organic compounds having from one to eight carbon atoms (CI - C8), and, in certain embodiments, certain hydrofluoroolefin and/or
- hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds are well suited for use as and have particular advantage in absorption refrigeration.
- a fluorinated organic compound in accordance with the present invention particularly, though not exclusively, certain hydro fluoroolefin and/or hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds, and/or C2 - C4 hydrofluoroolefin and/or
- hydrochloro fluoroolefin compounds is/are utilized as the refrigerant, with the absorbant portion either being fluorinated organic compound and/or a non-fluorinated oil.
- Hydrofluoroolefins such as, but not limited to, HFO-1234yf (e.g. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene) and HFO-1234ze(E) (e.g. 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene), have been found to have excellent refrigeration capabilities and a very short atmospheric lifetime which makes them environmentally benign and are preferred for use, preferably as refrigerant, in accordance with the present invention.
- Hydrochlorofluoroolefins particularly monofluorotrifluopropenes such as, but not limited to, HCFO-1233zd (l-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) have also been found to have excellent refrigeration capabilities and a very short atmospheric lifetime which makes them
- the absorption refrigeration fluids of the present invention comprises a first fluorinated organic compound which acts as an absorbent and has a relatively high boiling point and a second fluorinated organic compound which acts as a refrigerant and has a relatively low boiling point.
- the absorbent which comprises the first fluorinated organic compound, has a boiling point that is at least 40°C higher than the boiling point of the solute which comprises the second fluorinated organic compound.
- the absorbent compound is a non-ionic compound and also has an aggregate number of carbon/oxygen atoms that is at least two (2) greater than the aggregate number of carbon/oxygen atoms in the refrigerant.
- the refrigerant comprises one or more CI - C4 fluorinated compounds, or one or more C2 - C4
- the absorbant compounds comprise one or more C2 - C8 fluorinated compounds, and in certain embodiments one or more C3 - C8 hydrofluoroolefin and/or hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds.
- the absorbant portion of the fluid is selected from the group consisting of fluoroethers, fluoroketones, HFCs, HFOs (including HFCOs), and combinations of these, and the refrigerant portion of the pair is selected from the group consisting of HFCs, HFOs (including HFCOs), C0 2 and combinations of these.
- a non- limiting example of a fluoroether for use as an absorbent in accordance with the present invention is methyl nonafluorobutyl ether.
- a nonlimiting example of fluoroketone for use as a absorbent in accordance with the present invention is perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone).
- a nonlimiting example of an HFC for use as an absorbent in accordance with the present invention is HFC-245fa (e.g. 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane).
- a nonlimiting example of an HFO for use as a absorbent solvent in accordance with the present invention is HFO-1233zd, including HFO- 1233zd(E).
- HFO-1234yf A nonlimiting example of an HFO for use as a refrigerant in accordance with the present invention is HFO-1234yf.
- HFC-32 difluoromethane
- the refrigerant portion of the pair in accordance with the present invention is selected from among certain hydro fluoroolefin and/or
- hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds and the absorbent and/or solvent portion is or includes a nonfluoroinated oil, which may selected from organic oils, such as polyalkyene glycol oil, poly alpha olefin oil, mineral oil, and polyol ester oil, including combinations of these. It has been discovered that solutions of these refrigerants and oils enable the refrigerant to be used as a working fluid in an absorption-type refrigeration system. Many of these refrigerants are characterized as having a low-GWP (i.e., ⁇ 1000, or ⁇ 100 relative to C0 2 ), a low or no appreciable ozone depletion potential, and are non-toxic and non-flammable.
- the present invention includes a combination of the refrigerants, fluorinated absorbents and non-fluorinated oils.
- an aspect of this invention involves a method for providing refrigeration comprising: (a) evaporating a first liquid-phase refrigerant stream comprising one or more fluorinated organic compounds having from one to eight carbon atoms, to produce a low- pressure vapor-phase refrigerant stream, wherein said evaporating transfers heat from a system to be cooled; (b) contacting said low-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant stream with a first liquid- phase solvent stream comprising one or more organic compounds having an aggregate number of carbon/oxygen atoms that is at least two (2) greater than an aggregate number of carbon/oxygen atoms in the refrigerant under conditions effective to dissolve substantially all of the refrigerant of the vapor-phase refrigerant stream into the solvent of the first liquid-phase solvent stream to produce a refrigerant-solvent solution stream; (c) increasing the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant-solvent solution stream; (d) thermodynamically separating said refrigerant-solvent solution stream into a high-
- the terms "low-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant” and "high-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant” are relative to one another. That is, a low-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant has a pressure above 0 psia, but lower than the pressure of the high-pressure vapor- phase refrigerant. Likewise, the high-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant has a pressure below the composition's critical point, but higher than the pressure of the low-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant.
- the term "substantially all" with respect to a composition means at least about 90 weight percent based upon the total weight of the composition.
- the invention provides an absorption refrigeration system comprising: (a) a refrigerant selected from the group consisting of one or more fluorinated organic compounds; (b) an absorbent comprising one or more fluorinated organic compounds having from one to eight carbon atoms (CI - C8) having a boiling point that is at least 40°C higher than the boiling point of the refrigerant; (c) an evaporator suitable for evaporating said refrigerant; (d) a mixer suitable for mixing said refrigerant with said absorbent, wherein said mixer is fluidly connected to said evaporator; (e) an absorber suitable for dissolving at least a portion of said refrigerant into said absorbent to produce a solution, wherein said absorber is fluidly connect to said mixer; (f) a pump fluidly connected to said absorber; (g) a heat exchanger fluidly connected to said pump; (h) a separator suitable for thermodynamically separating said solution into a vapor refrigerant component and a liquid
- This invention is an environmentally friendly, economical refrigeration process.
- the present methods and systems are powered, at least in part, by solar energy to provide cooling at times of greatest load.
- the absorption refrigerants are low global warming, safe to use, and energy efficient
- FIG. 1 is a graphic representation of data showing the solubility of HFO-1234ze(E) in a PAG lubricant
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an absorption refrigeration cycle according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of another absorption refrigeration cycle according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view of one embodiment of an absorption compression system (B) and a vapor compression system (A);
- FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of data showing GWP impact on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP).
- FIG. 6 is a graphic representation of data showing GWP impact on LCCP, including impact of reduced efficiency.
- Absorption systems and vapor compression systems both operate via Carnot idealized energy conversion cycles moving heat energy from a low temperature reservoir (the cooling load) to a high temperature reservoir (the ambient) by the use of thermal energy, Qin, for absorption technology or shaft work, Wsh, or mechanical vapor compression.
- the illustration of FIG. 4 provides a simplified schematic of generalized versions of each of such systems.
- both absorption and vapor compression systems utilize a condenser to exchange heat with the ambient, an expansion device, and an evaporator to perform the cooling of the system.
- absorption systems utilize thermal energy to serve as a "thermal” or “chemical” compressor through the use of the chemical potentials between the refrigerant and the absorbent while a vapor compression system utilizes mechanical compressors drawing shaft power that is frequently electric.
- Applicants have found an efficient absorption system by identifying suitable refrigerant-absorbent pairs that efficiently perform the
- the only moving part in an absorption system is the pump which provides a long lifetime of the overall system.
- certain refrigerant/absorbant pairs comprising fluorinated organic compounds, including fluorinated organic compounds having from one to eight carbon atoms (CI - C8), and, in certain embodiments, certain hydrofluoroolefin and/or hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds, are well suited for use as and have particular advantage in absorption refrigeration.
- a fluorinated organic compound in accordance with the present invention particularly, though not exclusively, certain hydrofluoroolefin and/or hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds, and/or C2 - C4 hydrofluoroolefin and/or
- hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds is/are utilized as the refrigerant, with the absorbant portion either being a fluorinated organic compound or a non-fluorinated oil.
- Hydrofluoroolefins such as, but not limited to, HFO-1234yf (e.g. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene) and HFO-1234ze(E) (e.g. 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene), have been found to have excellent refrigeration capabilities and a very short atmospheric lifetime which makes them environmentally benign and are preferred for use, preferably as refrigerant, in accordance with the present invention.
- Hydrochlorofluoroolefins particularly monofluorotrifluopropenes such as, but not limited to, HCFO-1233zd (l-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) have also been found to have excellent refrigeration capabilities and a very short atmospheric lifetime which makes them
- the absorption refrigeration fluids of the present invention comprises a first fluorinated organic compound which acts as an absorbent and has a relatively high boiling point and a second fluorinated organic compound which acts as a refrigerant and has a relatively low boiling point.
- the absorbent which comprises the first fluorinated organic compound, has a boiling point that is at least 40°C higher than the boiling point of the solute which comprises the second fluorinated organic compound.
- the absorbent compound is a non-ionic compound and also has an aggregate number of carbon/oxygen atoms that is at least two (2) greater than the aggregate number of carbon/oxygen atoms in the refrigerant.
- the refrigerant comprises one or more CI - C4 fluorinated compounds, or one or more C2 - C4
- the absorbant compounds comprise one or more C2 - C8 fluorinated compounds, and in certain embodiments one or more C3 - C8 hydrofluoroolefin and/or hydrochlorofluoroolefin compounds.
- the absorbant portion of the fluid is selected from the group consisting of fluoroethers, fluoroketones, HFCs, HFOs (including HFCOs), and combinations of these, and the refrigerant portion of the pair is selected from the group consisting of HFCs, HFOs (including HFCOs), C0 2 and combinations of these.
- a fluoroether for use as a solvent in accordance with the present invention is methyl nonafluorobutyl ether.
- fluoroketone for use as a absorbent in accordance with the present invention is perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone).
- HFC-245fa e.g. 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane
- HFO-1233zd e.g. 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane
- HFO-1234yf e.g. 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane
- HFC-32 difluoromethane
- Particularly preferred, though not exclusive, in accordance with the present invention are the pairs HFC32/HFC-245fa, HFC-32/HF01234yf, HFC-32/1233zd(E) and HFO-1234yf/1233zd(E), and most preferably, though not exclusively, the use of such pairs in connection with absorption refrigeration systems which comprise energy input in the form of solar power, and even more preferably, though not exclusively, the use of such solar power energy input to decrease the peak demand of a commercial system.
- Certain refrigerants include hydrohalopropenes, including tetrahalopropenes, e.g. tetrafluoropropenes and mono-chloro-trifluoropropenes, or tetrahalopropenes having a -CF 3 moiety, e.g.
- Certain useful refrigerants also comprise a mixture of two or more hydro fluoroolefins, hydrochlorofluoroolefms, as well as mixtures of both hydro fluoroolefins and hydrochloro fluoroolefins.
- hydro fluoroolefin In certain embodiments of the invention, a hydro fluoroolefin and/or
- hydrochlorofluoroolefin refrigerant is used in an absorption-type refrigeration system as a working fluid, i.e., a fluid that changes states from gas to liquid or vice versa via a working fluid, i.e., a fluid that changes states from gas to liquid or vice versa via a working fluid, i.e., a fluid that changes states from gas to liquid or vice versa via a working fluid, i.e., a fluid that changes states from gas to liquid or vice versa via a
- thermodynamic cycle This phase change is facilitated by dissolving the vapor-phase refrigerant in an oil solvent (as an absorbent with an with an additional absorbent provided herein) to form a solution.
- an oil solvent as an absorbent with an with an additional absorbent provided herein
- a pump and heat exchanger are used to efficiently increase the solution's pressure and temperature, respectively.
- the pressurized and heated solution is then flashed to produce a refrigerant vapor at high pressure.
- This high pressure vapor is then passed through a condenser and evaporator to transfer heat from a system to be cooled.
- Solvents useful in the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of polyalkyene glycol oil, a poly alpha olefin oil, a mineral oil and a polyolester oil.
- oils selected are generally thermally stable, have very low vapor pressures, and are non-toxic and non-corrosive. Certain oils that fit these criteria and can be used with various olefins above are poly-ethylene glycol oils, polyol ester oils, polypropylene glycol dimethyl ether-based and mineral oil. Such oils, as discussed herein, may also act in a absorbent capacity either alone, or in combination with one or more of the fluorinated absorbent discussed herein. To this end, the discussion herein with respect to the mixing of refrigerant and solvent is equally applicable to solutions including the refrigerant, fluorinated absorbent and solvent.
- the refrigerant and solvent are mixed in proportions and under conditions effective to form a solution in which the refrigerant is dissolved in the solvent.
- the mixture of refrigerant and solvent is in proportions in which a substantial portion, or substantially all, of the refrigerant mixed with the solvent is dissolved in the solvent. That is, in certain embodiments, the amount of refrigerant to be mixed with the solvent is below the saturation point of the solvent at the operating temperature and pressure of the refrigerant system. Maintaining the refrigerant concentration below the saturation point decreases the likelihood that vapor refrigerant will reach the pump, where it could lead to cavitations.
- the refrigerant and solvent may be mixed by a mixer.
- mixers include, but are not limited to, static mixers and aspirators (i.e., venturi pump).
- the mixer is a simple junction of two transfer lines (e.g., pipes, tubes, hoses, and the like) that produces a turbulent flow, such as a T-fitting.
- Dissolution of the low-pressure vapor phase refrigerant in the oil solvent may occur at refrigerant temperature of about -10 °C to about 30 °C, or about 0 °C to about 10 °C.
- the dissolution of the refrigerant in the solvent may occur, at least to a major portion, in an absorber.
- the absorber can be of any type that is suitable for dissolving a refrigerant gas into an oil-based solvent. Examples of absorbers include heat exchangers through or around which a cooling medium is circulated.
- the solution comprising the refrigerant and solvent is pumped against a means of resistance to increase the pressure of the solution.
- Pumping the liquid solution to a high operating pressure typically requires significantly less energy compared to compressing a vapor refrigerant using a compressor.
- pumps are typically less costly to install and maintain compared to compressors. This energy and cost savings is a distinct advantage of the present invention over conventional compression-type refrigeration systems.
- heating the solution is also heated, in certain embodiments, after being pressurized. Heating may be accomplished using a heat exchanger, such as shell-and-tube heat exchangers and plate heat exchangers or a distillation column.
- heating the solution involves a waste-heat recovery unit (WHRU) (i.e., a heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas or liquid stream, such as, but not limited to, exhaust gas from a gas turbine, heat generated in a solar collector or waste gas from a power plant or refinery).
- the WHRU working medium may include water - either pure or with triethylene glycol (TEG) - thermal oil or other mediums conducive to heat transfer.
- TOG triethylene glycol
- heating the solution involves the use of geothermal, solar derived heat or direct heating from combustion of a fuel such a propane.
- thermodynamic separation process After the solution is heated and pressurized, it is subjected to a thermodynamic separation process to produce a vapor refrigerant fraction and a liquid solvent fraction.
- thermodynamic separation processes include column distillation and flashing. Since the two fractions are in different phases, they can be separated easily.
- the liquid solvent phase is recirculated back to the mixer, while the vapor phase comprising the refrigerant is transferred to a condenser where at least a portion, or substantially all, of the refrigerant is converted from its vapor phase to a liquid phase.
- condenser useful in the invention are not particularly limited provided that they are suitable for condensing a hydrofluoroolefin or hydrochlorofluoroolefin refrigerant.
- condensers include horizontal or vertical in-shell condensers and horizontal or vertical in-tube condensers.
- the liquid phase refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve to lower the pressure of the refrigerant and, correspondingly, cool the refrigerant.
- the cooled, throttled refrigerant can be in a liquid-phase, vapor-phase, or a mixed-phase.
- the refrigerant is then passed through an evaporator wherein the cooling capacity of the refrigerant during evaporation is used to extract heat (i.e., refrigerate) the system to be cooled.
- the material to be cooled in the system is water, with or without a heat transfer additive such as PEG, which can be used, for example, as chilled water circulated to air handlers in a distribution system for air conditioning.
- the material to be cooled can also be air used directly for air conditioning.
- the external material can also be any flowable material that needs to be cooled, and if water or air, the cooled materials can be used for purposes other than air conditioning (e.g., chilling food or other products).
- the type of evaporator used to evaporate the liquid-phase refrigerant is not particularly limited provided that it is suitable for evaporating a hydrofluoroolefin or hydrochlorofluoroolefin refrigerant.
- useful evaporators include forced circulation evaporators, natural circulation evaporator, long-tube and short-tube vertical evaporators, falling film evaporators, horizontal tube evaporators, and plate evaporators.
- the refrigerant After the refrigerant is evaporated, it becomes a low-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant typically, though not exclusively, having a temperature of about 30°C to about 60°C, in certain embodiments about 40°C to about 50°C.
- the low-pressure vapor-phase refrigerant is
- the processes of the present invention are, in certain embodiments, closed-loop systems wherein both the refrigerant and solvent are recirculated.
- Absorption refrigeration systems according to this invention involve a single, double, or triple effect absorption refrigeration process. Single and double effect processes are described in the Examples and figures described below.
- direct effect fluid GWP direct effect fluid
- indirect effect the amount of energy it consumes
- indirect effect the amount of energy used to produce the device
- indirect the amount of energy used to decommission the device
- LCCP analysis can be used to evaluate the choices in technology development. Not only should working fluids have a low overall fluid GWP, they must also have a good societal payback through reduced energy consumption toward energy independence and technology development.
- an analysis of both the direct and indirect contributions to global warming were conducted. The direct contributions come from refrigerant emissions and the indirect contributions are due to the burning of fossil fuels to supply the power consumed by the equipment.
- a Ford Motorcraft polypropylene glycol dimethyl ether-based oil from line 10 is mixed with a liquid 1234ze(Z) refrigerant from line 4 in a closed mixer 20 (which can be a simple "T" joint connecting lines 4 and 10 to line 5).
- the mixture in passed though line 5 to an absorber 22 where the gaseous 1234ze(Z) dissolves into the oil.
- the liquid mixture is passed though line 6 to pump 24 that pressurizes the mixture and passes the mixture through line 7 to heat exchanger/boiler 26.
- heat is exchanged with the mixture.
- the source of that heat can be waste heat from an industrial operation (e.g., power generation) external to the heat exchanger.
- the temperature of the mixture is raised to a temperature where the 1234ze(Z) refrigerant can separate from the oil.
- the heated mixture is removed through line 8 from the heat exchanger and introduced to a separator 28 whereby the refrigerant separates substantially in a vapor state from the oil that remains substantially in a liquid state.
- the oil is then returned through line 9 and through an oil valve 30 where its pressure is decreased to match the pressure in line 4. From valve 30 the oil is returned via line 10 to mixer 20 where it is again mixed with the refrigerant to repeat the process.
- the refrigerant vapor is passed through line 1 to a condenser 32 so as to liquefy it.
- the liquid is passed through line 2 through an expansion valve 34, throttling the liquid refrigerant to cool the refrigerant.
- the cooled, throttled refrigerant can be liquid, vapor or a combination depending on the operator's choice.
- the cooled refrigerant is passed through an evaporator 36 whereby the cooling ability of the refrigerant is utilized to cool a material (water or air) that is in a heat-exchanging relationship with evaporator 36.
- the refrigerant is then returned from evaporator 36 through line 4 to mixer 20 where it is again mixed with the oil to repeat the process again.
- composition of stream 8 is 90 wt % oil and 10 wt % refrigerant.
- a Ford Motorcraft polypropylene glycol dimethyl ether-based oil from line 17 is mixed with a liquid 1234ze(Z) refrigerant from line 4 in a closed mixer 40.
- the mixture is passed though line 5 to a first absorber 42 where the gaseous 1234ze(Z) dissolves into the oil.
- the mixture is passed though line 6 to first pump 44 that pressurizes the mixture and passes the mixture through line 7 to first heat exchanger/boiler 46.
- first pump 44 that pressurizes the mixture and passes the mixture through line 7 to first heat exchanger/boiler 46.
- heat is exchanged with the mixture.
- the source of that heat can be waste heat from an industrial operation (e.g., power generation) external to heat exchanger 46.
- the temperature of the mixture is raised.
- the heated mixture is removed through line 8 from heat exchanger 46 and introduced to a second mixer 48 where it is mixed with oil from line 15.
- the mixture from mixer 48 is taken through line 9 and introduced to second absorber 50 to ensure that all of the 1234ze(Z) is dissolved in the oil.
- second absorber 50 From second absorber 50, the mixture is drawn through line 10 to a second pump 52 that pumps the mixture to a second boiler 54 where the temperature of the mixture is raised to a temperature where the 1234ze(Z) refrigerant can separate from the oil.
- a source of heat to boiler 54 is provided to accomplish this, which source can be of the type described above.
- the mixture is taken from second boiler 54 through line 12 to separator 56 whereby the refrigerant separates substantially in a vapor state from the oil that remains substantially in a liquid state.
- the oil is then returned through line 13 to tee 58 where it is split between line 14 and 16.
- Line 14 sends oil through a second oil valve 60 and through line 15 to second mixer 48.
- Line 16 sends oil through a first oil valve 62 where the pressure is decreased to match the pressure in line 4.
- the oil then passes through line 17 to mixer 40 where it is again mixed with the refrigerant to repeat the process.
- the refrigerant vapor is passed through line 1 to a condenser 64 so as to liquefy it.
- the liquid is passed through line 2 through an expansion valve 66, throttling the liquid refrigerant to cool the refrigerant.
- the cooled, throttled refrigerant can be liquid, vapor or a combination depending on the operator's choice.
- the cooled refrigerant is passed through an evaporator 68 whereby the cooling ability of the refrigerant is utilized to cool a material (water or air) external of evaporator 68.
- the refrigerant is then returned from evaporator 68 through line 4 to mixer 40 where it is again mixed with the oil to repeat the process again.
- Tee 58 splits the flow 30% to stream 14 and 70% to stream 16.
- composition of stream 12 is 90 wt% oil and 10 wt% refrigerant.
- additives can be added to the refrigerant system of this invention.
- stabilizers may be added.
- Such stabilizers are known, for example, and include terpenes, epoxides and the like.
- Other optional additives to add to the refrigerant include
- antioxidants e.g., phenol based such as BHT
- extreme pressure additives chlorinated materials, phosphorous based materials -tricresyl phosphate, sulfur based materials
- antifoam additives e.g., silicones
- oiliness additives e.g., organic acids and esters
- the efficiency of the absorption cycle is calculated as Qcooling/(Qin+WP). Even though Qin is considered waste heat and is a "free" source of energy this is the best way to compare potential refrigerant pairs.
- One absorption refrigeration pair according to the present invention is HFO-1234yf and a PAG oil. This particular absorption pair benefits from the fact that the PAG oil has a negligible vapor pressure so that the separation in the generator becomes very simple. When operated at an evaporator temperature of 2°C and a ambient temperature of 40°C the COP of this cycle is -0.6 which is nearly identical to that of an ideal NH3 -water system.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US32030510P | 2010-04-01 | 2010-04-01 | |
US13/076,120 US20110232306A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2011-03-30 | Absorption refrigeration cycles using a lgwp refrigerant |
PCT/US2011/030651 WO2011123592A2 (fr) | 2010-04-01 | 2011-03-31 | Cycles de réfrigération par absorption utilisant un réfrigérant lgwp |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2553355A2 true EP2553355A2 (fr) | 2013-02-06 |
EP2553355A4 EP2553355A4 (fr) | 2017-12-27 |
Family
ID=44712840
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP11763408.9A Withdrawn EP2553355A4 (fr) | 2010-04-01 | 2011-03-31 | Cycles de réfrigération par absorption utilisant un réfrigérant lgwp |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110232306A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2553355A4 (fr) |
JP (3) | JP5864533B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102906515B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011123592A2 (fr) |
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US8921621B2 (en) | 2012-02-15 | 2014-12-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | Process for the production of HCFC-1233zd |
WO2015120252A1 (fr) * | 2014-02-07 | 2015-08-13 | Knauf Insulation, Llc | Articles non durcis dotés d'une meilleure durée de conservation |
DE102014101648B3 (de) * | 2014-02-11 | 2015-03-26 | Technische Universität Dresden | Absorptionskältemaschine und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Kälte |
WO2015142825A1 (fr) | 2014-03-18 | 2015-09-24 | Carrier Corporation | Système de graissage pour un fluide frigorigène |
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EP3954950A1 (fr) * | 2020-08-10 | 2022-02-16 | AGO GmbH Energie + Anlagen | Pompe à chaleur à absorption et processus de circuit à absorption |
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- 2011-03-31 CN CN201180026787.3A patent/CN102906515B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-03-31 EP EP11763408.9A patent/EP2553355A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-03-31 JP JP2013502826A patent/JP5864533B2/ja active Active
- 2011-03-31 WO PCT/US2011/030651 patent/WO2011123592A2/fr active Application Filing
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2553355A4 (fr) | 2017-12-27 |
CN102906515A (zh) | 2013-01-30 |
WO2011123592A2 (fr) | 2011-10-06 |
US20110232306A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
WO2011123592A3 (fr) | 2011-12-15 |
JP5864533B2 (ja) | 2016-02-17 |
JP2013525724A (ja) | 2013-06-20 |
JP2016118383A (ja) | 2016-06-30 |
JP2018136117A (ja) | 2018-08-30 |
CN102906515B (zh) | 2016-03-16 |
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