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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
  • A61K41/0052—Thermotherapy; Hyperthermia; Magnetic induction; Induction heating therapy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
  • A61K49/1818—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1821—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1824—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1827—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle
  • A61K49/1833—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with a small organic molecule
  • A61K49/1839—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with a small organic molecule the small organic molecule being a lipid, a fatty acid having 8 or more carbon atoms in the main chain, or a phospholipid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
  • A61K49/1818—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1821—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1824—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1827—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle
  • A61K49/1833—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with a small organic molecule
  • A61K49/1845—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with a small organic molecule the small organic molecule being a carbohydrate (monosaccharides, discacharides)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
  • A61K49/1818—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1821—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1824—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1827—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle
  • A61K49/1851—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with an organic macromolecular compound, i.e. oligomeric, polymeric, dendrimeric organic molecule
  • A61K49/1857—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with an organic macromolecular compound, i.e. oligomeric, polymeric, dendrimeric organic molecule the organic macromolecular compound being obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. PLGA
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
  • A61K49/1818—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1821—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1824—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1827—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle
  • A61K49/1851—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with an organic macromolecular compound, i.e. oligomeric, polymeric, dendrimeric organic molecule
  • A61K49/1863—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with an organic macromolecular compound, i.e. oligomeric, polymeric, dendrimeric organic molecule the organic macromolecular compound being a polysaccharide or derivative thereof, e.g. chitosan, chitin, cellulose, pectin, starch
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
  • A61N1/40—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals
  • A61N1/403—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals for thermotherapy, e.g. hyperthermia
  • A61N1/406—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals for thermotherapy, e.g. hyperthermia using implantable thermoseeds or injected particles for localized hyperthermia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N2/00—Magnetotherapy
  • A61N2/06—Magnetotherapy using magnetic fields produced by permanent magnets

Definitions

• the present invention relates to magnetic metal nanoparticles for cancer diagnostic and treatment purposes, to an intermediate compound for obtaining said metal nanoparticles and to a method for preparing said intermediate compound and said nanoparticles.
• Magnetic nanoparticles have received a high attention in biomedicine due to their use as a paramagnetic contrast means for radiologic and RMI investigations in oncology.
• Magnetic nanoparticles are also used as a therapeutic means in such techniques as magnetic induction hyperthermia, which comprises electromagnetically induced heating of nanoparticles within the tissues (M.M.J. Modo, J.W.M. Bulte, Molecular and Cellular MR Imaging, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2007 and references).
• the metal particles must show high magnetization values, a size much less than 100 nm as well as a narrow size distribution (A.K. Gupta, M. Gupta, Biomaterial, 26(18) 2005 3995). Size control is important for their use, since the nanocrystals properties are strongly affected by particle size.
• magnetic particles need surface functionalization to receive organic ligands.
• the ligands must be atoxic, biocompatible and adapted to carry the particles themselves to a specific body area.
• magnetic particles can be bound to active principles, proteins, enzymes, antibodies or nucleotides and can be placed into an organ, a tissue, or a tumour, by means of an external magnetic field (M. Chastellain, A. Petri, A. Gupta, K.V. Rao, H. Hofmann, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6(4) 2004 235).
• glucose is particularly important due to its capability to stabilize iron particles, since cancerous cells consume much more glucose than normal cells, changing most of it to lactic acid.
• Enhanced uptake of glucose by tumour cells is also known as the Warburg Effect (WE), which is defined as an increase of aerobic glycolisis and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation as the energy source, and it's the most common metabolic alteration of most tumour cells (R.J DeBerardinis, Genet Med. 10(11 ) 2008 767-777).
• WE Warburg Effect
• MN size control is strongly limited by MN size control, intrinsic magnetism and, more importantly, by means to selective delivery to the tumour tissue.
• Most current therapeutic applications of MN are based on their locoregional administration, which is followed by an alternating (AC) magnetic field application, which raises the local temperature and causes tissue death.
• AC alternating
• Magnetic nanoparticles for RMI biomedical use: iron salt chemical coprecipitation, microemulsion, sol-gel synthesis, sonochemical reactions, hydrothermal reactions, precursor hydrolysis and thermolysis, flow injection synthesis, and electronspray (S. Laurent, D. Forge, M. Port, A. Roch, C. Robic, L. Vander Elst, R.N. Muller Chem Rev. 108(6) 2008 2064 and cited reference).
• the synthesis of magnetic particles is a complex process due to their colloidal nature.
• Organic ligands-stabilized Iron oxide magnetic particles are known by many types of both monomeric ligands like carboxylated phosphates and sulphates, and polymeric ligands like dextran, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylalcohol, alginates, chitosane, polyvinylpyrrolidone, ethylcellulose, polylactic acid.
• EP0525199 discloses the preparation of 2-30 nm diameter iron oxide magnetic particles, by chemical coprecipitation of polysaccharides complexed iron salts, to be used as T2 contrast media, mainly in MRI-angiography.
• EP0543020 discloses the preparation of similar 20-to-30-nm core diameter particles for use as a MRI contrast media which are bound with carboxydextrane to improve their pharmacological properties.
• Metal nanoparticles that are coated and functionalized by organic molecules can be used as a paramagnetic radiologic contrast means and as an oncology therapeutic means, by an electromagnetically induced heating according to the endogenous hyperthermia technique.
• oncology the particular nature of the known functionalized particles has allowed only their locoregional use, since the organic ligands are not selective enough towards cancerous cells the nanoparticles size is not small enough (VS. Kalambur, E.K. Longmire, J.C: Bischof, Langmuir. 2007; 23:12329; A. Jordan, P. Wust, R. Scholz, B. Tesche, H.
• solvent is a solvent selected from the group comprised of:
• the first metal can be iron and the second metal can be selected among Co, Pt, Ln (rare earth metal), in order to obtain Fe/Co, Fe/Pt, Fe/Ln monoatomic alloys.
• the carbonyl groups-containing solvent is selected from the group comprised of: acetone, N-methylpirrolydone, an alcohol, in particular ethylic alcohol or isopropylic alcohol.
• the apolar solvents may be selected from the group comprised of: mesitylene, toluene, cumene or xylene; 1-esene, 2-esene.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone and wherein the metal is Iron (Fe).
• the solvent is mesitylene and wherein the metal is Iron (Fe).
• metal nanoparticles comprising organic ligands, the nanoparticles obtained replacing the solvent of the above solvated of claim 1 with a ligand selected from the group comprised of:
• the monosaccharide is glucose
• Glucose may be selected between L-glucose, D-Glucose and a combination thereof, in particular it may be a racemic mixture thereof.
• Advantageously Metal x O y /Ligand or Metal/Ligand nanoparticles are obtained by adding to said solvated an acqueous solution of said ligand at room temperature from which said solvent is eventually removed.
• said solvent is removed by vacuum application.
• dry water soluble solid nanoparticles are obtained by drying said solution.
• said solvent is removed by separation after precipitation of said MetalxOy/Ligand or Metal/Ligand nanoparticles.
• solvent is a solvent selected from the group comprised of: polar solvents:
• apolar solvents an aromatic solvent
• the magnetic metal comprises at least two metal elements and wherein the step of vaporizing comprises a first step of vaporizing a first metal and a subsequent second step of vaporizing a second metal such that the second metal solidifies on the previously solidified first metal, a core formed by the first metal is covered by a formed by the second metal, in particular a monoatomic shell layer.
• the magnetic metal comprises at least two metal elements and wherein the step of vaporizing comprises a step of simultaneously vaporizing the first and the second metal, such that the first and the second metal solidifies as an alloy.
• a step is provided of controlling the temperature of a source of the first and of the second metal in a condensed state, such that the amount of the first metal and the amount of the second metal vaporize at a prefixed vaporization ratio.
• an organic ligand which can be a polymeric ligand such as polyvinylpyrrolidone or a monomeric ligand such as glucose, by direct interaction in a solution of similar or miscible solvents, and treating with molecular or atmospheric oxygen at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure;
• neoplastic cells two thyroid carcinoma cell lines, (papillary and nondifferentiated carcinoma) as well as human normal cells (fibroblasts).
• glucose-coated metal nanoparticles having particular paramagnetic features and a very small size, are suitable for novel diagnostic and therapeutic uses.
• a novel method is also provided for preparing such nanoparticles and for binding them to glucose, which makes them particularly well-suited for exploiting the Warburg effect, as shown by our in vitro essays.
• the advantage of this technique should consists in the double localization of the particles and of the focus of the magnetic field, for achieving high specificity.
• MN metal vapour synthesis
• nanoparticles adapted for the use according to the invention are then obtained. It comprises evaporating a metal into a container where a high vacuum has been made, and whose walls are kept at a very low temperature, for instance, by external liquid nitrogen contacting, a solidified layer of an organic substance being provided on the inner wall of the container.
• a solidified layer of an organic substance being provided on the inner wall of the container.
• single solvated metal atoms deposit on the solidified layer creating a solid matrix, i.e. a solid solution of the metal and of the organic compound.
• the solvated metal atoms give rise to nanoparticles, a process which needs careful control to achieve monodisperse systems.
• the nanoparticles can be coated (i.e. decorated) with suitable small-size or macromolecular ligands and/or may be exposed to oxidising agents. This method allows also for simultaneous co-evaporation of two metals and formation of nanostructured alloys.
• Fig. 1 is a diagram showing the nanoparticles absorbance after cell lysis at various nanoparticles concentrations and after various incubation times;
• Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the nanoparticles absorbance after cell lysis at various nanoparticles concentrations and after various incubation times for FB3 cell line;
• Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the per cent increase trend of NHDF tumoral cells at a prefixed nanoparticles concentration, and for two different ligands;
• Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the effect of nanoparticles concentration on NHDF tumoral cells per cent increase after a given treatment time
• Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the per cent increase trend of FB3 tumoral cells at a prefixed nanoparticles concentration, and for two different ligands.
• MVS has been used to prepare a set of Magnetic Nanoparticles MN, which can be coated by glucose or other simple saccharides, polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyvinylalcohol; oleic acid, and then screened in vitro and in vivo. Preparation of monometallic systems
• Very small metal particles ( ⁇ 5 nm) have been prepared by means of MVS, by co-condensation at low temperature (-196°C) of metal vapours with a vapour of weakly stabilizing ligand.
• Metal particles of tailored size have been obtained controlling the main factors affecting metal atoms aggregation in solution i.e. organic ligand vs. metal; their molar ratio and the temperature of the solvated metal atoms.
• Fe MN particles have been prepared and various oxidation protocols (O 2 , peroxides, N-oxides) have been tested to obtain stable magnetic FeOx cores.
• oxidation protocols O 2 , peroxides, N-oxides
• Different approaches have been attained to coat or decorate them with D-glucose (D-glc) and to obtain Glucose coated magnetic nanoparticles GCMN.
• MN has been characterized with respect to relaxivity at 4.7 and 7T, hydrodynamic radius with dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy. Other measurements (magnetic susceptivity) have been evaluated.
• D-Glucose and L-Glucose coated MNs have been prepared (respectively D-GCM and L-GCMN).
• thyroid cancer cells express glucose transporter 1 and 3 (GLUT 1 , GLUT 3).
• NHDF Normal Diploid Human Fibroblasts
• Clonetics Ogden, Utha
• normal fibroblast are known to express glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1 ).
• Ferro-fluid was added at different concentrations as stated after and after cell lysis analysis of iron was performed by adding ferrozyme, samples have been red by spectrophotometer at 560 nm and the absorbance has been expressed for million of cell.
• the absorbance of the supernatant after cell lysis was double than the control for the concentration of 0.025.
• the absorbance increased to eight time than the control with no further increase at the concentration of 0.1 mg/dl.
• the absorbance of the supernatant at the first hour was the same of the control for all the concentrations although, without a statistical meaning, a mild trend to increase with a linear relationship could be observed.
• Rats of the brown norway (BN) strain have been used.
• BN7005-H1 D2 is a single -cell clone of a rat colon carcinoma induced by 1 ,2 - dimethyl-hidralazine in a BN rat.
• Cells have been be cultured in the medium of growth, then washed and trypsinized.
• Rats have be inoculated subperitoneally and experiments initiated after 12-14 days after inoculation when tumour size was around 1 .5 cm.
• Iron Vapour obtained by heating a tungsten melting pot covered with alumina containing 200 mg of Fe were co-condensed with 100 ml of acetone at the liquid nitrogen temperature within a glass reactor during about 50 minutes, forming a solid matrix. Thereafter, the reactor was brought to the melting temperature of the solid matrix (about -90°C) and the resulting brown solution was recovered by siphoning it at a low temperature (-30X) into a Schlenk tube, under inert gas.
• the solution iron content which was evaluated by ICP-OES analysis, was 1.1 mg/ml. The solution was stable under inert gas (Ar) at 30°C for some days, and no precipitation took place.
• the solution was stirred for about 1 hour under a molecular oxygen atmosphere at the pressure of 1 atm and at room temperature (25°C); afterwards, the solvent was removed by vacuum application and the solid was dried overnight by a mechanical pump. A greatly water soluble solid was obtained.
• Fe x O y -Glucose systems at different Fe/Glucose weight ratios (1 to 20 %) had been prepared by suitably changing the glucose amount added to the Fe/acetone solution.
• the diameter of the metal particles of such systems was comprised between 1 and 3 nm.
• example 1 Fe/acetone solution 100 ml of example 1 Fe/acetone solution were added with 1 1 g of PVP K30 (average molecular weight 30000 Da) dissolved in 40 ml of absolute ethanol under inert gas, up to a temperature of 25°C.
• the solution was stirred for about 1 hour under a molecular oxygen atmosphere at the pressure of 1 atm and at room temperature (25°C).
• the solution which was stable at room temperature, was added with 150 ml of diethyl ether, which caused the Fe x O y - PVP adduct to precipitate.
• the solid was isolated and dried by a mechanical pump overnight.
• Iron vapours obtained by heating a tungsten melting pot covered with alumina and containing 230 mg of Fe were co-condensed with 60 ml of mesitilene at the liquid nitrogen temperature within a glass reactor during about 50 minutes, forming a solid matrix. Thereafter, the reactor was brought to the melting temperature of the solid matrix (about -40°C) and the resulting brown solution recovered by siphoning at a low temperature (-30°C) into a Schlenk tube under inert gas.
• the solution iron content evaluated by ICP-OES analysis, was 1.6 mg/ml. The solution was stable under inert gas (Ar) at 30°C for some days and no precipitation took place.
• Papillary carcinoma FB3 cell line is responsive both to nanoparticle concentration and to exposure time.
• Cells have been incubated with 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1 mg/ml of nanoparticles during 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours.
• Cells of the same kind, not incubated with nanoparticles, were used as a control.
• Cells were cultivated in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium) with addition of 10% bovine fetal serum (FBS) and of 1 % penicilline-streptomicine;
• the nanoparticles intracellular incorporation was evaluated by a colorimetric method. The pellet was suspended again in 1 ml of distilled water and incubated at 65-70°C during two hours after addition of
• the nanoparticles absorption kinetic shows an early saturation of the system (after 3 hours) at a very low concentration (0.05 mg/ml), and also shows a subsequent progressive dismission (after 72 hours absorbance is not much greater than the control).
• Example 5 On the basis of the preliminary results (example 5), the test was repeated at lower nanoparticles concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0,1 mg/ml) for shorter incubation times (1 , 2 and 3 hours).
• Fig. 2 shows a remarkable nanoparticles absorption already after an exposure of an hour to a concentration of 0.025 mg/ml. The absorption trend seems to be different after 1 , 2 or 3 hours of incubation. In fact, after an hour, a peak value is obtained for a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml followed by a plateau; instead, after 2 and 3 hours the peak value was obtained already at a concentration of 0.025 mg/ml and the like trend to plateau.
• Example 7 Example 7
• FDG (2-(18F) fluoride-2-desoxiglucose) PET positron emission tomography
• FDG is similar to glucose, therefore it is efficiently carried into the cells by the various glucose transporters (GLUT) and is phosphorilated by the hexokinase enzyme.
• the FDG-6-phosphate is not a glycolisis substrate and therefore tends to build up to give scintigraphic images.
• the above described Warburg effect is therefore a requirement for this important diagnostic method.
• FDG-PET/TAC an improved version of FDG-PET technique, allows detecting neoplastic tissues and, in particular, very aggressive neoplastic tissues.

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