EP2539542B1 - Unterirdischer bergbau - Google Patents

Unterirdischer bergbau Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2539542B1
EP2539542B1 EP11744205.3A EP11744205A EP2539542B1 EP 2539542 B1 EP2539542 B1 EP 2539542B1 EP 11744205 A EP11744205 A EP 11744205A EP 2539542 B1 EP2539542 B1 EP 2539542B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drawbell
drifts
extraction
undercut
tunnels
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EP11744205.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2539542A1 (de
EP2539542A4 (de
Inventor
Max Edward Oddie
Colin Ian Jones
Pierre Labrecque
Fredric Christopher Delabbio
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Technological Resources Pty Ltd
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Technological Resources Pty Ltd
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Priority claimed from AU2010900726A external-priority patent/AU2010900726A0/en
Application filed by Technological Resources Pty Ltd filed Critical Technological Resources Pty Ltd
Publication of EP2539542A1 publication Critical patent/EP2539542A1/de
Publication of EP2539542A4 publication Critical patent/EP2539542A4/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/22—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for ores, e.g. mining placers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to underground mining and has particular application to block and panel caving mines.
  • Block and panel caving is an efficient technique that uses gravity to extract ore from an ore body. Caverns of broken rock are blasted at an upper level (the undercut level) beneath the ore body to be recovered, extraction tunnels are formed at a lower level (the extraction level) beneath the undercut level and a series of relatively narrow drawbells are blasted between the extraction and undercut levels to allow broken cavern rock to fall through the drawbells into the underlying extraction tunnels through which the rock can be removed.
  • the speed of rock falling through the drawbells is controlled by the speed at which rock is removed through the extraction tunnels and as broken rock falls through the drawbells the caverns gradually collapse further to create more broken rock to feed the drawbells under the influence of gravity.
  • block caving and panel caving may be used according to the dimensions of the ore body being mined. Specifically the term “panel caving” may be used in relation to the mining of relatively wide and shallow ore bodies.
  • block caving may be extended to ore bodies which are relatively deep and may be used as a wide or generic term applying to caving beneath any ore bodies and so include within its scope panel caving.
  • block caving will be used in this broad sense throughout the remainder of this specification, including the claims, and is to be construed as including panel caving within its scope.
  • the present invention relates to a method of block cave mining comprising:
  • At least parts of the undercut level tunnels may also be excavated mechanically by tunnel boring machinery.
  • the broken rock caverns may be formed across an undercut front which is advanced by continuing cavern formation and the extraction level tunnels may comprise a series of drawbell drifts generally parallel to the advancing undercut front and a series of extraction drifts transverse to and intersecting the drawbell drifts.
  • the drawbell drifts may extend through said drawbell locations and the drawbell locations may be disposed between the extraction drifts.
  • the extraction drifts may be oblique to the drawbell drifts so as to extend backwardly and sidewards from the direction of advance of the undercut front to connect with a perimeter extraction drift.
  • extraction drifts may be extended by tunnel boring machinery in increments equal to the spacing between the drawbell drifts during each excavation of a new drawbell drift.
  • each new drawbell drift may be excavated by a tunnel boring machine operated to advance the drawbell drift to an intersection with an extraction drift, to change the boring direction at the intersection to incrementally advance the extraction drift beyond the drawbell drift and to then withdraw into the drawbell drift so that the drawbell drifts and extraction drifts are both extended progressively by successive excavations of generally 'L' shaped or 'hockey stick' shaped tunnel extensions.
  • the drawbell drifts may be excavated mechanically by tunnel boring machinery and the extraction drifts extended by drilling and blasting.
  • the drawbell drifts may be excavated by tunnel boring machinery sequentially in the direction of advance of the undercut front and the extraction drifts extended incrementally by drilling and blasting between successive drawbell drifts.
  • Each extraction drift extension may be extended at an obtuse angle to the drawbell drift from which it is advanced.
  • the drawbell drafts and extraction drifts may be excavated behind the advancing undercut front and the drawbells drilled and blasted beneath rock caverns already formed at the undercut level.
  • the excavation of the drawbell and extraction drifts may lag the advancing undercut front by at least the distance between the undercut and extraction levels.
  • the invention may provide a method of block cave mining comprising:
  • the illustrated mine comprises undercut tunnels 21 and extraction level tunnels 22 which are excavated totally or in parts by tunnel boring machines 24 one of which is shown diagrammatically in Figures 7 to 12 .
  • the tunnels 21 and 22 may be extended from lateral drifts launched from bottom parts of one or more vertical mine shafts extending to the earth's surface above the ore body to be mined.
  • Each of the tunnel boring machines may be assembled from components lowered down the respective mine shaft and assembled in a cavern at a bottom part of the mine shaft or formed at a bottom part of the mine shaft by drilling and blasting and removing material up the shaft in the manner disclosed in Australian patent application 20099030507 .
  • Tunnel boring machines 24 may be of a kind conventionally used in civil engineering tunnelling such as in the formation of road and railway tunnels or water pipe tunnels. They may each comprise a series of linked vehicles mounted on crawler tracks with the lead vehicle provided with a boring head with rotary cutters and the trailing vehicles provided with conveyors to feed excavated material to the rear of the vehicle and to carry ancillary equipment to perform tunnel finishing operations such as rock drilling, bolting and concreting.
  • the undercut tunnels 21 are extended as a set of parallel tunnels at the undercut level below the ore body to be mined.
  • Undercut blast holes 25 are drilled through the undercut tunnelled roofs so as to extend upwardly and transversely of the undercut tunnels.
  • Explosive charges are set and detonated in holes 25 to blast rock above the undercut tunnels 21 to initiate the formation of broken rock caverns 26 above the undercut tunnels and across an undercut front 27.
  • the undercut front 27 is advanced by a continuing cavern formation, the front advancing back along the undercut tunnels 21.
  • Broken rock formed by blasting and tunnel collapse at this stage of the development is removed through sections of the undercut tunnels not yet affected by blasting. This process promotes the development of the upper caverns of broken rock.
  • one of the tunnel boring machines 24 is operated to develop the production ore extraction level tunnels 22 following a pre-undercutting method by the sequence of operations illustrated in Figures 3 to 12 .
  • the undercut is completed ahead of development of the production or extraction level. This enables all excavation at the extraction level to be carried out in a low stress region within the stress shadow of the undercut.
  • Drawbells 32 are formed by drilling drawbell blast holes 33 upwardly from the extraction level tunnels 22 at selected drawbell locations toward broken rock caverns already formed at the undercut level and setting and detonating explosive charges in those holes to blast the drawbells 32 through which broken rock falls down into the extraction level tunnels 22.
  • FIGS 3 to 12 diagramatically illustrate a development sequence for developing the extraction level tunnels using a tunnel boring machine 24.
  • the extraction level tunnels 22 comprise series of drawbell drifts 34 generally parallel to the advancing undercut front 27 and a series of extraction drifts 35 transverse to and intersecting the drawbell drifts 34.
  • the drawbell drifts extend through the drawbell locations 32' which are disposed between the extraction drifts 35.
  • each drawbell location 32' is midway between a pair of extraction drifts.
  • the extraction drifts 35 are oblique to the drawbell drifts 34 so as to extend backwardly and sidewards from the direction of advance of the undercut front 27 and to connect with a perimeter extraction drift 36 so that broken rock can be transported from the drawbells in straight line paths through the extraction drifts to the perimeter drift 36 for recovery from the mine.
  • the extraction level tunnels 22 comprising drawbell drifts 34 and extraction drifts 35 are located with the low stress undercut zone 40 behind the advancing undercut front 27 and are thus spaced from the high stress abutment zone 41 ahead of the undercut front.
  • the tunnel boring machine 24 is positioned within the drawbell drift 31A and aligned to excavate an extension 34B of that drawbell drift.
  • Figure 8 shows the tunnel boring machine cutting the drawbell drift toward an intersection 37 with an extraction drift 35A.
  • the boring direction is changed to incrementally advance the extraction drift 35A beyond the drawbell drift through a distance equal to the spacing between the extraction drifts.
  • the tunnel boring machine is then repositioned backwardly into the drawbell drift as shown in Figure 10 and is then moved forwardly as shown in Figure 11 so as to extend the drawbell drift towards the next intersection with an extraction drift.
  • the drawbell drifts and extraction drifts are both extended progressively by successive excavations of generally L-shaped or hockey stick shaped tunnel extensions.
  • the oblique angle between the drawbell drifts and the extraction drifts may be in the range of 130° to 140°, preferably about 135° to allow manoeuvring of the tunnel boring machine and also the vehicles used for subsequent ore recovery from the drawbells.
  • the tunnel boring method and development sequence as illustrated in Figures 3 to 12 enables rapid development of extraction level tunnels, thus enabling development of the extraction level tunnels at a rate which matches the development of the undercut in a pre-undercutting method in which the extraction level tunnels are completed within the relatively low stress zone beneath the undercut.
  • the horizontal distance by which the excavation of the drawbell and extraction drifts lags the advancing undercut front should preferably be at least the distance between the undercut and extraction levels so as to adhere to a 45° degree rule as indicated in Figure 2 in order to ensure that tunnelling at the extraction level does not encounter high stress levels which develop within and near the abutment zone 41 adjacent the undercut front.
  • the distance between the undercut and extraction levels may typically be of the order of 15 to 20 metres and the tunnels may be bored to a height or diameter of the order of 3 to 5 metres.
  • the tunnel boring machine is operated in a low stress zone and is far less damaging to the surrounding rock structure than blasting it is possible to excavate the drawbell drifts and extraction drifts at much closer spacing than before, so minimising the dimensions of the pillars between those drifts and the quality of ore loss to production. It is also possible to allow production, construction and development activities to be carried out simultaneously in adjacent zones 43, 44 and 45 as indicated in Figure 12 .
  • Figure 13 illustrates an optional method for developing the extraction level tunnels 22 by a combination of mechanical excavation and excavation by drilling and blasting.
  • the drawbell drifts are excavated sequentially in the direction of advancement of the undercut front 27 by a tunnel boring machine 24.
  • the tunnel boring machine was manoeuvred at each intersection with an extraction drift to bore an extension of the extraction drift in the present method the tunnel boring machine is simply operated in a straight line throughout the excavation of each drawbell drift and the extraction drifts are extended by drilling and blasting between successive drawbell drifts as indicated by the broken lines 35B. More specifically, each extraction drift is extended by drilling and blasting between previously excavated successive drawbell drifts.
  • the tunnel boring machine is operated to excavate one or more drawbell drifts in advance of the previously excavated two or more successive drawbell drifts between which drilling and blasting is carried out.
  • the tunnel boring machine may be operated to excavate a new drawbell drift as drilling and blasting is being carried out between the previously excavated drawbell drifts to extend the extraction drifts.
  • the drawbell drifts are extended from the perimeter drift in groups of three.
  • the tunnel boring machine 24 may be moved into a new linear group of drawbell drifts prior to blasting of the extraction drift extensions between the previously excavated drawbell drifts of the preceding group.
  • the drawbell drifts could be connected to the perimeter by a method other than by joining them in groups of three which may affect the extent to which the tunnel boring machine is advanced ahead of the drilling and blasting operations.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Verfahren für den Blockbruchbergbau, umfassend:
    Ausheben von Unterschnitttunneln (21) auf einer Unterschnittebene;
    Bohren von Unterschnittsprenglöchern (25) durch die Unterschnitttunneldächer und Anbringen und Detonieren von Sprengsätzen in diesen Löchern, um Fels über den Unterschnitttunneln zu sprengen, um die Bildung von Bruchfelskavernen (26) über den Unterschnitttunneln (21) zu initiieren;
    Ausheben von Extraktionsebenentunneln (22) auf einer Extraktionsebene unter dem Unterschnitttunnel;
    Bohren von Zugglockensprenglöchern (33) nach oben von den Extraktionsebenentunneln an ausgewählten Zugglockenorten in Richtung der Bruchfelskavernen (26) und Anbringen und Detonieren von Sprengsätzen in diesen Löchern, um Zugglocken (32) zu sprengen, wodurch Bruchfels in die Extraktionsebenentunnel (22) herabstürzt; und
    fortschreitendes Entfernen des herabgestürzten Fels aus den Zugglockenorten durch die Extraktionsebenentunnel (22);
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    die Extraktionsebenentunnel (22) innerhalb des Spannungsschattens der Unterscheidung ausgehoben werden und wobei zumindest Teile der Extraktionsebenentunnel (21) mechanisch durch Tunnelbohrmaschinen (24) ausgehoben werden.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei mindestens ein Teil der Unterschnitttunnel (21) mechanisch durch Tunnelbohrmaschinen (24) ausgehoben wird.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Bruchfelskavernen (26) über einer Unterschnittvorderseite gebildet werden, die durch kontinuierliche Kavernenbildung vorgetrieben wird.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, wobei die Extraktionsebenentunnel (22) eine Reihe von Zugglockenstollen (34), die im Allgemeinen parallel zu der Vortriebsunterschnittvorderseite verlaufen, und eine Reihe von Extraktionsstollen (35), die quer zu den Zugglockenstollen (34) verlaufen und diese durchschneiden, umfassen und wobei die Zugglockenstollen (34) mechanisch durch die Tunnelbohrmaschinen (24) ausgehoben werden.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, wobei sich die Zugglockenstollen (34) durch die Zugglockenorte erstrecken und die Zugglockenorte zwischen den Extraktionsstollen (35) angeordnet sind.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 oder Anspruch 5, wobei die Extraktionsstollen (35) schräg zu den Zugglockenstollen (34) verlaufen, um sich nach hinten und seitwärts zu der Richtung des Vortriebs der Unterschnittvorderseite zu erstrecken.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, wobei sich die Extraktionsstollen (35) nach hinten und seitwärts erstrecken, um sich mit einem Perimeterextraktionsstollen zu verbinden.
  8. Verfahren nach den Ansprüche 4 bis 7, wobei während jeder Aushebung eines neuen Zugglockenstollens die Extraktionsstollen (35) in Schrittgrößen verlängert werden, die gleich dem Abstand zwischen den Zugglockenstollen (34) sind.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, wobei ein neuer Zugglockenstollen durch eine Tunnelbohrmaschine (24) ausgehoben wird, die betrieben wird, um den Zugglockenstollen (34) zu einer Schnittstelle mit einem Extraktionsstollen (35) vorzutreiben, um die Bohrrichtung an der Schnittstelle zu ändern, um schrittweise den Extraktionsstollen (35) über den Zugglockenstollen hinaus vorzutreiben und um sich dann in den Zugglockenstollen zurückzuziehen, so dass die Zugglockenstollen (34) und die Extraktionsstollen (35) beide fortschreitend durch aufeinanderfolgende Aushebungen von im Allgemeinen 'L'-förmigen oder 'Hockeyschläger'-förmigen Tunnelverlängerungen verlängert werden.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, wobei die Zugglockenstollen (34) mechanisch durch Tunnelbohrmaschinen (24) ausgehoben werden und die Extraktionsstollen (35) durch Bohren und Sprengen verlängert werden.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei die Zugglockenstollen (34) durch die Tunnelbohrmaschinen (24) aufeinanderfolgend in der Vortriebsrichtung der Unterschnittvorderseite ausgehoben werden und die Extraktionsstollen (35) schrittweise durch Bohren und Sprengen zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Zugglockenstollen (34) verlängert werden.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, wobei die Tunnelbohrmaschinen (24) betrieben wird, um eine oder mehrere Zugglockenstollen (34) an einem Ort oder an Orten vor den zuvor ausgehobenen Zugglockenstollen auszuheben, zwischen denen ein Bohren und Sprengen durchgeführt wird, um die Extraktionsstollen (35) zu verlängern.
  13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 12, wobei die Zugglockenstollen (34) und Extraktionsstollen (35) hinter der Vortriebsunterschnittvorderseite ausgehoben werden.
  14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, wobei die Aushebung der Zugglockenstollen (34) und Extraktionsstollen (35) um mindestens einen Abstand zwischen dem Unterschnitt und den Extraktionsebenen hinter der Vortriebsunterschnittvorderseite zurückbleibt.
EP11744205.3A 2010-02-22 2011-02-22 Unterirdischer bergbau Active EP2539542B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2010900726A AU2010900726A0 (en) 2010-02-22 Underground Mining
AU2010902511A AU2010902511A0 (en) 2010-06-08 Underground Mining
PCT/AU2011/000187 WO2011100808A1 (en) 2010-02-22 2011-02-22 Underground mining

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2539542A1 EP2539542A1 (de) 2013-01-02
EP2539542A4 EP2539542A4 (de) 2018-01-17
EP2539542B1 true EP2539542B1 (de) 2019-04-10

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EP11744205.3A Active EP2539542B1 (de) 2010-02-22 2011-02-22 Unterirdischer bergbau

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US8820847B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2539542B1 (de)
CN (1) CN102844522B (de)
AU (1) AU2011217748B2 (de)
BR (1) BR112012021093B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2789896C (de)
CL (1) CL2012002324A1 (de)
EA (1) EA201290820A1 (de)
EC (1) ECSP12012159A (de)
MX (1) MX339889B (de)
PE (1) PE20130828A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2011100808A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA201207028B (de)

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AU2010227086B2 (en) * 2010-10-11 2012-09-13 Crc Ore Ltd A Method of Beneficiating Minerals
CA2921461C (en) 2013-04-08 2021-01-26 Russell Mineral Equipment Pty Ltd Apparatus for extracting ore from block caves and method and system therefor
JP6321935B2 (ja) * 2013-09-30 2018-05-09 株式会社小松製作所 鉱山の採掘システム
CN104343453B (zh) * 2014-08-29 2016-08-17 武汉科技大学 一种缓倾斜中厚矿床充填采矿方法
CN104343454B (zh) * 2014-09-05 2016-05-18 昆明冶金研究院 一种机械化点柱式房柱采矿方法
RU2597225C1 (ru) * 2015-04-28 2016-09-10 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт горного дела Уральского отделения Российской академии наук (ИГД УрО РАН) Способ разработки наклонных рудных тел
CN107060775B (zh) * 2017-05-11 2023-09-12 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 一种双层同时同向开挖的深埋隧洞岩爆解除结构及其应用
CN110067595B (zh) * 2019-05-24 2024-06-11 中冶北方（大连）工程技术有限公司 一种自然崩落采矿法分散破碎连续运输系统
US11125084B1 (en) 2020-03-19 2021-09-21 Newcrest Mining Limited Mining method
SE544509C2 (en) * 2020-05-20 2022-06-28 Luossavaara Kiirunavaara Ab Mining method for mining ore from an ore body
CN116034209A (zh) * 2020-05-20 2023-04-28 洛萨瓦拉-基鲁纳瓦拉公司 用于开采矿床的天井崩落方法以及开采基础设施、监测系统、机械、控制系统和用于其的数据介质
EP4153842A4 (de) * 2020-05-20 2024-07-31 Luossavaara Kiirunavaara Ab Hebe- und senkverfahren zum erheben eines erzes aus einem erzkörper und bergbauinfrastruktur, überwachungssystem, maschine, steuersystem und datenmedium dafür
CN112229283B (zh) * 2020-09-21 2023-05-05 中铁十六局集团第三工程有限公司 一种隧道中心沟槽布孔爆破方法
RU2755772C1 (ru) * 2021-03-15 2021-09-21 федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский горный университет» Способ разработки близкорасположенных алмазосодержащих рудных тел
US11703137B2 (en) * 2021-07-28 2023-07-18 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Coolant distribution module for electrified vehicle
CN113622918A (zh) * 2021-08-13 2021-11-09 安徽金日晟矿业有限责任公司 一种大中孔联合布置拉底减少残矿的方法
CN113982585B (zh) * 2021-10-21 2023-10-20 北方矿业有限责任公司 缓倾斜薄矿体v形采矿方法

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CL2012002324A1 (es) 2012-12-14
BR112012021093A2 (pt) 2016-05-17
CN102844522B (zh) 2015-09-02
CA2789896C (en) 2018-05-29
EA201290820A1 (ru) 2013-03-29
CN102844522A (zh) 2012-12-26
EP2539542A1 (de) 2013-01-02
ECSP12012159A (es) 2012-10-30
US8820847B2 (en) 2014-09-02
MX339889B (es) 2016-06-16
AU2011217748B2 (en) 2015-05-07
BR112012021093B1 (pt) 2019-12-24
PE20130828A1 (es) 2013-08-17
WO2011100808A1 (en) 2011-08-25
AU2011217748A1 (en) 2012-09-06
ZA201207028B (en) 2013-09-25
CA2789896A1 (en) 2011-08-25
US20130106165A1 (en) 2013-05-02
EP2539542A4 (de) 2018-01-17
MX2012009756A (es) 2012-10-05

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