EP2537200B1 - Fuel cell system having at least one fuel cell - Google Patents
Fuel cell system having at least one fuel cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2537200B1 EP2537200B1 EP10787324.2A EP10787324A EP2537200B1 EP 2537200 B1 EP2537200 B1 EP 2537200B1 EP 10787324 A EP10787324 A EP 10787324A EP 2537200 B1 EP2537200 B1 EP 2537200B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- region
- cell system
- heat exchanger
- fuel
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
- H01M8/04022—Heating by combustion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04097—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with recycling of the reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a fuel cell system with at least one fuel cell according to the type defined in greater detail in the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention also relates to the use of such a fuel cell system.
- Fuel cell systems per se are known from the general state of the art.
- the fuel cell is often provided via an air conveyor a process air flow available, which flows through a cathode region of the fuel cell to supply the same with atmospheric oxygen.
- the conveyed to the fuel cell air is compressed by the air conveyor, such as a flow compressor, a screw compressor, a Roots blower or the like and thereby heated accordingly.
- this heating of the process air can contribute to rapid drying of the relatively sensitive membranes in the fuel cell.
- a heat exchanger is provided as intercooler, which is on the other hand flows through the process air to the air conveyor on the one hand and a cooling medium, for example, the comparatively cool exhaust air from the region of the fuel cell, to the process air flowing to the fuel cell cool after the air conveyor and so increase the life and performance of the fuel cell.
- a fuel cell system in which hydrogen and oxygen are burned in the flow direction in front of a cathode space of the fuel cell via a catalytic burner. Heat is transferred to a cooling medium in a cooling circuit of the fuel cell system via a heat exchanger in the region of the catalytic burner.
- a fuel cell system with a heat exchanger which is used as a charge air cooler for cooling the process air compressed by the air delivery device and thereby heated.
- an area with a catalytically active material is arranged in front of or in the region of the heat exchanger through which the process air stream flows.
- fuel is supplied to the area containing the catalytically active material as needed.
- the cooling medium flow is an exhaust air flow from a cathode region of the fuel cell.
- This structure uses the comparatively cool exhaust air from the cathode region of the fuel cell in regular operation for cooling the heated after the air conveyor process air for the fuel cell. Since under appropriately cold starting conditions, the compression of the process air is not sufficient to heat them sufficiently strong, so as a condense of liquid and / or freezing To prevent this liquid, according to the invention, the area with the catalytically active material in front of or in the region of the heat exchanger provided to heat the process air flow to the fuel cell by the addition of a fuel. This heat is now also the exhaust air flow, which is also relatively cold in such an operating situation, benefit.
- the exhaust air flow can be heated accordingly and a freezing of the exhaust air duct or, for example, a turbine arranged in the exhaust air stream by auskondensierende and freezing droplets can be prevented.
- the entry of heat during the cold start of the fuel cell system by the catalytically active material in the region of the heat exchanger thus also serves to ensure the operability of the fuel cell system on the exhaust side in an ideal manner.
- the area with the catalytically active material is formed integrated in the heat exchanger.
- This integration of the catalytically active material on the flowed through by the process air flow side of the heat exchanger allows a very compact design, since the component of the heat exchanger serves both as intercooler and - if necessary - for the catalytic conversion of substances on its flowed through by the process air flow side.
- the heat exchanger is completely or partially coated with the catalytically active material in the region in which it is flowed through by the process air flow.
- a coating of the heat exchanger with the catalytically active material is relatively easy. This can be achieved with minimal use of catalytically active material, such as platinum or palladium, a correspondingly effective catalytic conversion of air and fuel.
- catalytically active material such as platinum or palladium
- the introduction of impurities into the region of the fuel cell is virtually precluded so that filter elements and the like which would cause an unnecessary pressure loss can be dispensed with.
- the fuel cell system according to the invention now has the advantage that it is very compact and easy to build and provides a fuel cell system which is very can be started easily and efficiently even at very low ambient temperatures.
- the preferred use of such a fuel cell system is therefore in use for the provision of electrical power in a means of transport, which forms a mobile system together with the fuel cell system.
- a quick start of the system is essential because, for example, when used in a motor vehicle as a means of transport is expected by the user of the same, as in motor vehicles with conventional drive systems, a comparable behavior is present and such a known and commonplace.
- the fuel cell system according to the invention can therefore fully exploit its advantages, in particular in such a construction.
- a fuel cell system 1 can be seen.
- the core of the fuel cell system 1 forms a fuel cell 2, which is constructed, for example, as a stack of PEM fuel cells.
- a cathode space 3 and an anode space 4 of the fuel cell 2 are separated from each other by proton-conducting membranes 5.
- the oxidizing agent used to operate the fuel cell 2 is typically the oxygen in the air, for which purpose air is conveyed via an air conveying device 6 into the cathode space 3.
- the anode compartment 4 is supplied with hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing gas. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated here, hydrogen is to be supplied from a compressed gas storage 7 to the anode compartment 4 of the fuel cell 2.
- This compressed gas storage 7 stored under a high pressure hydrogen is supplied via a valve device 8 to the anode chamber 4 and thereby relaxed to a pressure level which is suitable for the operation of the fuel cell 2.
- pure hydrogen is used as the fuel for the fuel cell 2, it is provided to the anode chamber 4 typically with a higher volume flow than can be converted into the anode chamber 4 of the fuel cell 2. This serves to provide the most uniform possible supply of the entire available active surface of the proton-conducting membranes 5 with a sufficient amount of hydrogen.
- the unused hydrogen is then removed from the anode chamber 4 via a recirculation line 9 and fed back to the anode region 4 by means of a recirculation conveyor 10, for example a hydrogen circulation fan and / or a gas jet pump or the like, together with fresh hydrogen from the compressed gas storage 7.
- a recirculation conveyor 10 for example a hydrogen circulation fan and / or a gas jet pump or the like, together with fresh hydrogen from the compressed gas storage 7.
- nitrogen accumulates in the region of the recirculation line 9, which nitrogen has passed through the membranes 5 into the anode chamber 4, as does a small amount of product water which is produced in the anode chamber 4 of the fuel cell 2. Since these inert substances can not be reacted in the fuel cell, they reduce the hydrogen concentration in the volume of the recirculation line 9 and the anode space 4 with time.
- the substances located in the region of the recirculation line 9 are discharged via a discharge line 11 and a valve device 12 arranged therein in order to be able to maintain the hydrogen concentration in the anode chamber 4.
- a certain amount of residual hydrogen always gets out of the system via the discharge line 11. Therefore, it is well known and common practice to guide the drain line 11 into the region of the process air flow so as to react any residual hydrogen in the cathode region 3 of the fuel cell 2 and prevent hydrogen emissions. Due to the extremely small amount of residual hydrogen, which occurs during discharge (the so-called purge) from time to time, any disadvantages with respect to the life of the fuel cell 2 are hardly to be feared.
- the membranes 5 of the fuel cell 3 are relatively sensitive to dehydration. Since the volume flow of air conveyed via the air conveying device 6 is typically dry, a correspondingly high air volume flow can accelerate the desiccation of the membranes 5. Therefore, in the fuel cell system 1, a humidifier 13 may be provided which, for example, as Gas-gas humidifier is formed. The core of such a humidifier 13 are water vapor permeable membranes. On one side of the membranes, the dry gas stream conveyed by the air conveying device 6 flows. On the other side of the membranes flows from the exhaust gas flow from the cathode compartment 3 of the fuel cell 2.
- this exhaust gas stream is correspondingly loaded with liquid in the form of water vapor and droplets.
- the water vapor can moisten the dry supply air through the membranes in the humidifier 13, so that on the one hand dehumidifies the exhaust air and on the other hand moistening of the membranes 5 of the fuel cell 2 can be ensured by the humidified supply air.
- a bypass 14 can also be arranged around the humidifier 13, here by way of example in the area of the supply air line to the cathode space 3, but this is also possible analogously in the region of the exhaust air line from the cathode space 3. This can be controlled via a valve device 15 so that the volume flow to be humidified by the humidifier 13 is divided accordingly.
- an adjustable humidity in the region of the cathode space 3 can be achieved.
- the structure of the fuel cell system 1 in FIG. 1 also shows a heat exchanger 16 as a charge air cooler, which is also traversed by the supply air to the air conveyor 6 on the one hand and the exhaust air from the cathode compartment 3 on the other.
- a heat exchanger 16 as a charge air cooler, which is also traversed by the supply air to the air conveyor 6 on the one hand and the exhaust air from the cathode compartment 3 on the other.
- the conveyed air will be correspondingly hot, as it heats up accordingly during the compression.
- the exhaust air from the cathode compartment 3, however, is cooler.
- Through the intercooler 16 there is now a heat exchange between these two gas streams, so that the conveyed to the cathode compartment 3 air is cooled cooled in the effluent from the cathode compartment 3 air.
- the heated exhaust air from the intercooler 16 then flows into the region of a turbine 17 and is relaxed and cooled in the region of this turbine 17.
- mechanical energy can be recovered from the exhaust gas flow of the fuel cell system 1 via the turbine 17.
- About the turbine 17 can be supplied with mechanical energy directly in the embodiment shown here, the air conveyor 6.
- an electric machine 18 may be provided which, with a corresponding excess of energy in the region of the turbine 17 can be operated as a generator to recover additional electrical energy from the exhaust stream. If more energy is required by the air conveyor 6 than can be provided by the turbine 17, then the electric machine 18 can also be operated by a motor. In this case, it would provide the required energy difference for conveying the air flow via the air conveyor 6.
- This structure of turbine 17, electric machine 18 and air conveyor 6, which is typically designed as a flow compressor in this structure, is also generally referred to as an electric turbocharger 19 or ETC ( Electric T urbo C harger) 19.
- an optional burner for example a catalytic burner, a pore burner, a matrix burner or the like may be provided in the exhaust air stream downstream of the charge air cooler 16, via which exhaust gases of the fuel cell 2 and optionally optional fuel can be converted.
- the exhaust gas flow provided for the turbine 17 can be heated so as to be able to generate more power via the turbine 17.
- FIG. 2 In the presentation of the FIG. 2 is now a comparable system structure to recognize, which could be used as an alternative to the fuel cell system 1 shown above.
- the structure differs essentially in that no recirculation line 9 exists around the anode compartment 4 of the fuel cell 2.
- the anode chamber 4 is thus supplied with no or only a slight excess of hydrogen, which is otherwise implemented, for example, is post-combusted in the above-mentioned optional burner.
- a hydrogen line 20 can be seen with a valve device 21, whose functionality will be discussed in more detail later.
- the two fuel cell systems 1 in the representations of Figures 1 and 2 now have in the region of the heat exchanger 16, a catalytically active material, for example based on platinum and / or palladium on.
- This catalytically active material is in the representations of Figures 1 and 2 represented by a dotted line indicated coating 22 of the part of the heat exchanger 16, which is traversed by the process air flow to the fuel cell 2.
- About the drain line 11 and the valve device 12 in the case of the structure according to FIG. 1 or via the hydrogen line 20 and the valve device 21 in the case of the construction according to FIG. 2 can now be supplied to the process air stream after the air conveyor 6 fuel.
- FIG. 1 In case of construction according to FIG.
- the fuel can flow directly from the compressed gas reservoir 7 via the valve device 21 and the hydrogen line 20 into the region of the process air flow.
- a flow through the already existing drain line 11 and the valve device 12 therein can be realized by simply the valve device 12 remains open during the cold start.
- the anode space 4 is supplied with hydrogen, a flow of hydrogen in the area of the process air thus occurs.
- a condensation of product water in the Exhaust air flow from the fuel cell largely avoided.
- it can not come to freezing droplets of liquid in the exhaust air stream.
- Such ice particles would be very detrimental and dangerous to the turbine 17, as they could damage the turbine wheel in a high-speed turbine 17.
- a further advantage of the catalytically active material 22 arranged in the intercooler 16 lies in the structure of the fuel cell system 1 according to FIG. 1 in that, even in regular operation, the material flow discharged from time to time via the discharge line 11 reaches the area of this catalytically active material 22.
- typically existing residual amounts of hydrogen can be implemented in the charge air cooler 16 and thus do not burden the cathode region 3 of the fuel cell 2.
- this additional benefit of the intercooler 16 provided with the catalytically active material 22 nevertheless represents an advantage in the application of the fuel cell system 1, since in any case, the supply of hydrogen in the cathode region 3 can be prevented.
- FIG. 3 an alternative embodiment of the fuel cell system 1 is shown.
- This works essentially like that in the context of FIG. 2
- Only the catalytically active material 22 is in the present embodiment in a separate component, such as a catalytic burner 23, integrated, which is arranged in the flow direction of the process air flow in front of the heat exchanger 16.
- the functionality is essentially the same, since the process air heated in the catalytic burner 23 as required flows through the process air side of the heat exchanger 16 to the catalytic burner 23 and develops there comparable effects, as in the alternative embodiment with catalytically active material 22 integrated into the heat exchanger 16 ,
- the fuel cell system 1 is therefore predestined to be used in means of transport for generating electrical power.
- a means of transport are doing various means of transport on the water, in the air or on land in question, in particular for the transport of people and goods in local transport, long-distance transport or logistics.
- the particularly preferred application is certainly in the range of vehicles, in particular in the field of railless land vehicles, in which the fuel cell system is designed to provide electrical power, for example for auxiliary equipment and ancillaries and / or for an electric drive of the vehicle.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Brennstoffzellensystem mit wenigstens einer Brennstoffzelle nach der im Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 näher definierten Art. Außerdem betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung eines solchen Brennstoffzellensystems.The invention relates to a fuel cell system with at least one fuel cell according to the type defined in greater detail in the preamble of
Brennstoffzellensysteme an sich sind aus dem allgemeinen Stand der Technik bekannt. Der Brennstoffzelle wird dabei häufig über eine Luftfördereinrichtung ein Prozessluftstrom zur Verfügung gestellt, welcher einen Kathodenbereich der Brennstoffzelle zur Versorgung derselben mit Luftsauerstoff durchströmt. Die zu der Brennstoffzelle geförderte Luft wird durch die Luftfördereinrichtung, beispielsweise einen Strömungsverdichter, einen Schraubenverdichter, ein Roots-Gebläse oder Ähnlichem verdichtet und dabei entsprechend erwärmt. Beim Einsatz einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle in dem Brennstoffzellensystem kann diese Erwärmung der Prozessluft zu einer schnellen Austrocknung der relativ empfindlichen Membranen in der Brennstoffzelle beitragen. Daher ist in derartigen Brennstoffzellensystemen häufig ein Wärmetauscher als Ladeluftkühler vorgesehen, welcher von der Prozessluft nach der Luftfördereinrichtung auf der einen Seite und von einem Kühlmedium, beispielsweise der vergleichsweise kühlen Abluft aus dem Bereich der Brennstoffzelle, andererseits durchströmt wird, um die zu der Brennstoffzelle strömende Prozessluft nach der Luftfördereinrichtung abzukühlen und so die Lebensdauer und Leistungsfähigkeit der Brennstoffzelle zu steigern.Fuel cell systems per se are known from the general state of the art. The fuel cell is often provided via an air conveyor a process air flow available, which flows through a cathode region of the fuel cell to supply the same with atmospheric oxygen. The conveyed to the fuel cell air is compressed by the air conveyor, such as a flow compressor, a screw compressor, a Roots blower or the like and thereby heated accordingly. When using a PEM fuel cell in the fuel cell system, this heating of the process air can contribute to rapid drying of the relatively sensitive membranes in the fuel cell. Therefore, in such fuel cell systems often a heat exchanger is provided as intercooler, which is on the other hand flows through the process air to the air conveyor on the one hand and a cooling medium, for example, the comparatively cool exhaust air from the region of the fuel cell, to the process air flowing to the fuel cell cool after the air conveyor and so increase the life and performance of the fuel cell.
Aus dem allgemeinen Stand der Technik ist es außerdem bekannt, dass für Brennstoffzellensysteme, und hier insbesondere für Brennstoffzellensysteme, welche in Fahrzeugen eingesetzt werden, die Kaltstartfähigkeit eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. Um die Brennstoffzellensysteme auch bei Temperaturen unterhalb des Gefrierpunkts sicher, zuverlässig und insbesondere sehr schnell starten zu können, wird ein erheblicher
Diese Maßnahme mit der Einleitung einer vergleichsweise großen Menge an Wasserstoff in den Kathodenbereich der Brennstoffzelle hat den gravierenden Nachteil, dass durch die Zufuhr des Wasserstoffs in den Kathodenbereich der dort vorhandene Katalysator zur Verbrennung, also zur thermischen Umsetzung des Wasserstoffs mit dem Sauerstoff der Prozessluft genutzt wird. Dies hat eine vergleichsweise hohe punktuelle Wärmeentwicklung zur Folge, welche die Lebensdauer der Brennstoffzelle massiv beeinträchtigt.This measure with the introduction of a comparatively large amount of hydrogen into the cathode region of the fuel cell has the serious disadvantage that the supply of hydrogen into the cathode region uses the catalyst present there for combustion, ie for the thermal conversion of the hydrogen with the oxygen of the process air , This results in a comparatively high selective heat development, which severely impairs the lifetime of the fuel cell.
Aus der
Aus dem weiteren Stand der Technik sind aus der Thematik der Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen bzw. Festoxidbrennstoffzellen die Schriften
Es ist daher die Aufgabe der hier vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Brennstoffzellensystem anzugeben, welches eine sehr schnelle Erwärmung des Brennstoffzellensystems gewährleistet, ohne die oben genannten Nachteile hinsichtlich der Lebensdauer der Brennstoffzelle in Kauf nehmen zu müssen.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a fuel cell system, which ensures a very rapid heating of the fuel cell system without having to accept the above-mentioned disadvantages in terms of the life of the fuel cell in purchasing.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil von Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmale gelöst. Eine besonders günstige Verwendung für ein derartiges Brennstoffzellensystem ist im Anspruch 9 angegeben. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen ergeben sich aus den jeweils abhängigen Unteransprüchen.According to the invention this object is achieved by the features mentioned in the characterizing part of
Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Brennstoffzellensystem mit einem Wärmetauscher verwendet, welcher als Ladeluftkühler zum Abkühlen der von der Luftfördereinrichtung verdichteten und dabei erwärmten Prozessluft eingesetzt wird. Gemäß der Erfindung ist dabei vor oder in dem Bereich des Wärmetauschers, welcher von dem Prozessluftstrom durchströmt ist, ein Bereich mit einem katalytisch aktiven Material angeordnet. Außerdem wird dem Bereich mit dem katalytisch aktiven Material bei Bedarf Brennstoff zugeführt. Dadurch ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, dass die zu der Brennstoffzelle geleitete Prozessluft nicht nur, wie im herkömmlichen Betrieb, abgekühlt werden kann, sondern dass diese bei Bedarf, und hier insbesondere im Kaltstartfall, durch die Zugabe von Brennstoff in den Bereich mit dem katalytisch aktiven Material durch eine katalytische Umsetzung von Sauerstoff und Brennstoff entsprechend erwärmt und bei wasserstoffhaltigem Brennstoff durch das entstehende Produktwasser befeuchtet werden kann. Damit ergibt sich eine sehr einfache und effiziente Möglichkeit, durch die Zufuhr von Brennstoff eine Erwärmung der Prozessluft und damit der Brennstoffzelle und des Brennstoffzellensystems zu realisieren. Durch den vor oder im Bereich des Wärmetauschers angeordneten speziell hierfür konzipierten Katalysator entsteht die Wärme nicht im Bereich der Brennstoffzelle selbst, sondern außerhalb derselben. Sie wird dann vom Prozessluftstrom in den Bereich der Brennstoffzelle eingetragen. Nachteile hinsichtlich der Lebensdauer der Brennstoffzelle, wie sie bei den Aufbauten aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt und üblich sind, können dadurch verhindert werden, da im Bereich der Brennstoffzelle selbst kein Brennstoff im Kathodenbereich derselben anlangt und entsprechend umgesetzt werden muss. Das Brennstoffzellensystem selbst kann so sehr schnell auf Betriebstemperatur gebracht werden, insbesondere hinsichtlich aller im Bereich der Luftversorgung angeordneten Bauteile.According to the invention, a fuel cell system with a heat exchanger is used which is used as a charge air cooler for cooling the process air compressed by the air delivery device and thereby heated. According to the invention, an area with a catalytically active material is arranged in front of or in the region of the heat exchanger through which the process air stream flows. In addition, fuel is supplied to the area containing the catalytically active material as needed. This results in the possibility that the process air conducted to the fuel cell can not only be cooled, as in conventional operation, but that, if necessary, and in particular in the cold start, by the addition of fuel in the area with the catalytically active material heated by a catalytic conversion of oxygen and fuel and can be humidified with hydrogen-containing fuel by the resulting product water. This results in a very simple and efficient way to realize by the supply of fuel, a heating of the process air and thus the fuel cell and the fuel cell system. By arranged in front of or in the region of the heat exchanger specially designed for this catalyst, the heat is not in the range of the fuel cell itself, but outside the same. It is then entered by the process air flow in the area of the fuel cell. Disadvantages in terms of the service life of the fuel cell, as they are known and customary in the constructions of the prior art, can be prevented, since in the area of the fuel cell itself no fuel in the cathode region of the same arrives and must be implemented accordingly. The fuel cell system itself can be brought to operating temperature very quickly, in particular with regard to all components arranged in the area of the air supply.
In dem erfindungsgemäßen Brennstoffzellensystem ist es vorgesehen, dass der Kühlmedienstrom ein Abluftstrom aus einem Kathodenbereich der Brennstoffzelle ist.In the fuel cell system according to the invention, it is provided that the cooling medium flow is an exhaust air flow from a cathode region of the fuel cell.
Dieser Aufbau nutzt die vergleichsweise kühle Abluft aus dem Kathodenbereich der Brennstoffzelle im regulären Betrieb zur Kühlung der nach der Luftfördereinrichtung erhitzten Prozessluft für die Brennstoffzelle. Da unter entsprechend kalten Startbedingungen die Verdichtung der Prozessluft nicht ausreicht um diese ausreichend stark zu erwärmen, um so ein Auskondensieren von Flüssigkeit und/oder ein Einfrieren dieser Flüssigkeit zu verhindern, ist erfindungsgemäß der Bereich mit dem katalytisch aktiven Material vor oder im Bereich des Wärmetauschers vorgesehen, um den Prozessluftstrom zur Brennstoffzelle durch die Zugabe eines Brennstoffs zu erwärmen. Diese Wärme kommt nun auch dem Abluftstrom, welcher in einer solchen Betriebssituation ebenfalls noch vergleichsweise kalt ist, zugute. So kann der Abluftstrom entsprechend erwärmt werden und ein Einfrieren der Abluftleitung oder beispielsweise einer im Abluftstrom angeordneten Turbine durch auskondensierende und gefrierende Tröpfchen kann verhindert werden. Der Eintrag von Wärme während des Kaltstarts des Brennstoffzellensystems durch das katalytisch aktive Material im Bereich des Wärmetauschers dient also auch dazu, die Betriebsfähigkeit des Brennstoffzellensystems auf der Abluftseite in idealer Weise zu gewährleisten.This structure uses the comparatively cool exhaust air from the cathode region of the fuel cell in regular operation for cooling the heated after the air conveyor process air for the fuel cell. Since under appropriately cold starting conditions, the compression of the process air is not sufficient to heat them sufficiently strong, so as a condense of liquid and / or freezing To prevent this liquid, according to the invention, the area with the catalytically active material in front of or in the region of the heat exchanger provided to heat the process air flow to the fuel cell by the addition of a fuel. This heat is now also the exhaust air flow, which is also relatively cold in such an operating situation, benefit. Thus, the exhaust air flow can be heated accordingly and a freezing of the exhaust air duct or, for example, a turbine arranged in the exhaust air stream by auskondensierende and freezing droplets can be prevented. The entry of heat during the cold start of the fuel cell system by the catalytically active material in the region of the heat exchanger thus also serves to ensure the operability of the fuel cell system on the exhaust side in an ideal manner.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Brennstoffzellensystems ist es nun vorgesehen, dass der Bereich mit dem katalytisch aktiven Material in den Wärmetauscher integriert ausgebildet ist. Diese Integration des katalytisch aktiven Materials auf die vom Prozessluftstrom durchströmte Seite des Wärmetauschers ermöglicht dabei einen sehr kompakten Aufbau, da die Komponente des Wärmetauschers sowohl als Ladeluftkühler als auch - bei Bedarf - zur katalytischen Umsetzung von Stoffen auf seiner vom Prozessluftstrom durchströmten Seite dient.In an advantageous embodiment of the fuel cell system according to the invention, it is now provided that the area with the catalytically active material is formed integrated in the heat exchanger. This integration of the catalytically active material on the flowed through by the process air flow side of the heat exchanger allows a very compact design, since the component of the heat exchanger serves both as intercooler and - if necessary - for the catalytic conversion of substances on its flowed through by the process air flow side.
In einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Brennstoffzellensystems ist es vorgesehen, dass der Wärmetauscher im Bereich, in dem er von dem Prozessluftstrom durchströmt ist, ganz oder teilweise mit dem katalytisch aktiven Material beschichtet ist. Eine solche Beschichtung des Wärmetauschers mit dem katalytisch aktiven Material ist vergleichsweise einfach möglich. Damit kann mit minimalem Einsatz an katalytisch aktivem Material, beispielsweise Platin oder Palladium, ein entsprechend wirksamer katalytischer Umsatz von Luft und Brennstoff erzielt werden. Anders als bei ebenso denkbaren Schüttungen von mit katalytisch aktivem Material versehenen Pellets oder dergleichen ist der Eintrag von Verunreinigungen in den Bereich der Brennstoffzelle annähernd ausgeschlossen, sodass auf Filterelemente und dergleichen, welche einen unnötigen Druckverlust verursachen würden, verzichtet werden kann.In a preferred embodiment of the fuel cell system according to the invention, it is provided that the heat exchanger is completely or partially coated with the catalytically active material in the region in which it is flowed through by the process air flow. Such a coating of the heat exchanger with the catalytically active material is relatively easy. This can be achieved with minimal use of catalytically active material, such as platinum or palladium, a correspondingly effective catalytic conversion of air and fuel. Unlike similarly conceivable beds of pellets provided with catalytically active material or the like, the introduction of impurities into the region of the fuel cell is virtually precluded so that filter elements and the like which would cause an unnecessary pressure loss can be dispensed with.
Das Brennstoffzellensystem gemäß der Erfindung hat nun den Vorteil, dass es sehr kompakt und einfach baut und ein Brennstoffzellensystem bereitstellt, welches sehr einfach und effizient auch bei sehr niedrigen Umgebungstemperaturen gestartet werden kann. Die bevorzugte Verwendung eines derartigen Brennstoffzellensystems liegt daher im Einsatz zur Bereitstellung von elektrischer Leistung in einem Transportmittel, welches zusammen mit dem Brennstoffzellensystem ein bewegliches System bildet. Insbesondere in einem derartigen beweglichen System kann es sehr häufig zu einem Start aus widrigen Bedingungen, insbesondere aus Temperaturen unterhalb des Gefrierpunkts heraus kommen. Speziell in derartigen Systemen ist dabei ein schnelles Starten des Systems unerlässlich, da beispielsweise beim Einsatz in einem Kraftfahrzeug als Transportmittel ein solches vom Benutzer desselben erwartet wird, da bei Kraftfahrzeugen mit herkömmlichen Antriebssystemen ein vergleichbares Verhalten vorliegt und ein solches bekannt und üblich ist. Das erfindungsgemäße Brennstoffzellensystem kann seine Vorteile also insbesondere in einem derartigen Aufbau voll ausspielen.The fuel cell system according to the invention now has the advantage that it is very compact and easy to build and provides a fuel cell system which is very can be started easily and efficiently even at very low ambient temperatures. The preferred use of such a fuel cell system is therefore in use for the provision of electrical power in a means of transport, which forms a mobile system together with the fuel cell system. Especially in such a mobile system, it can very often come to a start from adverse conditions, especially from temperatures below freezing point out. Especially in such systems, a quick start of the system is essential because, for example, when used in a motor vehicle as a means of transport is expected by the user of the same, as in motor vehicles with conventional drive systems, a comparable behavior is present and such a known and commonplace. The fuel cell system according to the invention can therefore fully exploit its advantages, in particular in such a construction.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung ergeben sich aus den restlichen abhängigen Ansprüchen und werden anhand des Ausführungsbeispiels deutlich, welches nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf die Figuren näher erläutert wird.Further advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention will become apparent from the remaining dependent claims and will be apparent from the embodiment, which will be explained in more detail with reference to the figures.
Dabei zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine erste mögliche Ausführungsform eines Brennstoffzellensystems gemäß der Erfindung;
- Fig. 2
- eine weitere mögliche Ausführungsform eines Brennstoffzellensystems gemäß der Erfindung; und
- Fig. 3
- eine weitere alternative Ausführungsform eines Brennstoffzellensystems gemäß der Erfindung.
- Fig. 1
- a first possible embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the invention;
- Fig. 2
- another possible embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the invention; and
- Fig. 3
- another alternative embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the invention.
In der Darstellung der
Die Membranen 5 der Brennstoffzelle 3 sind vergleichsweise empfindlich gegen eine Austrocknung. Da der über die Luftfördereinrichtung 6 geförderte Volumenstrom an Luft typischerweise trocken ist, kann ein entsprechend hoher Luftvolumenstrom die Austrocknung der Membranen 5 beschleunigen. Daher kann in dem Brennstoffzellensystem 1 ein Befeuchter 13 vorgesehen sein, welcher beispielsweise als Gas-Gas-Befeuchter ausgebildet ist. Der Kern eines solchen Befeuchters 13 sind für Wasserdampf durchlässige Membranen. Auf der einen Seite der Membranen strömt der trockene von der Luftfördereinrichtung 6 geförderte Gasstrom. Auf der anderen Seite der Membranen strömt der Abgasstrom aus dem Kathodenraum 3 der Brennstoffzelle 2. Da der größte Teil des Produktwassers im Kathodenraum 3 der Brennstoffzelle 2 entsteht, ist dieser Abgasstrom entsprechend mit Flüssigkeit in Form von Wasserdampf und Tröpfchen beladen. Der Wasserdampf kann durch die Membranen hindurch in dem Befeuchter 13 die trockene Zuluft befeuchten, sodass einerseits die Abluft entfeuchtet und andererseits durch die befeuchtete Zuluft eine Befeuchtung der Membranen 5 der Brennstoffzelle 2 sichergestellt werden kann. Da nicht in allen Situationen die volle Befeuchtung gewünscht ist, kann außerdem um den Befeuchter 13, hier beispielhaft im Bereich der Zuluftleitung zum Kathodenraum 3, prinzipiell ist dies aber auch analog im Bereich der Abluftleitung vom Kathodenraum 3 möglich, ein Bypass 14 angeordnet sein. Dieser kann über eine Ventileinrichtung 15 so gesteuert werden, dass der durch den Befeuchter 13 strömende zu befeuchtende Volumenstrom entsprechend aufgeteilt wird. Damit kann eine einstellbare Feuchte im Bereich des Kathodenraums 3 erzielt werden.The
Der Aufbau des Brennstoffzellensystems 1 in
Die erwärmte Abluft aus dem Ladeluftkühler 16 strömt dann in den Bereich einer Turbine 17 und wird im Bereich dieser Turbine 17 entspannt und abgekühlt. Dadurch lässt sich über die Turbine 17 mechanische Energie aus dem Abgasstrom des Brennstoffzellensystems 1 zurückgewinnen. Über die Turbine 17 kann in dem hier dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel unmittelbar die Luftfördereinrichtung 6 mit mechanischer Energie versorgt werden. Außerdem kann eine elektrische Maschine 18 vorgesehen sein, welche bei entsprechendem Energieüberschuss im Bereich der Turbine 17 generatorisch betrieben werden kann, um zusätzlich elektrische Energie aus dem Abgasstrom zurückzugewinnen. Wird durch die Luftfördereinrichtung 6 mehr Energie benötigt als durch die Turbine 17 bereitgestellt werden kann, dann kann die elektrische Maschine 18 auch motorisch betrieben werden. In diesem Fall würde sie die benötigte Energiedifferenz zur Förderung des Luftstroms über die Luftfördereinrichtung 6 bereitstellen. Dieser Aufbau aus Turbine 17, elektrischer Maschine 18 und Luftfördereinrichtung 6, welche bei diesem Aufbau typischerweise als Strömungsverdichter ausgebildet ist, wird im Allgemeinen auch als elektrischer Turbolader 19 oder ETC (Electric Turbo Charger) 19 bezeichnet.The heated exhaust air from the
Ergänzend kann zur Verbesserung des Betriebs der Turbine 17 ein optionaler Brenner, beispielsweise ein katalytischer Brenner, ein Porenbrenner, ein Matrixbrenner oder dergleichen in dem Abluftstrom nach dem Ladeluftkühler 16 vorgesehen sein, über welchen Abgase der Brennstoffzelle 2 und gegebenenfalls optionaler Brennstoff umgesetzt werden können. Dadurch kann der für die Turbine 17 bereitgestellte Abgasstrom erhitzt werden, um so über die Turbine 17 mehr Leistung generieren zu können.In addition, to improve the operation of the
In der Darstellung der
Der Betrieb eines Brennstoffzellensystems 1, wie es in einer der
In beiden Fällen kommt es nun im Bereich des katalytisch aktiven Materials 22 zu einer Umsetzung des Sauerstoffs in dem Prozessluftstrom und des über die Ablassleitung 11 oder die Wasserstoffleitung 20 zugeführten Brennstoffs. Diese Umsetzung von Sauerstoff und dem hier dargestellten Fall Wasserstoff als Brennstoff im Bereich des katalytisch aktiven Materials 22 sorgt für eine Erwärmung des Wärmetauschers 16 und der durch ihn strömenden Prozessluft. Durch diese Erwärmung kann eine sehr schnelle Erwärmung der Brennstoffzelle 2 des Brennstoffzellensystems 1 realisiert werden, ohne dass der im Bereich der Brennstoffzelle 2 befindliche Katalysator zum Umsetzen der Ausgangsstoffe genutzt wird. Die Wärme wird dadurch über den Prozessluftstrom vergleichsweise verträglich und gleichmäßig eingetragen. Die eingangs geschilderten Nachteile hinsichtlich der Lebensdauer lassen sich so vermeiden.In both cases, in the region of the catalytically
Die Erwärmung des Wärmetauschers 16, welcher auf seiner anderen Seite durch den Abluftstrom aus dem Kathodenbereich 3 der Brennstoffzelle 2 gekühlt ist, erwärmt nicht nur den Prozessluftstrom zur Brennstoffzelle 2, sondern auch den Abluftstrom aus der Brennstoffzelle 2. Damit wird ein Auskondensieren von Produktwasser in dem Abluftstrom aus der Brennstoffzelle weitgehend vermieden. Dadurch kann es nicht zu gefrierenden Tröpfchen von Flüssigkeit im Bereich des Abluftstroms kommen. Derartige Eispartikel wären sehr nachteilig und gefährlich für die Turbine 17, da diese bei einer schnelllaufenden Turbine 17 das Turbinenrad beschädigen könnten.The heating of the
Ein weiterer Vorteil des in dem Ladeluftkühler 16 angeordneten katalytisch aktiven Materials 22 liegt bei dem Aufbau des Brennstoffzellensystems 1 gemäß
In
Alles in allem lässt sich so ein sehr kompakter und sehr zuverlässiger Aufbau für ein Brennstoffzellensystem 1 realisieren, welches, ohne die Lebensdauer der Brennstoffzelle 2 zu gefährden, einen sehr schnellen Start des Brennstoffzellensystems 1 ermöglicht. Das Brennstoffzellensystem 1 ist daher prädestiniert, um in Transportmitteln zur Erzeugung von elektrischer Leistung eingesetzt zu werden. Als Transportmittel kommen dabei verschiedene Transportmittel auf dem Wasser, in der Luft oder auf dem Land in Frage, insbesondere zum Transport von Personen und Gütern im Nahverkehrs-, Fernverkehrs- oder Logistikbereich. Die besonders bevorzugte Anwendung liegt dabei sicherlich im Bereich von Fahrzeugen, insbesondere im Bereich von schienenlosen Landfahrzeugen, in welchen das Brennstoffzellensystem zur Bereitstellung von elektrischer Leistung beispielsweise für Hilfsaggregate und Nebenaggregate und/oder für einen elektrischen Antrieb des Fahrzeugs ausgebildet ist.All in all, it is thus possible to realize a very compact and very reliable design for a
Claims (10)
- Fuel cell system (1), comprising at least one fuel cell (2), at least one air delivery device (6) delivering a process air stream to the fuel cell (2) and at least one heat exchanger (16), through which the process air stream flows downstream of the air delivery device (6) on the one side and a cooling medium stream flows on the other side, wherein a region with a catalytically active material (22) is located upstream of or in the region of the heat exchanger (16) in the direction of flow of the process air stream, wherein a fuel can be supplied to the region with the catalytically active material (22),
characterised in that
the cooling medium stream is an exhaust air stream from a cathode region (3) of the fuel cell (2). - Fuel cell system according to claim 1,
characterised in that
the heat exchanger is designed as an intercooler (16). - Fuel cell system according to claim 1 or 2,
characterised in that
the region with the catalytically active material (22) is integrated into the heat exchanger (16). - Fuel cell system according to claim 3,
characterised in that
the heat exchanger (16) is completely or partially coated with the catalytically active material (22) in the region through which the process air stream flows. - Fuel cell system according to claim 1 or 2,
characterised in that
the region with the catalytically active material (22) is designed as an independent component (23) located upstream of the heat exchanger (16) in the direction of flow. - Fuel cell system according to any of claims 1 to 5,
characterised in that
the fuel stream is a material stream with a certain proportion of the fuel of the fuel cell (2). - Fuel cell system according to any of claims 1 to 6,
characterised in that
at least one line element (11, 20) connected to a region carrying fuel terminates into the process air stream flowing to the heat exchanger (16) upstream of the heat exchanger (16). - Fuel cell system according to any of claims 1 to 7,
characterised in that
at least one line element (11, 20) connected to a region carrying fuel terminates into the region of the heat exchanger (16) through which the process air stream flows. - Application of the fuel cell system according to any of claims 1 to 8 for the provision of electric power in a means of transport.
- Application according to claim 9,
characterised in that
the electric power is used for driving the means of transport, the means of transport being designed as a vehicle, in particular as a trackless ground vehicle.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010008205A DE102010008205A1 (en) | 2010-02-17 | 2010-02-17 | Fuel cell system with at least one fuel cell |
PCT/EP2010/007378 WO2011101009A1 (en) | 2010-02-17 | 2010-12-04 | Fuel cell system having at least one fuel cell |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2537200A1 EP2537200A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
EP2537200B1 true EP2537200B1 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP10787324.2A Not-in-force EP2537200B1 (en) | 2010-02-17 | 2010-12-04 | Fuel cell system having at least one fuel cell |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8685582B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2537200B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5588021B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102763257B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102010008205A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011101009A1 (en) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102012018874A1 (en) * | 2012-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Daimler Ag | The fuel cell system |
DE102015215927A1 (en) * | 2015-08-20 | 2017-02-23 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Fuel cell system and method for operating such |
KR101713722B1 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-08 | 현대자동차 주식회사 | Thermal management System of fuel cell vehicle |
DE102017220556A1 (en) * | 2017-11-17 | 2019-05-23 | Audi Ag | Control method and fuel cell system |
US11404711B2 (en) | 2018-07-06 | 2022-08-02 | Safran Aerotechnics | Fuel cell system |
Family Cites Families (13)
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DE10142578A1 (en) * | 2001-09-02 | 2003-04-10 | Webasto Thermosysteme Gmbh | System for generating electrical energy and method for operating a system for generating electrical energy |
US6797421B2 (en) * | 2002-01-11 | 2004-09-28 | Utc Fuel Cells, Llc | Method and apparatus for preventing water in fuel cell power plants from freezing during storage |
JP4265173B2 (en) * | 2002-08-23 | 2009-05-20 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Power generator |
US20040258968A1 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2004-12-23 | Voss Mark G. | Cathode inlet gas humidification system and method for a fuel cell system |
US7135245B2 (en) * | 2003-05-16 | 2006-11-14 | General Motors Corporation | Apparatus and method for stack temperature control |
JP2005044630A (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2005-02-17 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system |
JP2005203263A (en) | 2004-01-16 | 2005-07-28 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Starting method of fuel cell system |
JP2006339103A (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-14 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system |
JP2007128802A (en) | 2005-11-07 | 2007-05-24 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell system |
US7858255B2 (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2010-12-28 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Rapid light-off catalytic combustor for fuel cell vehicle |
JP2008269841A (en) | 2007-04-17 | 2008-11-06 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell system |
JP5323333B2 (en) | 2007-08-28 | 2013-10-23 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Fuel cell system and operation method thereof |
US8007946B2 (en) * | 2007-09-24 | 2011-08-30 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Fuel cell system warm-up strategy with reduced efficiency losses |
-
2010
- 2010-02-17 DE DE102010008205A patent/DE102010008205A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-12-04 WO PCT/EP2010/007378 patent/WO2011101009A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-12-04 JP JP2012553189A patent/JP5588021B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-04 EP EP10787324.2A patent/EP2537200B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-12-04 CN CN201080064127.XA patent/CN102763257B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-04 US US13/579,310 patent/US8685582B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2011101009A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
US8685582B2 (en) | 2014-04-01 |
JP2013519983A (en) | 2013-05-30 |
EP2537200A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
CN102763257A (en) | 2012-10-31 |
DE102010008205A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
US20120321978A1 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
JP5588021B2 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
CN102763257B (en) | 2015-12-09 |
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