EP2526338A2 - Controlling variables in boiler pressure vessels - Google Patents
Controlling variables in boiler pressure vesselsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2526338A2 EP2526338A2 EP10795843A EP10795843A EP2526338A2 EP 2526338 A2 EP2526338 A2 EP 2526338A2 EP 10795843 A EP10795843 A EP 10795843A EP 10795843 A EP10795843 A EP 10795843A EP 2526338 A2 EP2526338 A2 EP 2526338A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- drum
- pressure vessel
- wall
- boiler pressure
- boiler
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009429 distress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
- F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
- F22B37/22—Drums; Headers; Accessories therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
- F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
- F01K3/20—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by combustion gases of main boiler
- F01K3/22—Controlling, e.g. starting, stopping
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
- F22B35/02—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers with natural convection circulation
- F22B35/04—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers with natural convection circulation during starting-up periods, i.e. during the periods between the lighting of the furnaces and the attainment of the normal operating temperature of the steam boilers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B5/00—Steam boilers of drum type, i.e. without internal furnace or fire tubes, the boiler body being contacted externally by flue gas
- F22B5/04—Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor
Definitions
- the present application is generally directed to systems and methods for controlling variables in boiler pressure vessels. More particularly, the present application is directed to systems and methods for reducing stresses in the walls of boiler pressure vessels.
- a boiler pressure vessel (hereinafter “boiler”) is a closed vessel comprising a shell and containing a liquid that can be heated under controlled conditions using a fuel or hot gases.
- the shell is a drum (hereinafter “drum” or “boiler drum”) that is defined by one or more walls.
- Chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into thermal energy, which heats the liquid in the boiler and causes it to vaporize.
- the mixture of liquid and vapor enters the drum.
- the walls of the drum are designed to withstand pressures exerted by the vaporized liquid.
- the vaporized liquid can be taken from the drum and used to provide work or as a source of heat.
- the drum is a steam drum utilized to separate steam from the water.
- the wall thickness is greater (as compared to boilers that operate at lower pressure and/or have small drum diameters) to maintain acceptable pressure stress levels.
- Increased wall thickness results in increased thermal stresses within the walls.
- High stresses within the walls of the drums also occur at various sites or penetrations that extend through the wall. Typical penetrations include nozzles and the like. Since the penetrations are points of weakness in the drum walls, the maximum operating pressure of the boiler is effectively restricted due to limitations imposed by the European Norm (EN) code on maximum stress ranges in boilers (and more particularly in boiler drums).
- EN European Norm
- Thick-walled boiler drums are generally heated only on their inside surfaces, which results in temporary and uneven temperatures in the wall, particularly during the startup period. As the wall thickness increases, so does the temperature gradient through the wall. The induced thermal stress increases for a given rate of internal temperature change as the drum wall thickness increases. Over time, the wall heats up to a uniform temperature, thereby eliminating this type of thermal stress. The pressure stress then dominates. Such stresses due to thermal gradients and internal pressure, when applied and removed repeatedly, can cause crack initiation and growth in the component material. The need to limit stresses to prevent such cracks can effectively limit the rate of temperature change in the drum. By limiting the rate of temperature change, the operational flexibility (e.g., maximum pressures attainable) of the boiler is decreased. Such flexibility is desirable to provide for rapid start-ups to respond to changes in power demand.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a typical stress history for a steam drum during a boiler startup.
- Thermal stress that occurs early in the startup process is shown as diminishing as the temperature of the drum wall becomes more uniform as steady state operating conditions are approached. As steady state conditions are approached, the stress due to internal pressure dominates the thermal stress.
- the positive hoop stress tensile
- the negative stress due to through wall temperatures at start up and limits the rate or number of starts.
- a method of controlling stress in a boiler pressure vessel comprises limiting the diameter of a drum of the boiler pressure vessel and preheating at least a portion of the wall of the drum. Limiting the diameter of the drum allows pressure in the drum to be
- W08/050-0 increased for a given mechanical stress. Furthermore, preheating the wall of the drum reduces peak thermally induced stresses in a material from which the drum is fabricated.
- a method of operating a boiler pressure vessel comprises applying local heating to a portion of the boiler pressure vessel prior to a startup operation of the boiler pressure vessel, during an operation of the boiler pressure vessel, and/or during a shutdown operation of the boiler pressure vessel. In applying local heating to the boiler pressure vessel, thermally induced stresses in the boiler pressure vessel are reduced.
- a method of controlling variables in a boiler pressure vessel comprises providing a steam drum of a boiler; controlling mechanical stress in a wall of the steam drum by limiting the diameter of the steam drum; and controlling thermal stress in the wall of the steam drum by heating at least a portion of the steam drum.
- the heating of the portion of the steam drum is effected by preheating penetrations in the steam drum and/or an area surrounding a penetration in the steam drum during at least one of a startup period and a shutdown period of the boiler pressure vessel.
- FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of a typical stress history for a steam drum
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a vertical section of a steam drum of a boiler.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a vertical section of a steam drum of a boiler.
- drum 10 one exemplary embodiment of a steam drum of a boiler is shown generally at 10 and is hereinafter referred to as "drum 10" or “steam drum 10.”
- the drum 10 can be from a natural circulation boiler, an assisted circulation boiler, or any other type of boiler.
- the drum 10 is of an elongated cylindrical shape and has a
- W08/050-0 wall 12 that is penetrated by nozzles 14 that receive a high temperature steam/liquid mixture and discharge this mixture into an annular space 16 between a drum liner or baffle 18 and an inner surface 15 of the wall 12.
- the wall 12 also has an exterior surface 17.
- the nozzles 14 may extend beyond the inner surface 15 of the wall (FIG. 2) or they may terminate at the inner surface 15 (FIG. 3).
- a liquid 26 such as, for example, water pools in the bottom of the drum 10.
- One or more steam separating units 24 are located outside the volume enclosed by the baffle 18. Steam from the steam/liquid mixture 34 and from the vaporization of the water 26 passes through a drying assembly 32 and is removed through an outlet 30.
- the configuration of FIG. 2 is not limited to that as shown, as other configurations are possible.
- the nozzles 14 and the areas 15a of the inner surface 15 of the wall 12 surrounding the nozzles 14 are affected by the steam/liquid mixture 34.
- Temperature transients e.g., the movement of heat from one area to another
- the nozzles 14 and the areas 15a surrounding the nozzles namely, the drum wall 12 and particularly at the inner surface 15, are subjected to stress from the high temperature steam/liquid mixture 34.
- Mechanical stresses such as hoop stress in the wall 12 of the drum 10 are also encountered as the result of pressure.
- P is the internal pressure
- R is the drum radius
- t is the drum wall thickness
- One approach to accommodating mechanical stress that is applicable to both natural circulation boilers and assisted circulation boilers with steam production greater than 50 kilogram per second (kg/s) to enable operation at higher pressures, which is desirable due to the resulting higher cycle efficiency, is to limit the thickness of the wall 12 of the drum 10.
- the thickness of the wall 12 is limited by using a relatively small diameter steam drum, for example, a steam drum having an inside diameter of between about 1 ,000 millimeters (mm) and about 1 ,775 mm.
- mm millimeters
- Typical wall thicknesses could range from about 70 mm to about 150 mm.
- Thermal stresses within the wall 12 of the drum 10 also occur at the nozzles 14 or other penetrations through the wall 12 to the inner surface 15 as well as at the inner surfaces 15a proximate the nozzles 14.
- a localized high stress range area is shown at 20.
- This localized high stress range area 20 is located on the inner surface 15 proximate the area at which the nozzle 14 penetrates the wall.
- the stress in this localized high stress range area 20 is at least twice the stress in any other area in the rest of the drum.
- One approach to applying local heating to accommodate thermal stress is to preheat the nozzles 14 and the area 15a adjacent thereto (e.g., the inner surface area 15a of the wall 12 in the area of the nozzle 14) prior to boiler startup when the drum 10 is at ambient pressure conditions.
- the local heating may be applied on the exterior surface 17 of the drum 10 proximate the area at which the nozzle 14 enters the drum 10 (e.g., area 17a). This would reduce the peak thermally induced stresses in a material from which the wall 12 of the drum 10 is fabricated that would otherwise limit the number of startups from ambient conditions or even prevent use of drum-type boilers above certain pressure ranges due to the EN code limits of stress ranges.
- Locally preheating of the nozzles 14 and/or the wall 12 may be used as an alternative to or in conjunction with limiting the diameter of the drum 10.
- T r is the rate of temperature change
- t is the drum wall thickness
- Preheating the drum 10 can be effected by electrical resistance heating or other means readily available.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Control Of Steam Boilers And Waste-Gas Boilers (AREA)
- Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/690,197 US20110174240A1 (en) | 2010-01-20 | 2010-01-20 | Controlling variables in boiler pressure vessels |
PCT/US2010/059389 WO2011090576A2 (en) | 2010-01-20 | 2010-12-08 | Controlling variables in boiler pressure vessels |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2526338A2 true EP2526338A2 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
EP2526338B1 EP2526338B1 (en) | 2017-01-11 |
Family
ID=44276604
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP10795843.1A Active EP2526338B1 (en) | 2010-01-20 | 2010-12-08 | Method of operating a boiler vessel |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110174240A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2526338B1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN109028009A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2012008402A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011090576A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9903231B2 (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2018-02-27 | General Electric Company | System and method for warming up a steam turbine |
EP3283735A1 (en) * | 2015-06-02 | 2018-02-21 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for making a flow guiding unit cool down more slowly, and flow conducting unit |
CN111219703B (en) * | 2020-01-20 | 2021-08-13 | 广东韶钢松山股份有限公司 | Boiler drum and method for reforming boiler drum based on reverse simulation analysis |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2271652A (en) * | 1939-07-01 | 1942-02-03 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Welded pressure vessel |
GB710185A (en) * | 1950-04-22 | 1954-06-09 | Comb Engineering Superheating | Improvements in or relating to steam boilers, and more particularly to steam and water drums therefor |
US2743709A (en) * | 1952-04-12 | 1956-05-01 | Combustion Eng | Equalizing the temperature of high pressure boiler drum walls |
US3117560A (en) * | 1962-01-10 | 1964-01-14 | Riley Stoker Corp | Steam generating unit |
US3516391A (en) * | 1968-06-20 | 1970-06-23 | Riley Stoker Corp | Steam generating unit |
US3765572A (en) * | 1970-09-18 | 1973-10-16 | Concast Ag | Rotatable tundish with multiple outlets |
US3789806A (en) * | 1971-12-27 | 1974-02-05 | Foster Wheeler Corp | Furnace circuit for variable pressure once-through generator |
US5061304A (en) * | 1981-03-27 | 1991-10-29 | Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation | Steam processing apparatus and method |
CN2034676U (en) * | 1988-02-27 | 1989-03-22 | 国营风华机器厂 | Waste heat recovery installation of bridge type doubk flow passage heating pipe |
US6510739B1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2003-01-28 | Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd | Apparatus for continuously monitoring liquid level conditions in a liquid-vapor separating device |
EP1275452A3 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2003-12-10 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Refractory nozzle |
ATE328241T1 (en) * | 2003-10-23 | 2006-06-15 | Nem Bv | EVAPORATOR DEVICE |
ATE452314T1 (en) * | 2004-12-29 | 2010-01-15 | Son S R L | STEAM GENERATOR |
US8514998B2 (en) * | 2005-01-31 | 2013-08-20 | Hitachi-Ge Nuclear Energy, Ltd. | Induction heating stress improvement |
US8544272B2 (en) * | 2007-06-11 | 2013-10-01 | Brightsource Industries (Israel) Ltd. | Solar receiver |
US7727389B1 (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2010-06-01 | Green Intectuac Properties | System for removing hydrocarbons and contaminates |
-
2010
- 2010-01-20 US US12/690,197 patent/US20110174240A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-08 EP EP10795843.1A patent/EP2526338B1/en active Active
- 2010-12-08 CN CN201810606868.4A patent/CN109028009A/en active Pending
- 2010-12-08 WO PCT/US2010/059389 patent/WO2011090576A2/en active Application Filing
- 2010-12-08 MX MX2012008402A patent/MX2012008402A/en unknown
- 2010-12-08 CN CN2010800656186A patent/CN102859276A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2011090576A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2012008402A (en) | 2012-10-09 |
US20110174240A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
CN109028009A (en) | 2018-12-18 |
EP2526338B1 (en) | 2017-01-11 |
WO2011090576A3 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
WO2011090576A2 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
CN102859276A (en) | 2013-01-02 |
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Inventor name: SELBY, GLENN, T. Inventor name: DROUX, FRANCOIS Inventor name: BAUVER, WESLEY, P., II Inventor name: PERRIN, IAN, J. Inventor name: BAIRLEY, DONALD, W. Inventor name: RUECKER, FALK Inventor name: RUCHTI, CHRISTOPH |
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