EP2521252B1 - Direktangetriebener supraleitender synchrongenerator für eine windturbine - Google Patents

Direktangetriebener supraleitender synchrongenerator für eine windturbine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2521252B1
EP2521252B1 EP09812438.1A EP09812438A EP2521252B1 EP 2521252 B1 EP2521252 B1 EP 2521252B1 EP 09812438 A EP09812438 A EP 09812438A EP 2521252 B1 EP2521252 B1 EP 2521252B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cryostat
low pressure
transverse
rotary
low
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EP09812438.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2521252A1 (de
Inventor
Gustavo SARMIENTO MUÑOZ
Jose María MERINO AZCÁRRAGA
Javier Garcia-Tejedor Perez
Pedro IBAÑEZ EREÑO
Susana APIÑANIZ APIÑANIZ
Mattia Scuotto
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Fundacion Tecnalia Research and Innovation
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Fundacion Tecnalia Research and Innovation
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H02K7/1838—Generators mounted in a nacelle or similar structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/60—Cooling or heating of wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K55/00—Dynamo-electric machines having windings operating at cryogenic temperatures
    • H02K55/02—Dynamo-electric machines having windings operating at cryogenic temperatures of the synchronous type
    • H02K55/04—Dynamo-electric machines having windings operating at cryogenic temperatures of the synchronous type with rotating field windings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7064—Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type
    • F05B2220/70642—Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type of the synchronous type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/12—Machines characterised by the modularity of some components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment

Definitions

  • the present invention lies within the technical field of electric generators that comprise a rotor and a stator for the production of electric power and, particularly, to low-speed, direct-drive synchronous generators comprising superconducting field windings for use in wind turbines.
  • Wind turbines are nowadays considered as a "green" source of energy and, in fact, belong to one of the most developed renewable technologies.
  • Most wind turbines are horizontal-axis wind turbines having a rotor provided with three blades connected to a main rotor shaft and an electrical generator mounted within a nacelle at the top of a tower.
  • Many conventional types of wind turbines comprise a gearbox that converts the relatively slow rotation of the wind turbine rotor into a faster rotation to drive the electric generator rotor.
  • Electric generators and electric machines in general, exhibit poor efficiency when driven at very low speed.
  • slow electric machines have to exhibit higher torque in order to compensate for the reduced rotational speed of the machine rotor, since machine power output is always yield by torque times the rotational speed.
  • Gearboxes reduce the efficiency of the conversion of wind energy into mechanical energy used for driving the electric generator rotor and are moreover rather expensive, need intensive and scheduled maintenance and are open to wear-out and thereto related failures.
  • Direct-drive generators based on conventional electric machines technologies do not comprise gearboxes and thus lack the disadvantages thereof, but are intrinsically heavier and larger. This is remarkably the case of slow electric generators for wind turbines whose nacelles, equipped with such generators, are more difficult to lift, to place and to balance on towers so that they are rather unsuitable for high-power producing generators as wind turbines.
  • direct-drive synchronous generators comprising superconducting field windings providing an increased torque density for use in wind turbines have been described.
  • Superconductivity is inherent to certain materials generally at very low temperatures, leading to zero DC electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field (at given temperature and current density, there is a maximum magnetic field the superconductor can expel; as the field exceeds this value the superconductor becomes a normal conductor and exhibit ohmic resistance).
  • Superconductivity occurs in a wide variety of materials, including simple elements like tin and aluminum, but also in other materials such as various metallic alloys and some heavily-doped semiconductors, in some lanthanum- and yttrium-based cuprate perovskite materials, ceramic materials consisting of thallium, mercury, copper, barium, calcium and oxygen, lanthanum oxygen fluorine iron arsenide.
  • An especially interesting superconductor from a practical point of view is magnesium diboride, a conventional superconductor, that is relatively easy to synthesize and manufacture in long wires and which has a critical transition temperature of 39 K in bulk or powder form.
  • the magnetic circuit of the electric machine comprises two iron annularly shaped elements, the rotor back-iron and the stator back-yoke.
  • HTS High Temperature Superconductors
  • Magnesium diboride offers an interesting compromise: On the one hand, it is much cheaper and is operated at temperatures in the order of 15-25K. On the other hand, to carry high currents at these temperatures, existing wires based on magnesium diboride cannot take very high magnetic fields, usually well below 2T. Therefore to achieve adequate performance, the magnetic circuit of superconducting synchronous electric machines based on magnesium diboride wires and cheap materials with similar characteristics should comprise salient iron poles protruding from the rotor back iron. The iron poles divert the magnetic flux from the superconducting coils and reduce the circuit reluctance.
  • cryostats usually, superconductors are kept at the proper operating cryogenic temperature in special vessels called cryostats.
  • Known prototypes of superconducting machines often exhibit a "cold rotor" design, where a cryostat encloses
  • the "cold rotor" design as the one disclosed in WO-A 2007/033858 is not suitable for salient poles rotor, because the cryostat external jackets above the poles would require extra space, thus making the air-gap longer and having a negative effect in the magnetic field distribution. This feature would reduce the efficiency of the magnetic circuit.
  • the super conductive part is immersed in a coolant, in gas or liquid state, and is isolated from the outside in the cryostat. Heat generated by external or internal sources is exchanged with the coolant and is extracted outside the cryostat in order to keep the machine under the proper operation temperature.
  • the cooling procedure may involve a phase change to the gas state.
  • gas He and liquid He have been widely used as coolant. As He is a very expensive element, several closed-cycle systems have been developed to recover these expensive gas, and, even, liquefied it again.
  • US2009/0229291 A1 describes a superconducting rotor wherein the coils are housed in a hollow annular vacuum vessel. The coils are cooled therein by a cooling fluid.
  • WO 95/08211 describes a superconducting machine wherein the rotor is cooled by thermal conduction and therefore is free from cooling fluid.
  • the whole rotor is housed in a cryostat.
  • the present invention is intended to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art by providing a direct-drive electric generator as claimed in claim 1.
  • the warm poles rotor i.e the "warm rotor” holds a cryostat of suitable geometry.
  • cryostat of aforementioned geometry as the "Hamster wheel” type.
  • the superconducting field windings preferably based on magnesium diboride wire, are kept at the proper cryogenic temperature.
  • cryogenic system is based on cryocoolers in a "cryogen free” system, thus a “dry-cold” cryogenic system design, as no coolant enters the cryostat.
  • the cryocoolers extract the heat entering the cryostat via properly designed thermal circuits located inside the cryostat.
  • GM-cooler for example, Helium gas undergoes a closed thermodynamic cycle, usually comprising a one or two-stages gas expansion.
  • GM-coolers are well known by the industry.
  • the main components of a GM-cooler are: the cold head (where He gas expands), the compressor and the two flexible lines for delivering the coolant.
  • the cold head has two stages, related with the two thermodynamic sub-cycles which are realized inside, at two different temperatures, henceforth referred to as "high-temperature” and "low-temperature".
  • high-temperature and low-temperature.
  • the surface of each stage usually made of a high conductive material as oxygen free copper- the heat is extracted.
  • a typical "high-temperature” is around 80K and "low-temperature” is around 15K.
  • the cryocooler compressor is stationarily positioned. Coolant delivery to and recovery from the cold head, anchored to the generator rotor cryostat, occur via a double-chamber rotary feedthrough. Each chamber is connected to at least one coolant outlet and one coolant inlet. The number of connections depends on the number of cold heads and compressors the cryocooling system may comprise. The lines connecting the compressor with the rotary feedthrough and the feedthrough to the cold head can be flexible.
  • the cryostat comprises a single multi-modules unit.
  • Each module comprises a portion of two partly interconnected thermal circuits, a very high thermal conductivity element enclosing the superconducting coil endeavoring the functions of coil thermal anchoring, former and frame, a radiation shield, a cryostat external jacket and a number of low thermal conductivity rests.
  • the radiation shield is housed in the cryostat external jacket.
  • the interconnected plurality of modular radiation shields sets up the cryostat high-temperature thermal circuit which delivers part of the heat entering from outside and/or generated within the cryostat to the high-temperature stage of the cold heads. Thermal anchoring and former elements are hosted within the radiation shield.
  • the superconducting coil thermal anchoring and heat transmission elements set up the cryostat low-temperature thermal circuit which delivers part of the heat entering from outside and/or generated within the radiation shields to the low-temperature stage of the cold heads.
  • the cryostat comprises interpolar transverse sections positioned between the adjacent iron poles, each interpolar section comprising:
  • the thermal transmission elements of each of the thermal circuits are made thicker the nearer they are to a cold head so to be able to conduct the increasing heat flux.
  • the rotary feedthrough may be comprised of a low pressure chamber connected to a low pressure circuit and fluidly connected to a first stage of at least one cold head, said first stage being thermally coupled to the low-temperature circuit in the cryostat; a high pressure chamber housed within the low pressure chamber and fluidly connected to a high pressure circuit thermally coupled to a second stage of at least one cold head, said second stage being thermally coupled to the high-temperature circuit in the cryostat; a low pressure sealing structure dividing the low pressure chamber into a stationary low pressure portion and a rotary low pressure portion, the rotary low pressure portion being rotary in the low pressure sealing structure; a high-pressure sealing structure dividing the high-pressure chamber into a stationary high-pressure portion and a rotary high-pressure portion, the rotary high-pressure portion being rotary in the high pressure sealing structure, the high pressure sealing structure being mounted to the low pressure sealing structure.
  • the stationary low pressure portion may be fixed to a support that comprises an annular supporting portion in which the rotary low pressure portion is rotatably supported.
  • the rotary low pressure portion has a peripheral annular thickening or other protruding and/or other annular reinforcing elements and bearings located between the annular supporting portion and the annular thickening.
  • the rotary low pressure portion may comprise a low pressure inlet connected to a low pressure inlet pipe that is connected to a flexible recovery line
  • the stationary low pressure portion may comprise a low pressure outlet connected to a low pressure outlet pipe, such that coolant flowing from the cold heads through the flexible recovery line enters the low pressure chamber through the low pressure inlet, leaves the low pressure chamber through the low pressure outlet in the stationary low pressure portion and is lead to the cryocooler compressor through the low pressure outlet pipe.
  • a high pressure chamber comprised within a stationary high pressure chamber portion and a rotary high pressure chamber portion.
  • the stationary high pressure portion may comprise a high pressure inlet connected to a high pressure inlet pipe that extends through the low pressure chamber, penetrates the vertical wall of the stationary low pressure portion and thus connects the high pressure chamber with the cryocooler compressor.
  • the rotary portion may comprise a high pressure outlet connected to a high pressure outlet pipe that extends through the low pressure chamber in an opposite direction, penetrates through the vertical wall of the rotary low pressure portion and connects with a flexible delivery line. Thereby, high pressure coolant is delivered from the compressor to the cold heads.
  • the high pressure chamber portions are coupled to each other by a high pressure sealing structure such that the rotary high pressure portion rotates in respect of the stationary high pressure portion.
  • the high pressure sealing structure is connected to the low pressure sealing structure. The rotary high pressure portion and the rotary low pressure portion thus rotate simultaneously with the rotor of the wind turbine.
  • the periphery of the low pressure sealing structure may be enclosed by an annular leakage recovery casing comprising an inner leakage recovery chamber and a recovery outlet. Coolant leaking through the low pressure sealing is retained within the recovery chamber from where it may be extracted through the recovery outlet.
  • the sealing portion is made of a material providing low friction to allow rotation of the rotary high pressure portion and good sealing properties to minimize leakage of the high pressure coolant. Coolant leaking from the high pressure chamber enters the low pressure chamber and is transported to the compressor.
  • the low pressure sealing portion of the low pressure sealing structure may be lubricated with a suitable lubricant such as oil.
  • the present invention overcomes the above-described drawbacks of state-of-the-art low-speed direct-drive generators and superconducting synchronous generators for large wind turbines in an efficient manner by means of a structure that is rather cheap and conventional to manufacture.
  • Figure 1 shows a horizontal axis wind turbine for generating 5-10 MW comprising a rotor hub -1- provided with blades (only two blades shown in figure 1 ) linked to a rotor shaft -2- that is connected to a direct-drive synchronous superconducting electric generator -3-.
  • the electric generator is mounted on a generator frame -5-.
  • the rotor hub -1-, rotor shaft -2- and the generator -3- are located in a nacelle -4- that is pivotably mounted on a top portion of a tower in a manner know per se.
  • the electric generator -3- comprises a rotor with rotor frame -14- that is connected to the rotor shaft -2- and to an annular laminated rotor back iron -7- with outer rectangular laminated rotor iron poles -6- which protrude from the back iron peripheral surface.
  • the rotor frame -14- rotates within a stator comprising an annular stator frame - 9- with an inner stator back yoke -8-.
  • the stator frame -9- is connected to the generator frame -5-.
  • Each rotor iron pole -6- is framed by the cryostat -10- and may be covered by an external, thin, annular electromagnetic shield -13- that is mounted around the whole air-gap surface of the rotor.
  • Each module of the cryostat -10- encloses a superconducting coil (not shown in figures 1 and 2 ) made from, for example, magnesium diboride wire, wound in coils as field windings in the rotor.
  • the superconducting coils are operated at cryogen temperature typically in the range of 10-25 K.
  • the cryostat -10- isolates the superconducting coils from the warm parts of the generator, for instance the iron poles -6-, and the outside atmosphere. Inside the cryostat -10-, low-pressure is generated and maintained via vacuum pumps (not shown in the drawings).
  • An annular stator air-gap windings frame -12- comprising a plurality of air-gap windings -11- facing the cryostat -10- and electromagnetic shields -13- is mounted to the inner surface of the stator back yoke -8-.
  • the stator windings also called armature windings, carry 3-phase AC and can be controlled by a power electronics AC/DC-DC/AC converter. Armature windings may require a dedicated cooling system, based on water, oil or forced air circulation, according to the need.
  • the generator further comprises a cryogenic cooling system comprising a cryocooler compressor -15-connected by means of a rotary feedthrough -16- to pairs of flexible lines -17-respectively connected to cryocooler cold heads -18- that, in turn, are connected to the cryostat -10-.
  • the compressor -15- is stationarily positioned inside the rotor.
  • the rotary feedthrough -16- is used when a compressor -15- that is not capable of rotating is used.
  • the pairs of flexible lines -17- are used to circulate the coolant, gas helium in the embodiment shown in the figures, through the cold-heads -18-.
  • the sealing of the rotary joint of the feedthrough -16- can minimize the leakage by implementing, for example, ferrofluid technology.
  • a Gifford-McMahon-type cryocooler comprising the cold head -18- and the compressor -15- connected by to the pairs of flexible lines -17- by the high-pressure rotary feedthrough -16- is adequate as cooling system.
  • the compressor can be designed to rotate so that the feedthrough would not be necessary.
  • FIGS 4-6 show more details of the cryogenic system used to cool and to keep the superconductive coils -24- that are positioned within the cryostat -10- at the proper operation temperature.
  • the cryostat -10- comprises a single multi-modules unit. Each module comprising a portion of two partly interconnected thermal circuits elements -22,23-, a very high thermal conductivity element -21- enclosing the superconducting coil -24- endeavoring the functions of coil thermal anchoring, former and frame, a radiation shield -20-, a cryostat external jacket -19- and a number of low thermal conductivity rests -29,30-.
  • the superconducting coils -24- are in the shape of rectangular frames with arched corner sections and are enclosed by and in thermal contact with frame-like thermal anchoring and former elements -21-.
  • the superconducting coil thermal anchoring, former and frame elements -21- are housed in case-like radiation shields -20-, and each of the so-formed assemblies is housed in an external jacket -19-.
  • Each module of the radiation shield -20- sets up the cryostat high-temperature thermal circuit element -23- which delivers part of the heat entering from outside and/or generated within the cryostat module.
  • Superconducting coil thermal anchoring elements -21- set up the cryostat low-temperature thermal circuit element -22- which delivers part of the heat entering from outside and/or generated within the radiation module -20-.
  • each superconductive coil -24- are comprised of two opposed hollow lateral portions -25- and two opposed hollow transverse portions -32-, forming a rectangular frame the corner portions of which are closed by lateral corner pieces -39-.
  • the cryostat radiation shield -20- comprises a plurality of radiation shield units comprising a rectangular casing -40- having two lateral walls and two transverse walls surrounding an opening, and two transverse L-shaped wings -37- that project outwardly at the bottom of the inner transverse walls of the casing -40-, such that an inner U-shaped channel is formed by one of the transverse walls and one of the L-shaped wings -37-.
  • Each of the inner U-shaped channels comprises three inner U-shaped low thermal conductivity rests -29- for supporting inner U-shaped multi-layer insulations -36- that form a transverse inner U-shaped insulating channel for the radiation heat.
  • the cryostat radiation shield unit further comprises two lateral L-shaped profiles -26- respectively positioned facing the lateral walls of the inner casing -40-such that each of the lateral L-shaped profiles -26- forms a lateral inner U-shaped channel with one of lateral walls of the inner housing -40-.
  • the lateral L-shaped profiles -26- are shorter than the overall lateral extension of the radiation shield -20- and thus only face half of the open end portions of each of the transverse L-shaped wings -37-.
  • Each of the transverse inner U-shaped insulation channels formed by the inner multi-layer insulation -36- is dimensioned such that it there is space for housing a transverse portion -32- of one thermal anchoring and former element -21- and a transverse portion -32- of an adjacent thermal anchoring and former element -21-separated from each other by a transverse space, which gap avoids a direct thermal contact between former elements -21-.
  • each of the inner lateral U-shaped channels between the L-shaped profiles -26- and the lateral walls of the inner casing -40- is dimensioned such that one of the lateral portions of the thermal anchoring and former element -21- fits therein.
  • Each unit of the cryostat radiation shield -20- also comprises an inner cover plate -33- with a central opening.
  • the inner cover plate -33- closes half of each of the inner transverse U-shaped channels in the transverse wings -37- and the inner lateral U-shaped channels.
  • the cryostat external jacket -19- comprises a plurality of jacket units each comprising two transverse U-shaped profiles -28- and two lateral U-shaped profiles - 27- arranged such that the vertical edges of the inner vertical portions of the U-shaped profiles -27-, -28- abut against each other and thus delimit an inner passage.
  • the vertical edges of the outer walls of each of the lateral U-shaped profiles -27- abut against the vertical edges of respective outer L-shaped profiles -31-, and the edges of the central section of the lateral U-shaped profiles abut against the horizontal portion of the outer L-shaped profiles -31-.
  • each of the outer L-shaped profiles -31- thus flush with the respective central sections of the U-shaped profiles -27-whilst the vertical portions of the outer L-shaped profiles flush with the respective wall portions of the outer L-shaped profiles -31-.
  • An outer lateral channel is thus formed by each of lateral U-shaped profiles -27- and the respective outer L-shaped profiles -31-.
  • Each of the transverse U-shaped profiles -28- forms an outer transverse U-shaped channel wherein there are three outer low thermal conductivity rests -30- for supporting an outer U-shaped multi-layer insulation -35- forming an outer transverse insulation channel.
  • Each of the outer transverse insulation channels is dimensioned such that one of the transverse walls of the inner casing -40- and one of the L-shaped wings -37- fits therein.
  • each of the outer lateral channels is dimensioned to house one of the lateral L-shaped profiles -26- of a unit of the cryostat radiation shield -20- such that the inner vertical portions of the lateral U-shaped profile - 27- can be inserted into the opening in the unit of cryostat radiation shield -20- and the outer vertical portion of each of the lateral L-shaped profiles -26- becomes positioned in a middle portion of the outer U-shaped channel.
  • Each unit of the cryostat external jacket -19- further comprises an outer cover plate -34- that covers the outer transverse channels and the outer lateral channels thereof.
  • the outer cover plate -34- has a central opening that is shaped complementarily to the shape of the inner passage of the unit of the cryostat jacket - 19- so that, the unit of the cryostat jacket -19- can be inserted over one of the iron poles -6- of the rotor back iron -7-.
  • Each of the transverse portions of the thermal anchoring and former elements - 21-, of the units of the radiation shield -20- and of the units of the cryostat external jacket -19- shown in figures 5 and 6 is positioned between two adjacent iron poles -6-when the unit of the cryostat -10- is mounted on an iron pole -6-.
  • the transverse portion of each of the units of the cryostats -10- comprising these elements -19-, -20-, - 21- can thus be defined as an interpolar element or portion of the cryostat -10-.
  • cryostat -10- enclosing the superconducting coils -24- is a double-jacket vacuum vessel whose "Hamster Wheel”-like geometry is designed to couple with the rotor structure. It exhibits minimum thermal loss (from radiation and conduction) and enhances the flux-diversion capability of the iron poles by reducing the air-gap length, thus strengthening the air-gap magnetic flux (for a given Ampere-turns value of the superconducting coils) while weakening the leakage flux that leaps across the superconducting coils -24-.
  • the rotary feedthrough -16- shown in figures 7 and 8 comprises a stationary low pressure portion -16a- and a rotary low pressure portion -16b- enclosing a low pressure chamber -16e-.
  • the low pressure portions -16a-, -16b- are rotatably assembled to each other by means of a low pressure rotary sealing structure -42-.
  • the stationary low pressure portion -16a- is fixed to a support -41- that comprises an annular supporting portion -41 a- in which the rotary low pressure portion -16b- is rotatably supported.
  • the rotary low pressure portion -16b- has a peripheral annular thickening -16m- protruding from its outer surface and bearings-41b- located between the annular supporting portion -41 a- and the annular thickening -16m-.
  • the rotary low pressure portion -16b- comprises a low pressure inlet -16j-connected to a low pressure inlet pipe that is connected to a flexible recovery line - 17b-
  • the stationary low pressure portion -16a- comprises a low pressure outlet - 16l- connected to a low pressure outlet pipe -16h-, such that coolant flowing from the cold heads -18- through the flexible recovery line -17b- enters the low pressure chamber -16e- through the low pressure inlet -16j-, leaves the low pressure chamber -16e- through the low pressure outlet -16l- in the stationary low pressure portion -16a- and is lead to the cryocooler compressor -15- through the low pressure outlet pipe-16h-.
  • a high pressure chamber - 16f- comprised within a stationary high pressure chamber portion -16c- and a rotary high pressure chamber portion -16d-.
  • the stationary high pressure portion -16c- comprises a high pressure inlet -16k- connected to a high pressure inlet pipe -16g-that extends through the low pressure chamber -16e-, penetrates to the vertical wall of the stationary low pressure portion -16a- and thus connects the high pressure chamber -16f- with the cryocooler compressor -15-.
  • the rotary high-pressure portion -16d- comprises a high-pressure outlet -16i- connected to a high-pressure outlet pipe -16o- that extends through the low-pressure chamber -16e- in an opposite direction, penetrates through the vertical wall of the rotary low-pressure portion - 16b- and connects with a flexible delivery line. Thereby, high pressure coolant is delivered from the compressor to the cold heads.
  • the high pressure chamber portions -16c-, -16d- are coupled to each other by a high pressure sealing structure -44- such that the rotary high pressure portion - 16d- rotates in respect of the stationary high pressure portion -16c-.
  • the high pressure sealing structure -44- is connected to the low pressure sealing structure - 42-.
  • the rotary high-pressure portion -16d- and the rotary low-pressure portion -16b-thus rotate simultaneously with the rotor of the wind turbine.
  • the periphery of the low pressure sealing structure -42- is sealingly enclosed by an annular leakage recovery casing -43- comprising an inner leakage recovery chamber -43a- and a recovery outlet -43b-. Coolant leaking through the low pressure sealing -42- is just retained by within the recovery chamber -43a- from where it may be extracted through the recovery outlet -43-.
  • the sealing portion is of a material providing low friction to allow rotation of the rotary high pressure portion -16d- and good sealing properties to minimize leakage of the high pressure coolant. Coolant leaking from the high pressure chamber -16f- enters the low pressure chamber -16e- and is transported to the compressor -15-.
  • the low pressure sealing portion of the low pressure sealing structure -41- may be lubricated with a suitable lubricant such as oil.
  • FIG. 9 shows that the cryostat -10- hosts two thermal circuits, in parallel though not independent from each other, i.e. a low-temperature thermal circuit -45-operating at a temperature of, for example, 15 K, and a high-temperature thermal circuit -46- operating at a temperature of, for example, 80 K.
  • Low-temperature thermal circuit -45- comprises low-temperature thermal circuit elements -22- and high-temperature thermal circuit -46- comprises high-temperature thermal circuit elements - 23-.
  • the invention ensures that no coolant enters the cryostat -10- neither superconducting coils -24-. Coolant i.e. helium at a pressure of 10-25 bar leaves the stationary compressor -15- and is led to each of the cold heads -18- through the rotary feedthrough -16- and one of the flexible delivery lines -17a-.
  • a Gifford- McMahon thermodynamic cycle takes place in each of the stages such that each cold head -18- reaches different temperatures, for example 80-100 K in the first stage -18a- and 15-20 K in the second stage -18b-.
  • cryostat -10- Since heat removal at cryogenic temperatures is rather inefficient, vacuum pumps are used to achieve a very low pressure in the cryostat -10- so as to minimize thermal flux carried by the gas molecules inside the vessel and in contact with the walls of the cryostat -10-.
  • the low temperature circuit - 45- and the high temperature circuit -46- Inside the cryostat, there are two thermal circuits, i.e. the low temperature circuit - 45- and the high temperature circuit -46-, that drive heat entering the cryostat -10- to the cold heads -18-. Helium present in the cold heads -18- then returns to the compressor -15- at a pressure of 10-15 bar.
  • the cryostat low-temperature circuit -45- comprises the above mentioned low-temperature heat transmission elements -22- and is thermally connected to the second stage -18b- of the cold head -18- by means of a low-temperature connection -45a-.
  • the cold head second stage -18b- thus acts as heat sink for the low-temperature circuit -45-.
  • the cryostat high temperature circuit - 46- comprises above mentioned high-temperature heat transmission elements -23- and is thermally connected to the first stage -18a- of the cold head -18- by means of a high-temperature connection -46a-.
  • the cold head first stage -18a- thus acts as heat sink for the high-temperature circuit -46-.
  • Each of the transmission elements - 22-, -23- receives heat-flux due to jacket-to-jacket radiation of the various elements composing the cryostat -10- and through the inner rest elements -29- supporting the superconductive coils -24-. Since heat adds up along the circumferential branches of the thermal circuits -45-, -46-, the thermal transmission elements -22-, -23- of each of the thermal circuits -45-, -46- are made thicker the nearer they are to a cold head -18-.
  • the thermal transmission elements -22-, 23- and the connections -45a-, 46a- of the thermal circuits -45-, 46- to the cold heads -18- are made of materials exhibiting a very good conductivity at cryogenic temperatures.
  • a suitable material is, for example, oxygen-free copper.
  • the superconducting coils -24- are kept at their operating temperature by a so called "cryogen-free" system, as the coolant circulates only within the cooling system comprised of the compressor -15-, the feedthrough -16-, the pairs of flexible lines -17- and the cold heads -18-, but not in the thermal circuits of the cryostat that remove the heat. In fact, no gas or liquid enters the cryostat.
  • the rotor magnetic iron i.e. the laminated iron poles -6- and back-iron -7-, are kept warm.
  • the iron poles -6- are used as a magnetic flux-diverter and are properly shaped to reduce the harmonic contents of the air-gap magnetic flux density wave generated by the superconductive coils -24-, as converters for power ratings in the range mentioned above may have problems in dealing with voltage waves exhibiting high harmonic content. Because of the large current carried by the superconductive coils -24-, high magnetic flux densities can be established across long air-gaps.
  • the magnetic part of the stator consists of the annular -8-back-yoke made of laminated magnetic iron without iron teeth hosts the air-gap windings -11- fixed to it via the non-magnetic air-gap windings frame -14-.
  • a cooling system (not shown in the drawings) is provided for the stator depending on the value of the armature current density.
  • the cooling system can consist of a set of air blowers or coolant(s) (e.g. water or oil) circulating in pipes surrounding the stator or directly inside hollow conducts inside the stator.
  • the present invention inter alia offers the advantages of requiring only relatively small amounts of coolant and simplifying the cryostat structure. Additionally, conventional, rather reliable off-the-shelf cryocoolers may be used in the cryocooling system.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Superconductive Dynamoelectric Machines (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Direkt angetriebener elektrischer Generator mit supraleitenden Spulen für eine Windturbine, wobei der Generator (3) umfasst:
    eine Statoranordnung (5, 8, 9, 11, 12), die Luftspalt-Statorwicklungen (11), einen Luftspalt-Wicklungsrahmen (12), ein ringförmiges Statorrückseitenjoch (8) und einen Statorrahmen (9) umfasst;
    eine Rotoranordnung (2, 6, 7, 14), die innerhalb der Statoranordnung (5, 8, 9, 11, 12) drehbar ist;
    eine Vielzahl von supraleitenden Spulen (24), die an der Rotoranordnung (2, 6, 7, 14) positioniert sind;
    ein Kühlsystem (15, 16, 17, 18), das einen Kompressor (15), eine Durchführung (16), Übertragungsleitungen (17) und Kältemaschinen-Kaltköpfe (18) zum Kühlen der supraleitenden Spulen (24) bis hinunter auf eine geeignete kryogene Temperatur bzw. Tieftemperatur umfasst; wobei die Kaltköpfe (18) durch die Leitungen (17) mit dem Kompressor derart verbunden sind, dass ein Kühlmittel an die Kaltköpfe (18) geliefert und von diesen zurück erhalten werden kann;
    einen an der Rotoranordnung befestigten Kälteregler (10), der die supraleitenden Spulen (24) zur optimalen Temperaturisolierung der supraleitenden Spulen (24) beherbergt und zur synchronen Rotation mit dem Rotor ausgelegt ist, wobei der Kälteregler (10) frei von Kühlfluid ist und ausgelegt ist, um die Tieftemperaturen mit Hilfe von Verbindungen zu der Vielzahl von Kaltköpfen (18) durch Wärmeübertragungskreise (45, 46) aufrecht zu erhalten,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    die Rotoranordnung ein Rückseiteneisen (7) mit von dort aus hervorstehenden Eisenpolen (6) umfasst,
    der Kälteregler (10) eine runde leiterähnliche Geometrie aufweist, an der Außenoberfläche des Rotorrückseiteneisens (7) positioniert ist und eine Vielzahl von zentralen Öffnungen umfasst, die ausgelegt sind, um die hervorstehenden Rotoreisenpole aufzunehmen.
  2. Elektrischer Generator nach Anspruch 1,
    der ferner ein Mittel zum Erzeugen eines niedrigen Drucks innerhalb des Kältereglers umfasst und wobei jeder Kaltkopf (18) zwei Stufen umfasst, eine mit niedriger Temperatur (18b) und eine mit hoher Temperatur (18a), wobei eines der Kälteregler-Übertragungselemente mit der Stufe mit niedriger Temperatur verbunden ist und das andere mit der Stufe mit hoher Temperatur verbunden ist, so dass jeder Kaltkopf (18) wie ein Kühlkörper wirkt, der Wärme aus dem Inneren des Kältereglers (10) absorbiert.
  3. Elektrischer Generator nach Anspruch 2,
    wobei der Kälteregler (10) eine Vielzahl von Kältereglereinheiten umfasst, wobei jede Kältereglereinheit ein Temperaturverankerungs- und Spulenkörperelement (21), das eine supraleitende Spule umschließt, eine Strahlungsabschirmung (20) und einen Kälteregler-Außenmantel (19) umfasst, wobei die Strahlungsabschirmung (20) an der Stufe mit hoher Temperatur (18a) der Kältemaschine durch ein Temperaturkreiselement (23) thermisch verankert ist und im Kälteregler-Außenmantel (19) untergebracht ist und das Temperaturverankerungs- und Spulenkörperelement (21) in der Strahlungsabschirmung (20) untergebracht ist und mit der Stufe mit niedriger Temperatur (18b) der Kältemaschine durch ein Temperaturkreiselement mit niedriger Temperatur (22) in thermischem Kontakt steht.
  4. Elektrischer Generator nach Anspruch 3,
    wobei der Kälteregler (10) interpolare Quersektionen umfasst, die zwischen den benachbarten Eisenpolen (6) positioniert sind, wobei jede interpolare Sektion umfasst:
    einen Querabschnitt (28) des Kälteregler-Außenmantels (19), der einen äußeren U-förmigen Querkanal umfasst, der mit einer mehrschichtigen Außenisolierung (35) versehen ist und durch einen Querabschnitt einer äußeren Abdeckplatte (34) verschlossen ist;
    einen Querabschnitt (37) der Strahlungsabschirmung (20), der einen inneren U-förmigen Querkanal umfasst, der mit einer mehrschichtigen Innenisolierung (36) versehen ist und durch einen Querabschnitt einer inneren Abdeckplatte (33) verschlossen ist;
    zwei Querabschnitte (32) von zwei jeweiligen benachbarten Temperaturverankerungs- und Spulenkörperelementen (21), die voneinander durch einen Querraum getrennt sind;
    wobei der Querabschnitt (37) der Strahlungsabschirmung (20) innerhalb der mehrschichtigen Außenisolierung (35) in dem Querabschnitt (28) des Kälteregler-Außenmantels (19) positioniert ist;
    wobei die zwei Querabschnitte (32) der benachbarten Temperaturverankerungs- und Spulenkörperelemente (21) innerhalb der mehrschichtigen Innenisolierung (36) in dem Querabschnitt (37) der Strahlungsabschirmung (20) positioniert sind.
  5. Elektrischer Generator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4,
    der ferner eine Drehdurchführung (16) umfasst, die mit einem Kühlmittelauslass und mit einem Kühlmitteleinlass des Kältemaschinenkompressors (15) derart verbunden ist, dass die Leitungen (17) in Verbindung mit dem Kühlmittelauslass stehen und eine Rückführungsleitung in Fluidverbindung mit dem Kühlmitteleinlass steht.
  6. Elektrischer Generator nach Anspruch 5,
    wobei die Drehdurchführung (16) umfasst:
    eine Niederdruckkammer (16e), die mit einem Niederdruckkreis verbunden ist und mit einer ersten Stufe (18a) mindestens eines Kaltkopfes (18) fluidtechnisch verbunden ist, wobei die erste Stufe (18a) mit dem Niedertemperaturkreis (46) im Kälteregler (10) thermisch gekoppelt ist;
    eine Hochdruckkammer (16h), die in der Niederdruckkammer (16e) untergebracht ist und mit einem Hochdruckkreis fluidtechnisch verbunden ist, der mit einer zweiten Stufe (18b) des mindestens einen Kaltkopfs (18) thermisch gekoppelt ist, wobei die zweite Stufe (18b) mit dem Hochtemperaturkreis (45) im Kälteregler (10) thermisch gekoppelt ist;
    eine Niederdruck-Dichtungsstruktur (41), welche die Niederdruckkammer (16e) in einen stationären Niederdruckabschnitt (16a) und einen rotatorischen Niederdruckabschnitt (16b) unterteilt, wobei der rotatorische Niederdruckabschnitt (16b) in der Niederdruck-Dichtungsstruktur (41) drehbar ist;
    eine Hochdruck-Dichtungsstruktur (44), welche die Hochdruckkammer (16f) in einen stationären Hochdruckabschnitt (16c) und einen rotatorischen Hochdruckabschnitt (16d) unterteilt, wobei der rotatorische Hochdruckabschnitt (16d) in der Hochdruck-Dichtungsstruktur (44) drehbar ist, wobei die Hochdruck-Dichtungsstruktur (44) an der Niederdruck-Dichtungsstruktur (41) montiert ist.
EP09812438.1A 2009-12-30 2009-12-30 Direktangetriebener supraleitender synchrongenerator für eine windturbine Not-in-force EP2521252B1 (de)

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WO2023034257A1 (en) * 2021-08-31 2023-03-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Cooling system for superconducting wind power generator

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US20120306212A1 (en) 2012-12-06
WO2011080357A1 (es) 2011-07-07
ES2523975T3 (es) 2014-12-03
EP2521252A1 (de) 2012-11-07

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