EP2516328A1 - Nanopartikel mit reduzierter ligandensphäre - Google Patents
Nanopartikel mit reduzierter ligandensphäreInfo
- Publication number
- EP2516328A1 EP2516328A1 EP10796017A EP10796017A EP2516328A1 EP 2516328 A1 EP2516328 A1 EP 2516328A1 EP 10796017 A EP10796017 A EP 10796017A EP 10796017 A EP10796017 A EP 10796017A EP 2516328 A1 EP2516328 A1 EP 2516328A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nanoparticles
- solar cells
- ligands
- radicals
- ligand
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G11/00—Compounds of cadmium
- C01G11/02—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B19/00—Selenium; Tellurium; Compounds thereof
- C01B19/007—Tellurides or selenides of metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/10—Compounds of cadmium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/60—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape characterised by shape
- C30B29/605—Products containing multiple oriented crystallites, e.g. columnar crystallites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B33/00—After-treatment of single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
Definitions
- Nanoparticles with reduced ligand sphere Nanoparticles with reduced ligand sphere
- the present invention relates to the technical field of nanoparticles.
- the present invention is a process for the treatment of nanoparticles for reducing the size of the ligand sphere.
- Nanoparticles (also called nanoparticles or nanomaterials) play an increasingly important role in everyday products. Nanoparticles have a huge surface area in relation to their volume. With them, relatively more atoms are present at the surface than in larger bodies. As a result, they have new or changed properties that offer new applications.
- Semiconducting nanoparticles are the subject of current research and development work in the field of organic / inorganic hybrid solar cells (see, for example, CW Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 183 (1986); NS Sariciftci, L. Smilowitz, AJ Heeger, and F. Wudl, Science 258, 1474 (1992); WU Huynh, JJ Dittmer, and AP Alivisatos, Science 295, 2425 (2002)).
- organic / inorganic hybrid solar cells have the potential of cost-effective production and large-scale production on flexible substrates.
- Organic / inorganic hybrid solar cells based on conductive organic polymers as electron donors such as poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles such as CdSe nanoparticles are known from the prior art (see, eg, NC Greenham, X. Peng, and AP Alivisatos, Physical Review B 54, 17628 (1996); X. Peng, L. Manna, W. Yang, J. Wickham, E. Scher, A. Kadavanich, AP Alivisatos, Nature 404, 59 (2000) ).
- the stretched or branched nanoparticles have directed electron pathways, so that electrons on their way to the electrode must overcome less interparticle barriers than in the case of spherical particles of the same volume.
- the performance of a solar cell depends not only on the shape of the nanoparticles but also on the solubility and surface properties of the nanoparticles, which can significantly influence the electron transfer between the particles.
- long-alkyl ligands are used in the preparation of nanoparticles to prevent aggregation of nanoparticles. In the solar cell, however, these ligands with alkyl radicals have a disadvantageous effect, since they can lead to an electrical passivation of the nanoparticles.
- Nanoparticles are stabilized in the simplest case by a surface-active ligand and protected against aggregation and oxidation.
- These surface-active ligands are usually amphiphilic compounds with a polar head group that binds to the surface of the nanoparticle and a long nonpolar lipophilic or hydrophobic tail that faces outward (see Figure la).
- a monomolecular ligand layer (Figure 1a) will rarely be bound around the semiconducting core; rather, a multi-layered ligand sphere is arranged around the semiconductive core, which consists of several different strongly connected amphiphilic molecules, which leads to an effective increase in the particle size (see Fig. Lb).
- hybrid solar cells based on inorganic nanoparticles and organic conductive polymers described in the literature have a low efficiency compared to conventional silicon solar cells. Although the manufacturing costs of hybrid systems are lower than those of conventional silicon solar cells, the difference is not so great that it could compensate for the lower efficiency.
- the size of the ligand sphere attached to nanoparticles can be reduced by treating the nanoparticles with a substance which forms a compound with the ligands, whereby the compound can be easily separated from the nanoparticles by washing.
- the size reduction of the ligand sphere causes the electrical barrier layer to sink around the nanoparticles.
- the effective particle size of the nanoparticles and the Nanoparticles can get closer together.
- the interparticle electrical barrier between the nanoparticles decreases and the reduction of the ligand sphere leads to an increased efficiency in hybrid solar cells, in which the nanoparticles thus treated are used.
- the present invention therefore relates to a process for the treatment of nanoparticles to which ligands RL-X are bound with a polar head group X and a tail R L , which is characterized in that the nanoparticles are brought into contact with a substance Y, the forms a chemical compound with the ligands RL-X, which can then be removed by washing from the nanoparticles.
- a nanoparticle is understood to mean a body whose greatest extent is less than 1 ⁇ m. Preference is given to using nanoparticles whose maximum extent is in the range from 1 nm to 100 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.5 nm to 50 nm, very particularly preferably in the range from 2 nm to 40 nm (measured by means of a transmission electron microscope).
- the nanoparticles are preferably materials having a conductive or semiconductive inorganic core around which the ligand is located.
- nanoparticles having a core of one or more of the following materials are used:
- CdS, CdSe, CdTe or ternary mixing systems of these materials such as CdTe ( i_x ) Se x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ l), from ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe or ternary mixing systems of these materials HgS, HgSe, HgTe or ternary mixing systems of these materials,
- III-V semiconductors such as InP, InAs, GaP or ternary mixing systems of these materials,
- IV-VI semiconductors such as PbS, PbSe, PbTe or ternary mixing systems of these materials
- CdS CdSe
- CdTe ternary mixed systems of these materials
- CdSe CdTe ( i -X) Se x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1)
- the nanoparticles may be wholly or partially amorphous, polycrystalline or monocrystalline.
- the nanoparticles are preferably crystalline, particularly preferably monocrystalline.
- the synthesis of nanoparticles usually takes place in a solution in which one or more coordinating or complexing substances are present, which bind to the nanoparticles.
- These coordinating or complexing substances should prevent stabilization of the nanoparticles and agglomeration of the small particles.
- the reaction solvent in which the nanoparticles are synthesized may itself be a coordinating substance; It is also conceivable that one or more coordinating substances are added to a solvent.
- the coordinating substance adheres as a ligand sphere around the synthesized nanoparticles (see FIGS. 1a and 1b).
- Commonly used coordinating substances are amines, alkylphosphines, alkylphosphine oxides, fatty acids, ethers, furans, phosphate acids, pyridines, alkenes, alkynes and combinations thereof.
- the substances mentioned can be used in pure form or in the form of mixtures.
- Suitable amines include, but are not limited to, alkylamines such as dodecylamine and hexyldecylamine, etc.
- alkylphosphines include, but are not limited to, the trialkylphosphines, tri-n-butylphosphine (TBP), tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP), etc.
- Suitable alkyl phosphine oxides include, but are not limited to, trialkyl phosphine oxide, tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO), etc.
- fatty acids include, but are not limited to, stearic and lauric acids.
- ethers and furans include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuran and its methylated forms, glyme, etc.
- Suitable phosphate acids include, but are not limited to, hexyl phosphonic acid, tetradecyl phosphonic acid, and octyl phosphinic acid, and preferably a combination with an alkyl phosphine oxide such as TOPO.
- pyridines include, but are not limited to, pyridine, alkylated pyridines, nicotinic acid, etc.
- alkyl refers to both a branched or unbranched, saturated hydrocarbon group of usually 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, Decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl and tetracosyl, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
- alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon compounds such as methane, ethane, etc.
- alkenyl and alkynyl groups are derived from the alkyl groups in the known manner to have at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.
- the ligands RL-X bound to the nanoparticles compounds may be the coordinating compounds listed above, but it may also be compounds that arise from the above-listed coordinating compounds by uptake of one or more protons or by release of one or more protons.
- the ligands RL-X have a polar head group X.
- the tail is preferably non-polar.
- a polar head group is understood to mean a molecular constituent which carries one or more electrical charges, that is to say is singly or multiply positively or negatively charged, or which has a permanent electric dipole moment.
- a nonpolar tail is understood to mean a molecular component that is not electrically charged and has no permanent electrical dipole moment.
- the ligand RL-X is attached via the head group X to the nanoparticles.
- X is a carboxylate group COO " or an amino group NR 1 R 2 R 3 with the radicals Ri to R 3 , wherein the radicals R ⁇ to R 3, for example, be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl groups
- the tail is preferably an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group, more preferably an aliphatic alkyl group
- the radicals Ri, R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different.
- the nanoparticles surrounding the ligands RL-X are brought into contact with a substance Y which forms a chemical compound with the ligands RL-X.
- the compound can be removed from the nanoparticles by washing.
- the compound is preferably a salt, ie between the ligands R L -X and the substance Y it is preferable for an acid-base reaction to form an ionic compound.
- the substance Y leads to a weakening of the bond between the ligands RL-X and the nanoparticle (see FIG. 2).
- the substance Y is preferably an amine NR 1 R 2 R 3 or an ammonium compound + NRiR 2 R 3 R 4 employed with the radicals Ri to R4, the radicals Ri to R 3 or Ri to R4 as hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl groups may be.
- the ligand R L -X is a compound having an amino group NR 1 R 2 R 3 with the radicals Ri to R 3 , where the radicals R ⁇ to R 3, for example, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or Aryl groups may be used as substance Y is preferably a carboxylic acid or a carboxylate compound.
- the contacting of the nanoparticles with the substance Y takes place at a temperature at which the ligands R L -X and the substance Y react with each other, but in which there are no side reactions of the nanoparticles or of the solvent.
- the temperature should be in a range at which no particle growth takes place, for example due to a so-called Ostwald ripening. Suitable substances Y and conditions can be easily determined empirically by routine experimentation.
- the treatment according to the invention can take place when the nanoparticles are in the solid state.
- the treatment according to the invention is carried out in a dispersion in which the nanoparticles are optionally dispersed so that they are readily accessible from all sides.
- the inventive method can be accelerated.
- the substances RL-X and Y are coordinated so that the resulting chemical compound is soluble in the solvent or solvent mixture used for the purification, so that it can easily be removed by washing.
- Corresponding conditions and substances can be determined empirically by routine tests.
- the treatment usually takes place a washing step.
- a reagent supplied which leads to precipitation of the nanoparticles.
- the nanoparticles can be separated from the substance Y, which is preferably soluble in the purification solution.
- the substances RL-X and Y, the dispersing / solvent and / or the process conditions are selected so that the reaction between RL-X and Y leads to a chemical compound which in the nanoparticle dispersion is not or only slightly soluble.
- the chemical compound between R L -X and Y can be separated from the nanoparticle dispersion by centrifugation, for example.
- the process parameters which lead to a sparingly soluble or insoluble compound between RL-X and Y are either known to the person skilled in the art or can be easily determined empirically by routine experiments.
- the resulting nanoparticles, after the treatment according to the invention, have a reduced ligand sphere up to a monomolecular layer.
- Another object of the present invention are nanoparticles which have been subjected to the inventive method.
- nanoparticles treated according to the invention into a photovoltaic cell results in improved charge transport of nanoparticles to nanoparticles and / or also between the conductive polymer, which surrounds the nanoparticles in the photovoltaic cell, and the nanoparticles, and thus due to the reduced insulating ligand layer to a reduction of competing recombination processes.
- the treatment according to the invention generally also leads to increased solubility of the nanoparticles in the photoactive layer of nanoparticles and conductive polymer, which has further positive effects on the efficiency of the hybrid solar cell.
- inventively treated nanoparticles in hybrid solar cells is a further subject of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 a schematically shows a nanoparticle (1) with a monomolecular layer of ligands (2). These ligands form the ligand sphere around the nanoparticle.
- the dashed circle (3) represents the effective particle size.
- FIG. 1b schematically shows a nanoparticle (1) with several layers of more or less strongly bound ligands (2).
- the effective particle size (represented by the dashed circle (3)) is larger than in the case of FIG. 1a.
- FIG. 2 A ligand sphere is present around a nucleus (1).
- the ligands (2) are amine compounds.
- the inventive treatment of the nanoparticles with a carboxylic acid results in the formation of a salt that can be easily removed from the nanoparticle. This reduces the size of the ligand sphere and decreases the effective particle size.
- the reaction medium also called matrix
- the reaction medium consisted of hexadecylamine (HDA, 98%, company Molekula) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 99%, Aldrich) in a molar ratio of 6: 4.
- the matrix was also solvent and ligand for the formation of CdSe nanoparticles in the temperature range between 100 ° C and 300 ° C.
- TOPO prevented the decomposition of Cd (SA) 2 at high temperatures such as 300 ° C.
- the molar ratio of Cd to Se was 1: 1, while the molar ratio of Cd and Se to the matrix was 1: 100. All subsequent synthetic steps in this example were carried out under inert gas atmosphere (nitrogen).
- HDA was heated to 300 ° C for at least 5 minutes to monomerize the micelle-prone HDA.
- the increased effective HDA concentration contributes significantly to the stabilization and quality of the CdSe nanoparticles, as only the monomeric HDA is an effective ligand for CdSe nanoparticles.
- the ligand shell increased during this time and protected the nanoparticles from the so-called Ostwald ripening, ie the uncontrolled growth of some nanoparticles at the expense of other nanoparticles. This minimized the formation of additional defects and prevented the increase in size inhomogeneity.
- FIG. 3 shows the UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the CdSe nanoparticles before and after the treatment according to the invention with hexanoic acid.
- a first absorption band at 606 nm with a corresponding photoluminescence emission band at 622 nm can be seen.
- the emission band has a width (fill width at half maximum) of 29 nm.
- the absorption spectrum of the nanoparticles in the chloroform solution after the acid treatment is virtually unchanged from that before the acid treatment - the treatment according to the invention obviously has no influence on the absorption properties of the nanoparticles. In contrast, the emission band in the nanoparticles treated according to the invention has disappeared.
- TEM Transmission electron micrographs
- the untreated nanoparticles from Example 3 are shown in the TEM images (Zeiss (LEO) 912 omega) as well separated, individual particles (FIG. 5 (a)), while the treated nanoparticles are in the form of larger agglomerates (FIG (b)), which is important in photovoltaic cells for the formation of percolation paths between the particles.
- FIG. 4 shows the size distribution of treated and untreated nanoparticles determined by means of DLS (Zetasizer Nano Series ZS, Malvern). It can be clearly seen that the effective particle size has fallen by more than two orders of magnitude after the treatment according to the invention.
- PCE power conversion efficency
- the hydrodynamic diameter of about 200 nm in the case of untreated nanoparticles is unusually high and the presence of agglomerates in the dispersion can not be excluded. Hydrophobic interactions, which are caused by additionally adsorbed ligands and lead to an aggregation in the dispersion, are very likely. Nevertheless, the DLS studies show the tendency of overall decreasing particle size.
- the hydrodynamic diameter of about 10 nm in the case of the CdSe nanoparticles treated according to the invention is a realistic value which is in agreement with the TEM images and the UV-Vis investigations.
- Example 5 (not according to the invention)
- the CdSe nanoparticles of Examples 3 and 4 were dispersed in anhydrous 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) to give a concentration of about 15 mg / ml.
- DCB 1,2-dichlorobenzene
- the layer thickness of the P3HT / CdSe layers was about 80-100 nm measured by means of a profilometer. On these layers, aluminum electrodes with a thickness of 112.5 nm were applied by means of thermal vapor deposition. The active area was about 0.08 cm 2 .
- photovoltaic cells were annealed in a nitrogen-flooded glove box at a temperature of 145 ° C for 10 minutes and then annealed at a temperature of 160 ° C for 10 minutes. After the cells had cooled (about 20 ° C), current density-voltage curves were recorded in the nitrogen-flooded chamber.
- the solar cell with the best properties was prepared from a mixture of 87% by weight of CdSe nanoparticles treated according to the invention in P3HT under AM1.5G 100 mW / cm 2 illumination.
- the short-circuit voltage (Voc) was 623 mV
- the short-circuit current density (J sc ) 5.8 mA / cm 2
- the filling factor (FF) 0.56
- the efficiency (PCE power conversion efficency) 2.0%.
- the wavelength-dependent quantum efficiency (EQE) showed a maximum value of 50% below 0.67 mW / cm 2 irradiation at 455 nm, which is in agreement with results in scientific publications (see eg WU Huynh, JJ Dittmer, and AP Alivisatos, Science 295, 2425 (2002)).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009060034A DE102009060034A1 (de) | 2009-12-21 | 2009-12-21 | Nanopartikel mit reduzierter Ligandensphäre |
| PCT/EP2010/070039 WO2011085905A1 (de) | 2009-12-21 | 2010-12-17 | Nanopartikel mit reduzierter ligandensphäre |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2516328A1 true EP2516328A1 (de) | 2012-10-31 |
Family
ID=43759789
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10796017A Pending EP2516328A1 (de) | 2009-12-21 | 2010-12-17 | Nanopartikel mit reduzierter ligandensphäre |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20120283462A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2516328A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN102686510A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102009060034A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2011085905A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102683369A (zh) * | 2012-04-20 | 2012-09-19 | 广东普加福光电科技有限公司 | 用于增强硅基成像器件对紫外响应的量子点光转换膜的制备方法和用途 |
| CN104479680B (zh) * | 2014-12-19 | 2016-09-28 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | 改性量子点及其制备方法、着色剂、感光性树脂组合物、彩色滤光片和显示装置 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5922537A (en) * | 1996-11-08 | 1999-07-13 | N.o slashed.AB Immunoassay, Inc. | Nanoparticles biosensor |
| JP4230741B2 (ja) * | 2002-08-30 | 2009-02-25 | 日立ソフトウエアエンジニアリング株式会社 | 半導体ナノ粒子の精製方法 |
| JP4445716B2 (ja) * | 2003-05-30 | 2010-04-07 | 日立ソフトウエアエンジニアリング株式会社 | ナノ粒子製造方法 |
-
2009
- 2009-12-21 DE DE102009060034A patent/DE102009060034A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-12-17 CN CN2010800587805A patent/CN102686510A/zh active Pending
- 2010-12-17 US US13/517,025 patent/US20120283462A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-17 EP EP10796017A patent/EP2516328A1/de active Pending
- 2010-12-17 WO PCT/EP2010/070039 patent/WO2011085905A1/de not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2011085905A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2011085905A1 (de) | 2011-07-21 |
| DE102009060034A1 (de) | 2011-06-22 |
| US20120283462A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
| CN102686510A (zh) | 2012-09-19 |
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