EP2480359B1 - Method for producing a green compact apparatus for the manufacture thereof and computer programm - Google Patents

Method for producing a green compact apparatus for the manufacture thereof and computer programm Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2480359B1
EP2480359B1 EP10765568.0A EP10765568A EP2480359B1 EP 2480359 B1 EP2480359 B1 EP 2480359B1 EP 10765568 A EP10765568 A EP 10765568A EP 2480359 B1 EP2480359 B1 EP 2480359B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
partial
green compact
working space
punch
partial green
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EP10765568.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2480359A1 (en
Inventor
Rainer Schmitt
Antonio Casellas
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GKN Sinter Metals Holding GmbH
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GKN Sinter Metals Holding GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B22F3/03—Press-moulding apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
    • B30B11/02—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a green compact, the green compact comprising at least two partial green compacts.
  • EP 399 630 B1 a method for producing a green compact emerges, wherein powder material is precompacted to form a first green compact and then a second, separately precompacted green compact or a solid part is inserted into a cavity of the first green compact in the press. Then the assembled green compact is finally compacted.
  • JP8134509 A it is known that two green parts are moved into one another to form a loose fit. Only afterwards, when both partial green parts have been moved to one another with the formation of a clearance fit, does pressing take place by means of the outer and inner upper punch.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an improved method for producing a green compact.
  • a method for producing a green compact comprising at least two partial green compacts, the partial green compacts each being pressed and joined from at least one powdery substance in one operation.
  • two, three, four or more than four partial green parts can be pressed and joined or pressed, brought together and joined in one operation.
  • the proposed method is much faster than a separate compression of all partial green parts to be joined with a subsequent assembly of the partial green parts.
  • the partial green parts are pressed in the same tool.
  • at least one partially green compact can be pre-compacted and subsequently compacted or finally compacted before or after joining.
  • the joined green compact is preferably re-compacted or finally compacted in the same tool.
  • all of the partially green parts to be joined are compacted before or during the joining process in such a way that subsequent densification does not have to be carried out after joining.
  • the powdery substance is fed in a first step to at least one filling space of a tool and in a second step the powdery substance is separated into at least two partial quantities.
  • a first partial amount of the powdery substance is supplied to a first working space and a second partial amount is supplied to a second working space.
  • Working space is to be understood as meaning, in particular, cavities in a pressing tool which can be filled with a powder and in which a pressing process or compression of the powder can be carried out.
  • the working spaces are preferably delimited by at least one press ram.
  • the working space is delimited by at least two press punches and / or by a die.
  • the work space can be designed to be movable, so that, for example, a pressing process of the powdery substance or the partial amount that is arranged in the work space can be carried out while the entire work space is being moved.
  • One embodiment also provides for the movement of the working space and the subset of the pulverulent substance arranged in it without compressing the same.
  • the filling space is a space in which the powdery substance is filled. This can in particular comprise at least one work space.
  • a filling space is provided for at least two partial quantities.
  • a first partial amount of the pulverulent substance is filled into a first filling space and a second amount of the pulverulent substance is filled into a second filling space.
  • the powdery substance is filled into exactly one filling space and is separated into at least two partial quantities, for example by means of at least one press ram, preferably an upper ram and / or a lower ram.
  • the partial quantities are preferably transferred into separate working spaces of the same tool by means of the press ram.
  • the method also offers an advantage if the partial green parts are first pressed separately in a tool, then brought together and then joined.
  • the separated partial quantities of the powdery substance in the tool are pressed into two separate partial green parts and brought together in the tool in a subsequent work step.
  • Separate pressing can mean that the partial quantities of the powdery substance are spaced from one another in the tool in such a way that two separate, spaced-apart working spaces are formed in the tool, in which separate green compacts, which are then called partial green compacts, are produced. It is also possible here for the press ram of the adjacent work space to form a work space for the respective other pressed product or part of green product while the partial green products are being pressed.
  • a press ram arranged in the middle of the tool can form a cavity in a first working space for a first partial green product, while the outer press ram for the first partial green product form an outer working space for a second partial green product, which is formed by means of the central press ram.
  • the embodiment is not limited to the fact that the two partial green compacts are only pressed separately, rather it is also possible to first press a partial green compact in a first separate working space and transfer this partial green compact to the second working space for the second partial green compact.
  • the first partial green product is then held in its working space during the pressing of the second partial green product, so that the first partial green product is immediately joined to the second partial green product that is being produced.
  • the merging of the first and second partial green compact is thus postponed in a working phase of the tool in which the second partial green compact is pressed.
  • Press punch is the generic term for lower punch and upper punch.
  • powdery material is pressed, that is to say compacted and partially green parts are joined.
  • a joining space is kept free during and / or after a transfer of a partial amount by means of a press ram through the press ram.
  • this joining space is at least partially limited by a further subset of the powdery substance.
  • a joining space is to be understood as the space within a subset or a partial green product into which a further partial green product is joined.
  • the partial quantities of the pulverulent substance are pressed in the first working space to form a first partial green product and in the second working space to form a second partial green product.
  • a variant provides that at least a first partial green compact is joined to a second partial green compact before or during removal from the mold.
  • the partial green parts are preferably joined and removed from the mold in a subsequent step.
  • the partial green compact can be joined at the same time as demolding of the green compact, with the second partial green compact, for example, being moved in an ejection direction from the tool, this being transferred into the first partial green compact, preferably in its joining space.
  • the joined green compact is moved in the ejection direction without, for example, the press die (s) that joined the second partial green compact in the first partial green compact, coming to a standstill.
  • the second partial quantity is pressed into a second partial green compact and the second partial green compact is transferred into the first working space.
  • the first partial amount is pressed in the first working space after the second partial green part has been transferred into the first working space.
  • the first partial quantity can also be pressed in the first working space, while the second partial green compact is transferred into the first working space.
  • Sintered components are at risk of cracking during actual compression as well as during demolding and the subsequent handling at cross-sectional transitions, among other things due to density inhomogeneities or axial and radial stresses in the tool.
  • the risk of cracks at the cross-sectional transitions is avoided by the proposed method, since the at least two partial green compacts are compacted independently of one another without interfering with cross-sectional transitions and then joined in one operation. By keeping the joining space free by at least one press die, a high degree of accuracy of fit is achieved between the partial green parts to be joined.
  • the green compact is sintered following demolding and, if necessary, after further processing steps of the green compact, the high accuracy of fit results in sintering on the contact surfaces of the partial green compacts.
  • the partial green parts are joined in a press fit.
  • first subset and the second subset have different alloys. Furthermore, it is provided in one embodiment that the first subset and the second subset have the same alloy.
  • the partial green compacts can have the same alloy or an alloy which has largely the same or exactly the same shrinkage behavior. Likewise, with the proposed method, it is no longer necessary to achieve a sufficient connection of the partial green compacts, for example a press fit by sintering in particular different materials or materials with different shrinkage behavior, but the connection of the partial green compacts is sufficient for a firm hold after the pressing process.
  • the mechanical interlocking of the partial green compacts after demolding is sufficiently high to ensure transport to the sintering furnace;
  • the partial green compacts preferably have a surface pressure of 0.1N / mm 2 to 100N / mm 2 , further preferably 1N / mm 2 to 50N / mm 2 , particularly preferably 2N / mm 2 to 30 N / mm 2 .
  • the partial green compacts After sintering, especially in the case of cross-grain sintering between the partial green compacts, the partial green compacts have a strength to one another which almost corresponds to that of the remaining structure, in particular a strength of 70% to 99% of the remaining structure, further preferably 90% to 100% of the remaining structure.
  • the green compact is sintered, at least partial sintering takes place at the boundary surfaces of the partial green compacts.
  • the powdery substance is filled into a filling space of a tool, the tool having at least a first lower punch, a second lower punch, a first upper punch and a second upper punch, a first working space at least through the first upper punch and the first Lower punch is limited and is preferably part of the filling space.
  • the second lower punch and the second upper punch transfer a subset of the powdery substance into a second work space, the second work space being at least delimited by the second upper punch and the second lower punch and preferably located outside the first work space.
  • the partial quantities of the pulverulent substance are pressed at least in the first working space to form a first partial green product and in the second working space to form a second partial green product.
  • the second partial green compact is moved into the first work space before, during or after the first partial green compact is pressed in order to join the partial green compact.
  • the working spaces preferably have at least one of the partial green compacts before and / or during a pressing no contact surfaces, so that a compression of the powdery substance at least partially and / or at least takes place separately in a work space.
  • a further idea of the invention is a press for pressing and joining at least two partial green parts according to claim 9, comprising a tool and a control device, the tool having at least a first and a second upper punch and a first and a second lower punch, with at least the first lower punch and the first upper punch can be moved independently of the second lower punch and the second upper punch.
  • a first work space can be formed at least by means of the first upper punch and the first lower punch and a second work space can be formed at least by means of the second upper punch and the second lower punch.
  • the second working space is also at least partially delimited or at least partially defined by the first upper punch or the first lower punch.
  • first working space and / or the second working space is at least partially delimited or defined by at least one die. It is also provided in one embodiment that at least one third press ram at least partially delimit or define the first and / or the second working space.
  • a joining space can be kept in the first working space, into which the second partial green compact can be transferred.
  • the press die which holds the joining space, has a smaller diameter than the partial green part that is joined in the joining space.
  • the difference or the oversize corresponds to the punch game between the first lower punch and the second upper punch.
  • Punch clearances are between about 0.005 and about 0.025mm.
  • the force for joining the partial green compacts is dependent on the contact area between the partial green compacts to be connected, that is, the larger the contact area, the greater the force applied to the partial green compact.
  • the partially green compact is pressed into the joint space with a force of about 1N / mm 2 to 100N / mm 2 , preferably between about 10N / mm 2 and 50N / mm 2.
  • Another idea of the invention provides a computer program product for a press for
  • the press has at least a first upper punch, a first lower punch, a second upper punch and a second lower punch, wherein the press is controlled in such a way that after a Filling a filling space with at least one powdery substance, at least a second lower punch and a second upper punch separate a second subset of the powdery substance from a first subset.
  • the press is controlled in such a way that a first partial amount of the powdery substance is supplied to a first working space and a second partial amount is supplied to a second working space.
  • the control takes place in such a way that a first press ram serves at least partially as a die for the second working space, that is to say that the second working space is arranged at least partially within the first upper ram or the first lower ram.
  • the press is controlled in such a way that a first partial green compact is pressed in a first working space and a second partial green compact is pressed in a second working space.
  • the computer program product preferably controls the press in such a way that the first partial green compact and the second partial green compact are joined before demolding.
  • a computer program product offers an advantage if the computer program product controls the press in such a way that the separate subsets are pressed into green parts, then brought together and then joined.
  • a separate pressing of the partial quantities of the powdery substance can first be controlled in separate, spaced-apart work spaces before the partial green compacts are brought together, that is to say pushed one on top of the other or one inside the other.
  • the joining then controls the computer program product in such a way that the two green parts are brought together and joined with or without re-pressing.
  • a control by means of the computer product is also possible to the effect that in a first work step a first partial green product is formed in a first work space, then in a second work step the formed first partial green product is moved into the work space of the second partial green product and finally in a third work step the second part green compact is pressed.
  • the joined partial green compacts are then ejected by opening the tool and removing or ejecting the joined partial green compacts for further processing.
  • the computer program product controls the press by means of a route control or route regulation.
  • a closed control loop for controlling the press is preferred.
  • the computer program product controls the press in such a way that the press rams apply a predetermined force to the powdery substance or perform a predetermined work on the powdery substance.
  • a combination of path and Force control provided.
  • a closed control loop for controlling the press is provided in one embodiment.
  • control device for a press with, in particular, a tool described above is proposed, the control device having a computer program product described above.
  • the control device has a closed control loop for position control and / or force control of the press.
  • At least two partial green compacts can be joined to form one green compact.
  • the partial green parts are preferably joined together with an accurate fit. Furthermore, there is preferably a press fit between the partial green compacts.
  • the green compact can be joined in one embodiment from two, three, four or more than four partial green compacts. In one embodiment it is also provided that the green compact has one or more than one alloy. In particular, all partial green parts have the same alloy. Furthermore, it is provided in one embodiment that at least two partial green compacts have a different alloy.
  • Fig. 1 shows a sequence A to E of compacting and joining two green parts in one operation. At least a first upper punch 1, a first lower punch 2, a second upper punch 3, a second lower punch 4 and a die 5 form a tool 6.
  • the tool 6 is opened for filling with a powdery substance 11 and, as shown in step A, are opened the first lower punch 2 and the second lower punch 4 move in such a way that a filling space 16 is formed.
  • the powdery substance is filled into the filling space 16.
  • step B it can be seen that the tool is closed and, in particular, a first upper punch 1 and a second upper punch 3 delimit the filling space, in particular towards the top.
  • Step B further shows that the second upper punch 3 and the second lower punch 4 are moved in such a way that a first subset 7 of the powdery substance 11 is separated from a second subset 9 of the powdery substance 11.
  • the second subset 9 is transferred into a second working space 10, a first subset remaining in a first working space 8.
  • the filling space 16 comprises the first working space 8.
  • step C the rams move together. It can be seen that the first upper punch 1 and the first lower punch 2 press the first partial quantity 7 in the first working space 8 to form a first partial green compact 12. Furthermore, the second subset 9 is pressed in the second working space 10 by means of the second upper punch 3 and the second lower punch 4 to form a second partial green compact 13.
  • a joining space 15 is kept free within the first working space 8 by means of the second upper punch 3. In particular, the joining space 15 is at least partially delimited by the first partial green compact 12 after the pressing process.
  • Step D shows the merging, that is, how the second upper punch 3 and the second lower punch 4 move the second partial green compact 13 into the joining space 15 and thus join the first partial green compact 12 and the second partial green compact 13.
  • the first partial green compact 12 is moved by means of the first upper punch 1 and the first lower punch 2 in such a way that the partial green compacts 12, 13 are joined.
  • the partial green compacts 12, 13 are re-compacted again by means of the press punches 1, 2, 3, 4 after joining.
  • step E the finished green compact 14 is formed from the tool 6.
  • the green compact 14 is calibrated and / or subjected to machining after it has been formed.
  • the green compact 14 is preferably sintered after it has been molded.
  • Fig. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of pressing and joining partial green parts.
  • step A the powdery substance 11 is filled into the filling space 16.
  • the first lower punch 2, the second lower punch 4 and the die 5 form the filling space 16 in this embodiment.
  • step B is comparable to that in step B.
  • Fig. 1 The method step shown moves a second subset 9 into a second work space 10, while a first subset 7 remains in the first work space 8.
  • step C it can be seen that the second subset 9 is compacted to form a second partial green compact 13.
  • the first subset 7, however, is not or only slightly compressed.
  • the compaction process begins during or after compaction of the second partial green compact 13, this not yet being completed after compaction of the second partial green compact 13.
  • step D the second partial green compact 13 is transferred, moved or moved into the joining space 15 which was kept free by the second upper punch 3.
  • the pressing process of the first partial quantity 7 to form the first partial green compact 12 is started.
  • Step E shows the fully joined and pressed green compact 14 in the tool 6.
  • the second partial green compact 13 is moved relative to the die 5.
  • the first upper punch 1 and the second upper punch 3 are moved synchronously, preferably also the second lower punch relatively.
  • step F the finished green compact 14 is removed from the mold.
  • Fig. 3 shows an incomplete selection of configurations of the green compact 14.
  • the geometric shape is selected here purely by way of example; different shapes, also not shown here, can be implemented. Provision is also made for the configurations shown here to be combined with one another and / or with other shapes, not shown here, to form further configurations.
  • Embodiment A shows a green compact 14 having a first partial green compact 12 and a second partial green compact 13.
  • the second partial green compact 13 protrudes beyond the first partial green compact 12, so that the green compact 14 has a cross-sectional change 16, which is in particular formed medially.
  • Embodiment B shows a green compact 14, the second partial green compact 13 of which is designed as a tube or hollow part. Furthermore, in embodiment C it can be seen that the first partial green compact 12 is designed as a hollow part and in particular protrudes beyond the second partial green compact 13. The change in cross section 16 is formed laterally here.
  • Embodiment D shows a further variant of a lateral change in cross section 16.
  • the second partial green compact 13, which protrudes beyond the first partial green compact 12, is only partially enclosed in a cross section by the first partial green compact 12.
  • Embodiment E shows that the second partial green compact 13 projects beyond the first partial green compact 12 on both sides. Furthermore, in embodiment F it can be seen that more than two green parts can be joined. In particular, four partial green compacts are joined in embodiment F. However, in further refinements it is provided that three, five or more than five green parts are joined.
  • Fig. 4 shows an etched micrograph of a joined and sintered green compact 14 composed of a first partial green compact 12 and a second partial green compact 13.
  • a boundary surface 17 can be seen between the partial green compacts 12, 13 and is extended for clarity by means of a dashed line. However, it is also from the Fig. 4 it can be seen that cross-grain sintering 18 has taken place across the surface.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Grünlings, wobei der Grünling zumindest zwei Teilgrünlinge umfasst.The invention relates to a method for producing a green compact, the green compact comprising at least two partial green compacts.

Aus EP 399 630 B1 geht ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Grünlings hervor, wobei Pulverwerkstoff zu einem ersten Grünling vorverdichtet wird und im Anschluss in die Presse ein zweiter, separat vorverdichteter Grünling oder ein Massivteil in eine Kavität des ersten Grünlings eingesetzt wird. Danach wird der zusammengesetzte Grünling endverdichtet.Out EP 399 630 B1 a method for producing a green compact emerges, wherein powder material is precompacted to form a first green compact and then a second, separately precompacted green compact or a solid part is inserted into a cavity of the first green compact in the press. Then the assembled green compact is finally compacted.

Aus JP8134509 A ist bekannt, dass zwei Teilgrünlinge unter Ausbildung einer Spielpassung ineinander gefahren werden. Erst im Anschluss, wenn beide Teilgrünlinge unter Ausbildung der Spielpassung zueinander verfahren wurden, erfolgt ein Verpressen mittels des äußeren und inneren Oberstempels.Out JP8134509 A it is known that two green parts are moved into one another to form a loose fit. Only afterwards, when both partial green parts have been moved to one another with the formation of a clearance fit, does pressing take place by means of the outer and inner upper punch.

Aus der US 5,698,149 A ist bekannt, dass nach der Erzeugung von Arbeitsräumen ein gemeinsames Verpressen zu einem Grünling erfolgt.From the U.S. 5,698,149 A it is known that after working spaces have been created, they are pressed together to form a green compact.

In der US 2007/028446 A1 wird beschrieben, dass ein gemeinsamer, durch die Matrize und die unteren Innen- und Außenstempel definierter Arbeitsraum mit Pulver gefüllt wird. Anschließend wird durch das gemeinsame Verfahren von jeweils gegenüberliegenden Ober- und Unterstempeln der gefüllte Arbeitsraum durch Verfahren von dessen Teilvolumina verschoben, so dass ein symmetrisch ausgebildeter, einteiliger Arbeitsraum gebildet ist. Dazu sind der innere und der äußere Oberstempel über ein zwischen ihnen angeordnetes Schraubengewinde relativ zueinander positionierbar. Gleiches gilt für die Unterstempel. Anschließend erfolgt das gemeinsame Verpressen des gemeinsamen, einteiligen Arbeitsraums durch Ober- und Unterstempel.In the US 2007/028446 A1 it is described that a common working space defined by the die and the lower inner and outer punches is filled with powder. Subsequently, by moving the upper and lower punches opposite each other, the filled working space is displaced by moving its partial volumes, so that a symmetrically designed, one-piece working space is formed. For this purpose, the inner and outer upper punches can be positioned relative to one another via a screw thread arranged between them. The same applies to the lower stamp. Then the joint, one-piece work area is pressed together by the upper and lower punches.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein verbessertes Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Grünlings zur Verfügung zu stellen.The object of the invention is to provide an improved method for producing a green compact.

Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst mittels eines Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, einer Presse nach Anspruch 9 und einem Computerprogrammprodukt nach Anspruch 10. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind den jeweiligen Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen. Die einzelnen Merkmale in den Ansprüchen sind jedoch nicht auf diese beschränkt, sondern können mit weiteren insbesondere aus der Beschreibung hervorgehenden Merkmalen zu weiteren Ausgestaltungen verknüpft werden.The object is achieved according to the invention by means of a method according to claim 1, a press according to claim 9 and a computer program product according to claim 10. Further advantageous embodiments can be found in the respective subclaims. However, the individual features in the claims are not limited to these, but can be linked to further features, in particular from the description, to form further configurations.

Es wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Grünlings vorgeschlagen, wobei der Grünling zumindest zwei Teilgrünlinge umfasst, wobei die Teilgrünlinge jeweils zumindest aus einem pulverförmigen Stoff in einem Arbeitsgang gepresst und gefügt werden. Insbesondere können zwei, drei, vier oder mehr als vier Teilgrünlinge in einem Arbeitsgang gepresst und gefügt oder gepresst, zusammengeführt und gefügt werden.A method for producing a green compact is proposed, the green compact comprising at least two partial green compacts, the partial green compacts each being pressed and joined from at least one powdery substance in one operation. In particular, two, three, four or more than four partial green parts can be pressed and joined or pressed, brought together and joined in one operation.

Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ist wesentlich schneller, als eine separate Verdichtung aller zu fügenden Teilgrünlinge mit einem anschließenden Zusammensetzen der Teilgrünlinge. Gemäss der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass die Teilgrünlinge im selben Werkzeug gepresst werden. Insbesondere kann zumindest ein Teilgrünling vorverdichtet und vor oder nach dem Fügen nachverdichtet beziehungsweise endverdichtet werden. In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass der gefügte Grünling vorzugsweise im selben Werkzeug nachverdichtet oder endverdichtet wird. Weiterhin ist bevorzugt vorgesehen, dass insbesondere alle zu fügenden Teilgrünlinge vor oder während des Fügens derart verdichtet werden, dass eine Nachverdichtung nach dem Fügen nicht durchgeführt werden muss.The proposed method is much faster than a separate compression of all partial green parts to be joined with a subsequent assembly of the partial green parts. According to the invention it is provided that the partial green parts are pressed in the same tool. In particular, at least one partially green compact can be pre-compacted and subsequently compacted or finally compacted before or after joining. In a further embodiment it is provided that the joined green compact is preferably re-compacted or finally compacted in the same tool. Furthermore, it is preferably provided that, in particular, all of the partially green parts to be joined are compacted before or during the joining process in such a way that subsequent densification does not have to be carried out after joining.

Gemäß einer ersten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der pulverförmige Stoff in einem ersten Schritt zumindest einem Füllraum eines Werkzeuges zugeführt wird und in einem zweiten Schritt der pulverförmige Stoff in zumindest zwei Teilmengen separiert wird. Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgeschlagen, dass eine erste Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes einem ersten Arbeitsraum zugeführt wird und eine zweite Teilmenge einem zweiten Arbeitsraum zugeführt wird. Unter Arbeitsraum sind insbesondere Kavitäten in einem Presswerkzeug zu verstehen, die mit einem Pulver angefüllt werden können und in denen ein Pressvorgang beziehungsweise eine Verdichtung des Pulvers vorgenommen werden kann. Vorzugsweise werden die Arbeitsräume zumindest von einem Pressstempel begrenzt. In einer Weiterbildung ist der Arbeitsraum von zumindest zwei Presstempeln und/oder von einer Matrize begrenzt. Der Arbeitsraum kann beweglich ausgestaltet sein, sodass beispielsweise ein Pressvorgang des pulverförmigen Stoffes beziehungsweise der Teilmenge, die in dem Arbeitsraum angeordnet ist, während eines Bewegens des ganzen Arbeitsraumes durchführbar ist. Auch ist das Bewegen des Arbeitsraumes und der in diesem angeordneten Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes ohne ein Verdichten derselben in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen. Der Füllraum ist ein Raum in dem der pulverförmige Stoff gefüllt wird. Dieser kann insbesondere zumindest einen Arbeitsraum umfassen. Insbesondere ist vorgesehen, dass für zumindest zwei Teilmengen jeweils ein Füllraum vorgesehen ist. Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass in einen ersten Füllraum eine erste Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes und in einen zweiten Füllraum eine zweite Menge des pulverförmigen Stoffes gefüllt wird. In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass der pulverförmige Stoff in genau einen Füllraum gefüllt wird und beispielsweise mittels zumindest eines Pressstempels, vorzugsweise eines Oberstempels und/oder eines Unterstempels in zumindest zwei Teilmengen separiert wird. Insbesondere werden die Teilmengen vorzugsweise mittels des Pressstempels in voneinander getrennte Arbeitsräume des selben Werkzeugs transferiert.According to a first embodiment of the invention it is provided that the powdery substance is fed in a first step to at least one filling space of a tool and in a second step the powdery substance is separated into at least two partial quantities. According to a further embodiment of the invention, it is proposed that a first partial amount of the powdery substance is supplied to a first working space and a second partial amount is supplied to a second working space. Working space is to be understood as meaning, in particular, cavities in a pressing tool which can be filled with a powder and in which a pressing process or compression of the powder can be carried out. The working spaces are preferably delimited by at least one press ram. In a further development, the working space is delimited by at least two press punches and / or by a die. The work space can be designed to be movable, so that, for example, a pressing process of the powdery substance or the partial amount that is arranged in the work space can be carried out while the entire work space is being moved. One embodiment also provides for the movement of the working space and the subset of the pulverulent substance arranged in it without compressing the same. The filling space is a space in which the powdery substance is filled. This can in particular comprise at least one work space. In particular, it is provided that a filling space is provided for at least two partial quantities. According to a further embodiment of the invention it is provided that a first partial amount of the pulverulent substance is filled into a first filling space and a second amount of the pulverulent substance is filled into a second filling space. In a further embodiment it is provided that the powdery substance is filled into exactly one filling space and is separated into at least two partial quantities, for example by means of at least one press ram, preferably an upper ram and / or a lower ram. In particular, the partial quantities are preferably transferred into separate working spaces of the same tool by means of the press ram.

Das Verfahren bietet weiterhin dann einen Vorteil, wenn die Teilgrünlinge in einem Werkzeug zuerst separat gepresst, dann zusammengeführt und anschließend gefügt werden. Dabei werden die separierten Teilmengen des pulverförmigen Stoffes im Werkzeug zu zwei separaten Teilgrünlingen gepresst und in einem darauffolgenden Arbeitsschritt in dem Werkzeug zusammengeführt. Separates pressen kann dabei bedeuten, dass die Teilmengen des pulverförmigen Stoffes derart im Werkzeug voneinander beabstandet sind, dass zwei separate, voneinander beabstandete Arbeitsräume im Werkzeug gebildet sind, in denen separate Grünlinge, die dann Teilgrünlinge genannt werden, hergestellt werden. Dabei ist es ebenfalls möglich, dass während des Pressens der Teilgrünlinge die Pressstempel des benachbarten Arbeitsraumes einen Arbeitsraum für den jeweils anderen Pressling beziehungsweise Teilgrünling bildet. Ein in der Mitte des Werkzeugs angeordneter Pressstempel kann dabei einen Hohlraum in einem ersten Arbeitsraum für einen ersten Teilgrünling bilden, während die äußeren Pressstempel für den ersten Teilgrünling einen äußeren Arbeitsraum für einen zweiten Teilgrünling bilden, der mittels des mittleren Pressstempels geformt wird. Die Ausführungsform ist hierbei nicht darauf beschränkt, dass die beiden Teilgrünlinge lediglich separat gepresst werden, es ist vielmehr ebenfalls möglich, zuerst einen Teilgrünling in einem ersten separaten beabstandeten Arbeitsraum zu pressen und diesen Teilgrünling in den zweiten Arbeitsraum für den zweiten Teilgrünling zu überführen. Anschließend wird der erste Teilgrünling während des Pressens des zweiten Teilgrünlings in dessen Arbeitsraum gehalten, sodass unmittelbar ein Fügen des ersten Teilgrünlings mit dem entstehenden zweiten Teilgrünling erfolgt. Das Zusammenführen vom ersten und zweiten Teilgrünling wird somit in einer Arbeitsphase des Werkzeugs verschoben, in der der zweite Teilgrünling gepresst wird.The method also offers an advantage if the partial green parts are first pressed separately in a tool, then brought together and then joined. The separated partial quantities of the powdery substance in the tool are pressed into two separate partial green parts and brought together in the tool in a subsequent work step. Separate pressing can mean that the partial quantities of the powdery substance are spaced from one another in the tool in such a way that two separate, spaced-apart working spaces are formed in the tool, in which separate green compacts, which are then called partial green compacts, are produced. It is also possible here for the press ram of the adjacent work space to form a work space for the respective other pressed product or part of green product while the partial green products are being pressed. A press ram arranged in the middle of the tool can form a cavity in a first working space for a first partial green product, while the outer press ram for the first partial green product form an outer working space for a second partial green product, which is formed by means of the central press ram. The embodiment is not limited to the fact that the two partial green compacts are only pressed separately, rather it is also possible to first press a partial green compact in a first separate working space and transfer this partial green compact to the second working space for the second partial green compact. The first partial green product is then held in its working space during the pressing of the second partial green product, so that the first partial green product is immediately joined to the second partial green product that is being produced. The merging of the first and second partial green compact is thus postponed in a working phase of the tool in which the second partial green compact is pressed.

Pressstempel ist der Oberbegriff für Unterstempel und Oberstempel. Mittels eines Presstempels wird pulverförmiges Material gepresst, das heißt verdichtet als auch eine Fügung von Teilgrünlingen durchgeführ.Press punch is the generic term for lower punch and upper punch. By means of a press ram, powdery material is pressed, that is to say compacted and partially green parts are joined.

In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass bei und/oder nach einem Transfer einer Teilmenge mittels eines Pressstempels durch den Pressstempel ein Fügeraum freigehalten wird. Insbesondere ist dieser Fügeraum zumindest teilweise begrenzt von einer weiteren Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes. Unter einem Fügeraum ist der Raum innerhalb einer Teilmenge oder eines Teilgrünlings zu verstehen, in den ein weiterer Teilgrünling gefügt wird.In a further embodiment it is provided that a joining space is kept free during and / or after a transfer of a partial amount by means of a press ram through the press ram. In particular, this joining space is at least partially limited by a further subset of the powdery substance. A joining space is to be understood as the space within a subset or a partial green product into which a further partial green product is joined.

Gemäß der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass die Teilmengen des pulverförmigen Stoffes im ersten Arbeitsraum zu einem ersten Teilgrünling und im zweiten Arbeitsraum zu einem zweiten Teilgrünling verpresst werden. Weiterhin sieht eine Variante vor, dass zumindest ein erster Teilgrünling mit einem zweiten Teilgrünling vor oder während eines Entformens aus dem Werkzeug gefügt wird. Vorzugsweise werden die Teilgrünlinge gefügt und in einem nachfolgenden Schritt entformt. Weiterhin kann ein Fügen der Teilgrünlinge zeitgleich mit einem Entformen des Grünlings erfolgen, wobei beispielsweise der zweiter Teilgrünling in eine Auswurfrichtung aus dem Werkzeug bewegt wird, wobei dieser in den ersten Teilgrünling, vorzugsweise in dessen Fügeraum transferiert wird. Insbesondere ist vorgesehen, dass bei Abschluss der Fügung der gefügte Grünling in Auswurfrichtung bewegt wird, ohne dass beispielsweise der oder die Pressstempel, die den zweiten Teilgrünling in den ersten Teilgrünling gefügt haben, zum Stillstand kommen.According to the invention it is provided that the partial quantities of the pulverulent substance are pressed in the first working space to form a first partial green product and in the second working space to form a second partial green product. Furthermore, a variant provides that at least a first partial green compact is joined to a second partial green compact before or during removal from the mold. The partial green parts are preferably joined and removed from the mold in a subsequent step. Furthermore, the partial green compact can be joined at the same time as demolding of the green compact, with the second partial green compact, for example, being moved in an ejection direction from the tool, this being transferred into the first partial green compact, preferably in its joining space. In particular, it is provided that when the joining is completed, the joined green compact is moved in the ejection direction without, for example, the press die (s) that joined the second partial green compact in the first partial green compact, coming to a standstill.

In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass die zweite Teilmenge zu einem zweiten Teilgrünling verpresst wird und der zweite Teilgrünling in den ersten Arbeitsraum transferiert wird. Auch sieht eine Ausgestaltung vor, dass die erste Teilmenge im ersten Arbeitsraum verpresst wird, nachdem der zweite Teilgrünling in den ersten Arbeitsraum transferiert wurde. Weiterhin kann auch die erste Teilmenge im ersten Arbeitsraum verpresst werden, während der zweite Teilgrünling in den ersten Arbeitsraum transferiert wird.In a further embodiment it is provided that the second partial quantity is pressed into a second partial green compact and the second partial green compact is transferred into the first working space. One embodiment also provides that the first partial amount is pressed in the first working space after the second partial green part has been transferred into the first working space. Furthermore, the first partial quantity can also be pressed in the first working space, while the second partial green compact is transferred into the first working space.

Sinterbauteile sind sowohl beim eigentlichen Verdichten als auch beim Entformen und der anschließendem Handhabung an Querschnittübergängen unter anderem durch Dichteinhomogenitäten oder axialen und radialen Spannungen im Werkzeug rissgefährdet. Die Rissgefährdung an den Querschnittsübergängen beispielsweise durch Spannungen im Grünling die beim Pressvorgang auftreten, werden durch das vorgeschlagene Verfahren vermieden, da die mindestens zwei Teilgrünlinge unabhängig voneinander ohne Störeinflüsse an Querschnittsübergängen verdichtet werden und anschließend in einem Arbeitsgang gefügt werden. Durch das Freihalten des Fügeraums durch zumindest einen Presstempel wird eine hohe Passgenauigkeit zwischen den zu fügenden Teilgrünlingen erreicht. Wird der Grünling im Anschluss an das Entformen und gegebenenfalls nach weiteren Bearbeitungsschritten des Grünlings gesintert, kommt es durch die hohe Passgenauigkeit zu Versinterung an den Berührungsflächen der Teilgrünlinge. Gemäß der Erfindung sind die Teilgrünlinge in Presspassung gefügt.Sintered components are at risk of cracking during actual compression as well as during demolding and the subsequent handling at cross-sectional transitions, among other things due to density inhomogeneities or axial and radial stresses in the tool. The risk of cracks at the cross-sectional transitions, for example due to tensions in the green compact that occur during the pressing process, is avoided by the proposed method, since the at least two partial green compacts are compacted independently of one another without interfering with cross-sectional transitions and then joined in one operation. By keeping the joining space free by at least one press die, a high degree of accuracy of fit is achieved between the partial green parts to be joined. If the green compact is sintered following demolding and, if necessary, after further processing steps of the green compact, the high accuracy of fit results in sintering on the contact surfaces of the partial green compacts. According to the invention, the partial green parts are joined in a press fit.

In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass die erste Teilmenge und die zweite Teilmenge unterschiedliche Legierungen aufweisen. Weiterhin ist in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, dass die erste Teilmenge und die zweite Teilmenge eine gleiche Legierung aufweisen. Bei einer Fügung von zwei Teilgrünlingen mittels des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens ist es nicht notwendig, unterschiedliche Legierungen für die gefügten Teilgrünlinge vorzusehen, die ein unterschiedliches Schrumpfverhalten aufweisen. Vielmehr können die Teilgrünlinge eine gleiche Legierung aufweisen beziehungsweise eine Legierung aufweisen, die weitgehend gleiches oder genau gleiches Schrumpfverhalten aufweist. Ebenso ist bei dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren nicht mehr notwendig eine ausreichende Verbindung der Teilgrünlinge, beispielsweise eine Presspassung durch das Sintern insbesondere unterschiedlicher Werkstoffe beziehungsweise Werkstoffe mit unterschiedlichen Schrumpfverhaltens zu erzielen, sondern die Verbindung der Teilgrünlinge ist schon nach dem Pressvorgang ausreichend für einen festen Halt. Insbesondere ist die mechanische Verklammerung der Teilgrünlinge nach dem Entformen ausreichend hoch, um den Transport zum Sinterofen zu gewährleisten, vorzugsweise weisen die Teilgrünlinge eine Flächenpressung in zumindest einem Teilbereich der Kontaktflächen von 0,1N/mm2 bis 100N/mm2, weiterhin bevorzugt 1N/mm2 bis 50N/mm2, besonders bevorzugt 2N/mm2 bis 30 N/mm2 auf. Nach dem Sintern, insbesondere bei kornübergreifender Versinterung zwischen den Teilgrünlingen weisen die Teilgrünlinge eine Festigkeit zueinander auf, die nahezu denen des Restgefüges entspricht, insbesondere eine Festigkeit von 70% bis 99% des Restgefüges, weiterhin bevorzugt 90% bis 100% des Restgefüges. Vorzugsweise findet bei einem Sintern des Grünlings eine zumindest teilweise Versinterung an den Grenzflächen der Teilgrünlinge statt.In a further embodiment it is provided that the first subset and the second subset have different alloys. Furthermore, it is provided in one embodiment that the first subset and the second subset have the same alloy. When joining two partial green parts by means of the proposed method, it is not necessary to provide different alloys for the joined partial green parts which have different shrinkage behavior. Rather, the partial green compacts can have the same alloy or an alloy which has largely the same or exactly the same shrinkage behavior. Likewise, with the proposed method, it is no longer necessary to achieve a sufficient connection of the partial green compacts, for example a press fit by sintering in particular different materials or materials with different shrinkage behavior, but the connection of the partial green compacts is sufficient for a firm hold after the pressing process. In particular, the mechanical interlocking of the partial green compacts after demolding is sufficiently high to ensure transport to the sintering furnace; the partial green compacts preferably have a surface pressure of 0.1N / mm 2 to 100N / mm 2 , further preferably 1N / mm 2 to 50N / mm 2 , particularly preferably 2N / mm 2 to 30 N / mm 2 . After sintering, especially in the case of cross-grain sintering between the partial green compacts, the partial green compacts have a strength to one another which almost corresponds to that of the remaining structure, in particular a strength of 70% to 99% of the remaining structure, further preferably 90% to 100% of the remaining structure. When the green compact is sintered, at least partial sintering takes place at the boundary surfaces of the partial green compacts.

In einer Ausgestaltung gemäß der Erfindung wird der pulverförmige Stoff in einen Füllraum eines Werkzeuges gefüllt, wobei das Werkzeug zumindest einen ersten Unterstempel, einen zweiten Unterstempel, einen ersten Oberstempel und einen zweiten Oberstempel aufweist, wobei ein erster Arbeitsraum zumindest durch den ersten Oberstempel und den ersten Unterstempel begrenzt wird und vorzugsweise Teil des Füllraumes ist. In einem nachfolgenden Schritt transferiert der zweite Unterstempel und der zweite Oberstempel eine Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes in einen zweiten Arbeitsraum, wobei der zweite Arbeitsraum zumindest durch den zweiten Oberstempel und den zweiten Unterstempel begrenzt wird und vorzugsweise außerhalb des ersten Arbeitsraumes angeordnet ist. Die Teilmengen des pulverförmigen Stoffes werden zumindest im ersten Arbeitsraum zu einem ersten Teilgrünling und im zweiten Arbeitsraum zu einem zweiten Teilgrünling verpresst. Der zweite Teilgrünling wird vor, während oder nach einer Verpressung des ersten Teilgrünlings in den ersten Arbeitsraum bewegt, um die Teilgrünlinge zu fügen. Weiterhin bevorzugt weisen die Arbeitsräume vor und/oder während einer Verpressung zumindest eines der Teilgrünlinge keine Berührungsflächen auf, sodass eine Verpressung des pulverförmigen Stoffes zumindest teilweise und/oder zumindest in einem Arbeitsraum separat geschieht.In one embodiment according to the invention, the powdery substance is filled into a filling space of a tool, the tool having at least a first lower punch, a second lower punch, a first upper punch and a second upper punch, a first working space at least through the first upper punch and the first Lower punch is limited and is preferably part of the filling space. In a subsequent step, the second lower punch and the second upper punch transfer a subset of the powdery substance into a second work space, the second work space being at least delimited by the second upper punch and the second lower punch and preferably located outside the first work space. The partial quantities of the pulverulent substance are pressed at least in the first working space to form a first partial green product and in the second working space to form a second partial green product. The second partial green compact is moved into the first work space before, during or after the first partial green compact is pressed in order to join the partial green compact. Furthermore, the working spaces preferably have at least one of the partial green compacts before and / or during a pressing no contact surfaces, so that a compression of the powdery substance at least partially and / or at least takes place separately in a work space.

Ein weiterer Gedanke der Erfindung ist eine Presse zum Pressen und Füger zumindest zweier Teilgrünlinge gemäß Anspruch 9, umfassend ein Werkzeug und eine Steuerungseinrichtung, wobei das Werkzeug zumindest einen ersten und einen zweiten Oberstempel und einen ersten und einen zweiten Unterstempel aufweist, wobei zumindest der erste Unterstempel und der erste Oberstempel unabhängig von dem zweiten Unterstempel und dem zweiten Oberstempel verfahrbar ist. Gemäß der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass ein erster Arbeitsraum zumindest mittels des ersten Oberstempels und des ersten Unterstempels bildbar ist und ein zweiter Arbeitsraum zumindest mittels des zweiten Oberstempels und des zweiten Unterstempels bildbar ist. In einer Weiterbildung ist vorgesehen, dass der zweite Arbeitsraum auch von dem ersten Oberstempel oder dem ersten Unterstempel zumindest teilweise begrenzt beziehungsweise zumindest teilweise definiert wird. Weiterhin ist in einer Variante vorgesehen, dass der erste Arbeitsraum und/oder der zweite Arbeitsraum durch zumindest eine Matrize zumindest teilweise begrenzt oder definiert wird. Auch ist in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, dass zumindest ein dritter Pressstempel den ersten und/oder den zweiten Arbeitsraum zumindest teilweise begrenzen oder definieren.A further idea of the invention is a press for pressing and joining at least two partial green parts according to claim 9, comprising a tool and a control device, the tool having at least a first and a second upper punch and a first and a second lower punch, with at least the first lower punch and the first upper punch can be moved independently of the second lower punch and the second upper punch. According to the invention it is provided that a first work space can be formed at least by means of the first upper punch and the first lower punch and a second work space can be formed at least by means of the second upper punch and the second lower punch. In a further development it is provided that the second working space is also at least partially delimited or at least partially defined by the first upper punch or the first lower punch. Furthermore, it is provided in a variant that the first working space and / or the second working space is at least partially delimited or defined by at least one die. It is also provided in one embodiment that at least one third press ram at least partially delimit or define the first and / or the second working space.

Gemäß der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass zumindest mittels des zweiten Oberstempels oder des zweiten Unterstempels ein Fügeraum im ersten Arbeitsraum vorhaltbar ist, in den der zweite Teilgrünling transferierbar ist. Der Pressstempel, der den Fügeraum vorhält, hat einen geringerer Durchmesser als der Teilgrünling, der in den Fügeraum gefügt wird. Die Differenz beziehungsweise das Übermaß entspricht dem Stempelspiel zwischen dem ersten Unterstempel und zweitem Oberstempel. Stempelspiele liegen zwischen etwa 0,005 und etwa 0,025mm. Die Kraft zur Fügung der Teilgrünlinge steht in Abhängigkeit von der Kontaktfläche zwischen den zu fügenden Teilgrünlingen, das heißt, je größer die Kontaktfläche desto größer die auf den Teilgrünling aufgebrachte Kraft. Der Teilgrünling wird insbesondere mit einer Kraft von etwa 1N/mm2 bis 100N/mm2, vorzugsweise zwischen etwa 10N/mm2 und 50N/mm2 in den Fügeraum gepresst.According to the invention it is provided that at least by means of the second upper punch or the second lower punch, a joining space can be kept in the first working space, into which the second partial green compact can be transferred. The press die, which holds the joining space, has a smaller diameter than the partial green part that is joined in the joining space. The difference or the oversize corresponds to the punch game between the first lower punch and the second upper punch. Punch clearances are between about 0.005 and about 0.025mm. The force for joining the partial green compacts is dependent on the contact area between the partial green compacts to be connected, that is, the larger the contact area, the greater the force applied to the partial green compact. The partially green compact is pressed into the joint space with a force of about 1N / mm 2 to 100N / mm 2 , preferably between about 10N / mm 2 and 50N / mm 2.

Weiterhin ist eine Verwendung eines oben beschriebenen Werkzeuges für ein Verfahren vorgesehen, wie es oben beschrieben wurde.Furthermore, use of a tool described above is provided for a method as described above.

Ein weiterer Gedanke der Erfindung sieht ein Computerprogrammprodukt für eine Presse zumAnother idea of the invention provides a computer program product for a press for

Pressen und Fügen von zumindest zwei Teilgrünlingen in einem Arbeitsgang gemäß Anspruch 10 vor, wobei die PressePressing and joining of at least two green parts in one operation according to claim 10, wherein the press

zumindest einen ersten Oberstempel, einen ersten Unterstempel, einen zweiten Oberstempel und einen zweiten Unterstempel aufweist, wobei die Presse derart angesteuert wird, dass nach einem Befüllen eines Füllraumes mit zumindest einem pulverförmigen Stoff zumindest ein zweiter Unterstempel und ein zweiter Oberstempel eine zweite Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes von einer ersten Teilmenge separiert. Gemäß einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird die Presse derart angesteuert, dass eine erste Teilmenge des pulverförmigen Stoffes einem ersten Arbeitsraum zugeführt wird und eine zweite Teilmenge einem zweiten Arbeitsraum zugeführt wird. Insbesondere erfolgt die Ansteuerung derart, dass ein erster Pressstempel zumindest teilweise als Matrize des zweiten Arbeitsraumes dient, das heißt, dass der zweite Arbeitsraum zumindest teilweise innerhalb des ersten Oberstempels oder des ersten Unterstempels angeordnet ist.has at least a first upper punch, a first lower punch, a second upper punch and a second lower punch, wherein the press is controlled in such a way that after a Filling a filling space with at least one powdery substance, at least a second lower punch and a second upper punch separate a second subset of the powdery substance from a first subset. According to one embodiment of the invention, the press is controlled in such a way that a first partial amount of the powdery substance is supplied to a first working space and a second partial amount is supplied to a second working space. In particular, the control takes place in such a way that a first press ram serves at least partially as a die for the second working space, that is to say that the second working space is arranged at least partially within the first upper ram or the first lower ram.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird die Presse derart angesteuert, dass in einem ersten Arbeitsraum ein erster Teilgrünling gepresst wird und in einem zweiten Arbeitsraum ein zweiter Teilgrünling gepresst wird. Vorzugsweise steuert das Computerprogrammprodukt die Presse derart an, dass der erste Teilgrünling und der zweite Teilgrünling vor einem Entformen gefügt werden.According to the invention, the press is controlled in such a way that a first partial green compact is pressed in a first working space and a second partial green compact is pressed in a second working space. The computer program product preferably controls the press in such a way that the first partial green compact and the second partial green compact are joined before demolding.

Ein Computerprogrammprodukt bietet dann einen Vorteil, wenn das Computerprogrammprodukt die Presse derart steuert, dass die separaten Teilmengen zu Teilgrünlingen gepresst werden, dann zusammengeführt und anschließend gefügt werden. Mittels des Computerprogrammprodukts kann zuerst ein separates Pressen der Teilmengen des pulverförmigen Stoffes in separaten beabstandeten Arbeitsräumen gesteuert werden, bevor ein Zusammenführen, das heißt ein Übereinander-oder Ineinanderschieben der Teilgrünlinge efolgt. Das Fügen steuert das Computerprogrammprodukt anschließend derart, dass die beiden Teilgrünlinge zusammengeführt und mit oder ohne Nachpressen gefügt werden. Eine Steuerung mittels des Computerprodukts ist auch dahingehend möglich, dass in einem ersten Arbeitsschritt in einem ersten Arbeitsraum ein erster Teilgrünling gebildet wird, daran anschließend in einem zweiten Arbeitsschritt der gebildete erste Teilgrünling in den Arbeitsraum des zweiten Teilgrünlings verfahren wird und abschließend in einem dritten Arbeitsschritt der zweite Teilgrünling gepresst wird. Ein Auswerfen der gefügten Teilgrünlinge erfolgt dann mittels eines Öffnens des Werkzeugs und einem Entnehmen oder Auswerfen der gefügten Teilgrünlinge zur weiteren Verarbeitung.A computer program product offers an advantage if the computer program product controls the press in such a way that the separate subsets are pressed into green parts, then brought together and then joined. By means of the computer program product, a separate pressing of the partial quantities of the powdery substance can first be controlled in separate, spaced-apart work spaces before the partial green compacts are brought together, that is to say pushed one on top of the other or one inside the other. The joining then controls the computer program product in such a way that the two green parts are brought together and joined with or without re-pressing. A control by means of the computer product is also possible to the effect that in a first work step a first partial green product is formed in a first work space, then in a second work step the formed first partial green product is moved into the work space of the second partial green product and finally in a third work step the second part green compact is pressed. The joined partial green compacts are then ejected by opening the tool and removing or ejecting the joined partial green compacts for further processing.

In einer Ausgestaltung des Computerprogrammproduktes ist vorgesehen, dass das Computerprogrammprodukt die Presse mittels einer Wegesteuerung oder Wegeregelung ansteuert. Bevorzugt ist ein geschlossener Regelkreis zur Ansteuerung der Presse. Weiterhin ist in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, dass das Computerprogrammprodukt die Presse derart ansteuert, dass die Pressstempel eine vorgegebene Kraft auf den pulverförmigen Stoff aufbringen oder eine vorgegebene Arbeit an dem pulverförmigen Stoff verrichten. Vorzugsweise ist eine Kombination aus Weg- und Kraftregelung vorgesehen. Weiterhin ist ein geschlossener Regelkreis zur Ansteuerung der Presse in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen.In one embodiment of the computer program product it is provided that the computer program product controls the press by means of a route control or route regulation. A closed control loop for controlling the press is preferred. Furthermore, it is provided in one embodiment that the computer program product controls the press in such a way that the press rams apply a predetermined force to the powdery substance or perform a predetermined work on the powdery substance. A combination of path and Force control provided. Furthermore, a closed control loop for controlling the press is provided in one embodiment.

Weiterhin wird eine Steuerungseinrichtung für eine Presse mit insbesondere einem oben beschriebenen Werkzeug vorgeschlagen, wobei die Steuerungsvorrichtung ein oben beschriebenes Computerprogrammprodukt aufweist. Insbesondere weist die Steuerungsvorrichtung einen geschlossenen Regelkreis für eine Wegregelung und/oder eine Kraftregelung der Presse auf.Furthermore, a control device for a press with, in particular, a tool described above is proposed, the control device having a computer program product described above. In particular, the control device has a closed control loop for position control and / or force control of the press.

Mit dem oben beschriebenen Verfahren können zumindest zwei Teilgrünlinge zu einem Grünling gefügt werden. Vorzugsweise sind die Teilgrünlinge passgenau gefügt. Weiterhin bevorzugt besteht zwischen den Teilgrünlingen eine Presspassung. Der Grünling kann in einer Ausgestaltung aus zwei, drei, vier oder mehr als vier Teilgrünlingen gefügt werden. Auch ist in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, dass der Grünling eine oder mehr als eine Legierung aufweist. Insbesondere weisen alle Teilgrünlinge die gleiche Legierung auf. Weiterhin ist in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, dass zumindest zwei Teilgrünlinge eine unterschiedliche Legierung aufweisen.With the method described above, at least two partial green compacts can be joined to form one green compact. The partial green parts are preferably joined together with an accurate fit. Furthermore, there is preferably a press fit between the partial green compacts. The green compact can be joined in one embodiment from two, three, four or more than four partial green compacts. In one embodiment it is also provided that the green compact has one or more than one alloy. In particular, all partial green parts have the same alloy. Furthermore, it is provided in one embodiment that at least two partial green compacts have a different alloy.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen gehen aus den nachfolgenden Zeichnungen hervor. Die dort dargestellten Weiterbildungen sind jedoch nicht beschränkend auszulegen, vielmehr können die dort beschriebenen Merkmale untereinander und mit den oben beschriebenen Merkmalen zu weiteren Ausgestaltungen kombiniert werden. Des Weiteren sei darauf verwiesen, dass die in der Figurenbeschreibung angegebenen Bezugszeichen den Schutzbereich der vorliegenden Erfindung nicht beschränken, sondern lediglich auf die in den Figuren gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiele verweisen. Gleiche Teile oder Teile mit gleicher Funktion weisen im Folgenden die gleichen Bezugszeichen auf. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
ein skizzierter Ablauf eines Verdichtens und Fügens in einem Arbeitsgang,
Fig. 2
ein alternativer Ablauf eines Verdichtens und Fügens in einem Arbeitsgang,
Fig. 3
eine Auswahl Ausgestaltungen gefügter Teilgrünlinge, und
Fig. 4
ein Schliffbild eines gesinterten Grünlings bestehend aus zwei Teilgrünlingen.
Further advantageous configurations emerge from the following drawings. However, the developments shown there are not to be interpreted in a restrictive manner; rather, the features described there can be combined with one another and with the features described above to form further configurations. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the reference symbols given in the description of the figures do not limit the scope of protection of the present invention, but merely refer to the exemplary embodiments shown in the figures. Identical parts or parts with the same function have the same reference symbols below. Show it:
Fig. 1
a sketched process of compacting and joining in one operation,
Fig. 2
an alternative process of compacting and joining in one operation,
Fig. 3
a selection of designs of joined partial green parts, and
Fig. 4
a micrograph of a sintered green compact consisting of two partial green compacts.

Fig. 1 zeigt ein einen Ablauf A bis E eines Verdichtens und Fügens zweier Teilgrünlinge in einem Arbeitsgang. Zumindest ein erster Oberstempel 1, ein erster Unterstempel 2, ein zweiter Oberstempel 3, ein zweiter Unterstempel 4 sowie eine Matrize 5 bilden ein Werkzeug 6. Das Werkzeug 6 wird zur Befüllung mit einem pulverförmigen Stoff 11 geöffnet und, wie in Schritt A gezeigt, werden der erste Unterstempel 2 und der zweite Unterstempel 4 derart verfahren, dass sich ein Füllraum 16 bildet. In den Füllraum 16 wird der pulverförmige Stoff gefüllt. Fig. 1 shows a sequence A to E of compacting and joining two green parts in one operation. At least a first upper punch 1, a first lower punch 2, a second upper punch 3, a second lower punch 4 and a die 5 form a tool 6. The tool 6 is opened for filling with a powdery substance 11 and, as shown in step A, are opened the first lower punch 2 and the second lower punch 4 move in such a way that a filling space 16 is formed. The powdery substance is filled into the filling space 16.

In Schritt B ist zu erkennen, dass das Werkzeug geschlossen wird und insbesondere ein erster Oberstempel 1 und ein zweiter Oberstempel 3 den Füllraum insbesondere nach oben hin begrenzt. Weiterhin ist Schritt B zu entnehmen, dass der zweite Oberstempel 3 und der zweite Unterstempel 4 derart verfahren werden, dass eine erste Teilmenge 7 des Pulverförmigen Stoffes 11 von einer zweiten Teilmenge 9 des pulverförmigen Stoffes 11 separiert wird. Insbesondere wird die zweite Teilmenge 9 in einen zweiten Arbeitsraum 10 transferiert, wobei eine erste Teilmenge in einem ersten Arbeitsraum 8 bleibt. Insbesondere umfasst der Füllraum 16 den ersten Arbeitsraum 8.In step B it can be seen that the tool is closed and, in particular, a first upper punch 1 and a second upper punch 3 delimit the filling space, in particular towards the top. Step B further shows that the second upper punch 3 and the second lower punch 4 are moved in such a way that a first subset 7 of the powdery substance 11 is separated from a second subset 9 of the powdery substance 11. In particular, the second subset 9 is transferred into a second working space 10, a first subset remaining in a first working space 8. In particular, the filling space 16 comprises the first working space 8.

In Schritt C fahren die Pressstempel zusammen. Es ist zu erkennen, dass der erste Oberstempel 1 und der erste Unterstempel 2 die erste Teilmenge 7 im ersten Arbeitsraum 8 zu einem ersten Teilgrünling 12 verpressen. Weiterhin wird die zweite Teilmenge 9 im zweiten Arbeitsraum 10 mittels des zweiten Oberstempels 3 und des zweiten Unterstempels 4 zu einem zweiten Teilgrünling 13 verpresst. Mittels des zweiten Oberstempels 3 wird in dieser Ausführung ein Fügeraum 15 innerhalb des ersten Arbeitsraums 8 freigehalten. Insbesondere wird der Fügeraum 15 nach dem Pressvorgang durch den ersten Teilgrünling 12 zumindest teilweise begrenzt.In step C the rams move together. It can be seen that the first upper punch 1 and the first lower punch 2 press the first partial quantity 7 in the first working space 8 to form a first partial green compact 12. Furthermore, the second subset 9 is pressed in the second working space 10 by means of the second upper punch 3 and the second lower punch 4 to form a second partial green compact 13. In this embodiment, a joining space 15 is kept free within the first working space 8 by means of the second upper punch 3. In particular, the joining space 15 is at least partially delimited by the first partial green compact 12 after the pressing process.

Schritt D zeigt das Zusammenführen, das heißt, wie der zweite Oberstempel 3 und der zweite Unterstempel 4 den zweiten Teilgrünling 13 in den Fügeraum 15 bewegen und somit den ersten Teilgrünling 12 und den zweiten Teilgrünling 13 fügen. In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung wird der erste Teilgrünling 12 derart mittels des ersten Oberstempels 1 und des ersten Unterstempels 2 bewegt, dass die Teilgrünlinge 12, 13 gefügt werden. In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung werden die Teilgrünlinge 12, 13 nach dem Fügen nochmals mittels der Pressstempel 1, 2, 3, 4 nachverdichtet.Step D shows the merging, that is, how the second upper punch 3 and the second lower punch 4 move the second partial green compact 13 into the joining space 15 and thus join the first partial green compact 12 and the second partial green compact 13. In a further embodiment, the first partial green compact 12 is moved by means of the first upper punch 1 and the first lower punch 2 in such a way that the partial green compacts 12, 13 are joined. In a further embodiment, the partial green compacts 12, 13 are re-compacted again by means of the press punches 1, 2, 3, 4 after joining.

In Schritt E wird der fertige Grünling 14 aus dem Werkzeug 6 ausgeformt. In einer Ausgestaltung wir der Grünling 14 nach dem Ausformen kalibriert und/oder einer spanenden Bearbeitung unterzogen. Vorzugsweise wird der Grünling 14 nach dem Ausformen gesintert.In step E, the finished green compact 14 is formed from the tool 6. In one embodiment, the green compact 14 is calibrated and / or subjected to machining after it has been formed. The green compact 14 is preferably sintered after it has been molded.

Fig. 2 zeigt eine alternative Ausgestaltung eines Pressens und Fügens von Teilgrünlingen. In Schritt A wird der pulverförmige Stoff 11 in den Füllraum 16 gefüllt. Der erste Unterstempel 2, der zweite Unterstempel 4 die Matrize 5 bilden in dieser Ausgestaltung den Füllraum 16. Fig. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of pressing and joining partial green parts. In step A, the powdery substance 11 is filled into the filling space 16. The first lower punch 2, the second lower punch 4 and the die 5 form the filling space 16 in this embodiment.

In Schritt B wird vergleichbar dem in Schritt B aus Fig. 1 gezeigten Verfahrensschritt eine zweite Teilmenge 9 in einen zweiten Arbeitsraum 10 bewegt, während eine erste Teilmenge 7 im ersten Arbeitsraum 8 verbleibt.In step B is comparable to that in step B. Fig. 1 The method step shown moves a second subset 9 into a second work space 10, while a first subset 7 remains in the first work space 8.

In Schritt C ist zu erkennen, dass die zweite Teilmenge 9 zu einem zweiten Teilgrünling 13 verdichtet wird. Die erste Teilmenge 7 jedoch wird nicht oder nur leicht verdichtet. Insbesondere beginnt der Verdichtungsprozess während oder nach einer Verdichtung des zweiten Teilgrünlings 13, wobei dieser nach einer Verdichtung des zweiten Teilgrünlings 13 noch nicht abgeschlossen ist.In step C it can be seen that the second subset 9 is compacted to form a second partial green compact 13. The first subset 7, however, is not or only slightly compressed. In particular, the compaction process begins during or after compaction of the second partial green compact 13, this not yet being completed after compaction of the second partial green compact 13.

In Schritt D wird der zweite Teilgrünling 13 in den Fügeraum 15 überführt, verfahren oder bewegt, der durch den zweiten Oberstempel 3 freigehalten wurde. Spätestens nach dem Einfügen des zweiten Teilgrünlings 13 in den Fügeraum 15 wird der Pressvorgang der ersten Teilmenge 7 zum ersten Teilgrünling 12 begonnen.In step D, the second partial green compact 13 is transferred, moved or moved into the joining space 15 which was kept free by the second upper punch 3. At the latest after the second partial green compact 13 has been inserted into the joining space 15, the pressing process of the first partial quantity 7 to form the first partial green compact 12 is started.

Schritt E zeigt den fertig gefügten und gepressten Grünling 14 im Werkzeug 6. Bei dem Pressvorgang des ersten Teilgrünlings 12 wird in der gezeigten beispielhaften Ausgestaltung der zweite Teilgrünling 13 relativ zur Matrize 5 bewegt. Insbesondere wird der erste Oberstempel 1 und der zweite Oberstempel 3 synchron, vorzugsweise auch der zweite Unterstempel relativ verfahren.Step E shows the fully joined and pressed green compact 14 in the tool 6. During the pressing process of the first partial green compact 12, in the exemplary embodiment shown, the second partial green compact 13 is moved relative to the die 5. In particular, the first upper punch 1 and the second upper punch 3 are moved synchronously, preferably also the second lower punch relatively.

In Schritt F wird der fertige Grünling 14 entformt.In step F, the finished green compact 14 is removed from the mold.

Fig. 3 zeigt eine nicht vollständige Auswahl von Ausgestaltungen des Grünlings 14. Die geometrische Formgebung ist hier rein beispielhaft gewählt; es können verschiedene auch hier nicht gezeigte Formgebungen realisiert werden. Auch ist vorgesehen, die hier gezeigten Ausgestaltungen miteinander und/oder mit weiteren hier nicht gezeigten Formgebungen zu weiteren Ausgestaltungen zu kombinieren. Fig. 3 shows an incomplete selection of configurations of the green compact 14. The geometric shape is selected here purely by way of example; different shapes, also not shown here, can be implemented. Provision is also made for the configurations shown here to be combined with one another and / or with other shapes, not shown here, to form further configurations.

Ausgestaltung A zeigt einen Grünling 14 aufweisend einen ersten Teilgrünling 12 und einen zweiten Teilgrünling 13. Der zweite Teilgrünling 13 ragt über den ersten Teilgrünling 12 hinaus, sodass der Grünling 14 eine Querschnittsveränderung 16 aufweist, die insbesondere medial ausgebildet ist.Embodiment A shows a green compact 14 having a first partial green compact 12 and a second partial green compact 13. The second partial green compact 13 protrudes beyond the first partial green compact 12, so that the green compact 14 has a cross-sectional change 16, which is in particular formed medially.

Ausgestaltung B zeigt einen Grünling 14, dessen zweiter Teilgrünling 13 als Rohr beziehungsweise Hohlteil ausgebildet ist. Des weiteren ist in Ausgestaltung C zu erkennen, dass der erste Teilgrünling 12 als Hohlteil ausgebildet ist und insbesondere über den zweiten Teilgrünling 13 herausragt. Die Querschnittsveränderung 16 ist hier lateral ausgebildet.Embodiment B shows a green compact 14, the second partial green compact 13 of which is designed as a tube or hollow part. Furthermore, in embodiment C it can be seen that the first partial green compact 12 is designed as a hollow part and in particular protrudes beyond the second partial green compact 13. The change in cross section 16 is formed laterally here.

Ausgestaltung D zeigt eine weitere Variante einer lateralen Querschnittsveränderung 16. Der zweite Teilgrünling 13 der den ersten Teilgrünling 12 überragt ist in einem Querschnitt nur teilweise von dem ersten Teilgrünling 12 umschlossen.Embodiment D shows a further variant of a lateral change in cross section 16. The second partial green compact 13, which protrudes beyond the first partial green compact 12, is only partially enclosed in a cross section by the first partial green compact 12.

Ausgestaltung E zeigt, dass der zweite Teilgrünling 13 den ersten Teilgrünling 12 beidseitig überragt. Des Weiteren ist in Ausgestaltung F zu erkennen, dass mehr als zwei Teilgrünlinge gefügt werden können. Insbesondere sind in Ausgestaltung F vier Teilgrünlinge gefügt. Jedoch ist in weiteren Ausgestaltungen vorgesehen, dass drei, fünf oder mehr als fünf Teilgrünlinge gefügt werden.Embodiment E shows that the second partial green compact 13 projects beyond the first partial green compact 12 on both sides. Furthermore, in embodiment F it can be seen that more than two green parts can be joined. In particular, four partial green compacts are joined in embodiment F. However, in further refinements it is provided that three, five or more than five green parts are joined.

Fig. 4 zeigt ein geätztes Schliffbild eines gefügten und gesinterten Grünlings 14 aus einem ersten Teilgrünling 12 und einem zweiten Teilgrünling 13. Eine Grenzfläche 17 ist zwischen den Teilgrünlingen 12, 13 zu erkennen und zur Verdeutlichung mittels einer gestrichelten Linie verlängert. Es ist jedoch auch aus der Fig. 4 zu entnehmen, dass eine kornübergreifende Versinterung 18 grenzflächenübergreifend stattgefunden hat. Fig. 4 shows an etched micrograph of a joined and sintered green compact 14 composed of a first partial green compact 12 and a second partial green compact 13. A boundary surface 17 can be seen between the partial green compacts 12, 13 and is extended for clarity by means of a dashed line. However, it is also from the Fig. 4 it can be seen that cross-grain sintering 18 has taken place across the surface.

Claims (13)

  1. Method for producing a green compact (14), said green compact (14) comprising at least two partial green compacts (12, 13), wherein the partial green compacts (12, 13) are each compacted and joined from at least one powdery material (11) in one working cycle and are compacted and joined in the same tool (6), wherein the powdery material (11) is fed into at least one filling space (16) of the tool (6) in a first step and said powdery material is separated into at least two partial quantities (7, 9) in a second step or a first partial quantity (7) of the powdery material (11) is fed into a first working space (8) and a second partial quantity (9) is fed into a second working space (10); wherein the partial quantities (7, 9) of the powdery material (11) are compacted into a first partial green compact (12) in the first working space (8) and into a second partial green compact (13) in the second working space (10); wherein the joining of the partial green compacts is conducted with a press fit.
  2. Method as in claim 1, characterized in that at least one first partial green compact (12) is joined with a second partial green compact (13) before or during the demolding from the tool (6).
  3. Method as in at least one of the previous claims, characterized in that the second partial quantity (9) is compacted into a second partial green compact (13) and said second partial green compact (13) is transferred to the first working space (8).
  4. Method as in claim 3, characterized in that the first partial quantity (7) is compacted in the first working space (8) after the second partial green compact (13) has been transferred to the first working space (8).
  5. Method as in claim 4, characterized in that the first partial quantity (7) is compacted in the first working space (8) while the second partial green compact (13) is being transferred to the first working space (8).
  6. Method as in at least one of the previous claims, characterized in that the first partial quantity (7) and the second partial quantity (9) contain different alloys.
  7. Method as in at least one of the previous claims, characterized in that the first partial quantity (7) and the second partial quantity (9) contain the same alloy.
  8. Method as in at least one of the previous claims, characterized in that said tool (6) having at least one first bottom punch (2), one second bottom punch (4), one first top punch (1) and one second top punch (3), wherein a first partial quantity (7) of the powdery material (11) is fed into a first working space (8), wherein said first working space (8) is delimited at least by the first top punch (1) and the first bottom punch (2), and wherein the second bottom punch (4) and the second top punch (3) transfer a partial quantity (9) of the powdery material (11) into a second working space (10), wherein said second working space (10) is delimited at least by the second top punch (3) and the second bottom punch (4), wherein the partial quantities (7, 9) of the powdery material (11) are at least compacted to a first partial green compact (12) in the first working space (8) and to a second green compact (13) in the second working space (10), and wherein the second green compact (13) is moved into the first working space (8) before, during or after the compaction of the first partial green compact (12) in the first working space (8) in order to join said partial green compacts (12, 13).
  9. Press for compacting and joining of at least two partial green compacts (12, 13) comprising a tool (6) and a control means, said tool (6) having at least one first and one second top punch (1, 3) and one first and one second bottom punch (2, 4), wherein at least the first bottom punch (2) and the first top punch (1) are movable independently of the second bottom punch (4) and the second top punch (3); wherein a first working space (8) can be created by means of at least the first top punch (1) and the first bottom punch (2) and a second working space (10) can be created at least by means of the second top punch (3) and the second bottom punch (4); wherein at least by means of the second top punch (3) or the second bottom punch (4) a joining space (15) can be reserved in the first working space (8) into which the second partial green compact (13) can be transferred; and wherein the control means comprises commands that cause the press to perform the method as in one the claims 1 to 8.
  10. Computer program product for a press for compacting and joining at least two partial green compacts (12, 13) in one working cycle, comprising commands that cause the press as in claim 9 to perform the method as in one the claims 1 to 8.
  11. Computer program product as in claim 10, characterized in that said computer program product controls the press such that the first partial green compact (12) and the second partial green compact (13) are joined before or during the demolding.
  12. Computer program product as in at least one of claims 10 and 11, characterized in that said computer program product controls the press by means of a path control or a closed-circuit path regulation.
  13. Computer program product as in at least one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that said computer program product controls the press such that the punches (1, 2, 3, 4) apply a pre-specified force to the powdery material (11) or perform pre-specified work on the powdery material (11).
EP10765568.0A 2009-09-23 2010-09-13 Method for producing a green compact apparatus for the manufacture thereof and computer programm Active EP2480359B1 (en)

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ES2907455T3 (en) 2022-04-25
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US20120216654A1 (en) 2012-08-30
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EP2480359A1 (en) 2012-08-01
US9662708B2 (en) 2017-05-30

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