EP2475975A1 - Spectrometre optique autonome et portable - Google Patents
Spectrometre optique autonome et portableInfo
- Publication number
- EP2475975A1 EP2475975A1 EP10762710A EP10762710A EP2475975A1 EP 2475975 A1 EP2475975 A1 EP 2475975A1 EP 10762710 A EP10762710 A EP 10762710A EP 10762710 A EP10762710 A EP 10762710A EP 2475975 A1 EP2475975 A1 EP 2475975A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- measurement
- sample
- spectrometer according
- color
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N21/4738—Diffuse reflection, e.g. also for testing fluids, fibrous materials
- G01N21/474—Details of optical heads therefor, e.g. using optical fibres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/314—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths
- G01N2021/317—Special constructive features
- G01N2021/3177—Use of spatially separated filters in simultaneous way
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/02—Mechanical
- G01N2201/022—Casings
- G01N2201/0221—Portable; cableless; compact; hand-held
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/025—Fruits or vegetables
Definitions
- Optical spectrometer in particular autonomous and portable optical spectrometer.
- the present invention relates to an optical spectrometer, in particular an autonomous and portable optical spectrometer, for analyzing the back light spectrum scattered by a sample subjected to illumination, in order to determine a content of at least one compound constituting the sample.
- an optical spectrometer in particular an autonomous and portable optical spectrometer, for analyzing the back light spectrum scattered by a sample subjected to illumination, in order to determine a content of at least one compound constituting the sample.
- Viticulture is subject today to a growing demand for optimization of yields and quality in order to better adapt productions to market demands and consumer expectations.
- one solution is to better evaluate the grape maturity criteria in order to predict an optimal harvest date. From the veraison until the maturity of the grapes, maturity monitoring tests are carried out. These tests currently require sampling of clusters or bays on different plots. These samples are then sent to analytical laboratories. The measurements thus made are binding and expensive. They require the destruction of the samples. Sample collection is long. Laboratory analysis is expensive. In addition, this procedure only allows a posteriori to know the progress of maturity.
- the present invention makes it possible to meet this need by proposing an autonomous and portable optical spectrometer capable of measuring, directly on the product, without requiring its destruction, the contents of one or more configurable compounds.
- the subject of the invention is an optical spectrometer, particular of the autonomous and portable type, for analyzing a retro light spectrum scattered by an illuminated sample, in order to deduce therefrom a content of at least one compound constituting the sample, said spectrometer being organized around an optical axis and comprising :
- a target zone centered on said optical axis and able to receive said sample
- a plurality of sensors comprising at least one optical sensor for the target area
- a measurement chamber opaque to light comprising:
- At least one diffuser filter obstructing said opening
- said target area being located near said opening, outside the measuring chamber
- a main lighting device capable of illuminating said sample.
- the main lighting device is disposed, relative to the plane perpendicular to the optical axis passing through the diffuser filter, on the opposite side to the target zone.
- the opening angle of the measuring chamber from the opening is less than or equal to the diffusion angle of the diffuser filter.
- the inner bottom has a spherical shape centered on the target area, or a planar shape perpendicular to the optical axis.
- the measurement chamber has a photometric gain G at least equal to.
- each optical sensor is able to measure light intensity according to a given wavelength.
- each optical sensor further comprises an amplifier having a gain adjusted so as to maximize the excursion of the light intensity measurement.
- the spectrometer further comprises a reference lighting device, reproducing the luminous characteristics of the main lighting device, disposed outside the measuring chamber so as to directly illuminate the interior bottom through the diffuser filter.
- the spectrometer further comprises a system for measuring the color of the sample comprising a third lighting device and an optical color sensor, both aimed at the target zone.
- the spectrometer further comprises a fluorescence measurement system of the sample comprising a fourth lighting device and a specific optical sensor, both aimed at the target zone.
- the spectrometer further comprises a logic processing unit able to control the selective ignition of the lighting devices, to acquire, process, store and restore the measurements and the determinations obtained by processing from these measurements coming from the optical sensors, the optical color sensor and the specific optical sensor, and a human-machine interface, interfaced with the said logical processing unit able to trigger a sequence of measures and display the results.
- a logic processing unit able to control the selective ignition of the lighting devices, to acquire, process, store and restore the measurements and the determinations obtained by processing from these measurements coming from the optical sensors, the optical color sensor and the specific optical sensor, and a human-machine interface, interfaced with the said logical processing unit able to trigger a sequence of measures and display the results.
- the spectrometer further comprises a localization device.
- the spectrometer further comprises an information transmission device.
- the invention also relates to a method of using such an optical spectrometer, comprising a step of obtaining by acquisition, a "real" measurement mi, where the index i describes from 1 to n the plurality of optical sensors. , in the presence of a sample in the target zone, the main lighting device being only lit.
- the method also comprises a step of obtaining by acquisition, a "black" measurement b i, where the index i describes from 1 to n the plurality of optical sensors, all the devices lights are off.
- the method further comprises a step of obtaining by acquisition, a "reference" measurement ri, where the index i describes from 1 to n the plurality of optical sensors, the device of reference lighting being only on.
- the method also comprises a value determination step
- the method further comprises a normalization step, in order to obtain Ni, for i ranging from 1 to n, such that
- An advantage of the spectrometer and the method according to the invention is to propose a portable and autonomous device suitable for use in the field in order to produce, in a non-destructive manner, immediately exploitable measurements, with a precision comparable to that of laboratory apparatus. and for measuring levels of very low compounds.
- FIG. 1 presents a diagram detailing the optical principles used
- FIG. 2 presents a master diagram of the geometry of a spectrometer according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a sectional view of a spectrometer according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 4 details the opening of the spectrometer of FIG. 3,
- FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of a spectrometer according to a second embodiment
- FIG. 6 illustrates a lighting spectrum
- FIG. 7 illustrates a diffused retro spectrum
- FIGS. 8 to 11 illustrate four measurement chamber conformations
- FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate a device for mounting the optical sensors according to a first embodiment in perspective view, respectively assembled and exploded
- FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a device for mounting the optical sensors according to a second embodiment in perspective view, respectively assembled and exploded
- FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a measurement chain
- FIG. 17 presents a diagram of the computer system of the spectrometer
- FIG. 18 presents a perspective view of the spectrometer
- FIG. 19 presents an exploded perspective view of the same spectrometer
- FIGS. 20 and 21 show two examples of use of the spectrometer
- FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a measurement sequence
- Figure 1 illustrates an optical principle.
- a reflected ray is mainly concentrated in a preferred direction. This direction is, determined by the laws of Descartes, symmetrical relative to the normal n to the surface of the body c to the point of impact of the incident ray i. The angle between the incident ray i and the normal n is equal to the angle between the normal n and the specular reflected ray r.
- the light is retro-diffused substantially homogeneously in all directions of space. This second mode is exploited by the invention. It has the advantage of allowing a measurement by placing a sensor m in any direction of the space being assured of being able to observe the same signal.
- a disadvantage is that the intensity of this signal is low relative to the reflected specular signal r.
- the invention has several features that make it possible to improve the quality of the measurement in order to compensate for the relative weakness of the signal received.
- it is necessary not to place a sensor in the specular reflection direction r in order to avoid the risk of blinding / saturating it, because of the differences in order of magnitude of the light intensities.
- the diffuse mode is accompanied by a certain penetration of the light inside the body c.
- the light spectrum is modified due to differential attenuations, depending on the wavelengths.
- an essential property is that a sample-diffused retro-signal has its modified wavelength spectrum as a function of the compounds present in the sample that selectively absorb certain characteristic wavelengths of said compounds.
- the measuring principle of the spectrometer 1 takes advantage of this property. It consists in actively illuminating, with a known spectrum light source 21, a sample 4 disposed in a target zone 3, measuring the reflected light according to the retro mode broadcast by sample 4 by means of optical sensors 5 to identify and characterize the scattered retro-spectrum 22. Next, from this measurement, a change of the scattered retro-spectrum 22 relative to the illumination spectrum 21 is determined. The analysis of this modification, by quantifying the observable attenuations according to certain characteristic wavelengths makes it possible to deduce the contents of certain constituent compounds of the sample 4. A third "surface" reflection mode, due to micro surface roughness , still exists and is used for color observation.
- FIG. 2 presents a synoptic for defining the geometry of an optical spectrometer 1 according to the invention
- FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively 5 and 6, show a first mode, respectively a second embodiment, of illustrative embodiment of FIG.
- Such an optical spectrometer 1 is organized around an optical axis 2.
- a target zone 3, centered on said optical axis 2, at the periphery of the spectrometer is free and accessible in order to allow the introduction of an optical spectrometer.
- sample 4 to analyze The size of this target zone 3 is adapted according to the products that one wishes to analyze.
- Its center 3 is located at the intersection of the optical axis 2 and the axes 6 of the optical sensors 5. Its spatial extent varies according to the types of sample 4 treated and the optical characteristics of the spectrometer.
- Sample 4 can be a solid or a liquid.
- the optical spectrometer 1 comprises a plurality comprising at least one optical sensor 5. Each optical sensor 5 targets the target zone 3. In other words, its optical axis 6 passes through the target zone 3.
- the optical spectrometer 1 also comprises a measurement chamber 7 that is generally opaque to light, with the exception of an opening 8.
- This opening 8 is centered on the optical axis 2 and constitutes the only light entry path from the outside to the inside of the measuring chamber 7.
- the target zone 3 is close to the opening 8, while remaining external to said opening 8 and to the measuring chamber 7.
- the opening 8 is still completely obstructed by at least one diffuser filter 9.
- any light entering the measuring chamber 7 from the outside is diffused through the passage of said diffuser filter 9. It is thus homogenized in the interior of the the measuring chamber 7.
- a measurement of light can thus be carried out identically at any point of the measuring chamber 7, which allows a large latitude of positioning for an optical sensor 5, inside the measuring chamber 7.
- the diffuser filter 9 has a very low attenuation.
- the target zone 3 is limited by the external surface of the diffuser filter 9.
- the outer surface of the diffuser filter 9 also provides a bearing surface allowing contact of the sample 4 during a measurement sequence.
- the diffuser filter 9 further protects the inside of the measuring chamber 7 against the possible introduction of solid or liquid foreign bodies.
- the measuring chamber 7 also comprises an inner bottom 10. This inner bottom 10 is centered on the optical axis 2 and has a surface capable of receiving the plurality of optical sensors 5.
- the spectrometer 1 comprises a main lighting device 12. This main lighting device 12 is able to illuminate the sample 4. It is placed outside the chamber of measure 7.
- the function of the main illumination 12 is to illuminate the sample 4 in a sufficiently powerful manner to produce a diffuse reflection that can be measured by the plurality of optical sensors 5.
- the direction of the main illumination 12 relative to the optical axis 2, in order to produce a diffuse reflection towards the measuring chamber 7 may be arbitrary since the diffuse reflection is omnidirectional. However, it is preferable that the main illumination 12 does not directly illuminate the opening 8, so as not to disturb the optical sensors 5 by a signal much more intense than that, back scattered, that it is desired to measure. For this, the main lighting device 12 must at least be arranged, on the opposite side to the target zone 3, relative to the plane 13 perpendicular to the optical axis 2 and passing through the diffuser filter 9 (said plane coincides with the plane of the opening 8 and with the laying of the sample 4).
- the spectrum 22 of the retro light diffused into the measuring chamber 7 is analyzed by means of optical sensors 5.
- the latter advantageously perform intensity measurements at certain discrete wavelengths that are particularly chosen. It is thus necessary for the spectrum 21 of the light emitted by the main lighting device 12 to contain all the wavelengths for which it is desired to measure an attenuation by means of the optical sensors 5.
- a first simple means consists in using a device main illumination 12 having a broad spectrum including all wavelengths particularly chosen. However, it is noted that lighting having at least only said wavelengths chosen particularly is sufficient. However, it is easier to achieve broad spectrum lighting typically covering wavelengths between 300 and 1800 nm. Such a spectrum thus covers all the wavelengths corresponding to all the compounds whose content one may wish to measure.
- a spectrum between 300 and 1100 nm is sufficient to cover the chosen wavelengths.
- the main lighting device 12 is advantageously arranged annularly around the optical axis 2 in order to increase the amount of light illuminating the sample 4. It is advantageous to increase as much as possible this amount of light, to improve the sensitivity of the spectrometer 1, despite a low "yield" of the retro-diffusion.
- a reflector 17, for example metallized and annular, can still be used in order to concentrate the luminous flux of the illumination towards the target zone 3 and the sample 4.
- the main lighting device 12 is protected by a protective wall 18.
- this wall is advantageously translucent and optically neutral. However, it allows to protect the components of the main lighting 12 against foreign bodies.
- This protective wall 18 is, for example, made of glass.
- the function of the measuring chamber 7 is to accommodate the optical sensors 5. However, these optical sensors 5 can not all be arranged in one and the same ideal measurement location. This is compensated by a homogenization of any light signal entering the measuring chamber 7, made by at least one diffuser filter 9.
- the shape of the internal lateral wall 19 of the the measuring chamber 7 can be any provided that it is at least included in a conical envelope whose opening angle 20 remains less than or equal to the diffusion angle 11 of the diffuser filter 9.
- this side wall 19 may be conical, cylindrical, spherical or other.
- the diffusion homogenization effect is further improved by an embodiment where said inner wall 19 of the measuring chamber 7 is optically absorbent. This can be done, in known manner, by a suitable material or coating.
- a first embodiment ideally uses an inner bottom 10 of the measuring chamber 7 having a spherical cap shape, the center of this sphere being located at the target area 3.
- an optical sensor 5, mounted flat on the inner bottom 10 has in fact its optical axis 6, normal to the surface of the spherical cap, aligned with the target area
- the realization of a spherical interior bottom is complex and it is preferred a simpler background plan.
- the optical axis 6 of an optical sensor 5 is all the more misaligned with the target zone 3 that the optical sensor 5 is mounted far from the optical axis 2. Two techniques will be described here. afterwards in order to correct / compensate for this axial misalignment.
- the intensity of light received within the measurement chamber 7 must be maximized.
- the geometry of the measuring chamber 7 can also be optimized.
- the proportion of said measuring chamber 7 is advantageously designed so as to have a maximum photometric gain G.
- the photometric gain G is defined by the formula:
- G 100. - ⁇ , where ⁇ is the diameter of the opening 8, and L is
- the diameter ⁇ is related to the typical dimensions of the samples 4.
- the size of the inner bottom 10 depends on the number of optical sensors 5 used. This number depends on the contents that one wishes to measure.
- the opening angle of the measuring chamber is at least equal to the diffusion angle of the diffuser filter 9. An opening 11 of the measuring chamber 7 is too great and harmful in that part of the light entering the measuring chamber 7 is lost.
- the opening of the chamber is chosen to be greater, but almost equal to the diffusion angle of the diffuser filter 9.
- the geometry of the measuring chamber 7 is thus determined, and a minimum length L that satisfies the previous condition is advantageously chosen. angle.
- the measuring chamber 7, and particularly its inner bottom 10 is equipped with optical sensors 5.
- said retro-reflective spectrum 22 of which one example is illustrated in Figure 7 compared to the illumination spectrum 21 shown in Figure 6, is analyzed by means of light intensity measurements.
- these measurements are performed on a set of discrete values of wavelengths chosen as a function of all the compounds whose content is to be determined.
- an optical sensor 5 measuring the light intensity in a narrow band centered on said wavelength.
- the choice of said wavelengths is advantageously obtained by an optimization taking overall account of all the compounds whose content is to be determined and which is described later.
- an optical sensor 5 comprises, for example, a photodiode 25 and an optical filter 26 disposed in front of a sensitive surface of said photodiode 25.
- said photodiode 25 measures only the photodiode 25.
- the photodiode may be a silicon (Si) or an indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) type photodiode. It is able to output an analog electrical signal indicative of the received light intensity.
- the photodiode 25 is a photodiode with large receptive surface, in order to improve the quantity of light received. This contributes to improving the signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity of the spectrometer 1.
- By associating the different geometrical, optical and electronic characteristics of the spectrometer it is possible to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio of light intensity measurements greater than or equal to 6000, which makes possible the determination of very low compound content.
- the optical filter 26 is advantageously a narrow bandpass filter centered on said wavelength. Filters having a bandwidth of 4 nm make it possible to obtain a satisfactory result.
- the size of the optical filter 26 is sufficiently large to cover as completely as possible the sensitive surface of the photodiode 25 with which it is associated in order to maximize the light output of the optical sensor 5.
- the optical filter 26 is advantageously plated at most close against the sensitive surface of the photodiode 25.
- the optical sensors 5 are assembled and positioned by a multi-piece assembly.
- a first substantially planar rigid support part 30 accommodates the photodiodes 25 and ensures their precise positioning.
- this part 30 may be a printed circuit 30.
- the photodiodes are then positioned by welding and the printed circuit still provides the wiring of the photodiodes.
- a second substantially flat rigid spacer part 31, in which are cut housing suitable for receiving the optical filters 26, ensures their positioning relative to the photodiodes 25 in the plane of the assembly.
- a third substantially flat intermediate piece 32, made of an elastic material, is cut so as to be superimposed on the support piece 31.
- the cumulative thickness of the support piece 31 and the intermediate piece 32 is such that it is greater than the thickness of the optical filters 26 when the insert 32 is at rest, and less than said thickness when the insert 32 is compressed.
- a fourth clamping piece 34 maintains the assembly.
- the fourth clamping piece 34 comprises, at the level of the optical filters 26, cutouts that reveal at least the sensitive surface of each photodiode 25, but cover the periphery of each optical filter 26 in order to maintain it.
- the compression of the intermediate part 32 ensures a play clearance, and a plating of the optical filters 26 against the photodiodes 25, in the direction of the axis 6 of the optical sensor, perpendicular to the assembly plane.
- the spacer pieces 31 and spacer 32 are combined into a single elastic part 31 ensuring their functions.
- FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of the processing chain associated with an optical sensor 5.
- Each optical sensor 5 is associated with an amplifier / filter 40, 41, in order to to process the electrical output signal of the optical sensor 5.
- This signal processing filter comprises at least one amplifier 40.
- the gain of each amplifier 40, associated with an optical sensor 5 is separately adjustable, in order to maximize the excursion of the measurement of the observable luminous intensity on this optical sensor 5, in normal measurement conditions.
- the gain of the amplifier 40 is then adjusted so that this maximum value of intensity corresponds to the maximum value of the acceptable measurement by an acquisition device 42 downstream. This makes it possible to make the most of the signal measured by taking advantage of the dynamics of the processing device 42 downstream in order to obtain a high sensitivity and a better signal-to-noise ratio.
- the optical sensor processing chain may further include other components. It is thus possible to use filters 41 or other components, in order to carry out any pretreatment of the electrical measurement signal.
- the processing device 42 is advantageously an analog digital converter 42 for interfacing with a logic processing unit 60 described below. Depending on the number of optical sensors 5, it is still possible to use a multiplexer to multiplex said optical sensors 5 with said logic processing unit 60.
- the optical sensors 5 should target the target zone 3.
- a first embodiment with a spherical interior bottom fulfills this condition, but proves difficult to implement, particularly in the preferred embodiment using a printed circuit board.
- a flat bottom 10 is therefore prefer.
- the axis 6 of an optical sensor 5 no longer targets the target zone 3, and is further misaligned with respect to a direction targeting the target zone 3 that the optical sensor 5 is mounted far away of the optical axis 2.
- a first embodiment consists in correcting said misalignment by an angular correction, for example by means of a radially arranged bias support, for each optical sensor 5, the bias being a function of the distance to the optical axis 2, in order to reproduce the angle that the optical sensor 5 would present, mounted on a spherical cap.
- an angular correction for example by means of a radially arranged bias support, for each optical sensor 5, the bias being a function of the distance to the optical axis 2, in order to reproduce the angle that the optical sensor 5 would present, mounted on a spherical cap.
- a second embodiment is to correct either said misalignment but its consequence.
- Axial misalignment modifies in a known manner the measured wavelength of the light signal by shifting it towards blue.
- the axial misalignment angle is known, its consequence on the measurement of the light signal can be corrected by shifting the wavelength associated with the optical sensor 5 by a value corresponding to said misalignment angle. This shift is achieved by the choice of the optical filter 26 during its design.
- the optical sensor is "adjusted" over an offset wavelength ⁇ 'as a function of the wavelength ⁇ and the distance (or misalignment angle of the axis 6) of the optical sensor 5 relative to the optical axis 2.
- the wavelengths associated with said optical sensors 5 make it possible to characterize the backscattered light spectrum.
- the number and values of the wavelengths retained may be arbitrary. However, a judicious choice of this number and these values makes it possible to improve the quality of the measurements considerably.
- the number of wavelengths and the particular values of these wavelengths can be globally chosen as a function of the set of compounds whose contents are to be determined.
- An example of a method for determining wavelengths is based on an overall optimization obtained by maximizing an objective or performance function.
- An extended set of candidate wavelengths Ai..A m The cardinal m of this set can be very big. Thus it is possible to leave by including all the wavelengths of the spectrum retained, with a given pitch of 1, 2 or a few nm, or of all commercially available wavelengths. Any selection of n, n ⁇ m, wavelengths is considered in this set, and the objective function is calculated for this selection S.
- the objective function F is chosen such that its value F (S) is maximum when the Optical sensors associated with the selection S of wavelengths achieve a minimum error with a minimum number of wavelengths.
- An example of a function is given by the formula:
- Ei is the prediction error obtained for the i th compound to be predicted
- Si is the standard deviation of concentration of this i th compound to be predicted.
- the choice of the four compounds: water, sugar, anthocyanin polyphenols, acid makes it possible to determine an optimal series of 13 "theoretical" wavelengths: 440, 520, 665, 690, 740, 770, 805, 840, 875, 910, 945, 980 and 1015 nm.
- the "corrected" wavelengths become: 442, 522, 668, 693, 743, 773, 809, 844 , 879, 914, 946, 981 and 1016 nm.
- the spectrometer 1 advantageously comprises a reference lighting device 50.
- the objective of the reference lighting device 50 is to make it possible to perform a reference measurement similar to the actual measurement, except that the light is not 4. By comparing the two measurements obtained with and without attenuation by the sample 4, it is possible to determine with greater precision the influence of the sample 4, in terms of attenuation of the sample. the light.
- This reference lighting device 50 is chosen so as to emit a spectrum of light that is as identical as possible to that emitted by the main lighting device 12.
- the reference lighting device 50 emits, under the conditions of comparable use, at any time, a spectrum having the same characteristics, despite the possible temperature changes of the lighting devices and despite their aging, that the spectrum 21 emitted by the main lighting device 12.
- a means to achieve this objective is to reproduce identically the structure of the main lighting device 12 by producing a reference lighting device 50 composed of the same number of constituents (bulbs, LEDs, ...), of the same type, of same reference and manufacturing batch as those of the main lighting device 12.
- a main illumination 12 may comprise incandescent lamps supported by LEDs in order to increase the luminous flux
- the reference illumination 50 comprises only incandescent lamps of the same type, same reference and same batch of manufacturing.
- the lighting devices 12, 50 have identical temperatures and therefore identical spectra.
- the reference lighting device 50 is arranged outside the measuring chamber 7, so that its light illuminates the inner wall 10 of the measuring chamber 7, where the optical sensors 5 are arranged, after having been diffused by the diffuser filter 9.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 A possible arrangement is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, where the reference lighting device 50 is arranged on the edge of the diffuser filter 9.
- the optical spectrometer 1 according to the invention further advantageously integrates other optical sensors in order to simultaneously perform other measurements on the same sample 4.
- the optical spectrometer 1 may comprise a system for measuring the color 51, 52 of the sample 4.
- the system comprises a third illumination device 51 and a color optical sensor 52.
- This color measuring system operates according to the third mode of surface reflection.
- the illumination axis of sample 4 and the color measurement axis should be arranged symmetrically to each other with respect to optical axis 2 assuming sample 4, supported against the plane of the opening 8 at the target zone 3, has a normal parallel to said optical axis 2.
- a necessary configuration to achieve this condition is that both the third lighting device 51 and the optical sensor of color 52 are targeting target area 3.
- the third lighting device 51 and the color optical sensor 52 are arranged on the inner bottom 10.
- the opening 8 of the measuring chamber 7 is equipped with a lens 55 closing the opening 8 on the outside relative to the diffuser filter 9, and the third lighting device 51 and the sensor color optics 52 are arranged between the diffuser filter 9 and the lens 55.
- a lens 55 closing the opening 8 on the outside relative to the diffuser filter 9, and the third lighting device 51 and the sensor color optics 52 are arranged between the diffuser filter 9 and the lens 55.
- the target zone 3 is, according to this embodiment, located outside this lens 55.
- This lens 55 then replaces the diffuser filter 9 in its support functions of the sample 4 and protection of the measuring chamber 7 against foreign bodies.
- This lens 55 may be of optically neutral translucent material such as glass.
- This lens 55 may also advantageously be a second diffuser filter.
- the third lighting device 51 is advantageously a broad-spectrum light source, comparable to the main lighting device 12. It may be a LED emitting a white spectrum in order to reduce the space occupied.
- a cache 56 advantageously makes it possible not to directly illuminate the near color optical sensor 52.
- the optical color sensor 52 measures, in known manner, the intensities in three colors, typically red, green and blue.
- the color optical sensor 52 comprises three individual sensors each measuring one of the three colors selected. These three sensors can still be integrated into a single component.
- the optical spectrometer 1 may further comprise a fluorescence measurement system 53, 54 of the sample 4.
- This system comprises a fourth lighting device 53 and a specific optical sensor 54.
- This fluorescence measuring system 53, 54 functions, by retransmission.
- the fourth lighting device 53 and the specific optical sensor 54 target the target zone 3.
- the fluorescence measuring device may, according to a first embodiment, be arranged on the inner bottom 10. It is advantageous that the fourth lighting device 53 and the specific optical sensor 54 are both arranged, on the inner bottom 10, coinciding with the optical axis 2.
- the fourth lighting device 53 and the color optical sensor 54 are arranged between the diffuser filter 9 and the lens 55. Such a configuration is illustrated in FIG.
- the principle of fluorescence consists in illuminating a sample 4 with a light comprising at least a first wavelength particularly chosen to cause, in the presence of a particular reactive compound, a light emission back at a second wavelength.
- the fourth lighting device 53 is then a monochromatic light source centered on said first wavelength or whose spectrum comprises at least this wave length.
- the specific optical sensor 54 is then a sensor responsive to the second wavelength, such as for example a photodiode equipped with a spectral optical filter passes band centered on said second wavelength.
- a particular application in the illustrative example of grapevine and grape, is the detection of a parasitic fungus named botrytis.
- This fungus has a fluorescent effect.
- the botrytis When illuminated by a monochromatic light with a central wavelength of 380 nm, the botrytis reacts by re-emitting 522 nm central wavelength light, detectable with a specific optical sensor 54 centered on this wavelength.
- Illumination comprising the wavelength 380 nm can be achieved by means of a UV LED producing a spectrum of 380 nm +/- 15 nm.
- the optical spectrometer 1 further comprises a logic processing unit 60.
- the latter is typically organized around a microprocessor or microcontroller computer system, equipped with peripherals, operating under the software control.
- This logic processing unit 60 is interfaced with the various electrical devices: lighting devices 12, 50, 51, 53 and optical sensors 5, 52, 54.
- said logic processing unit 60 is able to control the selective ignition lighting devices 12, 50, 51, 53. It is still able to acquire measurements from the various optical sensors 5, 52, 54 and their chains 40, 41, 42, signal processing. It is also able to produce determinations by calculation from measurements from said optical sensors 5, 52, 54. It is still able to store and restore both said measurements and said determinations.
- the optical spectrometer 1 further comprises a human machine interface 61, interfaced with said processing unit 60.
- This man-machine interface 61 comprises at least one input means 62, and one output means 63.
- An input means 62 is typically a button, a keyboard or a trigger 62, adapted to allow a user of optical spectrometer 1, to trigger a program performing a sequence of measurements, for example according to the method which is described below.
- An output means 63 is typically a display for example a screen 63 capable of displaying the results of the measurements. Other input means may be present in order, for example, to make it possible to configure the optical spectrometer 1.
- This means may comprise an internal memory, possibly removable, for example in the form of a flash memory card, in order to be able to transmit measurements. or determinations to another storage or processing unit. It is possible to redundant this storage means in order to guarantee a safeguard of the measurements and determinations. Thus any measurement can in parallel be stored in a resident internal flash type memory or EEPROM, for example, and redundantly, for example, on a removable memory type SD memory card.
- This transmission means 65 may comprise a wired connection (RS, Ethernet, parallel, USB, ...) or wireless (Wifi, GSM, GPRS, BlueTooth, ).
- the advantage of a terrestrial link is that it can transmit almost immediately measurements made in the field to a central storage and processing unit.
- one or more spectrometers perform measurements of the content of compounds in the ranks of a vineyard. These measurements are transmitted to a central processing logic unit located for example in the cellar, which compiles all the measurements to produce more global results. So, by For example, grade measurements can feed an application to predict the optimal harvest date.
- the optical spectrometer 1 may further comprise a geolocation device 66.
- This device 66 may be a GPS receiver, GPRS or equivalent. It is advantageously interfaced with the logical processing unit 60, to which it provides locations and, where appropriate, a precise date / time.
- the logical processing unit 60 may advantageously associate with a measurement its geographical location and / or its date / time, at the moment of the measurement or determination. This is interesting in order to map measures at different locations in an establishment or operation.
- the optical spectrometer 1 is advantageously portable / portable in that all its components can be made sufficiently small.
- the electric autonomy is provided by a battery 68 integrated in the device.
- FIGS. 18 and 19 an exemplary embodiment is shown which can be carried by means of a handle 67 and operated with one hand by an operator, who can thus use his free hand to present the sample 4 in the target area 3.
- the invention also relates to a method of using such an optical spectrometer 1.
- acquisitions are made.
- a first measurement is performed, by means of the optical sensors 5, in the presence of a sample 4 whose compound contents are to be determined, the latter being placed in the target zone 3.
- the sample 4 is illuminated by the main lighting device 12, the latter being lit alone, excluding the reference lighting device 50, the third lighting device 51 and the fourth lighting device 53, if they are present.
- Each of the optical sensors 5 performs, substantially at the same time, a measurement mi, where the index i describes the set of sensors optics 5, comprising n elements. This measure is called "real".
- the same optical sensors 5 are again measured, all the lighting devices being extinguished: main lighting device 12, reference lighting device 50, third device lighting 51 and fourth lighting device 53.
- the presence of the sample 4 is here advantageous in order to be able to compare the different measurements. Also these different measurements are they, preferably, carried out in a short time interval, their relative order being indifferent.
- Each of the optical sensors 5 acquires, substantially at the same time, a measurement bi, where the index i describes the set of optical sensors 5, comprising n elements. This measurement is named "black”. It is indicative of the optical background of the sensors and the environment, and is then removed from other measurements.
- a compensation device is used.
- the reference lighting device 50 is designed to produce a spectrum, which, even if it changes slowly over time, remains at all times identical to the spectrum of the main lighting device 12. This makes it possible to achieve compensation by comparing a measurement made by analyzing the light from the main lighting device 12 after retro-diffusion by the sample 4 and a measurement made by analyzing the light, theoretically identical, directly from the reference illumination 50.
- the different measurements are preferably made in a short time interval, but their order is indifferent.
- a measurement is made by the same optical sensors 5, the reference lighting device 50 being lit alone.
- the other lighting devices: main lighting device 12, third lighting device 51 and fourth lighting device 53 are extinguished.
- the presence of the sample 4 is here again necessary in order to produce comparable conditions.
- Each of the optical sensors 5 performs, substantially at the same time, a measurement ri, where the index i describes the set of optical sensors 5, comprising n elements. This measurement is named "reference”. It is indicative of the spectrum of the illumination light when it is not modified by the sample 4. This measurement ri can be further improved by removing the bi-black measurement.
- the method then comprises a derivation step second in which are calculated Dj . for i between 1 and n.
- This step applies the formulas:
- the method further comprises a normalization step with a standard equal to the sum of the
- the method further comprises a step where the i resulting from the measurements are then transformed by linear combination, in order to determine the contents M j of the compound of the sample 4 according to the formula:
- Ni is the number previously determined from n measurements Xi resulting from optical sensors, i between 1 and n, n being the number of optical sensors 5,
- M j is the compound content of the j th, j between 1 and p, p being the number of compounds,
- SM j i is a characteristic coefficient.
- the SMji are a set of characteristic coefficients of the compounds whose contents are to be measured and of n optical sensors or equivalent, of the n wavelengths associated with these optical sensors.
- the matrix SM of dimension [n + 1, p] of the coefficients SM j i is thus characteristic of the coupling between these wavelengths and said compounds.
- the matrix SM is thus a characteristic of the configuration of a spectrometer 1 according to the invention and of its method use. It is stored in the memory of the logic processing unit 60.
- the change of destination of the spectrometer to make it able to determine the contents of other compounds requires a reconfiguration including the modification of the wavelengths (if any of their number) which can be achieved by modifying the optical filters 26, as well as the concomitant modification of the matrix SM, which can be carried out by modification in the memory of the processing logic unit 60.
- a method of determining this matrix SM characteristic will now be described.
- the matrix of coefficients SM j i establishes a linear relationship between the contents M j of the compounds, describing the set of p compounds and the determinations Ni, i describing all of the n optical sensors 5, calculated from the measurements made by n optical sensors 5.
- the coefficients SM j i of this relationship are identified by any known method, from a series of measurements on samples 4, carried out with the spectrometer according to the invention to determine the i, the contents j of these same samples being known. for example by means of a measurement made using a laboratory spectrometer.
- a known applicable method is multiple linear regression.
- n 13 wavelengths (440, 520, 665, 690, 740, 770, 805, 840, 875, 910, 945, 980, 1015).
- n 13 wavelengths (440, 520, 665, 690, 740, 770, 805, 840, 875, 910, 945, 980, 1015)
- FIGS. 23 and 24 two examples of matrix SM are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24.
- the matrix SM (90) of FIG. 23 is applicable to black / red grapes
- the matrix SM (98) of Figure 24 is applicable to white grapes.
- the first of these matrices 90 comprises four lines, 91-94, corresponding respectively to the 4 compounds sugar, acid, anthocyanin and water.
- the second of said matrices 98 has only three lines, the anthocyanin compound does not exist for white grapes. It still includes 14 columns. The first 13 columns corresponding to the 13 optical sensors, thus the first column 95 and the last column 96.
- An additional column 97 contains the coefficients SM jn + i offset.
- the method further comprises, optionally, in the same measurement sequence, in order to take advantage of the presence of the sample 4 in the target zone 3, a measurement of the color of the sample 4. For this purpose, an acquisition is performed by means of the color optical sensor 52, the third lighting device 51 being lit alone to illuminate the sample 4. This makes it possible to obtain a "true color" measurement m c of the color of the sample 4.
- this measurement can be corrected by subtracting a "black” measurement and by compensation by means of a "reference” measurement.
- the method further comprises a step of obtaining a "color reference" measurement r c , by acquisition by means of the color optical sensor 52, the reference lighting device 50 being lit alone.
- the color optical sensor 52 is directly illuminated without modification caused by the retro-diffusion by the sample 4.
- a "black color” measurement b c is performed by acquisition by means of the color optical sensor 52, all lighting devices 12, 50, 51, 53 being extinguished.
- the method further comprises, optionally, in the same measuring sequence to benefit from the presence of the sample 4 in the target zone 3, a measurement sample fluorescence 4.
- a Acquisition is carried out by means of the specific optical sensor 54, the fourth lighting device 53 being alone lit to illuminate the sample 4 with a light comprising at least a first particular wavelength. This makes it possible to obtain a "real fluorescence" measurement m f of the sample 4.
- this measurement can be corrected by subtracting a "black” measurement. Compensation by means of a "reference” measure is not applicable.
- the method further comprises a step of obtaining a measurement "black fluorescence" b f , achieved by acquisition by means of the specific optical sensor 54, all lighting devices 12, 50, 51, 53 being extinguished.
- a typical measurement sequence is, for example, triggered by action on the gate type input means 62, of the man-machine interface 61.
- the various acquisition operations are carried out, accompanied by the commands of FIG. corresponding lighting devices.
- the various treatments can then be carried out in order to produce the final determinations: p contents of the compound and, if appropriate, color and presence / level of the compound detected by fluorescence. These values can be displayed on the output means 63 of the man-machine interface 61.
- FIG. 22 An illustrative example of a measurement sequence ( Figure 22) includes the following sequence of operations:
- n ir i between 1 and n, n c and n f ,
- a logic processing unit 60 is advantageous in that it makes it possible to perform various treatments on the measurements obtained. Other determinations may be calculated and, if appropriate, displayed on the output means 63.
- a confidence index for example based on the standard deviation of a measurement.
- the display of this confidence index allows him to determine whether he should continue or whether he can curtail his measurement campaign. It can still be realized a pass / pass test not acceptance of a measurement sequence.
- An example of an optical anomaly is a measurement that would be made by pointing the spectrometer 1 towards an intense light source, such as the sun. Such a measurement would be completely distorted by a blindness of very sensitive optical sensors.
- the method may further comprise, as soon as the measurements and determinations have been completed, a storage step.
- This storage may be local on an internal storage means 64 and reside in the spectrometer and / or on a removable means of the memory card type. It is still possible to carry out an alternative or complementary transmission step to another logical processing unit, either in real time as soon as the measurement or determination is available or in batch delayed time.
- the measurement sequence may also include the determination of a position by means of the geolocation device 66. This position may advantageously be joined to a measurement or determination made at this position.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0904241A FR2949861B1 (fr) | 2009-09-07 | 2009-09-07 | Spectrometre optique, en particulier spectrometre optique autonome et portable |
| PCT/FR2010/000599 WO2011027052A1 (fr) | 2009-09-07 | 2010-09-03 | Spectrometre optique autonome et portable |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2475975A1 true EP2475975A1 (fr) | 2012-07-18 |
| EP2475975B1 EP2475975B1 (fr) | 2018-12-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10762710.1A Not-in-force EP2475975B1 (fr) | 2009-09-07 | 2010-09-03 | Spectrometre optique autonome et portable |
Country Status (6)
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| US (1) | US8964180B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2475975B1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2010291087B2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2715079T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2949861B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2011027052A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPWO2018047366A1 (ja) * | 2016-09-06 | 2019-06-24 | 株式会社アタゴ | 非破壊測定装置 |
| EP3379246B1 (fr) * | 2017-03-28 | 2019-10-16 | INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory | Dispositif de surveillance, système et procédé pour surveiller un état de fruits |
| DE102018103509B3 (de) | 2017-10-11 | 2018-12-13 | Carl Zeiss Spectroscopy Gmbh | Mobiles Inhaltsstoffanalysesystem sowie Verfahren zur probenrichtigen Messung und Nutzerführung mit diesem |
| US12044570B2 (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2024-07-23 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Calibration for an instrument (device, sensor) |
| JP2019211456A (ja) * | 2018-06-07 | 2019-12-12 | 学校法人 東洋大学 | 青果物および果汁の品質検査装置 |
| EP3864384A4 (fr) | 2018-10-08 | 2022-06-29 | Verifood Ltd. | Accessoires pour spectromètres optiques |
| DE102019117858B3 (de) * | 2019-07-02 | 2020-07-02 | diemietwaesche.de gmbh + co. kg | Prüfgerät und Verfahren zur Prüfung der Retroreflexion und/oder Fluoreszenz eines Objekts |
| USD949713S1 (en) * | 2019-11-27 | 2022-04-26 | Byk-Gardner Gmbh | Appearance measurement instrument |
| USD949032S1 (en) * | 2019-11-27 | 2022-04-19 | Byk-Gardner Gmbh | Color appearance measurement instrument |
| CN111707368B (zh) * | 2020-06-19 | 2023-10-17 | 中国计量大学 | 基于多通道光谱的色差仪及反射率测量方法 |
| CN112798548B (zh) * | 2020-12-25 | 2023-11-21 | 广东海洋大学 | 一种便携直读式溶解性氮磷测定装置 |
| JP7797931B2 (ja) * | 2022-03-22 | 2026-01-14 | 富士フイルムビジネスイノベーション株式会社 | 受光装置及び測定装置 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DK172795B1 (da) * | 1997-02-28 | 1999-07-19 | Slagteriernes Forskningsinst | Reflektionsmåleudstyr til bestemmelse af kvalitetsegenskaber ved emner, navnlig fedtholdige emner |
| JPWO2002088681A1 (ja) * | 2001-04-25 | 2004-08-26 | 前田 弘 | ハンデイタイプの内部品質検査装置 |
| ITPN20010032A1 (it) * | 2001-04-27 | 2002-10-27 | S C E Srl | Apparato portatile di misurazione non distruttiva della qualita' interna di prodotti vegetali |
| US7316322B2 (en) * | 2002-12-24 | 2008-01-08 | Kubota Corporation | Quality evaluation apparatus for fruits and vegetables |
| DE102005002106B3 (de) * | 2005-01-14 | 2006-04-13 | Drägerwerk AG | Vorrichtung zur Analyse der qualitativen Zusammensetzung von Gasen |
-
2009
- 2009-09-07 FR FR0904241A patent/FR2949861B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-09-03 US US13/394,495 patent/US8964180B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-09-03 EP EP10762710.1A patent/EP2475975B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-09-03 WO PCT/FR2010/000599 patent/WO2011027052A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2010-09-03 ES ES10762710T patent/ES2715079T3/es active Active
- 2010-09-03 AU AU2010291087A patent/AU2010291087B2/en not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2011027052A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2010291087A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
| EP2475975B1 (fr) | 2018-12-12 |
| ES2715079T3 (es) | 2019-05-31 |
| FR2949861A1 (fr) | 2011-03-11 |
| WO2011027052A1 (fr) | 2011-03-10 |
| FR2949861B1 (fr) | 2012-08-24 |
| US8964180B2 (en) | 2015-02-24 |
| US20120229809A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
| AU2010291087B2 (en) | 2014-09-04 |
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