Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
  • C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
  • C11C1/005—Splitting up mixtures of fatty acids into their constituents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
  • A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils
  • A23D9/007—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
  • A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
  • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
  • C11C3/003—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with alcohols

Definitions

• PhA phytanic acid
• PhA plays a vital in various human pathologies like Refsums syndrome, Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleuko- dystrophy, rhizomelic punctata chondrodysplasia and others more.
• PhA PhA is consumed on a regular basis in food supplements or food compositions, in elevated concentrations, there are several risks associated to o it:
• PhA may induce several types of cancers like cancer of the lungs, breast, prostata and colon.
• PhA is cytotoxic, especially for the mitochondria. It is one of the strongest cause for programmed cell death (apotosis). Note: Omega-3 fatty acids,
• PhA is strongly pro inflammatory because it displaces the EPA and/or DHA from the sn-2 position of the phospholipids found in the cell membrane.
• PhA is in many aspects a direct antagonist to EPA and DHA.
• PhA may be used in topical applications to improve the blood circulation and/or in drug formulations for treatment of selected diseases, like for example if there is a need of a certain controlled angiogenesis or for the treatment of human type 2 diabetis and obesity (SCHLUTER, YUBERO, et.al. in Internat. Journ. io Of Obesity (2002), 26, 1277-1280).
• SCHLUTER YUBERO, et.al. in Internat. Journ. io Of Obesity (2002), 26, 1277-1280.
• PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids
• PUFA's especially long chain omega-3 fatty acids, such as stearidonic acid (STD), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or their esters, such as their ethyl esters, have certainly become one of the most popular food supplements during the last couple of years.
• Most long-chain omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids come from fish oil.
• omega-3 fatty acids fish oils contain omega-6 fatty acids and omega-9 fatty acids or derivatives thereof.
• omega-6 fatty acids are gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA).
• AA arachidonic acid
• omega-9 fatty acids is oleic acid.
• omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids Apart from the classical fish oil as source of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, algae oils, bacterial oils, fungus oils and specialty oils, such as squid and calamari oils, mussels oils or krill oils, are becoming more and more popular.
• fatty acids found in many marine oils are the phytanic acid and it's oxidized form, the pristanic acid (hereinafter "PA"). They originate from the phytol alcohol rest of the chlorophyll. Hence, especially high amounts of PhA are found in the oil from algae and algae's consuming species, such as small fish, shrimp, krill, mussels or squid. While the majority of food contains less than 10 ppm PhA, fish oils and other marine oils mentioned above can easily reach 750 to 1000 ppm of PhA and even more.
• PhA is a known additive for the cosmetic industry or in drug formulations. US
• 2008/00 76 721 A1 describes use of amino acid salts comprising naturally occuring methylated branched chain fattys acids, inter alia phytanic acid or pristanic acid, for cosmetic, dietary supplement or pharmaceutical compositions which are useful in increasing the variables associated with physical performance for the regulation of athletic function.
• WO 2005/000036 A1 discloses livestock products with an increased PPAR/RXR heterodimer activator level, the PPAR/RXR heterodimer activator being phytanic acid, or a metabolite or derivative thereof.
• WO 2006/114140 A1 discloses pristanic acid-containg cosmetic preparations.
• WO 2004/017766 A1 discloses nutraceutical compositions comprising biotin and at least one additional ingredient, for example phytanic acid.
• PhA is mainly attached to triglycerides, phospholipids and/or
• WO 01/10809 A1 discloses a recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids from urea o adducts by subjecting said products to an extraction treatment using subcritical or supercritical fluids at a temperature of not above 70 0 C.
• EP 1 157 692 A1 discloses a composition of fatty acids containing at least 80 % by weight of EPA and DHA or their derivatives. These compositions are obtained from 5 fish oil by subjecting said oil to different refinement treatments. The reported
• purification process encompasses transesterification followed by urea fractionation and by distillation processes.
• a fatty acid composition comprising at least 80 % by o weight of a combination of EPA and DHA and comprising in addition at least 1 % by weight of (all Z omega-3)-6,9,12,15,18-heneicosapentaenoic acid.
• Another fatty acid composition referred to in this patent is a mixed fatty acid composition comprising at least 80 % by weight of omega-3 fatty acids, at least 80 % by weight of the total fatty acid content being a combination of EPA and DHA in an amount from 1 :2 to 2:1 and 5 at least 1.5 % by weight of the total acids being omega-3 fatty acids other than EPA and DHA.
• These compositions are obtained from fish oil by subjecting said oil to different refinement treatments.
• the reported purification process encompasses transesterification followed by urea fractionation and by molecular distillation process.
• PUFA Purification of PUFA by chromatographic methods or by extraction methods has also been already disclosed in the prior art.
• WO 00/71650 A1 a method for purifying natural oils is described.
• a natural oil comprising unsaturated higher fatty acids is purified by treating said natural oil with alumina as a sorbent. This treatment results in tasteless and odourless PUFA compositions.
• WO-A-01/07137 A1 discloses a column chromatography separation method for compositions of 5 matter. Therein a fluid in liquid, non-subcritical and non-critical state is used as an eluent. This method can be used, for example, for the purification of natural PUFA- containing oils.
• PhA can be separated from natural fatty acid 5 mixtures, preferably marine oil, by passing said fatty acid mixture through a
• the objective of the present invention is the provision of a process which is easy to implement and which separates PhA and/or it ' s derivatives from fatty acid o mixtures.
• a composition comprising a fatty acid mixture, preferably polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or their derivatives is obtained with considerably increased efficacy and reduced health risk for the consumer of said composition due to their low or not existing PhA concentration.
• fatty acid fractions are obtained comprising increased amounts of PhA and/or its
• the present invention relates to process for fractionation of chromatographic feed material comprising fatty acids and/or derivatives thereof including phytanic acid and/or its derivatives said process comprises subjecting said chromatographic feed o material to column chromatography using a liquid or a supercritical fluid as an eluent and collecting a plurality of eluate fractions which contain increased amounts of phytanic acid and/or of its derivatives and which contain reduced amounts of phytanic acid and/or of its derivatives.
• fatty acid is to be understood in this specification as a long chain
• Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated compounds. These compounds may contain linear or branched alkyl groups, for example linear or branched alkyl groups having between six and thirty carbon atoms.
• Preferably fatty acids comprise one or very preferred more than one, for example two, three or four ethylenically unsaturated carbons in the alkyl chain. o Very preferred mixtures of fatty acids comprise PUFA ' s.
• fatty acid derivative is to be understood in this specification as any compound comprising one or more groups derived from fatty acids.
• fatty acid derivatives are salts of fatty acids, for example alkali salts, esters of fatty acids
• fatty acid ester group containing lipids such as fatty acid ester group containing glycerolipids, fatty acid ester group containing glycerophospho- lipids, fatty acid ester group containing sphingolipids, fatty acid ester group containing sterol lipids, fatty acid ester group containing prenol lipids, fatty acid ester group containing saccharolipids and fatty acid ester group containing polyketides.
• fatty acid derivatives are amides of fatty acids.
• Preferred fatty acid derivatives are fatty acid esters with polyhydric alcohols, preferably with glycerol.
• the different hydroxy groups of polyhydric alcohols, such as of glycerol, are preferably esterified with different fatty acid groups.
• PhA Phytanic acid
• Derivatives of PhA are as defined above for fatty acids.
• Preferred derivatives of PhA are salts of PhA and/or are esters of PhA.
• Typical concentrations of the combined content of PhA and its derivatives in chromatographic feed materials are 100 - 1500 ppm or higher.
• low content is to be understood in this specification as 100 ppm or lower, preferably between 0 and 100 ppm, very preferably between 0 and 50 ppm.
• high content is to be understood in this specification as higher than 100 ppm, preferably higher than 300 ppm, and very preferred between 3000 ppm and 100 %.
• fractions obtained in the process of this invention can contain - depending on the feed material PhA only, PhA derivatives only, or any combination of two or more of these compounds or compound classes.
• any substrate comprising PhA and/or their derivatives o and fatty acid mixtures, preferably including polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or their derivatives can be used as a feed material.
• the substrate is used in form of an oil.
• PhA can be present in the form of the free acids, their salts or their derivatives, such 5 as esters or amides. Any combination of PhA and/or their derivatives can be present in the substrate to be used in the process of this invention.
• the substrate contains PhA in the form of the free acid or as an alkyl ester, such as an ethyl ester.
• Fatty acid mixtures preferably PUFA ' s containing PhA can also be present in the o form of the free acids, their salts or preferably as derivatives thereof, such as esters or amides, very preferably as alkyl esters, especially as ethyl esters. Any combination of fatty acid mixtures in the form of free acids, salts or derivatives can be present in the substrate to be used in the process of this invention.
• PhA-containing oil As a substrate for column chromatography a PhA-containing oil can be used directly.
• triglycerides in naturally occurring oils are trans-estehfied to the corresponding fatty acid alkyl esters, very preferably to the corresponding ethyl esters.
• This treatment also results in a formation of alkyl esters of PhA.
• composition comprising alkyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids to column chromatography using a liquid or a supercritical fluid as an o eluent
• step c) collecting separate fractions from the treatment of step c), and
• a preferred process of this invention comprises the steps of:
• composition comprising alkyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids to column chromatography using a liquid or a supercritical fluid as an
• step b) collecting separate fractions from the treatment of step b), and
• fatty acid (derivative) composition with a desired spectrum of fatty acid (derivatives), modifying the fatty acid (derivatives) in one or more fractions, for example by deesterification, transesterification, salt formation or other chemical treatment or a combination of two or more of these continued processing steps.
• any desired PhA concentration can be obtained.
• an oil is used as a substrate in step a) which contains phytanic acid as well as triglycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acid groups.
• any fluid in a liquid or supercritical state can be used o as an eluent.
• Typical examples for an eluent are the following fluids in a liquid or supercritical state: dinitrogen oxide, fluorohydrocarbons, fluorochlorohydro-carbons, carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrocarbons, preferably propene, propane or ethane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, xenon, heptane, hexane, pentane or a mixture of two or more thereof.
• a very preferred eluent is liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2).
• the fluid used as an eluent can be used as such.
• the liquid or supercritical fluid contains a polar modifier, preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or water.
• the PhA (derivative) is eluated as a separate fraction or as a fraction in combination with fatty acids.
• the PhA (derivative) is eluated as a selected fraction..
• the isolation and/or removal of the PhA (derivative) from a fatty acid mixture, preferably polyunsaturated fatty acids can be performed at any stage of the
• one or more chromatographic columns can be used, which is/are packed with a particulate or different organic and/or inorganic materials.
• This material can be used in unmodified form or it can be functionalized
• surface modifying groups are aminopropyl groups, cyanopropyl groups, diol groups, phenyl groups or hydrocarbon groups. These latter groups modify a particulate and polar organic or polar inorganic material into a reverse phase material.
• RP-8 or with RP-18 is modified with RP-8 or with RP-18.
• the chromatographic column is packed with silica, in particular with silica modified with aminopropyl, with cyanopropyl, with diol, phenyl or with hydrocarbons, preferably with reverse-phase RP-8 or with reverse-phase RP-18.
• the chromatography column is packed with aluminium oxide, in particular with aluminium oxide modified with aminopropyl, with cyanopropyl, with diol, phenyl or with hydrocarbons, preferably with reverse-phase RP-8 or with reverse-phase RP-18
• oils which are treated and/or 5 used as a PhA-source according to the invention.
• One preferred source of oil is an oil of plant origin.
• Another preferred source of oil is an oil of marine origin, preferably a fish oil, a calamari oil, a squid oil, a krill oil, a marine algae oil, a mussel oil or a clam oil.
• Another preferred source of oil is an oil which is produced by microbes, preferably by algaes, yeasts or bacteria, in heterotrophic or autotrophic industrial fermenters, open tubes, flat panel reactors, open pond systems or other systems.
• the continuing processing comprises a combination of fractions from the column chromatography to result in a product having a content of EPA and DHA alkyl esters of at least 80 % by weight and containing no or up to 100 ppm, preferably below 50 ppm of phytanic acid
• those fractions of the column chromatography are used which result in a product having a content of EPA and DHA alkyl esters of at least 80 % by weight and wherein the weight proportion of EPA and DHA alkyl ester in said o product is between 4 : 1 and 1 : 5 and very preferred between 2:1 and 1 :2
• those fractions of the column chromatography are used which result in a product having a content of EPA and DHA alkyl esters of at least 85 % by weight and having in addition a content of other omega-3 C 2 o-C 22 -fatty acid alkyl esters below 3 % by weight,.
• Said other omega-3 C 2 o-C 22 -fatty acid alkyl esters 5 are preferably selected from the group of alkyl esters of DPA 1 ETA and 21 :5.
• fractions of the column chromatography are used which result in a product having a content of EPA and DHA alkyl esters of at least 85 % by weight and having in addition a content of other omega-3 21 :5-fatty acid alkyl o esters below 1 ,5 % by weight.
• the continuing processing can encompass different steps.
• two or more fractions can be mixed to result in a PhA-free PUFA- 5 composition of desired fatty acid spectrum.
• a PhA-free PUFA- 5 composition of desired fatty acid spectrum In another embodiment or in a
• the alkyl esters can be modified to result in a fatty acid mixture and/or a fatty acid salt mixture and/or another fatty acid derivative mixture.
• the continuing processing comprises a de- o esterification of polyunsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters to result in polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or salts thereof.
• PhA free or reduced purified PUFA can be used as additives for food compositions, as nutrients and preferably as pharmaceutical compositions.
• Still another embodiment of this invention relates to the use of a liquid or supercritical fluid as an eluent in a column chromatographic process to reduce the concentration of phytanic acid and/or of their esters in compositions containing fatty acid mixtures, preferably polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or polyunsaturated fatty o acid esters.
• Example 1 illustrates the invention without limitation.
• a commercially available fish oil (EPA content 20 %, DHA content 9 %) was transformed to the ethyl ester with ethanol and sodium ethylate as catalyst according the standard procedure.
• a large part of the saturated and mono unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters were removed by standard state of the art urea precipitation.
• the resulting product contained 45 % EPA, 19 % DHA and 4000 ppm PhA.
• This product was used as starting material for further processing and was injected (2 kg) onto a 150 liter stainless steel fractionation column packed with a mixture of diol- and aminopropyl silica material at 52 0 C, 163 bar and a CO 2 flow of 700 kg/h.
• the eluate was collected in eight fractions (F1.1.
• Fraction three (F.2.1.) to fraction eight (F.4.2.) usually contain no, or less than 100 ppm PhA.
• Figure 1 shows the first section (between 7,5 and 9,0 min) of the GC chromatograms of the eight fractions collected, after injecting a EPA/DHA (45/19) fish oil containing 4000 ppm PhA onto the fractionation column. In this case the injections were run in the overlapping modus. This means that new material is injected batch wise onto the separation column before all fractions of the previous run have left the column.
• This modus has the consequence that the first fraction(s) of the second run co-elutes with the last fractions of the first run. This explains the reappearance of PhA in F4.1. and F4.2. shown in Figure 1.
• This overlapping modus is used to produce highly concentrated EPA products (F.2.1. to F.3.2.) containing less than 100 ppm PhA. Should the process be run in the standard mode (not overlapping mode), then the DHA fractions F4.1. and F4.2. are also free of PhA .
• Example 2 The collected fractions one and two from example one were used as starting material for further enrichment of PhA. This starting material contained 8 % PhA. The reprocessing was done under the same conditions as under example one. Fraction one of the reprocessed product contained 41 ,07 % PhA. This is shown in 5 Figure 2, t R 8,067.
• Figure 3a shows the GC chromatogramm of commercial available EPA/DHA
• the chromatogram shown in figure 3a complies with the example given in the European Pharmacopoeia 6.3 Monograph Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters 90 which is attached as figure 3b.
• PhA free omega 3 products A further example for PhA free omega 3 products is shown in example 4.
• 8 kg of a commercially available 46/08 fish oil ethyl ester was injected onto the fractionation column (aminopropyl- silica column).
• This oil contains 670 ppm PhA.
• the separation was done at a temperature of 40 0 C, a pressure of 140 bar and a o CO 2 flow of 700 kg/h.
• Table 1 shows the distribution profile of EPA, DHA and PhA in the 8 fractions collected. It can be see that only the first two fractions contain PhA. While fractions 3 to 8 represent different further concentrated PUFA compositions free of PhA.
• Table 1 PhA distribution in eight SFC fractions (F1.1 to F.4.2) obtained by injecting a commercially available 46/8 fish oil ethyl ester concentrate onto a SFC-column.

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• 2009
  • 2009-08-10 WO PCT/EP2009/005804 patent/WO2011018096A1/en active Application Filing
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