Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
  • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
  • E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
  • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
  • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
  • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
  • E04C3/125—End caps therefor
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
  • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
  • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
  • E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
  • E04C5/127—The tensile members being made of fiber reinforced plastics
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T29/00—Metal working
  • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
  • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1348—Cellular material derived from plant or animal source [e.g., wood, cotton, wool, leather, etc.]

Definitions

• connection assemblies for the manufacture of connection assemblies, maintenance or other, formed of a fibrous material, such as wood or bamboo, involved in the development of a building structure or of any construction, of the frame type or other element of infrastructure, or for street furniture, furniture etc ...
• the invention also relates to the assemblies obtained by this method as well as the structures using such assemblies suitably connected to one another or to other elements involved in the design and construction of these structures.
• natural fibrous materials such as wood in its various species or some plants such as bamboo, which is a woody herb capable of producing with a great speed in time of the hollow stems or relatively hardy stubble, which can have a very large longitudinal dimension with separations or nodes distributed along its length, have been used in various forms since the earliest times in the field of architecture, in particular for forming parts and also assembly elements of these parts, involved in the production of support or other structures of various constructions, because of their mechanical characteristics that are inherently interesting to resist forces exerted in certain directions vis-à-vis these parts, and also for reasons of aesthetics or ecological.
• the present invention relates to a method which overcomes the drawbacks of conventional methods using assemblies of parts made of fibrous materials, by making it possible to reduce, to a particularly significant extent, the effects of transverse shear forces, which are, if necessary, intermittently exerted on the parts that form the assembly during their mutual connection or with other elements of the structure to be produced, this method providing assemblies with high mechanical performance whose rigidity is also improved, which limits the possible relative movements of the parts in assemblies of the same structure, giving them an increased capacity for energy dissipation in the event of seismic shock in particular.
• the method considered, for the manufacture of an assembly of this kind capable of coming into play in the production of a support structure said assembly consisting of parts made of a fibrous material forming an element at least in part hollow, elongate, with a longitudinal axis of symmetry, delimiting an inner zone and an outer zone, is characterized in that it consists in producing on the two end portions of the elongate hollow element a localized density of fibrous material, to exert, simultaneously with or following this density, on each of the two end portions of the elongated hollow element, tensile forces outwards and in opposite directions of each other according to its longitudinal axis to create a value axial prestressing stress determined, and to maintain the hollow element elongated in this prestressing state during the implementation of the assembly in the structure.
• the density of the fibrous material is made by a mechanical process capable of reducing, or even eliminating, the cellular voids in the material, obtained thanks to a radial compressive force exerted on each of the two end portions of the element.
• the compression force exerted varies in its intensity along the length of each end portion, being maximum at the free end of the elongate and minimal hollow element at a distance thereof, depending on the length of this portion.
• the compression force exerted has a gradient increasing steadily along the length of each end portion of the hollow member.
• the density of the fibrous material is achieved by reducing its porosity following a forced injection of a polymer or other similar substance into this material in each of the two end portions of the hollow element. elongate.
• the density of the fibrous material can be achieved by the combination of a compression force and by injection of a polymer.
• the prestressing force in each of the end portions of the elongated hollow element is formed by placing, on the one hand, an internal connecting member of general shape. conical, in close contact with the hollow element elongate in the inner zone, this member being secured to means adapted to exert an outward tensile force along the longitudinal axis of the element and, on the other hand, to a fixed hollow casing surrounding the element in its outer zone being immobilized with respect thereto, so that the longitudinal displacement of the inner connecting member in the internal zone under the effect of the axial tensile force, created, by cooperation with the fixed housing in the outer zone, an increasing prestressing of the fibrous material which increases with this force, the mutual locking of the connecting member vis-à-vis the housing then being provided for maintain prestressing at its value thus obtained.
• the assembly carried out by the implementation of this method can correspond to a very large number of variants, whose common or particular characteristics are also part of the present invention.
• the elongate hollow member made of fibrous material, uses two pieces which are plane, in the form of planks or slats of wood, identical, plane and mutually spaced, substantially parallel to one another over most of their length and symmetrical to each other vis-à-vis the longitudinal axis of the element, the end portions of these two boards being mutually reciprocal and each having a thinning, preferably progressive, due to the force exerted on these portions to produce their density by mechanical compression and / or forced injection of a polymer, the organ of internal connection having the shape of a pyramidal corner, cooperating with a traction rod disposed along the longitudinal axis of the element to enable the prestressing force to be exerted on this corner, this pyramidal corner comprising two opposite flat faces in contact with the facing faces of the end portions of the two boards directed towards the inner area, the fixed hollow housing, surrounding the end portions of the two boards in the outer area, having an open end for the introduction of the element and a plate bottom, opposite this open end
• the bottom plate of the housing has a bore in the longitudinal axis of the element for the passage of the pull rod of the pyramidal corner.
• the end of the pull rod is threaded and cooperates with a lock nut of the housing relative to the pyramidal corner to maintain the prestressing created on the assembly following the tensile force exerted on this corner according to the longitudinal axis of the element.
• the fixed housing comprises, in its inner surface in contact with the faces of the end portions of the two boards of the element directed towards the external zone, stiffening ribs, extending preferably parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. of this element.
• the hollow housing is made by means of a metal sheet, shaped to surround the end portions of the two boards the element, adapted to be stamped from the outside to achieve its crimping vis-à-vis the pyramidal wedge forming the internal connecting member, to maintain the prestressing created on the assembly.
• the elongated hollow element is constituted by a wooden tube, preferably obtained according to the so-called "glued lamella" technique, having end portions previously densified by mechanical compression and / or forced injection of a polymer, the inner connecting member being constituted by a rigid wedge of conical or frustoconical shape, having a through axial passage, this wedge being adapted to be engaged and displaced along the longitudinal axis of the element in the cylindrical bore of an intermediate sleeve radially expansible and forced into it to create, by the displacement of the wedge along the axis, the prestressing force exerted on the end portions of the wooden tube, the fixed housing being formed a metal ring surrounding the tube externally in these end portions.
• the radially expandable intermediate sleeve is formed of independent adjacent lamellae delimiting the cylindrical bore of this sleeve and able to expand radially under the effect of the displacement of the rigid wedge in this cylindrical bore. along the longitudinal axis of the element, creating the prestressing force.
• the end of the conical wedge has circular grooves formed in its outer surface in planes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, these grooves forming successive notches for the locking of this wedge against screw of the intermediate sleeve cooperating with homologous grooves provided in the adjacent lamellae of this sleeve, facing the corner.
• the displacement of the conical wedge in the intermediate sleeve is carried out by means of a cylindrical swab, able to slide in the axial passage passing through the wedge and comprising at the end support pins adapted to exert on this wedge a axial force, causing the prestressing of the end portions of the tube by engagement of the wedge in the radially expandable sleeve.
• the lugs of the swab are retractable inside thereof, to allow its removal from the corner, after the prestressing force has been achieved.
• the metal ring forming the fixed outer casing advantageously comprises an end thread, forming a screw, adapted to cooperate with a homologous thread, forming a nut, provided in an adjacent tube, arranged in the longitudinal axis of the hollow tube of the element , by connecting the two tubes in the assembly.
• the elongated hollow element is constituted by a bamboo tube whose end portions are slotted longitudinally and strongly contraction towards the longitudinal axis, in order to give the tube in these portions a conical shape where the bamboo is densified, the prestressing of the tube being carried out, preferably simultaneously with the density, by the cooperation of a conical wedge engaged in the inner zone of the element to the right of each end portion, and an outer casing fixed, also of conical shape, surrounding this terminal portion, the corner comprising an axial pull rod adapted to create the prestressing force in the bamboo tube while simultaneously increasing its densification.
• Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a support structure, especially for a sub-stretched floor by means of assemblies according to the invention, made with elements of fibrous material suitably prestressed.
• Figures 2 to 8 relate to a first embodiment of such an assembly, illustrating in perspective the parts here made of wood and brightened, which form the hollow element of this assembly, these parts being presented in separate views (FIGS. 2 to 4) and then contiguous (Figure 5) for their mounting in this element, Figure 6 representing in perspective, on a larger scale, the internal connecting member associated with the element and Figures 7 and 8 the housing fixed, to perform the prestressing of the ends of this element.
• FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a variant of the previous embodiment, relating to the fixed housing implemented.
• Figure 10 on the one hand, and Figure 11 on a slightly smaller scale on the other hand, illustrate, also in external view and in perspective respectively, another mode of embodiment, wherein the hollow member of the assembly is a cylindrical wooden tube, the inner connecting member combining a conical rigid corner and an expandable intermediate sleeve.
• FIGS 12 to 15 are detailed views specifying the design of the rigid wedge and the intermediate sleeve used in the embodiment of the assembly according to Figures 10 and 11.
• FIGS 16 and 17 are views on a larger scale, in perspective with partial cutaway, specifying the procedure ensuring the introduction into the wooden tube of the hollow member, the inner connecting member to achieve the prestressing of the end portion of this tube.
• FIG. 18 to 21 illustrate, with the parts involved in game separated and contiguous, another embodiment of the hollow element of the assembly, especially adapted to the case where this element is constituted by a bamboo tube.
• the reference numeral 1 illustrates, in diagrammatic perspective view, the essential parts of a support structure, here a sub-stretched floor, comprising a platform 2, in one piece or formed of slabs or horizontal slats (not shown), this platform being surrounded by a lateral belt 3 and resting on a set of supporting joists 4, intersecting and from which extend vertical stiffening rods 5, distributed at the right of the junction points of the joists .
• connection assemblies 6 which extend transversely under the platform 2, parallel or not to it and which are intended to take the bending or extension forces exerted on the structure during its use in particular, thus being subjected to transverse tensile stress and shear, sometimes very high.
• connection assemblies 6 To enable these connection assemblies 6 to be made of a fibrous material, in particular wood, while avoiding that these stresses lead to a rapid and dangerous break, the invention proposes to subject them during their manufacture, before assembly and connection with the structure, a particular treatment that increases in particular their resistance to the above-mentioned constraints and makes it possible to benefit, for such a use, from the advantages specific to the use of the wood as regards the criteria of cost, ease of machining and thesis i sme.
• the assembly 6 shown essentially consists of two pieces of wood 7 and 8
• Figure 2 which are in the form of two elongated wooden boards, parai elepipedic, identical to each other, brightened, that is to say each having only sharp edges, these boards, relatively thin and narrow relative to their length, being arranged symmetrically and parallel to each other with respect to an axis 9.
• the wood fiber which constitutes these boards, according to which it can withstand large tensile forces, contrary to transverse or shear tensile forces, is disposed in the longitudinal direction of this axis
• Plates 7 and 8 thus arranged relative to each other together form an element hollow and elongate 10, with an inner zone 11 containing the axis 9, and an outer zone 12, on the opposite side.
• the boards 7 and 8 of the element 10 forming the assembly 6 also have at their two ends, end portions 13, preferably exactly identical, which each extend between the transverse free end 14 of the board and a limit predetermined 15, located at a calculated distance from this end ( Figure 3).
• each of these end portions 13 undergoes, before bonding the two boards 7 and 8 between them in the hollow element 10 and preloaded to the right of this connection as specified hereinafter, a significant compression, suitable to achieve in the wood a densification of the fibrous material, by applying a force exerted on each board perpendicular to its plane in the direction of the axis 9.
• the intensity of this compression force is maximum right of the transverse free end 14 of each terminal portion 13 and minimum at the limit 15 , at a distance from this end.
• the variation of this effort along the length of this portion increases with a regular gradient, the compression of the resulting wood also changing continuously to give the end portion concerned, seen in profile, a substantially conical shape , thinner at the end and thicker at a distance.
• the element 10, formed of the two wooden boards 7 and 8 whose end portions 13 have thus been densified and therefore shaped to present the aforementioned profile, are then associated, as represented in FIG. 5, with an internal connecting member 17, which in the exemplary embodiment illustrated, has the shape of a pyramidal corner 18, with flat faces 19 and 20 opposite, inclined on the longitudinal axis 9 and clean, in the inner zone 11 of the element 10 , coming into close contact with the facing flat faces 21 and 22 of the two planks, on either side of the longitudinal axis 9, in the corresponding end portion.
• the pyramidal wedge 18 is arranged to be freely traversed by a pull rod 23, arranged in the direction of the longitudinal axis 9 and having at its end located in the inner zone 11 of the element 10, a head 24 forming a stop bearing on the flat face 25 which delimits the rear part of the corner.
• the pull rod 23 is preferably threaded and cooperates at the end with a nut forming the head 24, as illustrated in the detail view of Figure 6. It has a length sufficient to extend beyond the end portions 13 of the boards 7 and 8 at the end element 10, once the pyramidal wedge 18 placed in the latter between the boards, with its two flat faces 19 and 20 in contact with the facing faces 21 and 22 of the latter, after slight bending of these boards to make this contact.
• the pyramidal corner 18 is simultaneously associated with a fixed hollow housing 27 (FIG. 5), able to surround the element 10 in its external zone
• this housing being thus immobilized with respect to these two boards after engagement of their ends through an open portion 28 thereof, suitably shaped to achieve the aforementioned bending and the close contact between the corner and the two boards.
• the hollow housing 27 includes stiffening ribs 29 and 30, which preferably extend parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the axis 9, so that improve the rigidity of this housing, in particular to withstand the preload force exerted on the assembly according to the invention.
• the housing also comprises a bottom plate 31, extending perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis 9 and provided with a central bore 32 for the passage of the end of the pull rod 23, the nut which forms the head 24. is in abutment on the flat face 25 of the pyramidal corner 18.
• the pyramidal wedge 18 a constituting the internal connecting member is in the form of a metal plate. full 36, in bevel, extended beyond the end of the end portions 13 of the element 10, by a tongue 37 on which can be exerted the axial tensile force performing the prestressing of the two wooden boards 7 and 8 as explained above.
• the fixed housing 27a which surrounds these two end portions, is here produced by means of a metal sheet 38, in the form of a sleeve open at both ends, this sleeve being capable of being stamped once the level of prestressing achieved, by immobilizing the wedge 18a in position by a crimping effect of the sheet vis-à-vis the element 10, the tensile force exerted on this corner can then be released while preserving the level of prestressing reached .
• FIGS. 10 to 17 A third embodiment of the assembly according to the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 10 to 17, where the pieces of wood that make up the hollow and elongated element consist of cylindrical tubes obtained by the conventional technique called "lamella". bonded, the extending wood fibers preferably parallel the longitudinal axis of this tube.
• an assembly 40 formed by means of two assemblies 41 and 42, each comprising an elongate hollow element, respectively 43 and 44, constituted by a cylindrical tube, respectively 45 and 46 of the aforementioned type, the housings external fixed associated with these hollow elements to create, in accordance with the method of the invention, the prestressing force in the end portions of this element, being constituted by metal rings 47 and 48, surrounding the two tubes externally and crimped or otherwise immobilized vis-à-vis these.
• the metal rings 47 and 48 of the tubes 45 and 46 comprise an external thread 49, able to cooperate with a common connecting washer 50, having a counterpart internal thread 51 to ensure the union of the two elements 43 and 44. , placed end to end and in the extension of one another along a common longitudinal axis 52.
• the connecting washer may be integral with one of the rings and be directly connected to the other ring.
• each of the end portions 53 of the hollow elements of the two assemblies is previously densified by transverse compression and / or forced injection of a polymer, this preliminary operation, carried out in the manner already described in connection with the first embodiment of the invention.
• this portion giving in particular to this portion a conical profile, tapering gradually to the open end of the tube due to a compressive force whose value increases as we get closer to this end, as can be seen in the partly broken sectional views of the element 43, shown in Figures 16 and 17.
• the frustoconical wedge 54 illustrated in perspective and in axial section in FIGS. 12 and 13 respectively, comprises, arranged along its axis of revolution intended to coincide with the longitudinal axis of the tube forming the hollow element when this wedge is used. , a cylindrical bore 56, crossing the corner from one end to the other. In the vicinity of its end of smaller diameter, the wedge 54 has, formed in its outer surface 57, successive circular grooves 58, able to form locking notches of the position of the corner vis-à-vis the intermediate sleeve, the manner specified below.
• the expandable intermediate sleeve 55 is in turn shown in perspective view in FIG. 14. It consists of the juxtaposition of a set of adjacent lamellae 59, one of which is illustrated in FIG.
• This sleeve 55 has, once its various blades 58 assembled, an outer surface 60 whose profile is conical and whose inclination on the longitudinal axis 52 corresponds substantially to that of the end portion 53 of the tube 45 forming the hollow member 43. It comprises an internal cylindrical bore 61 intended to receive the wedge 54 until, following its displacement inside the tube 45 in the direction of this longitudinal axis, it reaches a locking position where one or more of the circular grooves 58 formed in the outer surface of the wedge engage with homologous grooves 62 made in the adjacent lamellae 59 on the side of the cylindrical bore 61 of the sleeve 55.
• the prestressing of the end portion 53 of the tube 45, held externally by the metal ring 47, is achieved by sliding the rigid wedge 54 along the longitudinal axis 52 of the tube, in the internal cylindrical bore 61 of the sleeve 55 by creating, due to the conical profile of this sleeve in its outer surface 60 and the thrust exerted on the adjacent lamellae 59, a transverse force which increases with the amplitude of this displacement until, once the prestressing level has reached, the wedge locks in position relative to the sleeve and as a result of the end portion 53, by cooperation of the respective circular grooves 58 formed in the outer surface 57 of the wedge and 62 in the inner surface 61 of the sleeve.
• axial traction displacement of the wedge in the sleeve is achieved by any appropriate means.
• a cylindrical swab 63 is advantageously used, the diameter of which corresponds substantially to that of the bore 56 of the frustoconical wedge 54, this swab having retractable bearing lugs 64, able to project outwardly. of the swab to abut on the top of the corner to enable it to drive it inside the sleeve 55 in the direction of the axis 52 to achieve the prestressing of the end portion of the tube of the as indicated above.
• the bearing pins 64 can be retracted, allowing the swab 63 to slide freely relative to the bore 56 and be extracted from the hollow element 43, without the acquired level of prestressing is changed.
• Yet another embodiment, illustrated in Figures 18 to 21, is more particularly applicable to the realization of an assembly where the hollow and elongated member is constituted by a bamboo tube.
• Such a tube or thatch is illustrated in FIG. 18, this tube 70 being formed of a succession of sections 71, separated from one to the next by a node 72.
• Each end portion 73 of the tube 70 is initially made conical by practicing therein slots 74, preferably regularly distributed in its circumference, these slots to strongly shrink the bamboo towards the axis 75 of this tube, as shown in Figure 19, giving it a suitable conical profile.
• the prestressing force is then created using, as in the first embodiment described above, an internal connecting member 76 in the form of a cone, pierced with a central bore 77 allowing the passage of a threaded rod 78, a nut 79 fixed at the end of the rod and forming a bearing abutment on the cone and an external fixed housing 80, also of conical shape, able to surround and immobilize the corresponding end portion 73 from the outside, as shown in exploded view in Figure 20 and on a larger scale in perspective in Figure 21.
• the threaded rod 78 cooperates with an external locking nut 81, once the prestressing level reached.
• the invention thus proposes a method for making assemblies of pieces of wood or other similar fibrous material, which allows, while benefiting from the aesthetics generally due to the use of this material in many areas such as building , the civil engineering, street furniture, furniture etc .., to eliminate in a particularly effective way, the causes of breaks induced in the connection areas between the parts of this assembly or related assemblies related to the previous, because the fragility of this material in certain directions, by the members providing this connection, in particular vis-à-vis transverse tensile forces and shear created in these parts during the installation of these bodies.
• the method envisaged makes it more particularly possible for these connecting zones to be no longer the weak point of the structures implementing such assemblies, guaranteeing their maximum loading level without the risk of dislocations or cracks, these assemblies having, in addition, improved ductility and consequently a significant capacity of dissipation of energy, in particular in case of accidental shocks or shakes in situation of earthquake in particular.
• the assemblies thus created use all the natural resistance of the fibrous material in longitudinal traction, the connecting members not introducing parasitic forces in this direction.
• the densification and prestressing of the parts used considerably increases their rigidity and shear strength, which decreases also the induced displacements in the structures themselves.
• the prestressed element of the assembly formed of two edged or wooden boards or a tubular element, also of wood or bamboo, is hollow throughout its length.
• elements that are essentially solid, only hollowed out or split in their end parts to mount the parts of the wedge or other kind, suitable for effecting the prestressing of the element at the end. right of these terminal parts.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Connection Of Plates (AREA)
• Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
• Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)

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• 2009
  • 2009-07-01 FR FR0954503A patent/FR2947593A1/fr active Pending
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• 2010
  • 2010-07-01 CA CA2765025A patent/CA2765025C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2010-07-01 EP EP10742023.4A patent/EP2449187B1/de active Active
  • 2010-07-01 WO PCT/FR2010/051385 patent/WO2011001119A1/fr active Application Filing
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