EP2443625A1 - Method for producing a metal sound musical instrument - Google Patents

Method for producing a metal sound musical instrument

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Publication number
EP2443625A1
EP2443625A1 EP09779797A EP09779797A EP2443625A1 EP 2443625 A1 EP2443625 A1 EP 2443625A1 EP 09779797 A EP09779797 A EP 09779797A EP 09779797 A EP09779797 A EP 09779797A EP 2443625 A1 EP2443625 A1 EP 2443625A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nitriding
nitration
carried out
nitrided
sheet
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Application number
EP09779797A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2443625B1 (en
Inventor
Felix Rohner
Sabina SCHÄRER
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Panart Hangbau AG
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Panart Hangbau AG
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Application filed by Panart Hangbau AG filed Critical Panart Hangbau AG
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10D13/00—Percussion musical instruments; Details or accessories therefor
    • G10D13/01—General design of percussion musical instruments
    • G10D13/08—Multi-toned musical instruments with sonorous bars, blocks, forks, gongs, plates, rods or teeth
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a metal sound musical instrument, in particular a so-called Hang®.
  • Hang® is protected as a registered trademark in several countries.
  • the Hang® is a lenticular one attributable to the idiophones
  • Hang is Bern German for hand.
  • the instrument was developed in 2000 by two Swiss instrument makers.
  • the body of the Hang® has in particular a diameter of about 53 cm and a height of about 24 cm.
  • seven sound fields are arranged in a circle around a sound field lying in the middle, the thing.
  • the upper half shell of the Hang® is also referred to as the Ding side, the lower half as the Gu side.
  • the Hang® was offered in a variety of sound models. They differ in the pitch of the thing (between D3 and B3), the number of tone fields in the tone circle (seven or eight) and the tuned tone scale (between Ges3 and F5). Since 2008, only one model, the integral Hang®, has been built. More information about the Hang® can be found in the Internet Dictionary Wikipedia, from which most of the above information comes from.
  • the continuous nitriding increases the strength, the elasticity and the rigidity of the material, which means more design options for the instrument maker, such as more possibilities for internal stress and for tuning.
  • Embodiments form the subject of dependent claims. Furthermore, the present invention also includes the metal sound musical instrument obtained by the new method.
  • the method according to the invention is characterized by a complete nitration of the material of which the metal-tone instrument consists, as will be explained in detail below.
  • the nitriding of steel has long been known for the purpose of improving its mechanical properties. There are many different nitration processes, some of which differ only slightly from each other. An overview of steel nitriding can be found in the Härterei Handbuch, chapter Nitriertechniken, Rübig u. Ipsen, EFD hardening workshop, EVS archive 2006.
  • Nitration can be done in a variety of ways. The success of the process according to the invention does not depend on the type of nitriding process. Nitration may be carried out as gas nitriding using nitrogen donating compounds such as ammonia, hydrazine, etc., by nitrocarburizing (less preferred), by plasma nitriding, by vacuum nitriding, etc. These methods are known to the person skilled in the art.
  • nitration occurs at elevated temperatures.
  • the nitration in the gas phase using ammonia proceeds at a Temperature from 380 to 600 0 C; in the (non-preferred) nitrocarburizing temperatures between 550 and 620 0 C are recommended.
  • the nitriding must be continued until the sheet is completely nitrated; Nitration times of more than 100 hours may be required, which of course depends on the thickness of the sheet used.
  • the present process generally uses sheets having a thickness of 0.75 to 1.25 mm, usually those having a thickness of 0.9 or 1 mm.
  • duration, concentration of nitrating agent, temperature and workpiece thickness ideal conditions can be easily determined by simple experiments.
  • the nitriding according to the invention is carried out in such a way that the starting sheet metal part is "exhaustively" nitrided, as it were.
  • the nitriding is carried out under conditions under which a soft inner layer, generally a ferritic layer, remaining in the prior art is also nitrided.
  • the conditions of such exhaustive nitration are generally stricter conditions with respect to conventional surface nitriding, for example longer nitriding times (more than 100 hours), higher gas density in gas nitriding, higher temperatures (there being an upper limit which should not be exceeded since then the nitrides formed begin to disintegrate again), choice of thinner plates for the instrument, choice of suitable alloyed steels, etc.
  • the through-nitriding can also be faster, but it has been found that the acoustic quality of the material is much higher if the fürnitr mich slower is carried out. This is due to the increased anisotropy and uniform distribution of the nitride needles formed thereby as well as the increased uniformity of the lengths of these needles. As the nitride needles form more slowly, they can also grow through grain boundaries of the material (e.g., steel), thus causing a fundamental change in the physical properties of the material.
  • the material e.g., steel
  • the nitrided metal also allows better control of the
  • Boundary conditions during the processing of the sheet as well as an increased hardenability. This is important if the metal is tempered after and / or during processing or tuning. Whether the chosen conditions lead to complete nitration can easily be determined by an analysis, for example by creating a micrograph which is then suitably dotted or deep etched. The analysis is completed by observing the micrograph under the microscope.
  • nitriding for example during gas nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere, first of all a so-called bonding layer is formed on the two surfaces, in which a lot of iron is present as ⁇ -nitride (Fe 2 N.Fe 3 N) and ⁇ -nitride (Fe 4 N). Inwardly, the so-called diffusion zone or precipitation layer closes, in which needle-shaped nitrides are precipitated and embedded in an iron matrix.
  • the basic structure present in a partial nitration according to the invention is not present here because of the continuous nitration.
  • the acicular iron nitrides be found everywhere in the structure of the nitrided sheet (with the exception of the two bonding layers); this is proof that continuous nitration has taken place.
  • the aim is to achieve a certain density of the precipitated crystal needles; it has been found that the best sound characteristics are produced in a certain density range, which will be specified below.
  • the needle density is detected and specified according to a proposal by the inventor as so-called linear density.
  • a micrograph of a cut of the material is produced and suitably etched to make the needles visible.
  • Suitable etchant is an alcoholic solution of nitric acid ("Nital").
  • the needles are counted in a certain surface area (where a number N is obtained) and their average length L determined.
  • the product of average length L and the number N is divided by the area F under consideration.
  • DL has the dimension m-1.
  • Another possibility for relating the generated sound image of the finished instrument to the continuous nitration procedure is to determine the area fraction of the precipitated iron nitride crystals on the total area of a sectional image. For this it is of course necessary to determine not only the length L of the individual crystal needles, but also their (average) width.
  • An image serving this purpose is obtained, for example, by
  • SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • test methods mentioned are executed quickly and give good indications of the final properties to be achieved.
  • An estimation of the accuracy of both analysis methods yields about ⁇ 10%, which is quite sufficient in practice. It is easily possible to refine the methods to obtain more accurate values, but this is usually not necessary and only leads to higher costs.
  • the finished nitrided steel sheets can be blued before, during and after further processing for the purpose of preventing corrosion as well as beautifying the appearance. That's what you do Workpiece or instrument in a bluing bath.
  • a bath consists for example of 3500 ml of water, 1700 g of NaOH, 105 g of NaNO 2 and 450 g of NaNO 3.
  • the workpiece is placed in the bath (25 ° C) and taken out once the desired blueness has occurred.
  • a circular deep-drawn sheet with a diameter of 80 cm and a thickness of 0.9 mm was deep-drawn over a steel dome with a diameter of 600 mm and a height of about 215 cm.
  • the material of the sheet was DC04 steel (0.08% C max, 0.03% P max, 0.03% S max, 0.04% Mn max, balance C, Rm 270-350 N / mm 2 , Re 210 N / mm 2, elongation 38% min.).
  • Two steel shells were made in a completely identical way.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a metal sound instrument of a steel pan type, particularly for producing a Hang®. According to the method, the steel sheet required for production having a thickness of 0.7 mm to 1.25 mm is nitrided until the sheet is fully permeated by iron nitride needles. The linear density of the needles is generally between 40,103 m-1 and 80,103 m-1. The type of nitriding can be freely selected. The instrument so obtained is characterized by novel sound tones.

Description

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Metallklang-Musikinstruments Method of making a metal sound musical instrument
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Metallklang-Musikinstruments, insbesondere eines sogenannten Hang®. Der Begriff Hang® ist in mehreren Ländern als eingetragene Marke geschützt.The invention relates to a method for producing a metal sound musical instrument, in particular a so-called Hang®. The term Hang® is protected as a registered trademark in several countries.
Das Hang® ist ein den Idiophonen zuzuordnendes, linsenförmigesThe Hang® is a lenticular one attributable to the idiophones
Musikinstrument. Es besteht aus zwei miteinander verbundenen Schalen aus behandeltem Stahlblech. Beide Hälften sind durch Hämmern ähnlich dem Steelpan Trinidads in ein harmonisches Ganzes eingestimmt. Auf der oberen Halbschale befinden sich Tonfelder, die mit Hämmern ins Blech eingearbeitet sind.Musical instrument. It consists of two connected shells made of treated sheet steel. Both halves are tuned into a harmonious whole by hammering similar to the Steelpan Trinidads. On the upper half shell are clay fields, which are incorporated with hammers in the sheet metal.
Die Spielmöglichkeiten des Hang® sind sehr vielseitig. Die Erbauer haben es so eingestimmt, dass es auf dem Schoss des Spielers seine Fülle entwickeln kann. Gespielt wird es mit den Fingern und Händen, was den Namen ergab: Hang ist Berndeutsch für Hand. Das Instrument wurde im Jahr 2000 von zwei Schweizer Instrumentenbauern entwickelt.The playing possibilities of the Hang® are very versatile. The builders have tuned it so that it can develop its fullness on the player's lap. It is played with the fingers and hands, which gave the name: Hang is Bern German for hand. The instrument was developed in 2000 by two Swiss instrument makers.
Der Korpus des Hang® hat insbesondere einen Durchmesser von etwa 53 cm und eine Höhe von etwa 24 cm. Auf der einen Oberseite sind sieben Tonfelder kreisförmig um ein in der Mitte liegendes Tonfeld, den Ding, angeordnet. Gegenüber, in der Mitte der unteren Halbschale, befindet sich der Gu, eine handgrosse, runde Resonanzöffnung mit nach innen gezogenem Hals. Aber auch andere Abmessungen und Ausbildungen sind möglich.The body of the Hang® has in particular a diameter of about 53 cm and a height of about 24 cm. On the one upper side, seven sound fields are arranged in a circle around a sound field lying in the middle, the thing. Opposite, in the middle of the lower half-shell, is the Gu, a hand-sized, round resonance opening with an inwardly drawn neck. But other dimensions and training are possible.
Die obere Halbschale des Hang® wird auch als Ding-Seite, die untere als Gu-Seite bezeichnet.The upper half shell of the Hang® is also referred to as the Ding side, the lower half as the Gu side.
Bis 2007 wurde das Hang® in einer Vielzahl von Klangmodellen angeboten. Sie unterscheiden sich in der Tonhöhe des Ding (zwischen D3 und B3), der Zahl der Tonfelder im Tonkreis (sieben oder acht) und der eingestimmten Tonskala (zwischen Ges3 und F5). Seit 2008 wird nur noch ein Modell, das integrale Hang®, gebaut. Weitere Informationen über das Hang® können dem Internet- Lexikon Wikipedia entnommen werden, aus dem auch die meisten obigen Angaben stammen.Until 2007, the Hang® was offered in a variety of sound models. They differ in the pitch of the thing (between D3 and B3), the number of tone fields in the tone circle (seven or eight) and the tuned tone scale (between Ges3 and F5). Since 2008, only one model, the integral Hang®, has been built. More information about the Hang® can be found in the Internet Dictionary Wikipedia, from which most of the above information comes from.
Beim Spielen des Hang® werden überraschend wohlklingende, gongartige Klänge mit hoher Dynamik erzeugt. Es ist aber wünschenswert, ein noch ausgewogeneres Klangbild zu erreichen sowie die Mehrdimensionalität des Klanges zu verfeinern. Es zeigte sich, dass die Klangqualität des Hang® eng mit der inneren Struktur des verwendeten Materials und dessen Festigkeit zusammenhängt, was im Prinzip auch schon Spielern von Blechblasinstrumenten bekannt ist. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es demnach, die Klangfülle des Instruments zu erweitern.When playing the Hang®, surprisingly well-sounding, gong-like sounds with high dynamics are generated. However, it is desirable to achieve a more balanced sound and to refine the multi-dimensionality of the sound. It was found that the sound quality of the Hang® is closely related to the internal structure of the material used and its strength, which in principle is already familiar to players of brass instruments. The object of the invention is therefore to expand the sonority of the instrument.
Aus der Schweizer Patentschrift Nr. 693319 (Panart Steelpan- Manufaktur AG) ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Blechklang- Musikinstrumenten bekannt, bei dem nach einigen mechanischen Vorarbeiten, ausgehend von einem Stahlblech, eine Härtung dieses Bleches vorgenommen wird. Als Härtungsverfahren werden in der Patentschrift ein Gasnitrieren, ein Nitrocarburieren in Gas bei 550 bis 650 0C, ein Nitrocarburieren im Bad bei 560 bis 620 0C und ein Plasmanitrieren bei 400 bis 600 0C genannt.From Swiss Patent No. 693319 (Panart Steelpan-Manufaktur AG), a method for the production of Blechklang- musical instruments is known in which, after some mechanical preliminary work, starting from a steel sheet, a hardening of this sheet is made. As a hardening process in the patent, a gas nitriding, a nitrocarburizing in gas at 550 to 650 0 C, a nitrocarburizing in the bath at 560 to 620 0 C and a plasma nitriding at 400 to 600 0 C called.
Es wird in der Patentschrift beschrieben, dass bei diesen Nitrierungen eine Oberflächenhärtung des als Ausgangsmaterial verwendeten tiefgezogenen Blechausschnittes erzielt wird, und dass zwischen den beiden gehärteten Oberflächenschichten eine weiche ferritische innere Schicht verbleibt.It is described in the patent that in these nitrations surface hardening of the deep-drawn sheet metal cutout used as starting material is achieved, and that a soft ferritic inner layer remains between the two hardened surface layers.
Überraschenderweise wurde nun gefunden, dass eine erschöpfende Nitrierung, d.h. eine Nitrierung auch der inneren ferritischen Schicht, die erwünschte neue Klangqualität ergibt; weiterhin ist überraschend und konnte nicht erwartet werden, dass auch die eher weiche Klangdynamik beim geeigneten Spielen des Instruments nicht verloren gegangen ist, sondern sogar erhöht ist. Eine solche durchgehende Nitrierung erhöht die Eigenspannung und die Energiespeicherkapazität des Materials und ermöglicht dadurch eine sanfte, harmonische Klangqualität, auch wenn das Instrument mit den blossen Händen gespielt wird.Surprisingly, it has now been found that exhaustive nitration, ie nitration also of the inner ferritic layer, gives the desired new sound quality; Furthermore, it is surprising and could not be expected that even the rather soft sound dynamics is not lost when playing the instrument properly, but is even increased. Such continuous nitration increases the intrinsic and energy storage capacity of the material, allowing for a smooth, harmonious sound quality even when the instrument is played with bare hands.
Die durchgehende Nitrierung erhöht die Festigkeit, die Elastizität und die Steifigkeit des Materials, was mehr Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für den Instrumentenbauer bedeutet, wie zum Beispiel mehr Möglichkeiten zur die Eigenspannung und zur Einstimmung.The continuous nitriding increases the strength, the elasticity and the rigidity of the material, which means more design options for the instrument maker, such as more possibilities for internal stress and for tuning.
Demgemäss ist das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren im ersten unabhängigen Patentanspruch definiert. Besondere oder bevorzugteAccordingly, the inventive method is defined in the first independent claim. Special or preferred
Ausführungsformen bilden den Gegenstand abhängiger Ansprüche. Weiterhin umfasst die vorliegende Erfindung auch das nach dem neuen Verfahren erhaltene Metallklang-Musikinstrument.Embodiments form the subject of dependent claims. Furthermore, the present invention also includes the metal sound musical instrument obtained by the new method.
Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren ist durch eine vollständige Nitrierung des Materials gekennzeichnet, aus dem das Metallklang-Instrument besteht, wie weiter unten im Einzelnen erläutert wird. Das Nitrieren von Stahl ist zwecks Verbesserung seiner mechanischen Eigenschaften schon seit langem bekannt. Es bestehen viele verschiedene Nitrierverfahren, die sich zum Teil nur geringfügig voneinander unterscheiden. Eine Übersicht über die Stahlnitrierung findet sich im Härterei Handbuch, Kapitel Nitriertechniken, Rübig u. Ipsen, EFD-Härterei, EFD-Archiv 2006.The method according to the invention is characterized by a complete nitration of the material of which the metal-tone instrument consists, as will be explained in detail below. The nitriding of steel has long been known for the purpose of improving its mechanical properties. There are many different nitration processes, some of which differ only slightly from each other. An overview of steel nitriding can be found in the Härterei Handbuch, chapter Nitriertechniken, Rübig u. Ipsen, EFD hardening workshop, EVS archive 2006.
Die Nitrierung kann auf die verschiedensten Weisen vorgenommen werden. Der Erfolg des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens ist nicht von der Art des Nitrierprozesses abhängig. Man kann die Nitrierung als Gasnitrierung unter Verwendung stickstoffabgebender Verbindungen wie Ammoniak, Hydrazin usw., durch Nitrocarburieren (weniger bevorzugt), durch Plasmanitrieren, durch Vakuumnitrieren usw. ausführen. Diese Verfahren sind dem Fachmann bekannt.Nitration can be done in a variety of ways. The success of the process according to the invention does not depend on the type of nitriding process. Nitration may be carried out as gas nitriding using nitrogen donating compounds such as ammonia, hydrazine, etc., by nitrocarburizing (less preferred), by plasma nitriding, by vacuum nitriding, etc. These methods are known to the person skilled in the art.
Im Allgemeinen erfolgt die Nitrierung bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Das Nitrieren in der Gasphase unter Verwendung von Ammoniak läuft bei einer Temperatur von 380 bis 600 0C ab; beim (nicht bevorzugten) Nitrocarburieren werden Temperaturen zwischen 550 und 620 0C empfohlen. Die Nitrierung muss so lange fortgesetzt werden, bis das Blech vollständig durchnitriert ist; Nitherungszeiten von mehr als 100 Stunden können erforderlich werden, was natürlich auch von der Dicke des verwendeten Blechs abhängt. Im vorliegenden Verfahren werden im Allgemeinen Bleche mit einer Dicke von 0,75 bis 1 ,25 mm eingesetzt, meist solche mit einer Dicke von 0,9 oder 1 mm. Natürlich besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen Dauer, Konzentration des Nitrierungsmittels, Temperatur und Werkstückdicke; ideale Bedingungen lassen sich durch einfache Versuche leicht ermitteln.Generally, nitration occurs at elevated temperatures. The nitration in the gas phase using ammonia proceeds at a Temperature from 380 to 600 0 C; in the (non-preferred) nitrocarburizing temperatures between 550 and 620 0 C are recommended. The nitriding must be continued until the sheet is completely nitrated; Nitration times of more than 100 hours may be required, which of course depends on the thickness of the sheet used. The present process generally uses sheets having a thickness of 0.75 to 1.25 mm, usually those having a thickness of 0.9 or 1 mm. Of course, there is a relationship between duration, concentration of nitrating agent, temperature and workpiece thickness; ideal conditions can be easily determined by simple experiments.
Die erfindungsgemässe Nitrierung wird so ausgeführt, dass das Ausgangs-Blechteil sozusagen "erschöpfend" nitriert wird, d.h. die Nitrierung wird unter Bedingungen ausgeführt, unter denen auch eine nach dem Stand der Technik verbliebene weiche innere Schicht, im allgemeinen eine ferritische Schicht, nitriert wird. Die Bedingungen einer solchen erschöpfenden Nitrierung sind im Bezug auf eine gängige Oberflächennitrierung im allgemeinen strengere Bedingungen, beispielsweise längere Nitrierzeiten (mehr als 100 Stunden), höhere Gasdichte bei der Gasnitrierung, höhere Temperaturen (wobei eine Obergrenze besteht, die nicht überschritten werden sollte, da sich dann die gebildeten Nitride wieder zu zersetzen beginnen), Wahl dünnerer Bleche für das Instrument, Wahl geeignet legierter Stähle usw. Die Durchnitrierung kann auch schneller ablaufen, aber es hat sich erwiesen, dass die akustische Qualität des Materials wesentlich höher ist, wenn die Durchnitrierung langsamer durchgeführt wird. Dies ist auf die erhöhte Anisotropie und gleichmässige Verteilung der dadurch gebildeten Nitrid-Nadeln sowie die erhöhte Gleichmässigkeit der Längen dieser Nadeln zurückzuführen. Wenn sich die Nitridnadeln langsamer bilden, können sie auch durch Korngrenzen des Materials (z.B. Stahl) wachsen, und daher eine fundamentale Änderung der physikalischen Eigenschaften des Materials bewirken.The nitriding according to the invention is carried out in such a way that the starting sheet metal part is "exhaustively" nitrided, as it were. the nitriding is carried out under conditions under which a soft inner layer, generally a ferritic layer, remaining in the prior art is also nitrided. The conditions of such exhaustive nitration are generally stricter conditions with respect to conventional surface nitriding, for example longer nitriding times (more than 100 hours), higher gas density in gas nitriding, higher temperatures (there being an upper limit which should not be exceeded since then the nitrides formed begin to disintegrate again), choice of thinner plates for the instrument, choice of suitable alloyed steels, etc. The through-nitriding can also be faster, but it has been found that the acoustic quality of the material is much higher if the Durchnitrierung slower is carried out. This is due to the increased anisotropy and uniform distribution of the nitride needles formed thereby as well as the increased uniformity of the lengths of these needles. As the nitride needles form more slowly, they can also grow through grain boundaries of the material (e.g., steel), thus causing a fundamental change in the physical properties of the material.
Das durchnitrierte Metall ermöglicht auch eine bessere Kontrolle derThe nitrided metal also allows better control of the
Randbedingungen bei der Bearbeitung des Blechs sowie eine erhöhte Verfestigungsfähigkeit. Dies ist wichtig, wenn das Metall nach und/oder während der Bearbeitung bzw. Einstimmung temperiert wird. Ob die gewählten Bedingungen zur vollständigen Nitrierung führen, lässt sich leicht durch eine Analyse feststellen, beispielsweise durch Erstellung eines Schliffbildes, das dann geeignet angetüpfelt oder tiefgeätzt wird. Die Analyse wird durch Betrachtung des Schliffbildes unter dem Mikroskop vervollständigt.Boundary conditions during the processing of the sheet as well as an increased hardenability. This is important if the metal is tempered after and / or during processing or tuning. Whether the chosen conditions lead to complete nitration can easily be determined by an analysis, for example by creating a micrograph which is then suitably dotted or deep etched. The analysis is completed by observing the micrograph under the microscope.
Wie bekannt ist, bildet sich beim Nitrieren, beispielsweise beim Gasnitrieren in einer Ammoniakatmosphäre, zunächst an den beiden Oberflächen eine sogenannte Verbindungsschicht, in der viel Eisen als ε-Nitrid (Fe2N.Fe3N) und γ-Nitrid (Fe4N)) vorliegt. Nach innen schliesst sich dann die sogenannte Diffusionszone oder Ausscheidungsschicht an, in der nadeiförmige Nitride ausgeschieden und in einer Eisenmatrix eingebettet werden. Das bei einer partiellen Nitrierung vorhandene Grundgefüge ist erfindungsgemäss wegen der durchgehenden Nitrierung hier nicht vorhanden.As is known, during nitriding, for example during gas nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere, first of all a so-called bonding layer is formed on the two surfaces, in which a lot of iron is present as ε-nitride (Fe 2 N.Fe 3 N) and γ-nitride (Fe 4 N). Inwardly, the so-called diffusion zone or precipitation layer closes, in which needle-shaped nitrides are precipitated and embedded in an iron matrix. The basic structure present in a partial nitration according to the invention is not present here because of the continuous nitration.
Für den Erfolg des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens ist es wichtig, dass die nadeiförmigen Eisennitride überall im Gefüge des nitrierten Blechs (mit Ausnahme der beiden Verbindungsschichten) zu finden sind; dies ist ein Beweis dafür, dass eine durchgehende Nitrierung stattgefunden hat. Insbesondere wird angestrebt, eine bestimmte Dichte der ausgeschiedenen Kristallnadeln zu erzielen; es wurde gefunden, dass die besten Klangeigenschaften in einem bestimmten Dichtebereich erzeugt werden, was weiter unten noch präzisiert wird.For the success of the process according to the invention, it is important that the acicular iron nitrides be found everywhere in the structure of the nitrided sheet (with the exception of the two bonding layers); this is proof that continuous nitration has taken place. In particular, the aim is to achieve a certain density of the precipitated crystal needles; it has been found that the best sound characteristics are produced in a certain density range, which will be specified below.
Da es sehr schwierig ist, die Anzahl der Nadeln der Eisennitride (und auch der Nitride der Begleitelemente, z.B. des Mangan) in einer Volumeneinheit zu bestimmen, wird die Nadeldichte nach einem Vorschlag der Erfinder als sogenannte lineare Dichte erfasst und angegeben. Dabei wird ein Schliffbild eines Schnittes des Materials erzeugt und geeignet angeätzt, um die Nadeln sichtbar zu machen. Als Ätzmittel eignet sich eine alkoholische Lösung von Salpetersäure ("Nital"). Anschliessend werden die Nadeln in einem bestimmten Flächenbereich gezählt (wobei eine Anzahl N erhalten wird) und deren mittlere Länge L bestimmt. Schliesslich wird das Produkt aus mittlere Länge L und der Anzahl N durch die betrachtete Fläche F dividiert. Die lineare Nadeldichte DL ist also definiert als DL = N x L / F,Since it is very difficult to determine the number of needles of iron nitrides (and also the nitrides of the accompanying elements, such as manganese) in a unit volume, the needle density is detected and specified according to a proposal by the inventor as so-called linear density. In this case, a micrograph of a cut of the material is produced and suitably etched to make the needles visible. Suitable etchant is an alcoholic solution of nitric acid ("Nital"). Subsequently, the needles are counted in a certain surface area (where a number N is obtained) and their average length L determined. Finally, the product of average length L and the number N is divided by the area F under consideration. The linear needle density DL is thus defined as DL = N × L / F,
und wenn die Fläche F in m2 und die Länge L in m ausgedrückt wird, hat DL die Dimension m-1.and when the area F in m2 and the length L are expressed in m, DL has the dimension m-1.
Eine weitere Möglichkeit, das erzeugte Klangbild des fertigen Instruments mit der erfolgten durchgehenden Nitrierung in Beziehung zu bringen, besteht in der Bestimmung des Flächenanteils der ausgeschiedenen Eisennitridkristalle an der Gesamtfläche eines Schnittbildes. Dazu ist es natürlich erforderlich, nicht nur die Länge L der einzelnen Kristallnadeln, sondern auch deren (mittlere) Breite zu bestimmen.Another possibility for relating the generated sound image of the finished instrument to the continuous nitration procedure is to determine the area fraction of the precipitated iron nitride crystals on the total area of a sectional image. For this it is of course necessary to determine not only the length L of the individual crystal needles, but also their (average) width.
Ein Bild, das diesem Zweck dient, erhält man beispielsweise durchAn image serving this purpose is obtained, for example, by
Anwendung der REM-Technik (REM = Rasterelektronen-Mikroskopie). Dazu wird an einem Schnitt des Materials ein REM-BiId erstellt, und der Flächenanteil der Kristallnadeln wird entweder durch elektronische Verarbeitung der Grauwerte des Bildes (die ausgeschiedenen Kristalle erscheinen heller als die Eisenmatrix) oder durch Farbanalyse eines angefärbten Schnittbildes gewonnen.Application of the SEM technique (SEM = Scanning Electron Microscopy). For this purpose, a SEM image is created on a section of the material and the area fraction of the crystal needles is obtained either by electronic processing of the gray values of the image (the precipitated crystals appear brighter than the iron matrix) or by color analysis of a stained sectional image.
Die angeführten Untersuchungsmethoden sind schnell ausgeführt und ergeben gute Anhaltswerte für die zu erzielenden endgültigen Eigenschaften. Eine Abschätzung der Genauigkeit beider Analysenmethoden ergibt etwa ±10%, was für die Praxis völlig ausreicht. Es ist ohne weiteres möglich, die Methoden zu verfeinern, um genauere Werte zu erhalten, was aber in der Regel nicht erforderlich ist und nur zu höheren Kosten führt.The test methods mentioned are executed quickly and give good indications of the final properties to be achieved. An estimation of the accuracy of both analysis methods yields about ± 10%, which is quite sufficient in practice. It is easily possible to refine the methods to obtain more accurate values, but this is usually not necessary and only leads to higher costs.
Untersuchungen an mehreren Stahlproben haben ergeben, dass die erfindungsgemäss bevorzugten Eigenschaften des fertigen Instruments, die auf der Durchnitrierung beruhen, mit Dichtewerten von 40.103 m-1 bis 80.103 m-1 sowie mit Flächenanteilen der Eisennitride von 10 bis 50% erreicht werden.Investigations on several steel samples have shown that the preferred properties of the finished instrument according to the invention, which are based on the through-nitriding, are achieved with density values of 40.103 m-1 to 80.103 m-1 and with surface fractions of the iron nitrides of 10 to 50%.
Die fertig nitrierten Stahlbleche können vor, während und nach der Weiterverarbeitung zwecks Verhinderung von Korrosion und auch zur Verschönerung des Aussehens gebläut werden. Dazu bringt man das Werkstück bzw. das Instrument in ein Bläuungsbad. Ein solches Bad besteht beispielsweise aus 3500 ml Wasser, 1700 g NaOH, 105 g NaNO2 und 450 g NaNO3. Das Werkstück wird in das Bad (25°C) gebracht und herausgenommen, sobald die gewünschte Bläuung eingetreten ist.The finished nitrided steel sheets can be blued before, during and after further processing for the purpose of preventing corrosion as well as beautifying the appearance. That's what you do Workpiece or instrument in a bluing bath. Such a bath consists for example of 3500 ml of water, 1700 g of NaOH, 105 g of NaNO 2 and 450 g of NaNO 3. The workpiece is placed in the bath (25 ° C) and taken out once the desired blueness has occurred.
Die Erfindung soll nun an einem Verfahrensbeispiel weiter erläutert werden. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass dieses Beispiel die Erfindung nicht einschränkt, weder was die Wahl der Materialien und Hilfsmittel, noch was die angewandten Verfahrensbedingungen betrifft.The invention will now be further explained by a method example. It should be noted that this example does not limit the invention, neither in terms of the choice of materials and aids, nor in terms of the process conditions used.
Beispielexample
Die mechanischen Gegebenheiten und Verfahrensschritte entsprechen zum grossen Teil dem Beispiel, welches in der Patentschrift CH- 693319 angegeben ist. Für Einzelheiten wird auf dieses Dokument verwiesen.The mechanical conditions and process steps correspond for the most part to the example given in the patent CH-693319. For details, reference is made to this document.
Ein kreisförmiges Tiefziehblech mit einem Durchmesser von 80 cm und einer Dicke von 0,9 mm wurde über einer Kalotte aus Stahl mit einem Durchmesser von 600 mm und einer Höhe von ca. 215 cm tiefgezogen. Das Material des Bleches war Stahl DC04 (0,08% C max.; 0,03% P max.; 0,03% S max.; 0,04% Mn max.; Rest C; Rm 270-350 N/mm2, Re 210 N/mm2; Elongation 38% min.). Es wurden zwei Stahlschalen auf völlig identische Weise hergestellt.A circular deep-drawn sheet with a diameter of 80 cm and a thickness of 0.9 mm was deep-drawn over a steel dome with a diameter of 600 mm and a height of about 215 cm. The material of the sheet was DC04 steel (0.08% C max, 0.03% P max, 0.03% S max, 0.04% Mn max, balance C, Rm 270-350 N / mm 2 , Re 210 N / mm 2, elongation 38% min.). Two steel shells were made in a completely identical way.
Die beiden erhaltenen tiefgezogenen Stahlschalen wurde unterThe two obtained deep-drawn steel shells was under
Bildung eines falzbaren Randes zugeschnitten, der nach oben eingefalzt wurde. Sodann wurden die Werkstücke nach gründlicher Reinigung in einen Gasnitrierofen gebracht und dort bei einer Temperatur zwischen 5700C und 585°C während 145 Std. in einer Ammoniakatmosphäre (Druck 2,8 bar) nitriert.Forming a foldable edge cut, which was folded up. Then, the workpieces are brought after thorough cleaning in a Gasnitrierofen and nitrided there at a temperature between 570 0 C and 585 ° C for 145 hrs. In an ammonia atmosphere (pressure 2.8 bar).
Nach langsamem Abkühlen auf Zimmertemperatur wurde die eineAfter slowly cooling to room temperature, the one
Schale nach dem Beispiel der Patentschrift CH-693319 zum fertigen Hang® weiter verarbeitet. Das Instrument zeichnete sich durch einen vollen Klang mit stark metallischer, fast schmetternder Klangfarbe aus, die beim Spielen leicht vermindert und auch verstärkt werden konnte. Die zweite Stahlschale wurde diametral zerschnitten, und kleine Proben wurden nach bekannten Techniken für Schliffbilder vorbereitet. Die lineare Dichte der ausgeschiedenen Eisennitridkristalle wurde zu 58'500 m-1 und der Flächenanteil der Kristalle zu 21 % bestimmt. Dabei waren die ausgeschiedenen Kristalle über den gesamten Querschnitt des Bleches nahezu gleichförmig verteilt, mit Ausnehme der beiden Oberflächenschichten, die die Verbindungsschicht darstellen und eine mittlere Dicke von je 22 μm aufwiesen. Der Nachweis dieser Schichten geschah durch Tüpfeln mit einer 12%igen wässrigen Lösung von Kupferammoniumchlorid ((NH4)2[CuCI4].2 H2O) bei 25°C.Shell further processed according to the example of the patent CH-693319 finished Hang®. The instrument was characterized by a full sound with a strongly metallic, almost blaring timbre, which could be slightly reduced and amplified while playing. The second steel shell was cut diametrically and small samples were prepared by conventional techniques for micrographs. The linear density of the precipitated iron nitride crystals was found to be 58,500 m-1 and the area ratio of the crystals to 21%. The precipitated crystals were distributed almost uniformly over the entire cross section of the sheet, with the exception of the two surface layers, which represent the connecting layer and had an average thickness of 22 microns. These layers were detected by spotting with a 12% aqueous solution of cupric ammonium chloride ((NH4) 2 [CuCl4] .2 H2O) at 25 ° C.
Die Erfindung lässt sich weiter vervollkommnen und modifizieren, und diese Veränderungen, die vom Fachmann erbracht werden, liegen im Schutzbereich. Insbesondere können alle Nitrierverfahren, die in der oben besprochenen Patentschrift CH-693319 beschrieben und/oder beansprucht sind, nach entsprechender Anpassung auch im erfindungsgemässen Verfahren angewandt werden. The invention can be further perfected and modified, and these changes, which are made by those skilled in the art, are within the scope of protection. In particular, all of the nitration processes described and / or claimed in the above-mentioned patent CH-693319 can, after appropriate adaptation, also be used in the process according to the invention.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Metallklang-Musikinstruments, welches eine Schwingungserzeugende Blechmembran aufweist, wobei beim Verfahren (a) ein Zuschnitt eines Stahlblechs unter Formung einer Blechmembran tiefgezogen wird, (b) die erhaltene Blechmembran durchA method of manufacturing a metal sound musical instrument having a vibration generating sheet membrane, wherein in the method (a) a blank of a steel sheet is deep drawn to form a sheet membrane, (b) the sheet membrane obtained
Nitrieren gehärtet wird und (c) die gehärtete Blechmembran mit einem zweiten geformten Metallblech unter Bildung eines hohlen Instrumentenkörpers zusammengefügt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die im Schritt (b) genannte Nitrierung unter Bedingungen ausgeführt wird, die eine durchgehende Nitrierung der Blechmembran ohne weiche innere Schicht ergeben.Nitriding is hardened and (c) the hardened sheet membrane is joined to a second shaped metal sheet to form a hollow instrument body, characterized in that the nitriding mentioned in step (b) is carried out under conditions which include a continuous nitriding of the sheet membrane without a soft inner layer result.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Nitrierung bei Behandlungszeiten über 100 Stunden ausgeführt wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitration is carried out at treatment times over 100 hours.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Nitrierung durch Gasnitrieren in einer Ammoniakatmosphäre erfolgt.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the nitration is carried out by gas nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Nitrierung durch Plasmanitrieren bei 400 0C bis 600 0C ausgeführt wird.4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the nitration is carried out by plasma nitriding at 400 0 C to 600 0 C.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bis zu einer linearen Dichte ausgeschiedener nadeiförmiger Eisennitridkristalle im Bereich von 40'0OO bis 80'0OO m-1 nitriert wird.5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that up to a linear density of precipitated acicular iron nitride crystals in the range of 40'0OO to 80'0OO m-1 is nitrided.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bis zu einem Flächenanteil ausgeschiedener nadeiförmiger Eisennitridkristalle im Bereich von 10% bis 50% nitriert wird.6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that is nitrided up to an area fraction of excreted needle-shaped iron nitride crystals in the range of 10% to 50%.
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bestimmung der vollständigen Nitrierung durch Ermittlung ausgeschiedener Eisennitridkristalle an Schliffbildern der nitrierten Werkstücke vorgenommen wird. 7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the determination of the complete nitration by determination of precipitated iron nitride crystals is carried out on micrographs of the nitrided workpieces.
8. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das nitrierte Werkstück einer oberflächlichen Bläuungsoperation unterworfen wird.8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the nitrided workpiece is subjected to a superficial Bläuungsoperation.
9. Metallklang-Musikinstrument, erhalten nach einem oder mehreren der vorstehenden Ansprüche.A metal-musical instrument obtained according to one or more of the preceding claims.
10. Metallklang-Musikinstrument nach Anspruch 9 in Form eines Hang®. 10. metal sound musical instrument according to claim 9 in the form of a Hang®.
EP09779797.1A 2009-06-16 2009-06-16 Method for producing a metal sound musical instrument Revoked EP2443625B1 (en)

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USD737368S1 (en) 2012-12-03 2015-08-25 Panart Hangbau Ag Percussion musical instrument
USD766356S1 (en) 2012-12-03 2016-09-13 Panart Hangbau Ag Percussion musical instrument
USD759747S1 (en) 2012-12-03 2016-06-21 Panart Hangbau Ag Percussion musical instrument
RU2570051C2 (en) * 2013-01-22 2015-12-10 Андрей Владимирович Ремянников Percussion instrument and vibrating-reed element of percussion instrument
FR3009119B1 (en) * 2013-07-25 2015-08-07 Ederod METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN IDIOPHONE PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT
US10373594B1 (en) 2014-06-11 2019-08-06 Grahm Doe Hand pan tongue drum
USD810188S1 (en) * 2015-09-08 2018-02-13 David Beery Lift ring hand pan drum
DE202016101055U1 (en) 2016-02-29 2016-03-09 Karami Majid percussion instrument
DE202016101057U1 (en) 2016-02-29 2016-03-11 Majid Karami percussion instrument
USD794115S1 (en) * 2016-03-14 2017-08-08 Panart Hangbau Ag Percussion instrument
CN109848307A (en) * 2018-12-26 2019-06-07 重庆市星贯众文化艺术传播有限公司 A kind of production method of astrolabe hand dish
RU199053U1 (en) * 2020-03-02 2020-08-11 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "РАВ ЛАБОРАТОРИЗ" Handpan-type percussion device
US11933637B2 (en) 2022-05-06 2024-03-19 Ancliff Joseph Steel barrel rotation assembly

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CH693319A5 (en) 1998-12-23 2003-05-30 Panart Steelpan Manufaktur Ag A process for producing plate-sound musical instruments.
US6212772B1 (en) 1999-06-23 2001-04-10 George Whitmyre Production of a caribbean steel pan
US20090193958A1 (en) * 2008-02-06 2009-08-06 Jeffrey Allen Webb Double Idiophone

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