Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
  • F25J3/0209—Natural gas or substitute natural gas
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
  • F25J3/0219—Refinery gas, cracking gas, coke oven gas, gaseous mixtures containing aliphatic unsaturated CnHm or gaseous mixtures of undefined nature
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0233—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0238—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 2 carbon atoms or more
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0295—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used, e.g. sieve plates, packings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
  • F25J2200/02—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification in a single pressure main column system
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
  • F25J2200/30—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification using a side column in a single pressure column system
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
  • F25J2200/78—Refluxing the column with a liquid stream originating from an upstream or downstream fractionator column
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
  • F25J2200/80—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification using integrated mass and heat exchange, i.e. non-adiabatic rectification in a reflux exchanger or dephlegmator
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
  • F25J2205/02—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum
  • F25J2205/04—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum in the feed line, i.e. upstream of the fractionation step
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
  • F25J2210/12—Refinery or petrochemical off-gas
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
  • F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/12—External refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/60—Closed external refrigeration cycle with single component refrigerant [SCR], e.g. C1-, C2- or C3-hydrocarbons
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
  • F25J2290/40—Vertical layout or arrangement of cold equipments within in the cold box, e.g. columns, condensers, heat exchangers etc.

Definitions

• This invention relates to a process and apparatus for the separation of a gas containing hydrocarbons.
• the applicants claim the benefits under Title 35, United States Code, Section 119(e) of prior U.S. Provisional Application Number 61/186,361 which was filed on June 11, 2009.
• the applicants also claim the benefits under Title 35, United States Code, Section 120 as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/772,472 which was filed on May 3, 2010, and as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/750,862 which was filed on March 31, 2010, and as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/717,394 which was filed on March 4, 2010, and as a continuation-in-part of U.S.
• Patent Application No. 12/689,616 which was filed on January 19, 2010, and as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/372,604 which was filed on February 17, 2009.
• Assignees S.M.E. Products LP and Ortloff Engineers, Ltd. were parties to a joint research agreement that was in effect before the invention of this application was made.
• Ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane, and/or heavier hydrocarbons can be recovered from a variety of gases, such as natural gas, refinery gas, and synthetic gas streams obtained from other hydrocarbon materials such as coal, crude oil, naphtha, oil shale, tar sands, and lignite.
• Natural gas usually has a major proportion of methane and ethane, i.e., methane and ethane together comprise at least 50 mole percent of the gas.
• the gas also contains relatively lesser amounts of heavier hydrocarbons such as propane, butanes, pentanes, and the like, as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
• the present invention is generally concerned with the recovery of ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane, and heavier hydrocarbons from such gas streams.
• a typical analysis of a gas stream to be processed in accordance with this invention would be, in approximate mole percent, 90.3% methane, 4.0% ethane and other C 2 components, 1.7% propane and other C 3 components, 0.3% iso-butane, 0.5% normal butane, and 0.8% pentanes plus, with the balance made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Sulfur containing gases are also sometimes present.
• Patent No. 33,408; and co-pending application nos. 11/430,412; 11/839,693; 11/971,491; and 12/206,230 describe relevant processes (although the description of the present invention in some cases is based on different processing conditions than those described in the cited U.S. Patents).
• a feed gas stream under pressure is cooled by heat exchange with other streams of the process and/or external sources of refrigeration such as a propane compression-refrigeration system.
• liquids may be condensed and collected in one or more separators as high-pressure liquids containing some of the desired C 2 + components.
• the high-pressure liquids may be expanded to a lower pressure and fractionated. The vaporization occurring during expansion of the liquids results in further cooling of the stream. Under some conditions, pre-cooling the high pressure liquids prior to the expansion may be desirable in order to further lower the temperature resulting from the expansion.
• the expanded stream comprising a mixture of liquid and vapor, is fractionated in a distillation (demethanizer or deethanizer) column.
• the expansion cooled stream(s) is (are) distilled to separate residual methane, nitrogen, and other volatile gases as overhead vapor from the desired C 2 components, C 3 components, and heavier hydrocarbon components as bottom liquid product, or to separate residual methane, C 2 components, nitrogen, and other volatile gases as overhead vapor from the desired C 3 components and heavier hydrocarbon components as bottom liquid product.
• the feed gas is not totally condensed (typically it is not), the vapor remaining from the partial condensation can be split into two streams.
• One portion of the vapor is passed through a work expansion machine or engine, or an expansion valve, to a lower pressure at which additional liquids are condensed as a result of further cooling of the stream.
• the pressure after expansion is essentially the same as the pressure at which the distillation column is operated.
• the combined vapor-liquid phases resulting from the expansion are supplied as feed to the column.
• the remaining portion of the vapor is cooled to substantial condensation by heat exchange with other process streams, e.g., the cold fractionation tower overhead.
• Some or all of the high-pressure liquid may be combined with this vapor portion prior to cooling.
• the resulting cooled stream is then expanded through an appropriate expansion device, such as an expansion valve, to the pressure at which the demethanizer is operated. During expansion, a portion of the liquid will vaporize, resulting in cooling of the total stream.
• the flash expanded stream is then supplied as top feed to the demethanizer.
• the vapor portion of the flash expanded stream and the demethanizer overhead vapor combine in an upper separator section in the fractionation tower as residual methane product gas.
• the cooled and expanded stream may be supplied to a separator to provide vapor and liquid streams.
• the vapor is combined with the tower overhead and the liquid is supplied to the column as a top column feed.
• the residue gas leaving the process will contain substantially all of the methane in the feed gas with essentially none of the heavier hydrocarbon components and the bottoms fraction leaving the demethanizer will contain substantially all of the heavier hydrocarbon components with essentially no methane or more volatile components. In practice, however, this ideal situation is not obtained because the conventional demethanizer is operated largely as a stripping column.
• the methane product of the process therefore, typically comprises vapors leaving the top fractionation stage of the column, together with vapors not subjected to any rectification step.
• Considerable losses of C 3 and C 4 + components occur because the top liquid feed contains substantial quantities of these components and heavier hydrocarbon components, resulting in corresponding equilibrium quantities of C 3 components, C 4 components, and heavier hydrocarbon components in the vapors leaving the top fractionation stage of the demethanizer.
• the loss of these desirable components could be significantly reduced if the rising vapors could be brought into contact with a significant quantity of liquid (reflux) capable of absorbing the C 3 components, C 4 components, and heavier hydrocarbon components from the vapors.
• the preferred processes for hydrocarbon separation use an upper absorber section to provide additional rectification of the rising vapors.
• One method of generating a reflux stream for the upper rectification section is to use a side draw of the vapors rising in a lower portion of the tower. Because of the relatively high concentration of C 2 components in the vapors lower in the tower, a significant quantity of liquid can be condensed in this side draw stream without elevating its pressure, often using only the refrigeration available in the cold vapor leaving the upper rectification section.
• This condensed liquid which is predominantly liquid methane and ethane, can then be used to absorb C 3 components, C 4 components, and heavier hydrocarbon components from the vapors rising through the upper rectification section and thereby capture these valuable components in the bottom liquid product from the demethanizer.
• U.S. Patent No. 7,191,617 is an example of a process of this type.
• the present invention employs a novel means of performing the various steps described above more efficiently and using fewer pieces of equipment. This is accomplished by combining what heretofore have been individual equipment items into a common housing, thereby reducing the plot space required for the processing plant and reducing the capital cost of the facility. Surprisingly, applicants have found that the more compact arrangement also significantly reduces the power consumption required to achieve a given recovery level, thereby increasing the process efficiency and reducing the operating cost of the facility. In addition, the more compact arrangement also eliminates much of the piping used to interconnect the individual equipment items in traditional plant designs, further reducing capital cost and also eliminating the associated flanged piping connections.
• piping flanges are a potential leak source for hydrocarbons (which are volatile organic compounds, VOCs, that contribute to greenhouse gases and may also be precursors to atmospheric ozone formation), eliminating these flanges reduces the potential for atmospheric emissions that can damage the environment.
• NGL recovery column overhead temperatures of -50°F [-46 0 C] or colder.
• FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a prior art natural gas processing plant in accordance with United States Patent No. 7,191,617;
• FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a natural gas processing plant in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 3 through 9 are flow diagrams illustrating alternative means of application of the present invention to a natural gas stream.
• the molar flow rates given in the tables may be interpreted as either pound moles per hour or kilogram moles per hour.
• the energy consumptions reported as horsepower (HP) and/or thousand British Thermal Units per hour (MBTU/Hr) correspond to the stated molar flow rates in pound moles per hour.
• the energy consumptions reported as kilowatts (kW) correspond to the stated molar flow rates in kilogram moles per hour.
• FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram showing the design of a processing plant to recover C 2 + components from natural gas using prior art according to U.S. Pat. No. 7,191,617.
• inlet gas enters the plant at 110 0 F [43°C] and 915 psia [6,307 kPa(a)] as stream 31.
• the sulfur compounds are removed by appropriate pretreatment of the feed gas (not illustrated).
• the feed stream is usually dehydrated to prevent hydrate (ice) formation under cryogenic conditions. Solid desiccant has typically been used for this purpose.
• the feed stream 31 is divided into two portions, streams 32 and 33.
• Stream 32 is cooled to -32°F [-36°C] in heat exchanger 10 by heat exchange with cool residue gas stream 50a, while stream 33 is cooled to -18°F [-28 0 C] in heat exchanger 11 by heat exchange with demethanizer reboiler liquids at 5O 0 F [10 0 C] (stream 43) and side reboiler liquids at -36°F [-38 0 C] (stream 42).
• Streams 32a and 33a recombine to form stream 31a, which enters separator 12 at -28°F [-33 0 C] and 893 psia [6,155 kPa(a)] where the vapor (stream 34) is separated from the condensed liquid (stream 35).
• the separator liquid (stream 35) is expanded to the operating pressure (approximately 401 psia [2,765 kPa(a)]) of fractionation tower 18 by expansion valve 17, cooling stream 35a to -52°F [-46 0 C] before it is supplied to fractionation tower 18 at a lower mid-column feed point.
• the vapor (stream 34) from separator 12 is divided into two streams, 38 and
• Stream 38 containing about 32% of the total vapor, passes through heat exchanger 13 in heat exchange relation with cold residue gas stream 50 where it is cooled to substantial condensation.
• the resulting substantially condensed stream 38a at -130°F [-90 0 C] is then flash expanded through expansion valve 14 to the operating pressure of fractionation tower 18. During expansion a portion of the stream is vaporized, resulting in cooling of the total stream.
• the expanded stream 38b leaving expansion valve 14 reaches a temperature of -14O 0 F [-96 0 C] and is supplied to fractionation tower 18 at an upper mid-column feed point.
• the remaining 68% of the vapor from separator 12 enters a work expansion machine 15 in which mechanical energy is extracted from this portion of the high pressure feed.
• the machine 15 expands the vapor substantially isentropically to the tower operating pressure, with the work expansion cooling the expanded stream 39a to a temperature of approximately -94°F [-70 0 C].
• the typical commercially available expanders are capable of recovering on the order of 80-85% of the work theoretically available in an ideal isentropic expansion.
• the work recovered is often used to drive a centrifugal compressor (such as item 16) that can be used to re-compress the heated residue gas stream (stream 50b), for example.
• the partially condensed expanded stream 39a is thereafter supplied as feed to fractionation tower 18 at a lower mid-column feed point.
• the demethanizer in tower 18 is a conventional distillation column containing a plurality of vertically spaced trays, one or more packed beds, or some combination of trays and packing.
• the demethanizer tower consists of two sections: an upper absorbing (rectification) section 18a that contains the trays and/or packing to provide the necessary contact between the vapor portion of expanded streams 38b and 39a rising upward and cold liquid falling downward to condense and absorb the C 2 components, C 3 components, and heavier components; and a lower stripping (demethanizing) section 18b that contains the trays and/or packing to provide the necessary contact between the liquids falling downward and the vapors rising upward.
• an upper absorbing (rectification) section 18a that contains the trays and/or packing to provide the necessary contact between the vapor portion of expanded streams 38b and 39a rising upward and cold liquid falling downward to condense and absorb the C 2 components, C 3 components, and heavier components
• a lower stripping (demethanizing) section 18b that contains the trays and/or packing to provide the necessary contact between the liquids falling downward and the vapors rising upward.
• the demethanizing section 18b also includes reboilers (such as the reboiler and the side reboiler described previously) which heat and vaporize a portion of the liquids flowing down the column to provide the stripping vapors which flow up the column to strip the liquid product (stream 44) of methane and lighter components.
• the liquid product stream 44 exits the bottom of the tower at 74 0 F [23°C], based on a typical specification of a methane to ethane ratio of 0.010:1 on a mass basis in the bottom product.
• a portion of the distillation vapor (stream 45) is withdrawn from the upper region of stripping section 18b. This stream is then cooled from -109 0 F [-78 0 C] to -134°F [-92 0 C] and partially condensed (stream 45a) in heat exchanger 20 by heat exchange with the cold demethanizer overhead stream 41 exiting the top of demethanizer 18 at -139°F [-95 0 C].
• the cold demethanizer overhead stream is warmed slightly to -134°F [-92 0 C] (stream 41a) as it cools and condenses at least a portion of stream 45.
• the liquid stream 47 from reflux separator 21 is pumped by pump 22 to a pressure slightly above the operating pressure of demethanizer 18, and stream 47a is then supplied as cold top column feed (reflux) to demethanizer 18.
• This cold liquid reflux absorbs and condenses the C 3 components and heavier components rising in the upper rectification region of absorbing section 18a of demethanizer 18.
• the distillation vapor stream forming the tower overhead (stream 41) is warmed in heat exchanger 20 as it provides cooling to distillation stream 45 as described previously, then combines with stream 46 to form the cold residue gas stream 50.
• the residue gas passes countercurrently to the incoming feed gas in heat exchanger 13 where it is heated to -46°F [-44 0 C] (stream 50a) and in heat exchanger 10 where it is heated to 102 0 F [39 0 C] (stream 50b) as it provides cooling as previously described.
• the residue gas is then re-compressed in two stages.
• the first stage is compressor 16 driven by expansion machine 15.
• the second stage is compressor 23 driven by a supplemental power source which compresses the residue gas (stream 5Od) to sales line pressure.
• residue gas stream 5Oe flows to the sales gas pipeline at 915 psia [6,307 kPa(a)], sufficient to meet line requirements (usually on the order of the inlet pressure).
• FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a process in accordance with the present invention.
• the feed gas composition and conditions considered in the process presented in FIG. 2 are the same as those in FIG. 1. Accordingly, the FIG. 2 process can be compared with that of the FIG. 1 process to illustrate the advantages of the present invention.
• inlet gas enters the plant as stream 31 and is divided into two portions, streams 32 and 33. The first portion, stream 32, enters a heat exchange means in the upper region of feed cooling section 118a inside processing assembly 118.
• This heat exchange means may be comprised of a fin and tube type heat exchanger, a plate type heat exchanger, a brazed aluminum type heat exchanger, or other type of heat transfer device, including multi-pass and/or multi-service heat exchangers.
• the heat exchange means is configured to provide heat exchange between stream 32 flowing through one pass of the heat exchange means and a residue gas stream from condensing section 118b inside processing assembly 118 that has been heated in a heat exchange means in the lower region of feed cooling section 118a.
• Stream 32 is cooled while further heating the residue gas stream, with stream 32a leaving the heat exchange means at -30°F [-35 0 C].
• the second portion, stream 33 enters a heat and mass transfer means in stripping section 118e inside processing assembly 118.
• This heat and mass transfer means may also be comprised of a fin and tube type heat exchanger, a plate type heat exchanger, a brazed aluminum type heat exchanger, or other type of heat transfer device, including multi-pass and/or multi-service heat exchangers.
• the heat and mass transfer means is configured to provide heat exchange between stream 33 flowing through one pass of the heat and mass transfer means and a distillation liquid stream flowing downward from absorbing section 118d inside processing assembly 118, so that stream 33 is cooled while heating the distillation liquid stream, cooling stream 33a to -42°F [-41 0 C] before it leaves the heat and mass transfer means.
• the heat and mass transfer means provides continuous contact between the stripping vapors and the distillation liquid stream so that it also functions to provide mass transfer between the vapor and liquid phases, stripping the liquid product stream 44 of methane and lighter components.
• Streams 32a and 33a recombine to form stream 31a, which enters separator section 118f inside processing assembly 118 at -34°F [-37 0 C] and 900 psia [6,203 kPa(a)], whereupon the vapor (stream 34) is separated from the condensed liquid (stream 35).
• Separator section 118f has an internal head or other means to divide it from stripping section 118e, so that the two sections inside processing assembly 118 can operate at different pressures.
• the vapor (stream 34) and the liquid (stream 35) from separator section 118f are each divided into two streams, streams 36 and 39 and streams 37 and 40, respectively.
• Stream 36 containing about 31% of the total vapor, is combined with stream 37, containing about 50% of the total liquid, and the combined stream 38 enters a heat exchange means in the lower region of feed cooling section 118a inside processing assembly 118.
• This heat exchange means may likewise be comprised of a fin and tube type heat exchanger, a plate type heat exchanger, a brazed aluminum type heat exchanger, or other type of heat transfer device, including multi-pass and/or multi-service heat exchangers.
• the heat exchange means is configured to provide heat exchange between stream 38 flowing through one pass of the heat exchange means and the residue gas stream from condensing section 118b, so that stream 38 is cooled to substantial condensation while heating the residue gas stream.
• the resulting substantially condensed stream 38a at -128°F [-89 0 C] is then flash expanded through expansion valve 14 to the operating pressure (approximately 402 psia [2,772 kPa(a)]) of rectifying section 118c (an absorbing means) and absorbing section 118d (another absorbing means) inside processing assembly 118.
• the operating pressure approximately 402 psia [2,772 kPa(a)]
• rectifying section 118c an absorbing means
• absorbing section 118d another absorbing means
• the remaining 50% of the liquid from separator section 118f (stream 40) is expanded to the operating pressure of stripping section 118e inside processing assembly 118 by expansion valve 17, cooling stream 40a to -60°F [-51 0 C].
• the heat and mass transfer means in stripping section 118e is configured in upper and lower parts so that expanded liquid stream 40a can be introduced to stripping section 118e between the two parts.
• a portion of the distillation vapor (first distillation vapor stream 45) is withdrawn from the upper region of stripping section 118e at -95°F [-71 0 C] and is directed to a heat exchange means in condensing section 118b inside processing assembly 118.
• This heat exchange means may likewise be comprised of a fin and tube type heat exchanger, a plate type heat exchanger, a brazed aluminum type heat exchanger, or other type of heat transfer device, including multi-pass and/or multi-service heat exchangers.
• the heat exchange means is configured to provide heat exchange between first distillation vapor stream 45 flowing through one pass of the heat exchange means and a second distillation vapor stream arising from rectifying section 118c inside processing assembly 118 so that the second distillation vapor stream is heated while it cools first distillation vapor stream 45.
• Stream 45 is cooled to -134 0 F [-92 0 C] and at least partially condensed, and thereafter exits the heat exchange means and is separated into its respective vapor and liquid phases.
• the vapor phase (if any) combines with the heated second distillation vapor stream exiting the heat exchange means to form the residue gas stream that provides cooling in feed cooling section 118a as described previously.
• the liquid phase (stream 48) is supplied as cold top column feed (reflux) to the upper region of rectifying section 118c inside processing assembly 118 by gravity flow.
• Rectifying section 118c and absorbing section 118d each contain an absorbing means consisting of a plurality of vertically spaced trays, one or more packed beds, or some combination of trays and packing.
• the trays and/or packing in rectifying section 118c and absorbing section 118d provide the necessary contact between the vapors rising upward and cold liquid falling downward.
• the liquid portion of the expanded stream 39a commingles with liquids falling downward from absorbing section 118d and the combined liquid continues downward into stripping section 118e.
• the stripping vapors arising from stripping section 118e combine with the vapor portion of the expanded stream 39a and rise upward through absorbing section 118d, to be contacted with the cold liquid falling downward to condense and absorb most of the C 2 components, C 3 components, and heavier components from these vapors.
• the vapors arising from absorbing section 118d combine with any vapor portion of the expanded stream 38b and rise upward through rectifying section 118c, to be contacted with the cold liquid (stream 48) falling downward to condense and absorb most of the C 3 components and heavier components remaining in these vapors.
• the liquid portion of the expanded stream 38b commingles with liquids falling downward from rectifying section 118c and the combined liquid continues downward into absorbing section 118d.
• residue gas stream 50 is heated in feed cooling section 118a as it provides cooling to streams 32 and 38 as described previously, whereupon residue gas stream 50 leaves processing assembly 118 at 104°F [40 0 C].
• the residue gas stream is then re-compressed in two stages, compressor 16 driven by expansion machine 15 and compressor 23 driven by a supplemental power source. After cooling to 110 0 F [43°C] in discharge cooler 24, residue gas stream 50c flows to the sales gas pipeline at 915 psia [6,307 kPa(a)], sufficient to meet line requirements (usually on the order of the inlet pressure).
• the volatile components are stripped out of the liquid continuously, reducing the concentration of the volatile components in the stripping vapors more quickly and thereby improving the stripping efficiency for the present invention.
• the present invention offers two other advantages over the prior art in addition to the increase in processing efficiency.
• the compact arrangement of processing assembly 118 of the present invention replaces eight separate equipment items in the prior art (heat exchangers 10, 11, 13, and 20, separator 12, reflux separator 21, reflux pump 22, and fractionation tower 18 in FIG. 1) with a single equipment item (processing assembly 118 in FIG. 2).
• This reduces the plot space requirements, eliminates the interconnecting piping, and eliminates the power consumed by the reflux pump, reducing the capital cost and operating cost of a process plant utilizing the present invention over that of the prior art.
• VOCs volatile organic compounds
• first distillation vapor stream 45 is partially condensed and the resulting condensate used to absorb valuable C 3 components and heavier components from the vapors rising through rectifying section 118c of processing assembly 118.
• the present invention is not limited to this embodiment. It may be advantageous, for instance, to treat only a portion of these vapors in this manner, or to use only a portion of the condensate as an absorbent, in cases where other design considerations indicate portions of the vapors or the condensate should bypass rectifying section 118c and/or absorbing section 118d of processing assembly 118. Some circumstances may favor total condensation, rather than partial condensation, of first distillation vapor stream 45 in condensing section 118b.
• first distillation vapor stream 45 be a total vapor side draw from stripping section 118e rather than a partial vapor side draw. It should also be noted that, depending on the composition of the feed gas stream, it may be advantageous to use external refrigeration to provide partial cooling of first distillation vapor stream 45 in condensing section 118b.
• the quantity of liquid separated in stream 35 may be small enough that the additional mass transfer zone in stripping section 118e between expanded stream 39a and expanded liquid stream 40a shown in FIGS. 2, 4, 6, and 8 is not justified.
• the heat and mass transfer means in stripping section 118e may be configured as a single section, with expanded liquid stream 40a introduced above the mass transfer means as shown in FIGS. 3, 5, 7, and 9.
• Some circumstances may favor combining the expanded liquid stream 40a with expanded stream 39a and thereafter supplying the combined stream to the lower region of absorbing section 118d as a single feed.
• Some circumstances may favor supplying all of liquid stream 35 directly to stripping section 118e via stream 40, or combining all of liquid stream 35 with stream 36 via stream 37.
• separator 12 can be used to separate cooled feed stream 31a into vapor stream 34 and liquid stream 35.
• Some circumstances may favor using the cooled second portion (stream 33 a in
• FIGS. 2 through 9) in lieu of the first portion (stream 36) of vapor stream 34 to form stream 38 flowing to the heat exchange means in the lower region of feed cooling section 118a.
• first portion (stream 36) of vapor stream 34 to form stream 38 flowing to the heat exchange means in the lower region of feed cooling section 118a.
• separator section 118f separator section 118f
• separator 12 separator 12
• the cooled feed stream 31a entering separator section 118f in FIGS. 3 and 5 or separator 12 in FIGS. 7 and 9 may not contain any liquid (because it is above its dewpoint, or because it is above its cricondenbar). In such cases, there is no liquid in streams
• separator section 118f in processing assembly 118 (FIGS. 3 and 5) or separator 12 in stream 36 (FIGS. 7 and 9) may not be required.
• Feed gas conditions, plant size, available equipment, or other factors may indicate that elimination of work expansion machine 15, or replacement with an alternate expansion device (such as an expansion valve), is feasible.
• an alternate expansion device such as an expansion valve
• individual stream expansion is depicted in particular expansion devices, alternative expansion means may be employed where appropriate. For example, conditions may warrant work expansion of the substantially condensed portion of the feed stream (stream 38a).
• the use of external refrigeration to supplement the cooling available to the inlet gas from the distillation vapor and liquid streams may be employed, particularly in the case of a rich inlet gas.
• a heat and mass transfer means may be included in separator section 118f (or a collecting means in such cases when the cooled feed stream 31a contains no liquid) as shown by the dashed lines in FIGS. 2 through 5, or a heat and mass transfer means may be included in separator 12 as shown by the dashed lines in FIGS. 6 though 9.
• This heat and mass transfer means may be comprised of a fin and tube type heat exchanger, a plate type heat exchanger, a brazed aluminum type heat exchanger, or other type of heat transfer device, including multi-pass and/or multi-service heat exchangers.
• the heat and mass transfer means is configured to provide heat exchange between a refrigerant stream (e.g., propane) flowing through one pass of the heat and mass transfer means and the vapor portion of stream 31a flowing upward, so that the refrigerant further cools the vapor and condenses additional liquid, which falls downward to become part of the liquid removed in stream 35.
• a refrigerant stream e.g., propane
• the heat and mass transfer means in stripping section 118e may include provisions for providing supplemental heating with heating medium as shown by the dashed lines in FIGS. 2 through 9.
• another heat and mass transfer means can be included in the lower region of stripping section 118e for providing supplemental heating, or stream 33 can be heated with heating medium before it is supplied to the heat and mass transfer means in stripping section 118e.
• the multi-pass and/or multi-service heat transfer device will include appropriate means for distributing, segregating, and collecting stream 32, stream 38, stream 45, any vapor separated from the cooled stream 45, and the second distillation vapor stream in order to accomplish the desired cooling and heating.
• a mass transfer means can be located below where expanded stream 39a enters the lower region of absorbing section 118d and above where cooled second portion 33a leaves the heat and mass transfer means in stripping section 118e.
• a less preferred option for the FIGS. 2 through 5 embodiments of the present invention is providing a separator vessel for cooled first portion 32a and a separator vessel for cooled second portion 33a, combining the vapor streams separated therein to form vapor stream 34, and combining the liquid streams separated therein to form liquid stream 35.
• Another less preferred option for the present invention is cooling stream 37 in a separate heat exchange means inside feed cooling section 118a (rather than combining stream 37 with stream 36 to form combined stream 38), expanding the cooled stream in a separate expansion device, and supplying the expanded stream to an intermediate region in absorbing section 118d.
• the liquid phase of cooled stream 45 leaving the heat exchange means in condensing section 118b can be split into two portions, stream 48 and stream 49.
• Stream 48 is supplied to rectifying section 118c as its top feed, while stream 49 is supplied to the upper region of stripping section 118e so that it can partially rectify the distillation vapor in this section of processing assembly 118 before first distillation vapor stream 45 is withdrawn.
• gravity flow of streams 48 and 49 may be adequate (FIGS. 2, 3, 6, and 7), while in other cases pumping of the liquid phase (stream 47) with reflux pump 22 may be desirable (FIGS.
• the relative amount of the liquid phase that is split between streams 48 and 49 will depend on several factors, including gas pressure, feed gas composition, the desired C 2 component recovery level, and the quantity of horsepower available. The optimum split generally cannot be predicted without evaluating the particular circumstances for a specific application of the present invention. Some circumstances may favor feeding all of the liquid phase as the top feed to rectifying section 118c in stream 48 and none to the upper region of stripping section 118e in stream 49, as shown by the dashed lines for stream 49.
• the relative amount of feed found in each branch of the split vapor feed will depend on several factors, including gas pressure, feed gas composition, the amount of heat which can economically be extracted from the feed, and the quantity of horsepower available. More feed above absorbing section 118d may increase recovery while decreasing power recovered from the expander and thereby increasing the recompression horsepower requirements. Increasing feed below absorbing section 118d reduces the horsepower consumption but may also reduce product recovery.
• the present invention provides improved recovery of C 2 components, C 3 components, and heavier hydrocarbon components or of C 3 components and heavier hydrocarbon components per amount of utility consumption required to operate the process. An improvement in utility consumption required for operating the process may appear in the form of reduced power requirements for compression or re-compression, reduced power requirements for external refrigeration, reduced energy requirements for supplemental heating, reduced energy requirements for tower reboiling, or a combination thereof.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
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• 2010
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