EP2427626B1 - Drilling equipment and attachment means for the same - Google Patents
Drilling equipment and attachment means for the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2427626B1 EP2427626B1 EP09844212.2A EP09844212A EP2427626B1 EP 2427626 B1 EP2427626 B1 EP 2427626B1 EP 09844212 A EP09844212 A EP 09844212A EP 2427626 B1 EP2427626 B1 EP 2427626B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dowel
- cutting tool
- cutting
- ground drilling
- drilling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims description 58
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/62—Drill bits characterised by parts, e.g. cutting elements, which are detachable or adjustable
- E21B10/627—Drill bits characterised by parts, e.g. cutting elements, which are detachable or adjustable with plural detachable cutting elements
- E21B10/633—Drill bits characterised by parts, e.g. cutting elements, which are detachable or adjustable with plural detachable cutting elements independently detachable
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/08—Roller bits
- E21B10/20—Roller bits characterised by detachable or adjustable parts, e.g. legs or axles
Definitions
- This invention relates to a ground drilling or cutting tool, and to an attachment means for attaching cutting elements to ground drilling or cutting tools.
- Some ground drilling or cutting tools comprise one or more cutting elements and it is desirable for those cutting elements to be replaceable. This enables damaged cutting elements to be replaced or worn cutting elements to be removed for re-work.
- a cutting element may comprise a roller cone which is rotatably secured to an arm, where the arm is in turn welded to the body of the drilling or cutting tool.
- a number of such cutting elements may be spaced around the periphery of the drilling or cutting tool.
- Cutting tools and elements of the above described type are well known to the applicant.
- the applicant's previous attempts to overcome at least some of the problems associated with the above described cutting tools and elements is disclosed in their earlier filed PCT application WO/2004/065752 , also entitled ATTACHMENT MEANS FOR DRILLING EQUIPMENT.
- This earlier application discloses an attachment means wherein there is a first surface on the cutting element, a second surface on the tool upon which the first surface locates, dowel holes in each of the first and second surfaces, dowels that locate in aligned dowel holes between said surfaces.
- engagement surfaces on the cutting element and tool that extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool and engage to resist side loads applied to the cutting elements and fastening means that secures the cutting elements to the tool. This arrangement provides a means of easily removing the cutting elements from the tool for either replacement or maintenance work.
- United States Patent or Application Nos. 4630693 A considered as the closest prior art, 4548284 A , 7458430 B2 , 2189040A , 6745858 B1 , German Patent No. 29803944 U1 and PCT Application No. WO00/70184 A1 relate to reamers or rotary cutters with means to secure cutter elements in accordance with the preamble of claim 1 thereof.
- a ground drilling or cutting tool comprising a cutting element removably attached thereto by attachment means, and releasable retention means adapted to maintain attachment of the cutting element to the tool in the event that the attachment means fails
- said retention means comprises a first surface on a side of the cutting element, a mounting recess on the cutting tool in which at least a portion of said cutting element locates, a second surface in a side of the mounting recess against which said first surface locates, channels in each of said first and second surfaces & that align so as to cooperatively define a dowel hole when said first and second surfaces & locate together, at least one dowel that locates in the dowel hole, and means for retaining the or each dowel within the dowel hole
- the ground drilling or cutting tool being characterised in that the means for retaining the or each dowel comprises a recess in the or each dowel, for each dowel a bolt hole in the cutting tool extending substantially normal to and at least partially intersecting the dowel hole,
- the ground drilling or cutting tool is a hole opener or reamer.
- the attachment means comprises a surface on an underside of a base of the cutting element, and a further surface on a floor of the mounting recess upon which the base underside surface locates, a further set of dowel holes in each of the underside and floor surfaces, and a further set of dowels that locate in the aligned further set of dowel holes between said surfaces.
- the cutting element includes an arm supported by a base, where said base locates in the recess and a side of said base is the first surface that locates against the second surface.
- the recess in the dowel is a circumferential groove extending there around.
- the recess in the dowel is a hole through the dowel.
- the base comprises a pair of substantially oppositely facing side surfaces
- the recess comprises a pair of matching second surfaces in the sides thereof, where each pair of matching first and second faces cooperatively define dowel holes.
- each of the two dowel holes accepts two dowels, and for each dowel there is a bolt hole receiving a bolt that registers in the circumferential groove of one of the four dowels.
- engagement surfaces on the underside of the cutting element and floor of the mounting recess that extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool and engage to resist side loads applied to the cutting elements, and fastening means that secure the cutting elements to the tool.
- these engagement surfaces comprise a channel located on the floor of the mounting recess in the drilling or cutting tool and a projection to engage the channel on the underside of the base of the cutting element.
- the engagement surfaces comprise channel located on the underside of the base of the cutting element, and projection to engage the channel on the floor of the mounting recess in the drilling or cutting tool.
- the further set of dowels locate within each of the dowel holes and resist movement in a direction that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the drilling or cutting tool.
- the fastening means comprises a plurality of bolts which locate through corresponding holes in the underside surface and engage in threaded holes in the floor surface.
- clearance is provided between the holes in the underside surface and the bolts so that minimal shear loading is applied to the bolts.
- the second set of dowels locate within each of the dowel holes and resist movement in a direction that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the drilling or cutting tool.
- the fastening means comprises a plurality of bolts which locate through corresponding holes in the underside surface and engage in threaded holes within the floor surface.
- clearance is provided between the holes in the underside surface and the bolts so that minimal shear loading is applied to the bolts. Instead, shear forces along the longitudinal axis of the drilling or cutting tool are restrained by the second set of dowels. This prevents damage to the bolts which may in turn create difficulty with disassembly.
- the invention may be said to reside in an attachment means for removably securing a cutting element to a ground drilling or cutting tool, said attachment means comprising:
- the means for retaining the or each dowel comprises a recess in the or each dowel, for each dowel a bolt hole extending substantially normal to and at least partially intersecting the dowel hole, for each bolt hole a bolt that locates in said bolt hole when and only when the recess in the dowel is aligned with the bolt hole, the bolt thereby securing the dowel in its dowel hole, and the dowel aiding to secure the cutting element to the cutting tool.
- the cutting element includes an arm supported by a base, where said base locates in the recess and a side of said base is the first surface that locates against the second surface.
- the recess in the dowel is a circumferential groove extending there around.
- the recess in the dowel is a hole through the dowel.
- the base comprises a pair of substantially oppositely facing side surfaces
- the recess comprises a pair of matching second surfaces in the sides thereof, where each pair of matching first and second faces cooperatively define dowel holes.
- each of the two dowel holes accepts two dowels, and for each dowel there is a bolt hole receiving a bolt that registers in the circumferential groove of one of the four dowels.
- the exemplary embodiments described and shown in the representations are generally used in relation to a drilling or cutting tool known as a hole opener or reamer.
- This cutting tool acts to open a small diameter hole to a larger diameter and uses multiple conical roller cutters to achieve cutting of the rock or earth.
- This exemplary embodiment relates to the attachment of those roller cutters to the main body of the hole opener or hole reamer.
- Figure 1 shows a drilling tool 10 incorporating the number of cutting elements 11 around the periphery of the tool 10.
- the cutting elements 11 comprise conical roller cutters.
- an attachment means is used to fix the cutting elements 11 to the drilling tool 10.
- the cutting elements 11 comprise an arm 21 extending from a roller cutter 22, where the arm 21 is secured to a base, the base being in the form of a mounting box 12 (hereinafter therefore, the term mounting box will used in place of the word base).
- the arm 21 is secured to the mounting box 12 by welds.
- the mounting box 12 comprises at least a first pair of generally planar surfaces on oppositely facing sides 30 thereof, and a generally planar underside surface 32.
- the drilling tool comprises a mounting recess 40 in which said mounting box 12 locates.
- This mounting recess 40 defines a pair of second or side surfaces 42 against which the first (side) surfaces 30 of the mounting box 12 locate.
- Each dowel hole is sized to accept two dowels 60 with a light tap fit therein in an end to end fashion.
- each of the dowels 60 is 25.4 mm (1 inch) diameter hardened steel having a circumferential groove 62 extending there around, where this circumferential groove 62 is closer to one end of the dowel 60 than the other, so that one end of the dowel is 'a shorter end'.
- each of the dowels 60 are inserted into the dowel holes formed by channels 50 so that this shorter end is directed inwardly.
- bolt holes 70 extending substantially through, normal to and at least partially intersecting each of the dowel holes formed by channels 50.
- a bolt 72 may be located in each bolt hole 70 when and only when the recess 62 in the dowel 60 is aligned with the bolt hole 70, the bolt 72 thereby securing the dowel 60 in its dowel hole, and the dowel 60 aiding to secure the cutting element 11 to the cutting tool 10.
- the bolt holes 70 within the mounting box 12 are counter-sunk and are drilled to a diameter to provide clearance between the shaft of the bolt and the bolt hole 70. In use, this assists in preventing or minimising shear loads being applied to the bolts 72.
- the bolts 72 are then retained in their respective bolts holes 72 by cir-clips 74.
- the underside surface 32 of the cutting element's 11 mounting box 12 comprises a generally planar face 13 that abuts against the floor surface of the mounting recess 40 on the drilling tool 10, which comprises an abutment surface 14.
- a second set of dowel holes 15 are formed in both the planar face 13 and the abutment surface 14 on both the mounting box 12 and the drilling tool 10.
- a second set of dowels 16 locate within the second set of dowel holes 15 and both the planar face 13 and abutment surface 14, and are a light interference fit with the second set of dowel holes 15. In this exemplary embodiment, this second set of dowels are 31.75 mm (1.25 inch) diameter hardened steel.
- the abutment surface 14 has a channel 17 and the second set of dowel holes 15 are located centrally within the channel 17.
- the planar face 13 of the mounting box 12 has an elongate projection 18 that fits tightly within the channel 17.
- this arrangement could be reversed with the abutment surface 14 incorporating a respective elongate projection which mates with a corresponding channel located on the planar underside face 13 of mounting box 12.
- the fastening means in this embodiment comprises a plurality of M24 grade steel bolts 19 and washers 24 that locate through the mounting box 12. Washers may be of the standard slit lock or serrated variety. In this embodiment NORD-LOCKTM self locking washers are used. Bolts 19 threadably engage within apertures 23 in the abutment surface 14. The apertures 20 within the mounting box 12 are counter-sunk and are drilled to a diameter to provide clearance between the shaft of the bolt 19 and the aperture 20. In use, this assists in preventing or minimising shear loads being applied to the bolts 19. Instead, the dowels 16 resist the majority of any shear load which results from drilling forces applied to the cutting elements 11 along the longitudinal axis of the drilling tool 10.
- the second set of dowels 16 are located within the second set of dowel holes 15 in the abutment surface 14.
- the mounting box 12 is then positioned so that the second set of dowels locates within second set of dowel holes 15 in the planar surface 13 and so that the elongate projection 18 locates within the channel 17.
- the bolts 19 are then engaged in the apertures 20 and tightened.
- Cir-clips 80 are then inserted in order to ensure that portions of bolts 19 cannot escape their respective bolt holes 20 in the event that the bolt 19 fails.
- the first set of dowels 60 are then inserted into the holes for these so that half of the width of each dowel 60 is in the mounting box 12 and the other half is in the drilling tool 10, and such that their short ends are directed innermost until their longer ends are flush with the ends of the dowel hole.
- the dowel bolts 72 are then inserted into their respective holes 70 and tightened.
- any drilling forces longitudinal to the drilling tool 10 are transmitted as shear forces primarily to the second set of dowels 16.
- the clearance between the bolts 19 and the apertures 20 minimise any shear loading applied to the bolts 19.
- any side forces applied normal to the longitudinal axis of the drilling tool are resisted by the first set of dowels 60 and the engagement of the elongate projection 18 within the channels 17.
- the first set of dowels 60 resist loads that would otherwise be imparted upon the bolts 19 as tension loads, thereby significantly reducing the likelihood that the bolts 19 will fail in this way.
- the applicant refers to the first set of dowels 60 as "safety dowels", as one function of these is to ensure that the cutting tool 11 is retained in its mounting recess 40 in the event that bolts 19 fail. Without dowels 60 registering in aligned channels 50, the cutting element 12 would break free of the cutting tool 11 in the event that bolts 19 failed.
- the cutting elements 11 can be easily removed from the drilling tool 10 by reversal of the above-described assembly process.
- jacking bolts 25 are screwed into the middle pair of apertures after removal of bolts 19.
- This pair of apertures is modified to include a screw thread which threadably engages with the shafts of jacking bolts 25.
- jacking bolts 25 are screwed in they function to force mounting box 12 from abutment surface 14. This thereby simplifies the removal process for maintenance purposes particularly when compared with mounting of the cutting elements 11 to a drilling tool 10 by welding.
- the arm of the cutting element 11 instead of being welded to a mounting box 12, may be arranged to secure directly to the drilling tool 10.
- the planar face 13 and associated elongate projection 18 would be on the arm 21 of the cutting element 11 and therefore would mount directly to the abutment surface 14.
- both the mounting box 12 in accordance with the first embodiment or the arm of the cutting element 11 in accordance with the second embodiment may locate within a channel having side walls that abut against either the mounting box 12 or the arm of the cutting element 11 so as to resist sideways loads.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Drilling Tools (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Gripping Jigs, Holding Jigs, And Positioning Jigs (AREA)
- Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL09844212T PL2427626T3 (pl) | 2009-05-08 | 2009-11-30 | Sprzęt do wiercenia i jego środki mocujące |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2009902048A AU2009902048A0 (en) | 2009-05-08 | Attachment means for drilling equipment | |
PCT/AU2009/001559 WO2010127382A1 (en) | 2009-05-08 | 2009-11-30 | Drilling equipment and attachment means for the same |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2427626A1 EP2427626A1 (en) | 2012-03-14 |
EP2427626A4 EP2427626A4 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
EP2427626B1 true EP2427626B1 (en) | 2019-01-02 |
Family
ID=43049832
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09844212.2A Active EP2427626B1 (en) | 2009-05-08 | 2009-11-30 | Drilling equipment and attachment means for the same |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8997898B2 (ko) |
EP (1) | EP2427626B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP5547276B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR101725234B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN102439258B (ko) |
AU (1) | AU2009345782B2 (ko) |
CA (1) | CA2760830C (ko) |
DK (1) | DK2427626T3 (ko) |
EA (1) | EA021975B1 (ko) |
ES (1) | ES2709882T3 (ko) |
HU (1) | HUE041482T2 (ko) |
MX (1) | MX2011011806A (ko) |
NO (1) | NO344456B1 (ko) |
PL (1) | PL2427626T3 (ko) |
PT (1) | PT2427626T (ko) |
TR (1) | TR201901454T4 (ko) |
WO (1) | WO2010127382A1 (ko) |
ZA (1) | ZA201202648B (ko) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8678111B2 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2014-03-25 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Hybrid drill bit and design method |
US8459378B2 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2013-06-11 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Hybrid drill bit |
CA2773897A1 (en) | 2009-09-16 | 2011-03-24 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | External, divorced pdc bearing assemblies for hybrid drill bits |
US8950514B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2015-02-10 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Drill bits with anti-tracking features |
SG192650A1 (en) | 2011-02-11 | 2013-09-30 | Baker Hughes Inc | System and method for leg retention on hybrid bits |
US9782857B2 (en) | 2011-02-11 | 2017-10-10 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Hybrid drill bit having increased service life |
MX351357B (es) | 2011-11-15 | 2017-10-11 | Baker Hughes Inc | Barrenas de perforación híbridas que tienen eficiencia incrementada de perforación. |
SG11201609528QA (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2016-12-29 | Baker Hughes Inc | Hybrid bit with mechanically attached rolling cutter assembly |
EP3146137B1 (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2019-09-11 | Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC | Hybrid bit with mechanically attached rolling cutter assembly |
US11428050B2 (en) | 2014-10-20 | 2022-08-30 | Baker Hughes Holdings Llc | Reverse circulation hybrid bit |
USD1001623S1 (en) | 2021-08-26 | 2023-10-17 | Ip Assets Llc | Hanger extension |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2065743A (en) * | 1935-03-26 | 1936-12-29 | Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co | Roller bit |
US2189040A (en) * | 1938-12-27 | 1940-02-06 | Reed Roller Bit Co | Reamer |
US3917011A (en) * | 1974-07-22 | 1975-11-04 | John W Hester | Hole-opener tool |
NL7507355A (nl) * | 1975-06-20 | 1976-12-22 | Skf Ind Trading & Dev | Boorkop. |
US4478299A (en) * | 1982-03-26 | 1984-10-23 | Trend Rock Bit Alberta, Ltd. | Rock bit construction |
US4548284A (en) | 1983-10-28 | 1985-10-22 | Dresser Industries, Inc. | Roller ball retention of reamer cutter assembly |
US4630693A (en) | 1985-04-15 | 1986-12-23 | Goodfellow Robert D | Rotary cutter assembly |
JP3012901B2 (ja) * | 1996-06-12 | 2000-02-28 | 株式会社サンテック | ダウンザホールハンマー |
DE29803944U1 (de) * | 1998-03-06 | 1998-04-30 | DBT Deutsche Bergbau-Technik GmbH, 44534 Lünen | Meißelsicherung für einen Hobelmeißel |
CA2342615C (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2007-05-01 | Allen Kent Rives | Hole opener with multisized, replaceable arms and cutters |
CA2371740C (en) | 2001-02-13 | 2006-04-18 | Smith International, Inc. | Back reaming tool |
US6745858B1 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2004-06-08 | Rock Bit International | Adjustable earth boring device |
JP3994706B2 (ja) * | 2001-09-13 | 2007-10-24 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 掘削工具 |
US6902014B1 (en) * | 2002-08-01 | 2005-06-07 | Rock Bit L.P. | Roller cone bi-center bit |
AU2003900227A0 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2003-02-06 | Transco Manufacturing Australia Pty Ltd | Attachment means for drilling equipment |
US7152702B1 (en) * | 2005-11-04 | 2006-12-26 | Smith International, Inc. | Modular system for a back reamer and method |
WO2008076117A1 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2008-06-26 | Smith International, Inc. | Modular system for a back reamer |
-
2009
- 2009-11-30 CN CN200980159179.2A patent/CN102439258B/zh active Active
- 2009-11-30 KR KR1020117029272A patent/KR101725234B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-11-30 MX MX2011011806A patent/MX2011011806A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-11-30 HU HUE09844212A patent/HUE041482T2/hu unknown
- 2009-11-30 ES ES09844212T patent/ES2709882T3/es active Active
- 2009-11-30 CA CA2760830A patent/CA2760830C/en active Active
- 2009-11-30 DK DK09844212.2T patent/DK2427626T3/en active
- 2009-11-30 PL PL09844212T patent/PL2427626T3/pl unknown
- 2009-11-30 EP EP09844212.2A patent/EP2427626B1/en active Active
- 2009-11-30 JP JP2012508853A patent/JP5547276B2/ja active Active
- 2009-11-30 US US13/318,727 patent/US8997898B2/en active Active
- 2009-11-30 PT PT09844212T patent/PT2427626T/pt unknown
- 2009-11-30 EA EA201190284A patent/EA021975B1/ru unknown
- 2009-11-30 TR TR2019/01454T patent/TR201901454T4/tr unknown
- 2009-11-30 AU AU2009345782A patent/AU2009345782B2/en active Active
- 2009-11-30 WO PCT/AU2009/001559 patent/WO2010127382A1/en active Application Filing
-
2011
- 2011-11-15 NO NO20111560A patent/NO344456B1/no unknown
-
2012
- 2012-04-12 ZA ZA2012/02648A patent/ZA201202648B/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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None * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PT2427626T (pt) | 2019-02-11 |
EP2427626A1 (en) | 2012-03-14 |
ZA201202648B (en) | 2013-06-26 |
JP5547276B2 (ja) | 2014-07-09 |
CN102439258B (zh) | 2014-06-18 |
DK2427626T3 (en) | 2019-03-04 |
EA021975B1 (ru) | 2015-10-30 |
NO20111560A1 (no) | 2012-02-06 |
AU2009345782B2 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
ES2709882T3 (es) | 2019-04-22 |
AU2009345782A1 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
CN102439258A (zh) | 2012-05-02 |
EA201190284A1 (ru) | 2012-06-29 |
KR20120023763A (ko) | 2012-03-13 |
CA2760830C (en) | 2017-05-23 |
EP2427626A4 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
MX2011011806A (es) | 2011-12-08 |
WO2010127382A1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
KR101725234B1 (ko) | 2017-04-10 |
NO344456B1 (no) | 2019-12-16 |
HUE041482T2 (hu) | 2019-05-28 |
TR201901454T4 (tr) | 2019-02-21 |
PL2427626T3 (pl) | 2019-06-28 |
JP2012526208A (ja) | 2012-10-25 |
CA2760830A1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
US20120103695A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
US8997898B2 (en) | 2015-04-07 |
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