EP2423473B1 - Système et procédé de cycle de Rankine organique amélioré - Google Patents

Système et procédé de cycle de Rankine organique amélioré Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2423473B1
EP2423473B1 EP10161925.2A EP10161925A EP2423473B1 EP 2423473 B1 EP2423473 B1 EP 2423473B1 EP 10161925 A EP10161925 A EP 10161925A EP 2423473 B1 EP2423473 B1 EP 2423473B1
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Prior art keywords
heat
fluid
working fluid
external
heat exchanger
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EP10161925.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2423473A2 (fr
EP2423473A3 (fr
Inventor
Matthew Alexander Lehar
Sebastian Walter Freund
Giacomo Seghi
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/10—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to organic rankine cycle (ORC) systems, and more particularly to an economical system and method for the same.
  • DE 199 14 287 A1 discloses structured bodies positioned inside a pressure tube which are in heat-conducting connection with one another and with the pressure tube wall.
  • GB 983 620 A discloses a pressure steam generator for enhancing heat transfer and US 6 158 221 A discloses a waste heat recovery system. In both documents heat transfer tubes are described with internal and external fins.
  • rankine cycle systems have been used to capture the so called "waste heat", that was otherwise being lost to the atmosphere and, as such, was indirectly detrimental to the environment by requiring more fuel for power production than necessary.
  • ORC systems have been deployed as retrofits for small- and medium-scale gas turbines, to capture from the hot gas stream desirable power output.
  • a working fluid used in such cycles is typically a hydrocarbon at about atmospheric pressure.
  • the working fluid may degrade beyond a critical temperature, such as, but not limited to, 500 deg C.
  • the temperature of the exhaust is comparable to such high temperatures and hence, there is a reasonable probability of degradation of the working fluid due to direct exposure to the hot gas from the exhaust.
  • an intermediate thermal fluid system is generally used to convey heat from the exhaust to an organic Rankine cycle boiler.
  • the fluid is oil.
  • the intermediate fluid thermal represents up to about one-quarter of the cost of the complete ORC.
  • the intermediate fluid system and heat exchangers require a higher temperature difference resulting in increase in size and lowering overall efficiency.
  • an ORC system configured to limit temperature of a working fluid below a threshold temperature.
  • the ORC system includes a heat source configured to provide waste heat fluid.
  • the ORC system also includes a heat exchanger coupled to the heat source, wherein the heat exchanger includes multiple external and internal enhancement features.
  • the external enhancement features are configured to reduce a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from the heat source, external to the heat exchanger.
  • the internal enhancement features are configured to increase a second heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from a heat source, internal to the heat exchanger.
  • a method for providing an ORC system to limit temperature of a working fluid below a threshold temperature includes providing a heat source configured to convey waste heat fluid.
  • the method also includes providing a heat exchanger coupled to the heat source, wherein the heat exchanger includes multiple external and internal enhancement features.
  • the external enhancement features are configured to reduce a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from the heat source, external to the heat exchanger.
  • the internal enhancement features are configured to increase a second heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from a heat source, internal to the heat exchanger.
  • an ORC system configured to limit temperature of a working fluid below a threshold temperature.
  • the ORC system includes a heat source configured to provide waste heat fluid.
  • the ORC system includes a heat exhanger coupled to the heat source.
  • the heat exchanger includes an evaporator configured to receive the waste heat fluid from the heat source and vaporize the working fluid, the evaporator further configured to allow heat exchange between the waste heat fluid and the vaporized working fluid.
  • the heat exchanger also includes a superheater configured to receive the waste heat fluid from the evaporator, the waste heat fluid being at a relatively lower temperature due to the heat exchange and allow contact with the working fluid at a highest temperature.
  • the heat exhanger further includes a preheater configured to receive the waste heat fluid from the superheater and allow contact with the working fluid in a liquid state, wherein the evaporator, the superheater, and the preheater include multiple external or internal enhancement features.
  • the external enhancement features are configured to reduce a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from the heat source, external to the heat exchanger.
  • the internal enhancement features are configured to increase a second heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from a heat source, internal to the heat exchanger.
  • embodiments of the invention include an organic rankine cycle (ORC) system and method to limit the temperature of a working fluid within the system, below a threshold temperature.
  • ORC organic rankine cycle
  • the system and method provide a waste heat fluid that flows into various sections of a heat exchanger to enable optimal heat exchange between the waste heat fluid and the working fluid thereby avoiding overheating of the working fluid.
  • the heat exchanger includes external and internal enhancement features to provide optimal heat exchange between the waste heat fluid and the working fluid. It should be noted that both the embodiments may also be employed in conjunction with each other.
  • the term 'threshold temperature' refers to temperatures in a range between about 250 to about 350 deg C.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an organic rankine cycle (ORC) system 10 configured to limit the temperature of a working fluid 14 below a threshold temperature.
  • the system 10 includes a heat source 16 that conveys a waste heat fluid 18 at a temperature, for example, between about 400 to about 600 deg C.
  • a heat exchanger 20 is coupled to the heat source 16 and is configured to facilitate heat exchange between the working fluid 14 and the waste heat fluid 18 in a manner that does not overheat the working fluid 14, as will be discussed in greater detail below.
  • the heat exchanger 20 includes an evaporator 22 that receives an inflow of the working fluid 14 and vaporizes the working fluid 14.
  • the evaporator 22 receives the waste heat fluid 18 from the heat source 16 and promotes heat exchange between the waste heat fluid 18 and the vaporized working fluid 15 that is at a relatively lower temperature, for example between about 150 to about 300 deg. C and produces an evaporator outlet flow including a lower temperature waste heat fluid 23 and an elevated temperature working fluid 25.
  • the temperature of the elevated temperature working fluid 25 exiting the evaporator 22 is about 230 deg C.
  • the waste heat fluid 18 and the working fluid 25 are in parallel flow configuration in the evaporator 22.
  • the term 'parallel flow configuration' refers to heat being transferred from an inlet of the heat source 16 to an inlet of the evaporator 22 and likewise, from an outlet of the heat source 16 to an outlet of the evaporator 22.
  • the evaporator outlet flow from the evaporator 22 is conveyed to a superheater 24.
  • the superheater 24 further heats the elevated temperature working fluid 25 to produce a working fluid 29 at a relatively higher temperature within the heat exchanger 20 compared to the temperatures of the working fluid at the evaporator 22 and a preheater 28.
  • the superheater 24 promotes heat exchange between the relatively higher temperature working fluid 29 and the lower temperature waste heat fluid 23 to produce a superheater outlet flow including an elevated temperature waste heat fluid 27. It should be noted that the waste fluid 18 directly from the heat source 16 is at a higher temperature compared to the lower temperature waste heat fluid 23 entering the superheater 24.
  • the elevated temperature waste heat fluid 27 exits from the superheater 24 and is conveyed to the preheater 28.
  • temperature of the elevated temperature waste heat fluid 27 exiting the superheater is between about 375 to about 425 deg C.
  • the preheater 28 contains a relatively lower temperature working fluid 29 in a liquid state and promotes heat exchange between the relatively lower temperature working fluid 29 and the elevated temperature waste fluid 27 resulting in a relatively lower temperature waste fluid 31 exiting the heat exchanger 20.
  • the relatively lower temperature working fluid 29 and the elevated temperature waste fluid 27 are in a counter-flow configuration in the preheater 28.
  • the working fluid 14 is a hydrocarbon.
  • Non-limiting examples of the hydrocarbon include at least one selected from a group of cyclopentane, n-pentane, propane, butane, n-hexane, and cyclohexane.
  • the heat source includes an exhaust of a gas turbine.
  • the waste heat fluid is in a gaseous state.
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration 50 of temperatures 52 of a waste heat fluid, the film temperatures 54 of a working fluid, and bulk temperatures 56 of the working fluid in the preheater, evaporator and superheater sections of a heat exchanger employing the flow arrangement in FIG. 1 .
  • the graphical illustration 50 is a result of simulation.
  • X-axis 51 represents flow length as a fraction of the total length of the heat exchanger, while Y-axis 53 represents temperatures in deg C.
  • temperatures 52 of the waste heat fluid increases from about 100 deg C at minimal flow length at the preheater section 58 to about 510 deg C at a flow length of 1 unit at the superheater 62 section.
  • the film temperatures 54 of the working fluid in contact with the waste heat fluid increase from about 80 deg C at preheater 58 to vary between about 244 deg C to about 273 deg C in the evaporator 60, and further to reach a temperature of about 240 deg C at the superheater 62, which is well below a threshold temperature of the working fluid.
  • the bulk temperatures 56 of the working fluid also increase from about 71 deg C in the preheater to vary between about 233 deg C and 231 deg C in the evaporator, and further reach a temperature of about 240 deg C in the superheater.
  • a narrower gap between the bulk temperature and film temperature of the working fluid, especially in the superheater section, is clearly indicative of a greater stability of the film temperature in the superheater and limiting of the temperature to a safe limit.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of another exemplary embodiment of an ORC system 70 to limit temperature of a working fluid 71 below a threshold temperature.
  • a heat source 74 introduces waste heat fluid 76 into a heat exchanger 78.
  • the heat exchanger 78 includes multiple external 82 and/or internal 84 enhancement features.
  • the features include fins.
  • the external enhancement features are configured to reduce a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid 71 and the waste heat fluid 76, external to the heat exchanger 78.
  • a non-limiting example of external enhancement feature includes fins.
  • the internal enhancement features are configured to increase a second heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid 71 and the waste heat 76, internal to the heat exchanger 78.
  • Non-limiting examples of the internal enhancement features include internal fins, turbulators or boiling surfaces.
  • the heat exchanger 78 includes a preheater, an evaporator, and a superheater.
  • the working fluid 71 enters a preheater 92 in a liquid state.
  • the preheater 92 includes fins 93 external and uniformly spaced at equal lengths relative to each other.
  • the working fluid 71 enters an evaporator 94.
  • a portion 96 of the evaporator 94 includes fins 98 external at lengths shorter than that at the preheater 92 and uniformly spaced.
  • a portion 102 of the evaporator includes external fins 104 and internal fins 106.
  • the external fins 104 are at shorter lengths than that of the fins 98 and are typically uniformly spaced.
  • the internal fins 106 are disposed to increase a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid 71 and the waste heat fluid 76, while reducing a wall temperature of the evaporator experienced by a film of the working fluid 71.
  • the first heat transfer coefficient ranges between about 3000 to about 5000 W/ m 2 -K . on the fluid side, and has a value of approximately 100 W/ m 2 -K on the side of the waste heat fluid, in the embodiment in which that fluid is a gas.
  • the area of the fins is reduced in sections of the heat exchanger 78 where the working fluid 71 is vulnerable to overheating.
  • the area of the fins is increased in sections where the working fluid 71 is not vulnerable to overheating and to reduce a second heat transfer coefficient external to the heat exchanger 78.
  • the second transfer coefficient ranges between about 20000 to about 40000 W/ m 2 -K on the fluid side, and has a value of approximately 100 W/m ⁇ 2-K on the side of the waste heat fluid, in the embodiment in which that fluid is a gas.
  • few or no external fins are disposed in a superheater 108, while internal fins 110 may be disposed.
  • a third heat transfer coefficient, on the working-fluid side of the superheater has a value of approximately 15000 W/ m 2 -K.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic graphical illustration 120 of exemplary temperatures of a working fluid in a preheater, evaporator and a superheater of a heat exchanger 78 ( FIG. 3 ).
  • the X-axis 122 represents various sections of the heat exchanger, specifically, the preheater 124 (also referred to as 'eco' in FIG. 4 ), evaporator 126 (also referred to as 'boiler' in FIG. 4 ), and superheater 128.
  • the Y-axis 130 represents temperature in deg C.
  • Curve 134 represents temperature of a waste heat fluid from an exhaust.
  • the temperature at an exhaust outlet increases steeply across the preheater, evaporator and superheater at an exhaust outlet location, represented by reference numeral 138.
  • curve 140 represents temperature of the working fluid increasing starting from an inlet of the working fluid, represented by reference numeral 142, in a preheater 124, to reaching a steady state 144 in the evaporator 126, and further increasing slightly, as shown by 146, in the superheater 128. It should be noted that the temperature of the working fluid is maintained below a threshold temperature, indicated by horizontal line 150, in the evaporator and superheater.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart representing steps in an exemplary method 170 for limiting temperature of a working fluid below a threshold temperature in an ORC system.
  • the method 170 includes introducing waste heat fluid into a heat exchanger in step 172, wherein the heat exchanger includes an evaporator; a superheater and a preheater.
  • the waste heat fluid is conveyed into the evaporator in step 174 to promote heat exchange between the waste heat fluid and the working fluid at an elevated temperature vaporized within the evaporator to produce an evaporator outlet flow including a lower temperature waste heat fluid.
  • the waste heat fluid is conveyed in a parallel flow configuration with the working fluid in the evaporator.
  • the lower temperature waste heat fluid is then conveyed from the evaporator to a superheater in step 176 to promote heat exchange between the lower temperature waste heat fluid and a relatively higher temperature working fluid contained in the superheater and further producing a superheater outlet flow including an elevated temperature waste heat fluid.
  • the lower temperature waste heat fluid is conveyed at a temperature between about 425 to about 475 deg C.
  • the elevated temperature waste heat fluid is further conveyed from the superheater into a preheater in step 178 to promote heat exchange with a relatively lower temperature working fluid in a liquid state contained in the preheater.
  • the lower temperature waste heat fluid and the elevated temperature waste heat fluid are conveyed to the superheater and the preheater respectively in a counter-flow configuration with the working fluid.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart representing steps in a method 190 for providing an organic rankine cycle system to limit temperature of a working fluid below a threshold temperature.
  • the method 190 includes providing a heat source configured to convey waste heat fluid in step 192.
  • a heat exchanger coupled to the heat source is provided in step 194.
  • the heat exchanger includes multiple of external and multiple of internal enhancement features, wherein the external enhancement features are configured to reduce a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from a heat source, external to the heat exchanger.
  • the internal enhancement features are configured to increase a second heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from a heat source, internal to the heat exchanger.
  • providing a heat exchanger includes providing at least one of a preheater, an evaporator or a superheater.
  • the external enhancement features include fins.
  • the internal enhancement features include fins, turbulators, and boiling surfaces.
  • an organic rankine cycle system and method to limit temperature of the working fluid provide a highly efficient means to avoid overheating and decomposition of the working fluid.
  • the system and method also eliminate the usage of the commonly used intermediate fluid loop thus reducing significant capital cost and complexities.
  • the techniques also allow for a reduced footprint of a plant, permitting usage in a wide variety of applications such as, but not limited to, off-shore oil platforms, where space is at a premium.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Système à cycle organique de Rankine (10) configuré pour limiter la température d'un fluide de travail (14) en dessous d'une température seuil, le système (10) comprenant :
    une source de chaleur (16) configurée pour fournir un fluide de chaleur résiduelle (18) ;
    un échangeur thermique (20) couplé à la source de chaleur (16), l'échangeur thermique (20) comprenant :
    une pluralité de caractéristiques d'amélioration externes (82) et une pluralité d'internes (84), dans lequel les caractéristiques d'amélioration externes (82) sont agencées pour réduire un premier coefficient de transfert thermique entre le fluide de travail (14) et le fluide de chaleur résiduelle (18) à partir de la source de chaleur (16) externe à l'échangeur thermique (20) et les caractéristiques d'amélioration internes (84) sont agencées pour augmenter un deuxième coefficient de transfert thermique entre le fluide de travail (14) et le fluide de chaleur résiduelle (18) à partir de la source de chaleur (16), interne à l'échangeur thermique (20).
  2. Système (10) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'échangeur thermique (20) comprend un préchauffeur (28), un évaporateur (22) et un surchauffeur (24).
  3. Système (10) selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel les caractéristiques d'amélioration externes (82) comprennent des ailettes externes (93).
  4. Système (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les caractéristiques d'amélioration internes (84) comprennent des ailettes internes, ou des dispositifs de turbulence ou des surfaces d'ébullition.
  5. Système (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la source de chaleur (16) est configurée pour introduire le fluide de chaleur résiduelle dans le préchauffeur (28) ou l'évaporateur (22).
  6. Système (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la température seuil comprend environ 300 deg C.
  7. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le premier coefficient de transfert thermique comprend une plage entre environ 3000 et environ 5000 W/m2-K sur le côté fluide de travail, 100 W/m2-K sur le côté fluide de chaleur résiduelle gazeux.
  8. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le deuxième coefficient de transfert thermique comprend une plage entre environ 20 000 et environ 40 000 W/m2-K sur le côté fluide de travail, 100 W/m2-K sur le côté fluide de chaleur résiduelle gazeux.
  9. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la source de chaleur comprend un échappement de turbine à gaz.
  10. Procédé (190) pour fournir un système à cycle organique de Rankine afin de limiter la température d'un fluide de travail en dessous d'une température seuil, le procédé comprenant :
    la fourniture (192) d'une source de chaleur agencée pour transporter un fluide de chaleur résiduelle ;
    la fourniture (194) d'un échangeur thermique couplé à la source de chaleur, l'échangeur thermique comprenant :
    une pluralité de caractéristiques d'amélioration externes et une pluralité d'internes, dans lequel les caractéristiques d'amélioration externes sont agencées pour réduire un premier coefficient de transfert thermique entre le fluide de travail et le fluide de chaleur résiduelle à partir d'une source de chaleur, externe à l'échangeur thermique et les caractéristiques d'amélioration internes sont configurées pour augmenter un deuxième coefficient de transfert thermique entre le fluide de travail et le fluide de chaleur résiduelle à partir d'une source de chaleur, interne à l'échangeur thermique.
  11. Procédé (190) selon la revendication 10, dans lequel ladite fourniture (194) d'un échangeur thermique comprend la fourniture d'au moins l'un parmi un préchauffeur, un évaporateur ou un surchauffeur.
  12. Procédé (190) selon la revendication 10 ou la revendication 11, dans lequel lesdites caractéristiques d'amélioration externes (82) comprennent des ailettes externes (93).
  13. Procédé (190) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10 à 12, dans lequel lesdites caractéristiques d'amélioration internes (84) comprennent des ailettes internes, des dispositifs de turbulence et des surfaces d'ébullition.
EP10161925.2A 2009-05-06 2010-05-04 Système et procédé de cycle de Rankine organique amélioré Active EP2423473B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/436,277 US20100281864A1 (en) 2009-05-06 2009-05-06 Organic rankine cycle system and method

Publications (3)

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EP2423473A2 EP2423473A2 (fr) 2012-02-29
EP2423473A3 EP2423473A3 (fr) 2014-01-08
EP2423473B1 true EP2423473B1 (fr) 2019-10-30

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US (1) US20100281864A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2423473B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN101881192B (fr)
BR (1) BRPI1001549B8 (fr)
CA (1) CA2701284C (fr)
MX (1) MX2010004845A (fr)

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CN103244213B (zh) * 2013-05-24 2015-12-09 成都昊特新能源技术股份有限公司 用于海上平台的orc发电系统及其发电方法
CN103244212A (zh) * 2013-05-24 2013-08-14 成都昊特新能源技术有限公司 用于回收压气站燃机排烟余热的orc发电系统及发电方法
CN103291392A (zh) * 2013-05-24 2013-09-11 成都昊特新能源技术股份有限公司 Orc发电系统及其发电方法

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Publication number Publication date
US20100281864A1 (en) 2010-11-11
CA2701284A1 (fr) 2010-11-06
CN101881192A (zh) 2010-11-10
EP2423473A2 (fr) 2012-02-29
CA2701284C (fr) 2017-07-04
EP2423473A3 (fr) 2014-01-08
MX2010004845A (es) 2010-11-18
BRPI1001549B8 (pt) 2020-07-28
CN101881192B (zh) 2015-08-05
BRPI1001549A2 (pt) 2012-01-24
BRPI1001549B1 (pt) 2020-07-07

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