Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
  • A01N63/22—Bacillus
  • A01N63/23—B. thuringiensis

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of a combination of an insecticide and a biological organism used in agriculture, in particular in the treatment of seeds, to improve the growing characteristics of a plant, and methods for using such combinations in the control or prevention of damage by pests, such as insects and nematodes, especially in the agricultural field.
• the protection of plant propagation materials (especially seeds) with ingredients are target applications which partially address the need for a reduction of environmental and worker exposure when used alone or in conjunction with foliar or in-furrow active ingredient applications.
• an insecticide suitable for use as seed treatment insecticide and a specific biocontrol agent and optionally one or more defined agents (such as agents that provide growing characteristics to a plant through control of pests, through making available nutrients, through activating the plant growth properties, e.g. natural defence mechanism, etc, and alike) provide unexpected control or prevention of damage by pests to a plant, when the particular ingredients of the defined combination is applied, in any desired sequence or simultaneously, on the plant, part of a plant, plant organ, and/or plant propagation material thereof, or surrounding area thereof.
• defined agents such as agents that provide growing characteristics to a plant through control of pests, through making available nutrients, through activating the plant growth properties, e.g. natural defence mechanism, etc, and alike
• the present invention provides a composition
• a composition comprising (I) an insecticide suitable for use as seed treatment insecticide, and (II) a nematicidally active biological organism.
• This composition provides an improved biological efficacy against insects and/or nematodes.
• the insecticide generally allows the biological organism to grow or considerably reduces the reduction in viability of the biological organism, whereas other pesticides like certain fungicides may severely reduce the biological organism's viability (i.e. reduce the amount of active species).
• the presence of the insecticide in compositions according to the invention which further comprise a viablility-reducing fungicide may cause an increased and commercially attractive viability of the biological organisms in such compositions.
• the enhanced viability properties further allow for a longer period of nematicidal action or storage of the biological organism, while simultaneously prospering from the pesticidal activity of the other pesticides.
• This elongated and/or enhanced nematicidal activity of the biological activity is particularly advantageous in reducing the damage from cyst nematodes, for instance when used in soy bean fields.
• An insecticide according to the invention must be suitable for use as seed treatment insecticide.
• Such insecticides are generally systemic and/or are mobile in the soil.
• the wording "mobile in the soil” means that the insecticide once being applied to the soil migrates through the soil upon exposure to water.
• the soil can be any type of soil known in the art and available for agriculture.
• the nematicidally active biological organism refers to any biological organism that has nematicidal activity.
• the biological organism can be any type known in the art including bacteria and fungi.
• the wording "nematicidally active” refers to having an effect on, such as reduction in damage caused by, agricultural-related nematodes.
• the present invention provides a method of controlling or preventing pest damage in a plant propagation material, a plant, part of a plant and/or plant organ that grow at a later point in time, which comprises applying on the pest, plant, part of the plant, plant organ, plant propagation material or a surrounding area thereof, the ingredients of the combination as defined in the first aspect, in any desired sequence or simultaneously.
• the invention relates to a method of treating a plant propagation material comprising applying the plant propagation material with applying an insecticide suitable for use as seed treatment insecticide to the plant propagation material, and applying a nematicidally active biological organism to the plant propagation material.
• the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant propagation material, a plant, part of a plant and/or plant organ that grow at a later point in time against pest damage by applying to the pest, plant, part of plant, plant organ, plant propagation material or a surrounding area thereof the ingredients of the combination, as defined in the first aspect, in any desired sequence or simultaneously.
• the invention also relates to a plant propagation material treated with each of the combination defined in the first aspect.
• the present invention relates to a method which comprises (i) treating a plant propagation material, such as a seed, with a combination as defined in the first aspect, and (ii) planting or sowing the treated propagation material, wherein the combination protects against pest damage of the treated plant propagation material, or part of plant, plant organ and/or plant grown from the treated propagation material.
• the present invention relates to a method which comprises (i) treating a plant propagation material, such as a seed, with a combination as defined in the first aspect, and (ii) planting or sowing the treated propagation material, and (iii) achieving protection against pest damage of the treated plant propagation material, or part of plant, plant organ and/or plant grown from the treated propagation material.
• the insecticide and biological organism may also be applied as a mixture.
• the plant propagation material is a seed.
• the composition comprises an insecticide which is selected from the group consisting of neonicotinoids, carbamates, diamides, spinosyns, phenylpyrazoles, pyrethroids and sulfoxaflor.
• neonicotinoids are thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, nitenpyram and thiacloprid.
• Preferred neonicotinoids are thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and clothianidin.
• Thiamethoxam is most preferred as the biological organism is generally more tolerant (i.e.
• Examples of carbamates include thiodicarb, aldicarb, carbofuran, furadan, fenoxycarb, carbaryl, sevin, ethienocarb, and fenobucarb.
• Examples of diamides include chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, and flubendiamide.
• Examples of spinosyns include spinosad and spinetoram.
• Examples of pyrethoids include lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, and tefluthrin An example of phenylpyrazole is fipronil. Of these insecticides neonicotinoids are preferred.
• the composition comprises a nematicidally active biological organism which is a bacterium or a fungus.
• the biological organism is a bacterium.
• nematicidally active bacteria include Bacillus firmus, Bacillus cereus, -A-
• Examples of a preferred nematicidally active fungus include those from the genus Pochonia and especially the species Pochonia chlamydosporia.
• Suitable Bacillus firmus strains include strain CNCM 1-1582 which is commercially available as BioNemTM, strain ATCC 8247, ATCC 14575, NCIMB 13289, NCTC 6354, CN 2936, and ATCC 14414.
• strains ATCC 8247, ATCC 14575, NCIMB 13289, NCTC 6354, CN 2936, and ATCC 14414 exhibit nematicidal efficacy, which render these strains suitable for the present invention.
• Suitable Bacillus cereus strains include strain CNCM I- 1562, strain ATCC 14579 and strain ATCC 10987. It was found that strains ATCC 14579 and ATCC 10987 exhibit nematicidal efficacy, which render these strains suitable for the present invention.
• Bacillus strains CNCM 1-1582 and CNCM 1-1562 more details can be found in US 6,406,690.
• Suitable Streptomyces spp strains include Streptomyces strains capable of producing macrocyclic substances such as the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Specific examples of Streptomyces strains are strain NRRL 8165, strain ATCC 31267, strain ATCC 31271 , strain ATCC 31272, NRRL 5739, NC1 B 1 1876, NC1 B 11877, and NC1 B 1 1878. Strains capable of producing avermectins, in particular abamectin, are preferred, which include Streptomyces avermitilis strains selected from strain NRRL 8165, strain ATCC 31267, strain ATCC 31271 , and strain ATCC 31272. More details of the Streptomyces strains can be found in GB 2,122,089. Suitable Pasteuria spp strains include Pasteuria penetrans and Pasteuria nishizawae.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) thiamethoxam and (II) Bacillus firmus, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) thiamethoxam and (II) Bacillus cereus, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) thiamethoxam and (II) Streptomyces spp., in particular Streptomyces avermitilis, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) thiamethoxam and (II) Pasteuria spp., in particular Pasteuria penetrans, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) thiamethoxam and (II) Pochonia spp., in particular Pochonia chlamydosporia, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination may be any of the above combinations except that thiamethoxam is replaced by either imidacloprid or clothianidin.
• the composition further comprises a fungicide.
• the fungicide is preferably selected from azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, triticonazole, fludioxonil, thiabendazole, ipconazole, cyprodinil, myclobutanil, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (also known as mefenoxam), ortho-cyclopropyl-carboxanilide of formula ( ⁇ )
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam and (II) Bacillus firmus,, (III) one or more of the above fungicides, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam and (II) Bacillus cereus,, (III) one or more of the above fungicides, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam and (II) Streptomyces spp., in particular Streptomyces avermitilis, (III) one or more of the above fungicides, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam and (II) Pasteuria spp., in particular Pasteuria penetrans, (III) one or more of the above fungicides, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam and (II) Pochonia spp., in particular Pochonia chlamydospo ⁇ a, (III) one or more of the above fungicides, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the invention relates to a composition
• a composition comprising one or more of the above fungicides, a nematicidally active biological organism, optionally an insecticide suitable as seed treatment insecticide, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) a fungicide, in particular one of the above fungicides, and (II) Bacillus firmus, optionally (III) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) a fungicide, in particular one of the above fungicides, and (II) Bacillus cereus, optionally (III) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) a fungicide, in particular one of the above fungicides, and (II) Streptomyces spp., in particular Streptomyces avermitilis, optionally (III) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) a fungicide, in particular one of the above fungicides, and (II) Pasteuria spp., in particular Pasteuria penetrans, optionally (III) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is a composition comprising, preferably of, (I) a fungicide, in particular one of the above fungicides, and (II) Pochonia spp., in particular Pochonia chlamydosporia, optionally (III) an insecticide, in particular thiamethoxam, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• the combination is in the form of a composition, which composition further comprises one or more customary formulation auxiliaries.
• each combination is a composition that is in the form of a pre-mix formulated composition.
• Each combination can demonstrate synergistic activity compared to the activity of the individual ingredients in the combination.
• Controlling, preventing or protecting and its inflections, within the context of the present invention, mean reducing any undesired effect, such as
• Each combination according to the invention has very advantageous properties for protecting plants against, for example, (i) pathogenic, such as phytopathogenic attack or infestation, which result in disease and damage to the plant and/or (ii) insect or nematode attack or damage; particularly in the instance of plants, the present invention can control or prevent the pest damage on a seed, or parts of plant, plant organs and/or plants Further, a combination according to the invention, in the absence of pathogenic or insect and/or nematode pressure, improves the growth of a plant.
• pathogenic such as phytopathogenic attack or infestation
• insect or nematode attack or damage particularly in the instance of plants
• a combination according to the invention in the absence of pathogenic or insect and/or nematode pressure, improves the growth of a plant.
• the synergistically enhanced actions of combinations compared to the individual ingredients of the combination e.g. (I), and (II)
• the enhanced actions are found to show an improvement in the growing characteristics of a plant by, for example, higher than expected control of the pest damage, or higher than expected yield, stand establishment, germination, etc.
• the improvement in the growing (or growth) characteristics of a plant can manifest in a number of different ways, but ultimately it results in a better product of the plant. It can, for example, manifest in improving the yield and/or vigour of the plant or quality of the harvested product from the plant, which improvement may not be connected to the control of pests, such as fungi, insects and nematodes.
• the phrase "improving the yield" of a plant relates to an increase in the yield of a product of the plant by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the subject method. It is preferred that the yield be increased by at least about 0.5%, more preferred that the increase be at least about 1 %, even more preferred is about 2%, and yet more preferred is about 4%, or more.
• Yield can be expressed in terms of an amount by weight or volume of a product of the plant on some basis. The basis can be expressed in terms of time, growing area, weight of plants produced, amount of a raw material used, or the like.
• the phrase "improving the vigour" of a plant may include an increase or improvement of the vigour rating, or the stand (the number of plants per unit of area), or the plant height, or the plant canopy, or the visual appearance (such as greener leaf colour), or the root rating, or emergence, or protein content, or increased tillering, or bigger leaf blade, or less dead basal leaves, or stronger tillers, or less fertilizer needed, or less seeds needed, or more productive tillers, or earlier flowering, or early grain maturity, or less plant verse (lodging), or increased shoot growth, or earlier germination, or any combination of these factors, or any other advantages familiar to a person skilled in the art, by a measurable or noticeable amount over the same factor of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the subject method.
• the present method is capable of "improving the yield and/or vigour" of a plant
• the present method results in an increase in either the yield, as described above, or the vigor of the plant, as described above, or both the yield and the vigor of the plant.
• the present invention also provides a method of improving the growing characterictics of a plant, which comprises applying to the plant, part of plant, and/or plant propagation material, the ingredients of the combination, as defined in the first aspect, in any desired sequence or simultaneously, especially in the absence of pathogenic or pests pressure.
• Each of the combinations of the invention can be used in the agricultural sector and related fields of use for controlling or preventing damage by pests, such as insect, nematode and pathogen, especially in the agricultural field.
• Each of the combinations according to the present invention is effective against pest control, such as control of pests selected from Nematoda, lnsecta and Arachnida.
• the combination can also be applied on the pest to control or prevent pest damage and protect the desired material (e.g. plant and part of plant) from pest damage.
• pests include: from the order Lepidoptera, for example, Acleris spp., Adoxophyes spp., Aegeria spp., Agrotis spp., Alabama argillaceae, Amylois spp., Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Autographa spp., Busseola fusca, Cadra cautella, Carposina nipponensis, Chilo spp., Choristoneura spp., Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocrocis spp., Cnephasia spp., Cochylis spp., Coleophora spp., Crocidolomia spp., Cryptophlebia leucotreta, Crysodeixis includens, Cydia spp., Diatraea spp., Diparopsis castanea
• Trogoderma spp. from the order Orthoptera, for example, Blatta spp., Blattella spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae, Locusta spp., Periplaneta spp. and Schistocerca spp.; from the order Isoptera, for example, Reticulitermes spp.; from the order Psocoptera, for example, Liposcelis spp.; from the order Anoplura, for example, Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Pemphigus spp.
• Phylloxera spp. from the order Mallophaga, for example, Damalinea spp. and Trichodectes spp.; from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Frankliniella spp., Hercinothrips spp., Megalurothrips spp., Taeniothrips spp., Thrips spp., Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci and Scirtothrips aurantii; from the order Heteroptera, for example, Dichelops melacanthus, Distantiella theobroma, Dysdercus spp., Euchistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Leptocorisa spp., Nezara spp., Piesma spp., Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scotinophara spp.
• Mallophaga for example, Damalinea spp. and Tricho
• Triatoma spp. from the order Homoptera, for example, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella spp., Aphididae, Aphis spp., Aspidiotus spp., Bemisia tabaci, Ceroplaster spp., Chrysomphalus aonidium, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Empoasca spp., Eriosoma larigerum, Erythroneura spp., Gascardia spp., Laodelphax spp., Lecanium corni, Lepidosaphes spp., Macrosiphus spp., Myzus spp., Nasonovia spp., Nephotettix spp., Nilaparvata spp., Paratoria spp., Pemphigus
• Vespa spp. from the order Diptera, for example, Antherigona soccata, Bibio hortulanus, , Ceratitis spp., Chrysomyia spp., Culex spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus spp., Delia spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Liriomyza spp., Melanagromyza spp., Orseolia spp., Oscinella frit, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Phorbia spp., Rhagoletis pomonella, Sciara spp.; from the order Acarina, for example, Acarus siro, Aceria sheldoni, Aculus Mattendali, Amblyomma spp., Argas spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia praetiosa, Calipitrimerus
• Nematoda for example, the species of Tylenchus spp., Atylenchus spp., Anguina spp., Rotylenchus spp., Criconema spp., Tylenchulus spp., Paratylenchus spp., Aphenlenchus spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Paralongidorus spp., Trichodorus spp., Meloidogyne spp. (for example, Meloidogyne incoginita and Meloidogyne javanica), Heterodera spp.
• Meloidogyne spp. for example, Meloidogyne incoginita and Meloidogyne javanica
• Globodera spp. for example, Globodera rostochiensis
• Radopholus spp. for example, Radopholus similes
• Rotylenchulus spp. Pratylenchus spp.
• each of the combinations of the present invention may be mixed with, for example, one or more other known pesticides, such as other fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, etc.
• additional agents, such as other active ingredients can be for reasons, for example, broader spectrum control (e.g. wider variety of pests, diseases, etc), lower rates, synergy and economy.
• a single pesticidal active ingredient may have activity in more than one area of pest control, for example, a pesticide may have fungicide, insecticide and nematicide activity.
• aldicarb is known for insecticide, acaricide and nematicide activity
• metam is known for insecticide, herbicide, fungicide and nematicide activity
• thiabendazole and captan can provide nematicide and fungicide activity.
• each of the compositions of the invention can be formulated for a particular use.
• each combination is formulated for protecting cultivated plants or their propagation materials, in particular the compositions are suitable for treatment of seeds.
• each combination of the invention can be applied to the plant in a conventional manner, such as foliar spray.
• each of the combinations are formulated for plant propagation material, such as seed, treatment applications for improving the growth of a plant derived from the treated material (or seed), for example, by controlling or preventing damage by pests and/or pathogens, which are found in agriculture and forestry, and can particularly damage the plant in the early stages of its development.
• the present invention also envisages soil application of the combinations of the invention to control the soil-dwelling pests and/or soil-borne pathogens.
• Methods of applying to the soil can be via any suitable method, which ensures that the combination penetrates the soil, for example, nursery tray application, in furrow application, soil drenching, soil injection, drip irrigation, application through sprinklers or central pivot, incorporation into soil (broad cast or in band) are such methods.
• the benefits from the invention can also be achieved either by (i) treating plant propagation material with a combinaton or (ii) applying to the locus where control is desired, generally the planting site, the combination, or both (i) and (ii). Indeed, the benefits from the invention can also be achieved by treating plant propagation material with one or more of the ingredients of the combinaton, and then applying to the locus where control is desired with the other ingredient(s) of the combination.
• plant propagation material is understood to denote all the generative parts of the plant, such as seeds, which can be used for the multiplication of the latter and vegetative plant materials such as cuttings and tubers (for example, potatoes). Accordingly, as used herein, part of a plant includes propagation material. There may be mentioned, e.g., the seeds (in the strict sense), roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, parts of plants. Germinated plants and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from the soil, may also be mentioned. These young plants may be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment by immersion.
• Parts of plant and plant organs that grow at later point in time are any sections of a plant that develop from a plant propagation material, such as a seed. Parts of plant, plant organs, and plants can also benefit from the pest damage protection achieved by the application of each combination on to the plant propagation material.
• certain parts of a plant and certain plant organs that grow at later point in time can also be considered as plant propagation material, which can themselves be applied (or treated) with the combination; and consequently, the plant, further parts of the plant and further plant organs that develop from the treated parts of plant and treated plant organs can also benefit from the pest damage protection achieved by the application of each combinations on to the certain parts of plant and certain plant organs.
• Methods for applying or treating pesticidal active ingredients and mixtures thereof on to plant propagation material, especially seeds are known in the art, and include dressing, coating, pelleting and soaking application methods of the propagation material. Such methods are also applicable to the combinations according to the invention.
• the combination is applied or treated on to the plant propagation material by a method such that the germination is not induced; generally seed soaking induces germination because the moisture content of the resulting seed is too high.
• suitable methods for applying (or treating) a plant propagation material, such as a seed is seed dressing, seed coating or seed pelleting and alike.
• the plant propagation material is a seed.
• the present method can be applied to a seed in any physiological state, it is preferred that the seed be in a sufficiently durable state that it incurs no damage during the treatment process.
• the seed would be a seed that had been harvested from the field; removed from the plant; and separated from any cob, stalk, outer husk, and surrounding pulp or other non-seed plant material.
• the seed would preferably also be biologically stable to the extent that the treatment would cause no biological damage to the seed. It is believed that the treatment can be applied to the seed at any time between harvest of the seed and sowing of the seed or during the sowing process (seed directed applications).
• the seed may also be primed either before or after the treatment.
• Treatment could vary from a thin film (dressing) of the formulation containing the combination, for example, a mixture of active ingredient(s), on a plant propagation material, such as a seed, where the original size and/or shape are recognizable to an intermediary state (such as a coating) and then to a thicker film (such as pelleting with many layers of different materials (such as carriers, for example, clays; different formulations, such as of other active ingredients; polymers; and colourants) where the original shape and/or size of the seed is no longer recognisable.
• a thin film dressing
• the formulation containing the combination for example, a mixture of active ingredient(s)
• a plant propagation material such as a seed
• a thicker film such as pelleting with many layers of different materials (such as carriers, for example, clays; different formulations, such as of other active ingredients; polymers; and colourants) where the original shape and/or size of the seed is no longer recognisable.
• An aspect of the present invention includes application of the combinations onto the plant propagation material in a targeted fashion, including positioning the ingredients in the combination onto the entire plant propagation material or on only parts thereof, including on only a single side or a portion of a single side.
• One of ordinary skill in the art would understand these application methods from the description provided in EP954213B1 and WO061 12700.
• the combinations described herein can also be used to enhance the growth of a plant through treating, or applying, a combination according to the present on to a "pill” or a suitable substrate and placing, or sowing, the treated pill, or substrate, next to a plant propagation material .
• Such techniques are known in the art, particularly in EP1 124414, WO07067042, and WO07067044.
• Application of the combinations described herein onto plant propagation material also includes protecting the plant propagation material treated with the combination of the present invention by placing one or more pesticide-containing particles next to a pesticide-treated seed, wherein the amount of pesticide is such that the pesticide-treated seed and the pesticide-containing particles together contain an Effective Dose of the pesticide and the pesticide dose contained in the pesticide-treated seed is less than or equal to the Maximal Non-Phytotoxic Dose of the pesticide.
• Such techniques are known in the art, particularly in WO2005/120226.
• Controlled release coatings on the seeds wherein the ingredients of the combinations are incorporated into materials that release the ingredients over time.
• controlled release seed treatment technologies are generally known in the art and include polymer films, waxes, or other seed coatings, wherein the ingredients may be incorporated into the controlled release material or applied between layers of materials, or both.
• Seed can be treated by applying thereto the insecticidal compound (I) and at least one agent (II) in any desired sequence or simultaneously.
• the seed treatment occurs to an unsown seed, and the term "unsown seed” is meant to include seed at any period between the harvest of the seed and the sowing of the seed in the ground for the purpose of germination and growth of the plant.
• Treatment to an unsown seed is not meant to include those practices in which the active ingredient is applied to the soil but would include any application practice that would target the seed during the planting process.
• the treatment occurs before sowing of the seed so that the sown seed has been pre-treated with the combination.
• seed coating or seed pelleting are preferred in the treatment of the combinations according to the invention.
• the ingredients in each combination are adhered on to the seed and therefore available for pest control.
• the treated seeds can be stored, handled, sowed and tilled in the same manner as any other active ingredient treated seed.
• Each combination according to the present invention is suitable for plants of the crops: cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats); rice, maize (grain maize, fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field maize) or sorghum; beet, such as sugar or fodder beet; fruit, for example pomaceous fruit, stone fruit, tree nut or soft fruit, such as apples, pears, plums, peaches, bananas, almonds, walnuts, pistachios, cherries or berries, for example strawberries, raspberries or blackberries; leguminous crops, such as green/garden beans, lentils, peas or soy bean; oil crops, such as oilseed rape, mustard, poppies, olives, sunflowers, coconut, castor, cocoa or ground nuts; cucurbits, such as pumpkins, marrow, cucumbers or melons; fibre plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemon
• Each of the combinations according to the present invention are particularly suitable for use in Maize, Cereals, Rice, Oil Seeds Rape & Canola, Soybean, Cotton, Sugar Beet, Sunflower, Potato, Beans, Sorghum, Peas, Peanuts, as well as Vegetables such as CaIe Crops, and Fruiting Vegetables.
• Suitable target crops also include transgenic crop plants of the foregoing types.
• the transgenic crop plants used according to the invention are plants, or propagation material thereof, which are transformed by means of recombinant DNA technology in such a way that they are - for instance - capable of synthesizing selectively acting toxins as are known, for example, from toxin-producing invertebrates, especially of the phylum Arthropoda, as can be obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis strains; or as are known from plants, such as lectins; or in the alternative capable of expressing a herbicidal or fungicidal resistance.
• the mass ratio of of any two ingredients in each combination is selected as to give the desired, for example, synergistic action. In general, the mass ratio would vary depending on the specific ingredient and how many ingredients are present in the combination. Generally, the mass ratio between any two ingredients in any combination of the present invention, independently of one another, is from 100:1 to 1 :100, including from 99:1 , 98:2, 97:3, 96:4, 95:5, 94:6, 93:7, 92:8, 91 :9, 90:10, 89:1 1 , 88:12, 87:13, 86:14, 85:15, 84:16, 83:17, 82:18, 81 :19, 80:20, 79:21 , 78:22, 77:23, 76:24, 75:25, 74:26, 73:27, 72:28, 71 :29, 70:30, 69:31 , 68:32, 67:33, 66:34, 65:45
• Preferred mass ratios between any two components of present invention are from 75:1 to 1 :75, more preferably, 50:1 to 1.50, especially 25:1 to 1 :25, advantageously 10:1 to 1 :10, such as 5:1 to 1 :5.
• the ratio of (I) to (II), wherein (I) is neonicotinoid in particular thiamethoxam, and (II) is Bacillus firmus is 1 :10 to 500:1 , such as 1 :7 to 400:1 , preferably 10:1 to 300:1 , such as 15:1 to 80:1 , preferably 20:1 to 50:1.
• the ratio of (I) to (II), wherein (I) is neonicotinoid in particular thiamethoxam, and (II) is Bacillus cereus is likely to 1 :10 to 10:1 , such as 1 :5 to 5:1 , preferably 1 :3 to 3:1.
• the ratio of (I) to (II), wherein (I) is neonicotinoid in particular thiamethoxam, and (II) is Streptomyces spp, in particular Streptomyces avermitilis, is 1 :10 to 500:1 , such as 1 :7 to 400:1 , preferably 10:1 to 300:1 , such as 15:1 to 80:1 , preferably 20:1 to 50:1.
• the ratio of (I) to (II), (I) is neonicotinoid in particular thiamethoxam, and (II) is Pasteuria penetrans is 1000:1 to 5:1 , such as 300:1 to 30:1 , preferably 100:1 to 40:1.
• the rates of application (use) of a combination vary, for example, according to type of use, type of crop, the specific agent (II) in the combination, type of plant propagation material (if appropriate), but is such that the active ingredients in the combination is an effective amount to provide the desired enhanced action (such as disease or pest control) and can be determined by trials and routine experimentation known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• application rates can vary from 0.05 to 3 kg per hectare (g/ha) of ingredients.
• application rates can vary from 0.5 to 1000g / 100kg of seeds of ingredients.
• insecticide compound (I) is applied at a rate of 0.01 to 2, preferably 0.03 to 1.5, mg ai /seed, depending on the crop.
• the rates of application of the biological organisms can vary depending on the specific agent, type of pest and type of crop.
• the plant propagation material treated by each combination of the present invention can be, therefore, resistant to pest damage; accordingly, the present invention also provides a pest resistant plant propagation material which is treated with each combination and consequently at least the ingredients thereof are adhered on the propagation material, such as seed.
• the seed treatment combinations and compositions can also comprise or may be applied together and/or sequentially with further active compounds.
• further useful active compounds can be fertilizers or micronutrient donors (such as Mo, Zn and / or Co) or other preparations that influence plant growth, such as inoculants (e.g. a strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria), plant inducers (e.g. nod factors - see US2005187107, which hereby is herein incorporated by reference in the present application).
• soybean seeds and transgenic soybean seeds are treated with a combination of the present invention.
• the soybean seeds may be inoculated with an appropriate strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for the purpose of promoting plant growth.
• seeds may be inoculated with an effective bacterial strain such as Rhizobium spp. or Azospirillium spp. before sowing.
• Rhizobia bacteria for example, is especially preferred in order to form nodules on the plant roots that are sustained by the plant and in turn provide nitrogen for the plant as mentioned above.
• a soybean plant propagation material is treated with a plant inducer, e.g. a nod factor derived from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Sinorhizobium fredii, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis), or Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli, viceae, or trifolii.
• a plant inducer e.g. a nod factor derived from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Sinorhizobium fredii, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis), or Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli, viceae, or trifolii.
• the present invention also envisages use of the combinations of the present invention with glyphospate tolerant plants, especially glyphospate tolerant soybean plants, in particular for the control of asian soybean rust.
• the present invention provides a method comprising ( ⁇ ) applying a combination according to the invention as defined in the first aspect, especially those containing (II) one or more insecticides of the invention, to a glyphosate tolerant plant propagation material, preferably soybean propagation material, and ( ⁇ ) applying a biological organism of the invention to the resulting plant, part of plant and/or the locus thereof one or more times (i) before emergence, (ii) after emergence, or (iii) both (i) and (ii), provided that pesticide composition (B) comprises glyphosate.
• glyphosate-containing composition can be applied, if applied only once, at a rate of 960 g ae/ha; if applied twice the rate can vary from 1200 to 1680 g ae/ha.
• the rates and number of applications vary according to the particular conditions.
• the composition (B) is applied three times with an application rate of 960, 720 and 400 g ae/ha respectively.
• the present invention controls, prevents or treats Phakopsora pachyrhizi and/or P. meibomiae, especially Phakopsora pachyrhizi.
• Each of the combinations of the present invention may also comprise alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, metal, or ammonium salts.
• Zinc chloride and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium salts of mineral acids, especially nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, chlorides, and carbonates of sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium are preferred.
• the combinations of the present invention may include a wide spectrum of one or more additives.
• additives include, but are not limited to, uv-protectants, pigments, dyes, extenders such as flour, dispersing agents, excipients, anti-freezing agents, preservatives, herbicidal safeners, seed safeners, seed conditioners, micronutients, fertilizers, biocontrol agents, surfactants, sequestering agents, plasticizers, colorants, brighteners, emulsifiers, flow agents such as calcium stearate, talc and vermiculite, coalescing agents, defoaming agents, humectants, thickeners, waxes, bactericides, insecticides, pesticides, and fillers such as cellulose, glass fibers, clay, kaolin, talc, pulverized tree bark (
• Typical excipients include finely divided mineral substances such as pumice, attapulgite, bentonite, kaoline zeolite, diatomite, and other clays, modified diatomaceous adsorbents, charcoal, vermiculite, finely divided organic substances such as peat moss, wood powder, and the like. Such additives are commercially available and known in the art.
• the insecticide (I) of the invention and one or more nematicidally active biological organisms (II), and optionally any other pesticides may be used either in pure form, i.e., as a solid active ingredient, for example, in a specific particle size, or preferably together with at least one of the auxiliary (also known as adjuvants) customary in formulation technology, such as extenders, e.g., solvents or solid carriers, or surface-active compounds (surfactants), in the form of a formulation, in the present invention.
• the insecticide (I) and one or more agents (II) are in the form of a formulation composition with one or more of customary formulation auxiliaries.
• each combination of the insecticide compound (I) and one or more biological organisms (II) is normally used in the form of formulations.
• the ingredients in the combination can be applied to the locus where control is desired either simultaneously or in succession at short interval, for example on the same day, if desired together with further carriers, surfactants or other application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in formulation technology.
• the ingredients in the combination are applied simultaneously.
• ingredients of the combinations may be applied as a composition containing the combination, in which case each of (I) and (II) can be obtained from a separate formulation source and mixed together (known as a tank-mix, ready-to-apply, spray broth, or slurry), optionally with other pesticides, or (I) and (II) can be obtained as single formulation mixture source (known as a pre-mix, concentrate, formulated product), and optionally mixed together with other pesticides.
• each combination of the present invention is applied as a composition.
• the present invention includes a composition comprising (I) and (II), and optionally other pesticides, and optionally one or more customary formulation auxiliaries; which may be in the form of a tank-mix or pre-mix composition.
• each combination of (I) and (II) with one or more customary formulation auxiliaries is provided in the form of a pre-mix composition (or formulated product).
• the combinations according to the invention also can have surprising advantageous properties which can also be described, in a wider sense, as synergistic activity.
• advantageous properties that may be mentioned are: advantageous behaviour during formulation and/or upon application, for example upon grinding, sieving, emulsifying, dissolving or dispensing; increased storage stability; improved stability to light; more advantageous degradability; improved toxicological and/or ecotoxicological behaviour; or any other advantages familiar to a person skilled in the art.
• foliar formulation types for pre-mix compositions are:
• WP wettable powders
• WG water dispersable granules (powders)
• EW emulsions, oil in water
• SC aqueous suspension concentrate
• CS aqueous capsule suspension
• OD oil-based suspension concentrate
• SE aqueous suspo-emulsion
• examples of seed treatment formulation types for pre-mix compositions are: WS: wettable powders for seed treatment slurry LS: solution for seed treatment ES: emulsions for seed treatment FS: suspension concentrate for seed treatment WG: water dispersible granules, and CS: aqueous capsule suspension.
• formulation types suitable for tank-mix compositions are solutions, dilute emulsions, suspensions, or a mixture thereof, and dusts.
• the methods of application such as foliar, drench, spraying, atomizing, dusting, scattering, coating or pouring, are chosen in accordance with the intended objectives and the prevailing circumstances.
• the tank-mix compositions are generally prepared by diluting with a solvent (for example, water) the one or more pre-mix compositions containing different pesticides, and optionally further auxiliaries.
• a solvent for example, water
• Suitable carriers and adjuvants can be solid or liquid and are the substances ordinarily employed in formulation technology, e.g. natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, thickeners, binders or fertilizers.
• the formulations are prepared in known manner, e.g., by homogeneously mixing and/or grinding the active ingredients with extenders, e.g., solvents, solid carriers and, where appropriate, surface-active compounds (surfactants).
• extenders e.g., solvents, solid carriers and, where appropriate, surface-active compounds (surfactants).
• Suitable solvents are: aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably the fractions containing 8 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g. xylene mixtures or substituted naphthalenes, phthalates, such as dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, alcohols and glycols and their ethers and esters, such as ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether, ketones, such as cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide, as well as vegetable oils or epoxidised vegetable oils, such as epoxidised coconut oil or soybean oil; or water.
• aromatic hydrocarbons preferably the fractions containing 8 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g. xylene mixtures or substituted naphthalenes
• the solid carriers used are normally natural mineral fillers, such as calcite, talcum, kaolin, montmorillonite or attapulgite.
• calcite talcum
• kaolin kaolin
• montmorillonite attapulgite
• highly dispersed silicic acid or highly dispersed absorbent polymers e.g., calcite, talcum, kaolin, montmorillonite or attapulgite.
• Suitable granulated adsorptive carriers are porous types, for example pumice, broken brick, sepiolite or bentonite, and suitable nonsorbent carriers are, for example, calcite or sand.
• pregranulated materials of inorganic or organic nature can be used, e.g., especially dolomite or pulverized plant residues.
• suitable surface-active compounds are non-ionic, cationic and/or anionic surfactants having good emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties.
• surfactants will also be understood as comprising mixtures of surfactants.
• Particularly advantageous application-promoting adjuvants are also natural or synthetic phospholipids of the cephalin and lecithin series, e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine, phos- phatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and lysolecithin.
• phospholipids of the cephalin and lecithin series e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine, phos- phatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and lysolecithin.
• a tank-mix formulation for foliar or soil application comprises 0.1 to 20%, especially 0.1 to 15 %, of the desired ingredients, and 99.9 to 80 %, especially 99.9 to 85 %, of a solid or liquid auxiliaries (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 20 %, especially 0.1 to 15 %, based on the tank-mix formulation.
• auxiliaries including, for example, a solvent such as water
• a pre-mix formulation for foliar application comprises 0.1 to 99.9 %, especially 1 to 95 %, of the desired ingredients, and 99.9 to 0.1 %, especially 99 to 5 %, of a solid or liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50 %, especially 0.5 to 40 %, based on the pre-mix formulation.
• a solid or liquid adjuvant including, for example, a solvent such as water
• a tank-mix formulation for seed treatment application comprises 0.25 to 80%, especially 1 to 75 %, of the desired ingredients, and 99.75 to 20 %, especially 99 to 25 %, of a solid or liquid auxiliaries (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 40 %, especially 0.5 to 30 %, based on the tank-mix formulation.
• auxiliaries including, for example, a solvent such as water
• a pre-mix formulation for seed treatment application comprises 0.5 to 99.9 %, especially 1 to 95 %, of the desired ingredients, and 99.5 to 0.1 %, especially 99 to 5 %, of a solid or liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50 %, especially 0.5 to 40 %, based on the pre-mix formulation.
• a solid or liquid adjuvant including, for example, a solvent such as water
• Preferred seed treatment pre-mix formulations are aqueous suspension concentrates.
• the formulation can be applied to the seeds using conventional treating techniques and machines, such as fluidized bed techniques, the roller mill method, rotostatic seed treaters, and drum coaters. Other methods, such as spouted beds may also be useful.
• the seeds may be presized before coating. After coating, the seeds are typically dried and then transferred to a sizing machine for sizing. Such procedures are known in the art.
• the pre-mix compositions of the invention contain 0.5 to 99.9 especially 1 to 95, advantageously 1 to 50 , %, by mass of the desired ingredients, and 99.5 to 0.1 , especially 99 to 5, %, by mass of a solid or liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries (or adjuvant) can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50, especially 0.5 to 40, %, by mass based on the mass of the pre-mix formulation.
• a solid or liquid adjuvant including, for example, a solvent such as water
• a preferred embodiment is a plant propagation material treating (or protecting) composition, wherein said plant propagation material protecting composition comprises additionally a colouring agent.
• the plant propagation material protecting composition or mixture may also comprise at least one polymer from water-soluble and water-dispersible film-forming polymers that improve the adherence of the active ingredients to the treated plant propagation material, which polymer generally has an average molecular weight of at least 10,000 to about 100,000.
• the combination is thoroughly mixed with the adjuvants and the mixture is thoroughly ground in a suitable mill, affording wettable powders that can be diluted with water to give suspensions of the desired concentration.
• the combination is thoroughly mixed with the adjuvants and the mixture is thoroughly ground in a suitable mill, affording powders that can be used directly for seed treatment.
• Emulsions of any required dilution which can be used in plant protection, can be obtained from this concentrate by dilution with water.
• Ready-for-use dusts are obtained by mixing the combination with the carrier and grinding the mixture in a suitable mill. Such powders can also be used for dry dressings for seed.
• the combination is mixed and ground with the adjuvants, and the mixture is moistened with water.
• the mixture is extruded and then dried in a stream of air.
• the finely ground combination is uniformly applied, in a mixer, to the kaolin moistened with polyethylene glycol.
• Non-dusty coated granules are obtained in this manner.
• the finely ground combination is intimately mixed with the adjuvants, giving a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution can be obtained by dilution with water.
• a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution can be obtained by dilution with water.
• living plants as well as plant propagation material can be treated and protected against infestation by microorganisms, by spraying, pouring or immersion.
• the finely ground combination is intimately mixed with the adjuvants, giving a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution can be obtained by dilution with water.
• a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution can be obtained by dilution with water.
• living plants as well as plant propagation material can be treated and protected against infestation by microorganisms, by spraying, pouring or immersion.
• the invention further pertains to a product for use in agriculture or horticulture comprising a capsule wherein at least a seed treated with the composition comprising an insecticide suitable for use as seed treatment insecticide and a nematicidally active biological organism is located.
• the invention pertains to a product for use in agriculture or horticulture comprising a capsule wherein at least a seed treated with insecticide suitable for use as seed treatment insecticide, and a nematicidally active biological organism (or vice versa) is located.
• the product comprises a capsule wherein at least a treated or untreated seed, an insecticide and a nematicidally active biological organism is located.
• the insecticide used in the product preferably is a neonicotinoid compound, e.g. imidacloprid, clothianidin or thiametoxam, thiametoxam being preferred.
• Slow Release Capsule Suspension 28 parts of the combination are mixed with 2 parts of an aromatic solvent and 7 parts of toluene diisocyanate/polymethylene-polyphenylisocyanate-mixture (8:1 ).
• This mixture is emulsified in a mixture of 1.2 parts of polyvinylalcohol, 0.05 parts of a defoamer and 51.6 parts of water until the desired particle size is achieved.
• a mixture of 2.8 parts 1 ,6-diaminohexane in 5.3 parts of water is added. The mixture is agitated until the polymerization reaction is completed.
• the obtained capsule suspension is stabilized by adding 0.25 parts of a thickener and 3 parts of a dispersing agent.
• the capsule suspension formulation contains 28% of the active ingredients.
• the medium capsule diameter is 8-15 microns.
• the resulting formulation is applied to seeds as an aqueous suspension in an apparatus suitable for that purpose.
• plant propagation material can be treated and protected against pest damage, for example, from pathogen(s), by, for example, spraying, pouring or immersing.
• the combinations according to the invention are distinguished by the fact that they are especially well tolerated by plants and are environmentally friendly.
• the combinations according to the invention can also be used to treat stored products, such as grain, for protection against pathogens and/or pests.
• Each combination according to the invention is especially advantageous for the treatment of plant propagation material.
• each of the combinations of the present invention is a plant propagation material, preferably seed, treating composition.
• Certain compounds defined in the first aspect are active ingredients for use in the agrochemical industry (also known as pesticides).
• a description of their structure as well as the structures of other pesticides can be found in the e-Pesticide Manual, version 3.1 , 13th Edition, Ed. CDC Tomlin, British Crop Protection Council, 2004-05.
• Example 1 Spore Germination of Bacillus firmus An aqueous composition of 21.6 mg/ml Bacillus firmus and 0.195 mg/ml thiamethoxam in water was prepared, which is referred to as Composition A.
• a second aqueous composition was prepared comprising 6.5 mg/ml Bacillus firmus and 0.059 mg/ml thiamethoxam in water, which is referred to as Composition B.
• Composition B For each of the compositions A and B a control solution was prepared with Bacillus firmus in identical amount and water (no thiamethoxam present), which are referred to as Control A and Control B, respectively.
• thiamethoxam advantageously promotes the colony formation of Bacillus firmus. Consequently, agrochemical compositions comprising both ingredients will generally demonstrate a good storage stability, and/or an improved performance in the field, e.g. in terms of nematicidal efficacy and average yield.

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