EP2372857B1 - Bestimmung des Fehlerstromanteils eines Differenzstroms - Google Patents

Bestimmung des Fehlerstromanteils eines Differenzstroms Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2372857B1
EP2372857B1 EP10158654.3A EP10158654A EP2372857B1 EP 2372857 B1 EP2372857 B1 EP 2372857B1 EP 10158654 A EP10158654 A EP 10158654A EP 2372857 B1 EP2372857 B1 EP 2372857B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
current
electrical signal
differential current
differential
scaling factor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP10158654.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2372857A1 (de
EP2372857A8 (de
Inventor
Gerd Bettenwort
Sebastian Bieniek
Lutz Eidenmüller
Olaf Pröve
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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Publication date
Priority to EP10158654.3A priority Critical patent/EP2372857B1/de
Application filed by SMA Solar Technology AG filed Critical SMA Solar Technology AG
Priority to ES10158654.3T priority patent/ES2565005T3/es
Priority to CN201180016409.7A priority patent/CN102834992B/zh
Priority to PCT/EP2011/054976 priority patent/WO2011121056A1/en
Priority to CA2794116A priority patent/CA2794116A1/en
Priority to JP2013501842A priority patent/JP5672369B2/ja
Publication of EP2372857A1 publication Critical patent/EP2372857A1/de
Publication of EP2372857A8 publication Critical patent/EP2372857A8/de
Priority to US13/628,174 priority patent/US9350162B2/en
Priority to US13/944,940 priority patent/US20130300428A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2372857B1 publication Critical patent/EP2372857B1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/26—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents
    • H02H3/32—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors
    • H02H3/33—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers
    • H02H3/337—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers avoiding disconnection due to reactive fault currents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/16—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining the fault current component of a differential current, which is detected as a current sum on the power of an alternator lines leading, having the features of the preamble of independent claim 1 and to a corresponding device for determining the fault current component of a differential current with the features of the preamble of independent claim 13.
  • the AC generator is one in which an inverter is provided which converts a DC current provided from a power source into an AC current.
  • the DC power source may be a photovoltaic system which, due to its spatial extent alone, has a not insignificant leakage capacitance to ground. From this leakage capacitance and from potential shifts with respect to ground, which occur during operation of the inverter, leakage currents to earth result. These leakage currents are reflected in a differential current, which is often monitored for the rapid detection of the occurrence of fault currents. However, large leakage currents mean that the sensitivity in the detection of residual currents is reduced by monitoring the differential current. It is therefore of interest to determine the actual fault current component of the differential current.
  • AC generator power supply lines any group of AC generator lines that together carry the entire AC generator current, ie, the outgoing and the outgoing currents. These may be the output lines of the alternator, but also to act on any other wires in the alternator.
  • the standards VDE 0126 and VDE 0126-1-1 require that an inverter disconnect itself from the mains within a specified switch-off time depending on the effective value of a sudden differential current across its network connections.
  • this differential current is composed, in addition to a resistive fault current, of an additional capacitive leakage current, which are vectorially added to the differential current.
  • the specifications of the normative test set-up and test procedure for meeting the standards mentioned above show that only a sudden increase in the fault current - even if there is a large leakage current - must lead to the inverter being disconnected from the grid.
  • the differential current is measured regularly with a summation current transformer whose voltage signal is a measure of the differential current between the phases and the neutral conductor of the inverter.
  • the residual current must be determined from the differential current. Due to the trend to develop transformerless inverters with increasing power and larger dimensions of the photovoltaic systems, the capacities with respect to ground and thus the leakage currents occurring increase. By using certain materials for the photovoltaic systems, this trend continues to increase. For sufficiently sensitive detection of a jump in the fault current, therefore, the leakage current must first be separated from the differential current. In addition, the detection of a jump in the fault current is made increasingly difficult, that the sensitivity of the summation current transformer is greatly reduced by high leakage currents and thus also for fault currents.
  • a method and a device for determining the fault current portion of a differential current with the features of the preamble of independent claim 1 and the independent claim 13 are known. From measurements of the voltages between the input lines of the inverter and earth, more specifically the AC voltage component of these voltages, the driving force of the leakage current contained in the differential current is detected. From this voltage signal and the known Ableitkapazticianen the leakage current is calculated and subtracted from the differential current to determine the fault current. For example, in a photovoltaic system as a DC power source of the alternator Ableitkapazticianen are not constant, but change, inter alia, by precipitation on the photovoltaic panels. It is therefore not possible when using a constant specification for the Ableitkapazticianen to determine the current leakage current from the voltages of the input line to earth.
  • a method and a device for insulation and fault current monitoring in an electrical AC network are known in which a formed by vectorial differential current between at least two power conductors is detected and wherein the AC component of the differential current and the active power of the AC component reproducing phase angle ⁇ are determined.
  • a load shutdown occurs not only when the differential current exceeds a certain threshold, but also when the product is between the amplitude of the AC component of the Difference current and the cosine of the phase angle ⁇ exceeds a certain threshold.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method and apparatus for determining the fault current component of a differential current having the features of the preamble of independent claim 1 and independent claim 13, in which the fault current component of the differential current regardless of how large a DC component and a AC component of the fault current and to what extent the relevant Ableitkapazticianen vary determined, d. H. is separated from the leakage current component of the differential current.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by a method for determining the fault current portion of a differential current having the features of independent claim 1 and by a device for determining the fault current portion of a differential current having the features of independent claim 13.
  • Preferred embodiments of the new method and the new device are defined in the dependent claims.
  • the electric signal reflecting, due to its dependence on the voltages on the alternator to earth, the frequency distribution of the driving force for the leakage current component of the differential current and being in phase with the leakage current component of the differential current becomes the current magnitude of the leakage capacitances multiplied by a scaling factor that is updated continuously to replicate the current Ableitstromanteil.
  • the tracking is done in such a way that the RMS value of the differential current after subtraction of the scaled electrical signal at the current value of the scaling factor has a minimum.
  • the phrase that the electrical signal is "multiplied by a scaling factor" includes, in particular, being linearly amplified, analog or digital, with the gain factor corresponding to the scaling factor.
  • the formulation also implies that the electrical signal is subtracted from the differential current several times after a basic gain in its subsequent subtraction. Then, the scaling factor is the product of the gain and the number of times of the peel.
  • the formulation that the scaled electrical signal is "subtracted" or subtracted from the differential current includes any procedure in which the differential current or a value corresponding to it is in phase by the electrical signal multiplied by the scaling factor as defined above or by that signal corresponding value is reduced.
  • the electrical signal which is dependent on the voltages to ground and in phase with the leakage current component of the differential current and which forms the basis for the compensation of the leakage current component of the differential current be tapped directly at the alternator. It is therefore preferably not a signal with the properties according to the invention, which is artificially generated in response to the voltages on the alternator, but arises at the alternator itself.
  • electrical signal to the alternator it may be useful to create special conditions. Concretely, the electrical signal can be generated by a leakage current, which cause the voltages on the alternator by measuring capacitors to ground. The electrical signal can be the flowing leakage current itself.
  • This leakage current is an image of the total Ableitstromanteils to the differential current, ie it has its phase and frequency distribution, because in a parallel circuit of capacitors such as the measuring capacitors to the remaining leakage capacitance, the alternating currents at all frequencies in phase and proportional to their capacitances on the capacitors split.
  • the difference between the small capacitance of the measuring capacitors and the much larger total leakage capacitance is compensated by the scaling factor for the electrical signal, which corresponds to an electronic amplification of the capacitance of the measuring capacitors.
  • the leakage current multiplied by this scaling factor by the measuring capacitors to earth is exactly the leakage current component of the differential current.
  • capacitors are already present in the alternator for other reasons, via which a suitable leakage current flows to earth, these can be used as the measuring capacitors explained above, so that no additional measuring capacitors have to be provided for realizing the present invention.
  • the vectorial subtraction of the scaled electrical signal from the differential current can be done simply by using it as a current, e.g. B. in the form of the scaled leakage current through the measuring capacitors, with opposite flow direction is passed through a differential current detecting summation current transformer.
  • This procedure which is referred to here as "direct current compensation" corresponds to the compensation of the leakage current component at the differential current with the aid of a signal of the same frequency and amplitude phase-shifted by 180 °.
  • the direct voltage compensation before digitizing the differential current or its fault current component has the advantage that the resolution of the digitization can be completely tuned to the fault current. In principle, however, it is also possible to digitize the electrical signal after its scaling or else beforehand and to subtract the digitized scaled electrical signal from the digitized differential current. As a result, the hardware complexity for the implementation of the present invention can be reduced. However, the same performance requires a higher resolution of the used analog / digital converter.
  • the invention scaled electrical signal is not only capable of compensating the Ableitstromanteil on the differential current, but also directly documented the current leakage current.
  • the electrical signal is used as a sine signal with at least one main frequency of the voltages at the AC generator generated against earth.
  • This sinusoidal signal is then multiplied by the scaling factor to match its amplitude according to the inventive criterion that the RMS value of the differential current after subtraction of the scaled electrical signal at the current value of the scaling factor is a minimum, to the amplitude of the leakage current component of the differential current at that frequency.
  • the phase of the sinusoidal signal at each main frequency can also be at ground voltages at the alternator (1) (PE) are set to a value at which the magnitude of the differential current takes a minimum after subtraction of the scaled electrical signal.
  • PE alternator (1)
  • the need for such phase matching usually only exists once. d. H. not continuous, as the adjustment of the scaling factor is necessary.
  • this leakage current is a frequency and phase-true image of the leakage current component of the differential current, which only needs to be scaled in terms of its amplitude in order to obtain the leakage current component of the differential current, ie. H. to reflect the total leakage current of the alternator.
  • the continuous tracking of the scaling factor according to the invention can be carried out by means of a tracking method.
  • the scaling factor is varied in small increments, and the resulting changes in the RMS value of the differential current from which the scaled electrical signal was subtracted are observed.
  • the RMS value decreases, the scaling factor in the same direction is changed again and checked again, which influence this has on the RMS value of the differential current. This direction is continued until the RMS value increases. Then the test made change of the scaling factor can be discarded. At a minimum, the direction of the scaling factor change is reversed. If the minimum difference of the effective differential current is found with the scaling factor, the scaling factor remains constant or fluctuates only minimally.
  • the measuring capacitors according to the invention for generating a leakage current as the basis for the electrical signal to compensate for the leakage current component of the differential current are preferably connected to the input lines of the inverter.
  • the device according to the invention comprises a scaling device that multiplies the electrical signal by the scaling factor before subtracting it from the differential current, and continuously tracks the scaling factor for the electrical signal in such a way that the effective value of the differential current after subtraction of the scaled electrical signal at the current value of the scaling factor has a minimum. It should be noted at this point that it is sufficient for the device according to the invention as well as for the method according to the invention if the value of the scaling factor substantially meets the corresponding minimum of the effective value of the differential current. Thus deviations are even of some steps of a tracking method for tracking the scaling factor irrelevant, because with sufficiently small tracking steps, the remaining error remains low, especially since the current absolute minimum of the RMS value of the differential current exactly corresponding scaling factor varies anyway.
  • the in Fig. 1 sketched AC generator 1 has as a DC power source, a photovoltaic system 2 and a direct current of the photovoltaic system 2 in an alternating current inverter 3 on.
  • the alternator 1 feeds power via the inverter 3 into an alternating current network 4.
  • a differential current occurring across the outputs of the here single-phase inverter 3, ie via the phase L and the neutral conductor N is detected by a current sum converter 5.
  • the differential current could also be detected via the input lines 29 and 30 of the inverter 3, to which the output voltages U PV + and U PV- of the photovoltaic system 2 are applied, as indicated by a further dashed-line current summation converter 5 '.
  • Such a differential current has two main causes.
  • a leakage current which is based on discharge capacitances 6 and 7 of the photovoltaic system 2 with respect to ground, which in Fig. 1 between the inputs of the inverter 3 for U PV + and U PV and the ground potential PE are indicated.
  • a fault current component of the differential current which in Fig. 1 are arranged by resistors 8 and 9 between the inputs of the inverter 3 and ground potential PE, which stand for the insulation resistance of these inputs. With intact isolation, the resistors 8 and 9 are very large, and accordingly, the fault current component of the differential current is small.
  • An insulation fault is associated with an increase in the fault current component of the differential current. It is important to recognize such an increase because every insulation fault is a source of danger. The detection of the increase of the fault current component The differential current must also be reliable if it takes place in the presence of a high leakage current component of the differential current, which indicates no fault condition.
  • Fig. 2 outlines the composition of the differential current DI from the fault current component FI and the Ableitstromanteil AI, wherein the fault current component FI and Ableitstromanteil AI add vectorially to the differential current DI, since the fault current component FI is a resistive current and the Ableitstromanteil AI is a capacitive current.
  • Out Fig. 2 shows that with increasing Ableitstromanteil AI an increase of the fault current component FI by a certain amount has a diminishing effect on the amount of the differential current DI and thus its effective value. It is therefore of interest to separate the Ableitstromanteil AI from the differential current DI or to compensate for the differential current DI to observe the fault current component FI.
  • Fig. 3 sketched device 10 for determining the fault current component of the differential current.
  • Capacities 6 and 7 according to Fig. 1 Measuring capacitors 11 and 12 are connected in parallel and a current flowing through these capacitors 11 and 12 to earth (ground potential) PE current is measured by a current measuring device 13.
  • the current measurement value is multiplied in a scaling device 14 by multiplication by a scaling factor in order to take into account that the measuring capacitors 11 and 12 represent only a fraction of the total dissipation capacitance of the photovoltaic system 2 according to FIG Fig. 1 represent and so only a fraction of the total Ableitstromanteils AI flows over them.
  • the amplified current is then passed in the opposite direction to the conductors L and N by the current sum converter 5, so that it is subtracted directly from the differential current between the L-conductor and the neutral conductor.
  • the multiple turns around the summation current transformer 5 of the amplified current-carrying conductor 15 thereby cause an upward scaling of the amplified current, which is included in the effective scaling factor of a scaled electrical signal 28.
  • the amplified current ultimately flows through a resistor to earth potential PE.
  • the detected by the summation current transformer 5 differential current DI is substantially exempt from the Ableitstromanteil AI and therefore corresponds to its fault current component FI.
  • the scaling device 14 can also directly amplify the leakage current flowing off via the measuring capacitors 11 and 12 to ground potential PE and then supply it to the summation current transformer 5.
  • a direct compensation of the Ableitstromanteils AI of the differential current DI by a current through the summation current transformer 5 is carried out according to Fig. 4 a compensation of Ableitstromanteils AI by a voltage.
  • This is realized here in that the voltage dropping across a measuring resistor 17 due to the leakage current flowing through the measuring capacitors 11 and 12 to earth potential is detected by a voltage measuring device 18. This voltage is multiplied by the scaling factor by the scaling device 14 and then subtracted as a scaled electrical signal 28 in a subtraction node 19 from the voltage signal of the summation current transformer 5.
  • the signal is provided to the current measuring device 13 directly to the logic 16, which digitizes it and appropriately scales it to subtract it from the digitized signal of the summation current transformer 5.
  • the scaling factor is chosen so that the effective value of the remaining differential current DI, which corresponds to its fault current component FI, assumes a minimum.
  • the advantage of the embodiments of the device 10 according to the Fig. 3 to 5 is that by the leakage current through the measuring capacitors 11 and 12 against ground potential or the voltages thereof caused an electrical signal is available, which has the same phase and frequency distribution as the Ableitstromanteil AI of the differential current DI.
  • the leakage current through the measuring capacitors 11 and 12 differs from the Ableitstromanteil AI of the differential current DI only in terms of its amplitude. However, this can be adjusted by means of the scaling factor, which satisfies the criterion of minimizing the effective value of the differential current DI after subtraction of the scaled leakage current. This applies regardless of which frequency components of the leakage current in the current mode of operation of the inverter 3 according to Fig. 1 or due to other influencing factors.
  • Fig. 6 outlines the compensation of only one main component of Ableitstromanteils AI to the differential current DI by means of one of a sine wave generator 20 with a main frequency of the leakage current generated sinusoidal signal.
  • the logic 16 operates to minimize the effective value of the differential current DI remaining after the subtraction node 19, both by adjusting the amplitude and the phase of the sine signal. If the leakage current essentially has a frequency, the leakage current component AI at the differential current DI can also be reduced in a meaningful manner in this way.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Testing Of Short-Circuits, Discontinuities, Leakage, Or Incorrect Line Connections (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
EP10158654.3A 2010-03-31 2010-03-31 Bestimmung des Fehlerstromanteils eines Differenzstroms Active EP2372857B1 (de)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES10158654.3T ES2565005T3 (es) 2010-03-31 2010-03-31 Determinación de la parte de corriente de falta de una corriente diferencial
EP10158654.3A EP2372857B1 (de) 2010-03-31 2010-03-31 Bestimmung des Fehlerstromanteils eines Differenzstroms
PCT/EP2011/054976 WO2011121056A1 (en) 2010-03-31 2011-03-31 Determination of the fault current component of a differential current
CA2794116A CA2794116A1 (en) 2010-03-31 2011-03-31 Determination of the fault current component of a differential current
CN201180016409.7A CN102834992B (zh) 2010-03-31 2011-03-31 差动电流的故障电流分量的确定
JP2013501842A JP5672369B2 (ja) 2010-03-31 2011-03-31 差動電流の故障電流成分の決定
US13/628,174 US9350162B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2012-09-27 Determination of the fault current component of a differential current
US13/944,940 US20130300428A1 (en) 2010-03-31 2013-07-18 Determination of a Stray Capacitance of an AC Current Generator

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10158654.3A EP2372857B1 (de) 2010-03-31 2010-03-31 Bestimmung des Fehlerstromanteils eines Differenzstroms

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2372857A1 EP2372857A1 (de) 2011-10-05
EP2372857A8 EP2372857A8 (de) 2011-11-30
EP2372857B1 true EP2372857B1 (de) 2015-10-07

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EP10158654.3A Active EP2372857B1 (de) 2010-03-31 2010-03-31 Bestimmung des Fehlerstromanteils eines Differenzstroms

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US (1) US9350162B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP2372857B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JP5672369B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CN (1) CN102834992B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2794116A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES2565005T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
WO (1) WO2011121056A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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CN111157777B (zh) * 2020-01-14 2020-11-27 清华大学 一种双磁芯测量差分泄漏电流传感器设计方法
CN111157776A (zh) * 2020-01-14 2020-05-15 清华大学 一种电力设备绝缘泄漏电流的双磁芯传感器
DE102020115757A1 (de) 2020-06-15 2021-12-16 Sma Solar Technology Ag Vorrichtung und verfahren zur detektion eines fehlerstroms in einer photovoltaik-anlage, sowie photovoltaik-wechselrichter mit der vorrichtung
EP4165743A1 (de) 2020-06-15 2023-04-19 SMA Solar Technology AG Vorrichtung und verfahren zur detektion eines fehlerstroms in einer photovoltaik-anlage, sowie photovoltaik-wechselrichter mit der vorrichtung
DE102020123493A1 (de) 2020-09-09 2022-03-10 Sma Solar Technology Ag Vorrichtung und verfahren zur detektion eines fehlerstroms in einer photovoltaik-anlage, sowie photovoltaik-wechselrichter mit der vorrichtung
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DE102020131512A1 (de) 2020-11-27 2022-06-02 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Kompensationsstroms
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JP5672369B2 (ja) 2015-02-18
EP2372857A1 (de) 2011-10-05
JP2013527738A (ja) 2013-06-27
WO2011121056A1 (en) 2011-10-06
EP2372857A8 (de) 2011-11-30
CA2794116A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US20130043880A1 (en) 2013-02-21
CN102834992B (zh) 2015-03-25
CN102834992A (zh) 2012-12-19
ES2565005T3 (es) 2016-03-30
US9350162B2 (en) 2016-05-24

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