Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N55/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

Definitions

• the present invention relates to thiophene, furan and pyrrole compounds having plant growth regulating properties, to agricultural compositions comprising them, and to the use of said compounds for regulating plant growth.
• Plant growth regulators are generally any substances or mixtures of substances intended to accelerate or retard the rate of growth or maturation, or otherwise alter the development of plants or their produce. PGRs affect growth and differentiation of plants, a process which is commonly and hereinafter referred to as "plant health". There exists a need for further substances having PGR activity.
• the thiophene, furan and pyrrole compounds of the present invention exhibit plant growth regulating properties and are therefore suitable for use in agriculture for the improvement and control of plant health.
• the present invention provides for the use of a compound of the formula (I)
• X is S, O, Or NR 5 ;
• R is H ; alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, al
• Ri is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkyn
• R 2 is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted (e.g.
• R 3 is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g.
• aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g.
• aryl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, nitro; heteroaryl optionally substituted (e.g.
• alkylsilyl 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; or alkylsilyl;
• R 4 is H; acyl (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl); haloacyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; or dialkylaminocarbonyl;
• acyl e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl
• haloacyl alkoxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; or dialkylaminocarbonyl
• R 5 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen
• Plant growth regulators can, for example, reduce plant height, stimulate seed germination, induce flowering, darken leaf coloring, change the rate of plant growth and modify the timing and efficiency of fruiting.
• PGRs may exhibit pronounced growth- regulating properties which can result in an increase in the yield of cultivated plants or harvested crops.
• PGRs may also have a growth inhibiting action which is dependent on concentration.
• the growth of both monocots and dicots may be inhibited.
• Inhibition of the vegetative growth of many cultivated plants permits more plants to be sown in a crop area, so that a higher yield may be obtained per unit of area.
• Inhibition of the vegetative growth of monocot plants, e.g. cultivated plants such as cereals, is sometimes desirable and advantageous. Such a growth inhibition is of economic interest.
• PGRs for inhibiting the growth in height of cereals is also important, as shortening the stalks diminishes or completely eliminates the danger of lodging before harvesting. Additionally, PGRs are able to bring about a strengthening of the stalks in crops of cereals and this too counteracts lodging.
• compositions comprising the thiophene, furan and pyrrole derivatives of the present invention that improve plants, a process which is commonly and hereinafter referred to as "plant health”.
• advantageous properties are improved crop characteristics including: emergence, crop yield , protein content, increased vigour, faster/delayed maturation , increased speed of seed emergence, improved nutrient utilization efficiency, improved nitrogen utilization efficiency, improved water use efficiency, improved oil content and /or quality, improved digestibility, faster/more even ripening, improved flavor, improved starch content, more developed root system (improved root growth), improved stress tolerance (e.g.
• tillering increase, increase in plant height, bigger leaf blade, less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers, greener leaf color, pigment content, photosynthetic activity, less input needed (such as fertilizers or water), less seeds needed, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, early grain maturity, less plant verse (lodging), increased shoot growth, enhanced plant vigor, increased plant stand and early and better germination.
• Advantageous properties obtained, especially from treated seeds include, for example, improved germination and field establishment, better vigor and more homogeneous field establishment.
• Advantageous properties obtained, especially from foliar and/or in-furrow application include, for example, improved plant growth and plant development, better growth, more tillers, greener leafes, largers leaves, more biomass, better roots, improved stress tolerance of the plants, more grain yield, more biomass harvested, improved quality of the harvest (content of fatty acids, metabolites, oil etc), more marketable products (e.g. improved size), improved process (e.g. longer shelf-life, better extraction of compounds), improved quality of seeds (for being seeded in the following seasons for seed production); or any other advantages familiar to a person skilled in the art.
• the present invention provides plant-protecting active ingredients that are thiophene, furan and pyrrole compounds of formula (I) according to the invention, in particular the individual thiophene, furan and pyrrole compounds described in the description as being preferred, and mixtures with increased efficacy and to a method of improving the health of plants by applying said compounds and mixtures to the plants or the locus thereof.
• the action of the compounds of formula (I) is separate to any fungicidal action.
• the thiophene, furan and pyrrole compounds of formula (I) according to the invention in particular the individual thiophene, furan and pyrrole compounds described in the above description as being preferred compounds exhibit plant health properties.
• compositions comprising or consisting essentially of an active compound as described herein in combination with a suitable carrier (e.g., an agricultural carrier).
• a suitable carrier e.g., an agricultural carrier
• Alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon radical which may be straight-chain or branched-chain or cyclic (cycloalkyl) and contains from 1 to 24 carbon atoms. This definition applies both when the term is used alone and when it is used as part of a compound term, such as haloalkyl and similar terms.
• Preferred straight chain and branched alkyl groups may contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbons, even more preferably, 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Representative alkyl groups include, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, t-amyl, and 2,5-dimethylhexyl.
• Preferred cycloalkyl groups may contain 3 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 10 carbons, even more preferably, 5 to 8 carbon atoms and most preferably 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred cycloalkyl groups include, for example, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 24 carbons, more preferably 2 to 8 carbons, yet more preferably, 2 to 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• Representative alkenyl groups include, for example, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-1-heptenyl and 3-decenyl.
• Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 24 carbons, more preferably 2 to 8 carbons, yet more preferably, 2 to 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Representative alkynyl groups include, for example, acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl and 1-butynyl.
• alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy and t-butoxy.
• alkylthio groups include, for example, methylthio, ethylthio, t-butylthio and hexylthio.
• Aryl refers to an aromatic substituent which may be a single ring or multiple rings which are fused together, linked covalently or linked to a common group such as an ethylene or methylene moiety.
• the aromatic rings may each contain heteroatoms and hence aryl encompasses heteroaryl as used herein.
• Aryl moieties may be optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, nitro, alkylcarboxyl, alkoxy and phenoxy.
• aryl include phenyl azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylmethyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-ethyl, thienyl, pyridyl and quinoxalyl. Most preferably, aryl is phenyl.
• Heteroaryl means a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon containing 3 to 10 ring-atoms including 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Preferred heteroaryl groups are five and six membered rings and contain from one to three heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. Heteroaryl moieties may be optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, nitro, alkylcarboxyl, alkoxy and phenoxy.
• heteroaryl groups include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl.
• heteroaryl includes fused heteroaryl grou ps, for exam ple benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzoxazinyl, benzothiazinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzothiazolyl, phthalimido, benzofuranyl, benzodiazepinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl and benzo[b]thienyl.
• ⁇ eterocyclyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon containing from 3 to 10 ring-atoms up to 4 of which may be hetero-atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• heterocyclyl groups are oxiranyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiolanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, sulfolanyl, dioxolanyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, azepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, thiazolinyl and diazapanyl.
• Acyl includes any readily hydrolysable acyl groups, and comprises, for example, C(O)R 6 , C(O)OR 6 , C(O)NHR 6 and C(O)NR 6 R 7 , wherein R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, akynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
• Acyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more, for example 1 , 2, 3 or 4, halo or OR 6 groups.
• Preferred acyl groups are acetyl, benzoyl and phenylacetyl.
• Halo or "halogen” means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and is preferably fluoro or chloro.
• Haloalkyl includes monohaloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl and perhaloalkyl, for example, chloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl and 2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl.
• Organic base as used herein includes, for example, triethylamine, triisobutylamine, triiooctylamine, triisodecylamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, pyridine, morpholine, and mixtures thereof.
• a preferred category of organic base is organic amines.
• Inorganic base includes, for example, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
• Inert solvent as used herein includes any suitable inert solvent including, for example, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, toluene, dimethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether and dioxane, methylene chloride, chloroform, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, and mixtures thereof.
• Protic solvent as used herein may be any suitable protic solvent including, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, ethylene glycol, methyl Cellosolve, ethyl Cellosolve, cyclohexanol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, triethanolamine, polyethylene glycol, sec-butanol, n-propanol and te/f-butanol.
• suitable protic solvent including, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, ethylene glycol, methyl Cellosolve, ethyl Cellosolve, cyclohexanol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, triethanolamine, polyethylene glycol, sec-butanol, n-propanol and te/f-butanol.
• Optionally substituted means substituted by one or more substituents, in particular, one, two, three or four substituents.
• groups may be selected from a number of alternative groups, the selected groups may be the same or different.
• Agriculturally acceptable salt means a salt the cation of which is known and accepted in the art for the formation of salts for agricultural or horticultural use.
• the salts are water-soluble.
• the compounds of formula (I) may exist in different geometric or optical isomeric forms or in different tautomeric forms.
• One or more centres of chirality may be present, in which case compounds of the formula (I) may be present as pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, pure diastereomers or mixtures of diastereomers.
• Suitable salts of the compounds of formula (I) include acid addition salts such as those with an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric or phosphoric acid, or an organic carboxylic acid such as oxalic, tartaric, lactic, butyric, toluic, hexanoic or phthalic acid, or a sulphonic acid such as methane, benzene or toluene sulphonic acid.
• organic carboxylic acids include haloacids such as trifluoroacetic acid.
• N-oxides are oxidised forms of tertiary amines or oxidised forms of nitrogen containing heteroaromatic compounds. They are descri bed in many books for exam ple in "Heterocyclic N-oxides" by Angelo Albini and Silvio Pietra, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1991.
• the present invention provides a method of regulating plant growth of crops of useful plants, which comprises applying to said plants, to one or more parts of said plants, or to the locus thereof or plant propagation material, a compound of formula (I) as defined herein.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of the formula (I) as defined herein wherein said compound of formula I is selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (Ia), compounds of formula (Ib), and compounds of formula (Ic):
• R is H; alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen , alkyl, alkenyl , alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl,
• Ri is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or
• arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,
• R 2 is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted (e.g.
• R 3 is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g.
• arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted (e.g.
• alkylsilyl 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, nitro; heteroaryl optionally substituted (e.g. 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; or alkylsilyl;
• R 4 is H; acyl (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl); haloacyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; or dialkylaminocarbonyl;
• acyl e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl
• haloacyl alkoxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; or dialkylaminocarbonyl
• R 5 is H; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; arylthioalkyl optionally substituted (e.g., 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times) with halogen
• R is H or d-Cs-alkyl. More preferably, R is H or Ci-C 4 -alkyl. Most preferably, R is H or methyl.
• R 1 is aryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; or heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro.
• Ri is aryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, phenoxy, cyano, or nitro; or heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen.
• Ri is phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, CrC 6 -haloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkoxy, Ci-C 6 -alkylthio, Ci-C 6 -haloalkoxy, cyano, or nitro; or furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, or benzothienyl, each optionally substituted with halogen.
• Ri is 2-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoro-methylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 5-chloro-2-thienyl or 5-chloro-2-furyl.
• R 1 is alkyl; or arylalkyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro.
• Ri is Ci-C 6 -alkyl; or arylalkyl optionally substituted with halogen or alkyl.
• Ri is Ci-C 6 -alkyl; or phenyl-Ci-C 6 -alkyl optionally substituted with halogen or d-Ce-alkyl.
• Ri is n-pentyl, f-butyl, benzyl or 4-chlorobenzyl.
• R 2 is heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano or nitro.
• R 2 is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or isoquinolyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano or nitro.
• R 2 is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or isoquinolyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, CrC 6 -haloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkoxy, Ci-C 6 -alkylthio, Ci-C 6 -haloalkoxy, cyano, or nitro.
• R 2 is 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl or 5-pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, CrC 6 -haloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkoxy or d-C 6 -alkylthio.
• R 2 is 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 5-pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with methyl, chloro, fluoro, methoxy, thiomethoxy or trifluoromethyl.
• R 3 is alkyl; alkoxyalkyl; haloalkyl; arylalkyl optionally substituted with halogen; aryloxyalkyl optionally substituted with halogen; aryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, alkoxyalkynyl, cyano or nitro; heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, cyano, or nitro; or alkylsilyl;
• R 3 is alkyl; aryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, nitro; or alkylsilyl
• R 3 is Ci-C 6 -alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -alkyl, CrC 6 -haloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkoxy, Ci-C 6 -alkylthio, cyano or nitro; furanyl, thienyl or pyridyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -alkyl or d-C 6 -alkoxy; or d-C 6 -alkylsilyl.
• R 3 is phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-thienyl, 5-chloro-2-thienyl, 5- methyl-2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, f-butyl or trimethylsilyl.
• R 4 is H, acetyl, benzoyl or phenylacetyl. Most preferably, R 4 is H.
• R 5 is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.
• R 5 is d-C 6 -alkyl, or d-C 6 -haloalkyl. Yet more preferably, R 5 is d-d-alkyl or d-d-haloalkyl. Most preferably, R 5 is methyl.
• R is H or alkyl
• Ri is alkyl; or arylalkyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; aryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; or heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro;
• R 2 is heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano or nitro;
• R 3 is alkyl; aryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, or nitro; heteroaryl optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, haloalkylthio, cyano, nitro; or alkylsilyl; and
• R 4 is H, acetyl, benzoyl or phenylacetyl; and R 5 is d-Ce-alkyl, or Ci-C 6 -haloalkyl; or a salt thereof.
• R is H or C r C 4 -alkyl
• Ri is Ci-C 6 -alkyl; or phenyl-Ci-C 6 -alkyl optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 6 -alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, CrC 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, CrC 6 -haloalkyl, CrC 6 -alkoxy, CrC 6 -alkylthio, CrC 6 -haloalkoxy, cyano, or nitro; or furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, or benzothienyl, each optionally substituted with halogen; R 2 is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or isoquinolyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, d-Ce-alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, C
• R 3 is Ci-C 6 -alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -alkyl, CrC 6 -haloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkoxy, d-C 6 -alkylthio, cyano or nitro; furanyl, thienyl or pyridyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -alkyl or d-C 6 -alkoxy; or d-C 6 -alkylsilyl;
• R 4 is H
• R 5 is d-d-alkyl or d-d-haloalkyl; or a salt thereof.
• R is H or methyl
• Ri is n-pentyl, f-butyl, benzyl or 4-chlorobenzyl; 2-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoro- methylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 5-chloro-2-thienyl or 5-chloro-2- furyl;
• R 2 is 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl or 5-pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with halogen, d-C 6 -haloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkoxy or d-C 6 -alkylthio;
• R 3 is phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-thienyl, 5-chloro-2-thienyl, 5-methyl-2-thienyl, 3- thienyl, f-butyl or trimethylsilyl;
• R 4 is H; and R 5 is methyl; or a salt thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (I) for use according to the methods of the present invention are selected from:
• the present invention provides a method of regulating plant growth of crops of useful plants, which comprises applying to said plants, to one or more parts of said plants, or to the locus thereof or plant propagation material, a compound of formula (I) as defined herein
• the present invention provides a method of regulating plant growth of crops of useful plants, which comprises one or more applications of one of more compounds of formula (I) alone or in conjunction with one or more customary plant protection formulating auxiliaries.
• the present invention provides a method of regulating plant growth of crops of useful plants, which comprises applying to said plants, to one or more parts of said plants, or to the locus thereof or plant propagation material, a compound of formula (I) as defined herein, wherein two or more applications are carried out in sequence, and wherei n the two or more applications have the same or different concentration or combinations of compounds as defined herein or both.
• the present invention provides a method of regulating plant growth of crops of useful plants, wherein the crops of useful plants are selected from cereals, rice, beets, leguminous plants, oil plants, cucumber plants, fibre plants, vegetables, plantation crops, ornamentals, vines, bushberries, caneberries, cranberries, peppermint, rhubarb, spearmint, sugar cane and turf grasses.
• crops of useful plants are selected from cereals, rice, beets, leguminous plants, oil plants, cucumber plants, fibre plants, vegetables, plantation crops, ornamentals, vines, bushberries, caneberries, cranberries, peppermint, rhubarb, spearmint, sugar cane and turf grasses.
• the plant growth regulating effect is an inhibition or a retardation of the plant growth.
• the present invention provides an agricultural composition comprising one or more compounds of formula (I) as defined herein and one or more customary plant protection auxiliaries.
• the present invention is directed to the (R)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (I), designated (R)-(I), wherein X, R, R 1 , R 2 , R3, R 4 and R 5 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (R)-(I) include the (R)-enantiomers of compounds 1 to 175 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (R)-(I) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• the present invention is directed to the (S)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (I), designated (S)-(I), wherein X, R, R 1 , R 2 , R3, R 4 and R 5 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (S)-(I) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• Preferred compounds of formula (S)-(I) include the (S)-enantiomers of compounds 1 to 175 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention is directed to the (R)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (Ia), designated (R)-(Ia), wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R3 and R 4 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (R)-(Ia) include the (R)-enantiomers of compounds 1 to 82 and 175 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (R)-(Ia) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• the present invention is is directed to the (R)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (Ib), designated (R)-(Ib), wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (R)-(Ib) include the (R)-enantiomers of compounds 83 to 128 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (R)-(Ib) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• the present invention is directed to the (R)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (Ic), designated (R)-(Ic), wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R3, R 4 and R 5 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (R)-(Ic) include the (R)-enantiomers of compounds 129 to 174 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (R)-(Ic) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• the present invention is directed to the (S)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (Ia), designated (S)-(Ia), wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R3 and R 4 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (S)-(Ia) include the (S)-enantiomers of compounds 1 to 82 and 175 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (S)-(Ia) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• the present invention is is directed to the (S)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (Ib), designated (S)-(Ib), wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R3 and R 4 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (S)-(Ib) include the (S)-enantiomers of compounds 83 to 128 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (S)-(Ib) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• the present invention is directed to the (S)-enantiomers of the compounds of formula (Ic), designated (S)-(Ic), wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R3, R 4 and R 5 are as defined herein; and salts thereof.
• Preferred compounds of formula (S)-(Ic) include the (S)-enantiomers of compounds 129 to 174 of Table 1 herein.
• the present invention provides the compound of formula (S)-(Ic) as a single enantiomer having an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.
• Plant propagation material means the generative parts of a plant including seeds of all kinds (fruit, tubers, bulbs, grains etc), roots, rhizomes, cuttings, cut shoots and the like. Plant propagation material may also include plants and young plants which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from the soil.
• Locus means the fields on which the plants to be treated are growing, or where the seeds of cultivated plants are sown, or the place where the seed will be placed into the soil.
• the crops of useful plants to be protected typically comprise, for example, the following species of plants: cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize (including field corn, pop corn and sweet corn), rice, sorghum and related crops); beet (sugar beet and fodder beet); leguminous plants (beans, lentils, peas, soybeans); oil plants (rape, mustard, sunflowers); cucumber plants (marrows, cucumbers, melons); fibre plants (cotton, flax, hemp, jute); vegetables (spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, eggplants, onions, pepper, tomatoes, potatoes, paprika, okra); plantation crops (bananas, fruit trees, rubber trees, tree nurseries), ornamentals (flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees and ever
• ryegrasses ⁇ Lolium L. such as perennial ryegrass ⁇ Lolium perenne L.) and annual (Italian) ryegrass ⁇ Lolium multiflorum Lam.)) and warm-season turf grasses (for example, Bermudagrasses ⁇ Cynodon L. C. Rich), including hybrid and common Bermudagrass; Zoysiagrasses ⁇ Zoysia WiIId.), St. Augustinegrass ⁇ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze); and centipedegrass ⁇ Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) hack.)).
• useful plants also includes useful plants that have been rendered tolerant to herbicides like bromoxynil or classes of herbicides (such as HPPD inhibitors, ALS inhibitors; for example primisulfuron, prosulfuron and trifloxysulfuron, EPSPS (5-enol-pyrovyl- shikimate-3-phosphate-synthase) inhibitors, GS (glutamine synthetase) inhibitors or PPO (protoporphyrinogen-oxidase) inhibitors) as a result of conventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering.
• herbicides like bromoxynil or classes of herbicides
• EPSPS 5-enol-pyrovyl- shikimate-3-phosphate-synthase
• GS glutamine synthetase
• PPO protoporphyrinogen-oxidase
• imazamox by conventional methods of breeding (mutagenesis) is Clearfield® summer rape (Canola).
• crops that have been rendered tolerant to herbicides or classes of herbicides by genetic engineering methods include glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant maize varieties commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady® , Herculex I® and LibertyLink®.
• useful plants also includes useful plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting toxins, such as are known from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus.
• useful plants also includes useful plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances having a selective action, such as the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PRPs, see e.g. European patent application EP 0,392,225).
• PRPs pathogenesis-related proteins
• Examples of such antipathogenic substances and transgen ic plants capable of synthesising such antipathogenic substances are known, for example, from European patent applications EP 0,392,225 and EP 0,353,191 , and International patent application WO 95/33818.
• the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
• the agrochemical compositions of the present invention will usually contain from 0.1 to 99% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 95% by weight, of the compound of formula (I), 99.9 to 1 % by weight, preferably 99.8 to 5% by weight, of a solid or liquid adjuvant, and from 0 to 25% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 25% by weight, of a surfactant.
• the agrochemical compositions of the present invention are applied prior to disease development.
• Rates and frequency of use of the formulations are those conventionally used in the art and will depend on factors such as the developmental stage of the plant and on the location, timing and application method.
• Advantageous rates of application are normally from 5g to 2kg of active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare (ha), preferably from 10g to 1 kg a.i./ha, most preferably from 2Og to 60Og a.i. /ha.
• convenient rates of application are from 10mg to 1 g of active substance per kg of seeds.
• the agrochemical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) are applied as a formulation containing the various adjuvants and carriers known to or used in the industry. They may therefore be formulated as granules, wettable or soluble powders, emulsifiable concentrates, coatable pastes, dusts, flowables, solutions, suspensions or emulsions, or as controlled release forms such as microcapsules. These formulations are described in more detail below and may contain from 0.5% to 95% or more by weight of the active ingredient. The optimum amount will depend on formulation, application equipment and nature of the plant to be treated.
• Suspension concentrates are aqueous formulations in which finely divided solid particles of the active compound are suspended. Such formulations include anti-settling agents and dispersing agents and may further include a wetting agent to enhance activity as well an anti-foam and a crystal growth inhibitor. In use, these concentrates are diluted in water and normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated. The amount of active ingredient may range from 0.5% to 95% of the concentrate.
• Wettable powders are in the form of finely divided particles which disperse readily in water or other liquid carriers.
• the particles contain the active ingredient retained in a solid matrix.
• Typical solid matrices include fuller's earth, kaolin clays, silicas and other readily wet organic or inorganic solids. Wettable powders normally contain from 5% to 95% of the active ingredient plus a small amount of wetting, dispersing or emulsifying agent.
• Emulsifiable concentrates are homogeneous liquid compositions dispersible in water or other liquid and may consist entirely of the active compound with a liquid or solid emulsifying agent, or may also contain a liquid carrier, such as xylene, heavy aromatic naphthas, isophorone and other non-volatile organic solvents. In use, these concentrates are dispersed in water or other liquid and normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated. The amount of active ingredient may range from 0.5% to 95% of the concentrate.
• Granular formulations include both extrudates and relatively coarse particles and are usually applied without dilution to the area in treatment is required.
• Typical carriers for granular formulations include sand, fuller's earth, attapulgite clay, bentonite clays, montmorillonite clay, vermiculite, perlite, calcium carbonate, brick, pumice, pyrophyllite, kaolin, dolomite, plaster, wood flour, ground corn cobs, ground peanut hulls, sugars, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium silicate, sodium borate, magnesia, mica, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, antimony oxide, cryolite, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulphate and other organic or inorganic materials which absorb or which can be coated with the active compound.
• Granular formulations normally contain 5% to 25% of active ingredients which may include surface-active agents such as heavy aromatic naphthas, kerosene and other petroleum fractions, or vegetable oils;
• Dusts are free-flowing admixtures of the active ingredient with finely divided solids such as talc, clays, flours and other organic and inorganic solids which act as dispersants and carriers.
• Microcapsules are typically droplets or granules of the active ingredient enclosed in an inert porous shell which allows escape of the enclosed material to the surroundings at controlled rates.
• Encapsulated droplets are typically 1 to 50 microns in diameter.
• the enclosed liquid typically constitutes 50 to 95% of the weight of the capsule and may include solvent in addition to the active compound.
• Encapsulated granules are generally porous granules with porous membranes sealing the granule pore openings, retaining the active species in liquid form inside the granule pores.
• Granules typically range from 1 millimetre to 1 centimetre and preferably 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter. Granules are formed by extrusion, agglomeration or prilling, or are naturally occurring.
• Shell or membrane materials include natural and synthetic rubbers, cellulosic materials, styrene- butadiene copolymers, polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polyesters, polyamides, polyureas, polyurethanes and starch xanthates.
• compositions of the invention include simple solutions of the active ingredient in a solvent in which it is completely soluble at the desired concentration, such as acetone, alkylated naphthalenes, xylene and other organic solvents.
• Pressurised sprayers wherein the active ingredient is dispersed in finely-divided form as a result of vaporisation of a low boiling dispersant solvent carrier, may also be used.
• Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful in formulating the compositions of the invention in the formulation types described above are well known to those skilled in the art.
• Liquid carriers that can be employed include, for example, water, toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetic anhydride, acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2-butanone, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl acetates, diacetonalcohol, 1 ,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine, p-diethylbenzene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol abietate, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1 ,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol
• Suitable solid carriers include, for example, talc, titanium dioxide, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgite clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaxeous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, fuller's earth, cotton seed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour and lignin.
• a broad range of surface-active agents are advantageously employed in both said liquid and solid compositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrier before application. These agents, when used, normally comprise from 0.1 % to 15% by weight of the formulation. They can be anionic, cationic, non-ionic or polymeric in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents or for other purposes.
• Typical surface active agents include salts of alkyl su lfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulph ate; al kyl arylsu lfon ate sa lts , su ch as ca lci u m dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C.sub. 18 ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C.sub.
• soaps such as sodium stearate
• alkylnaphthalenesulfonate salts such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate
• dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate
• sorbitol esters such as sorbitol oleate
• quaternary amines such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride
• polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids such as polyethylene glycol stearate
• block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters.
• adjuvants commonly utilized in agricultural compositions include crystallisation inhibitors, viscosity modifiers, suspending agents, spray droplet modifiers, pigments, antioxidants, foaming agents, anti-foaming agents, light-blocking agents, compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralising agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, micronutrients, emollients, lubricants and sticking agents.
• biocidally active ingredients or compositions may be combined with the compound of formula (I) and used in the methods of the invention and applied simultaneously or sequentially with the compound of formula (I). When applied simultaneously, these further active ingredients may be formulated together with the compound of formula (I) or mixed in, for example, the spray tank. These further biocidally active ingredients may be fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides and/or plant growth regulators.
• the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is compound 175 of Table 1 , and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• the present invention provides for the use of a composition in the methods of the present invention, said composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is compound 175 of Table 1 , and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• a composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is compound 175 of Table 1 , and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is the (R)-enantiomer of formula (R)-(I) and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• a compound of formula (I) which is the (R)-enantiomer of formula (R)-(I) and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• the present invention provides for the use of a composition in the methods of the present invention, said composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is the (R)-enantiomer of formula (R)-(I), and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is the (S)-enantiomer of formula (S)-(I) and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• a compound of formula (I) which is the (S)-enantiomer of formula (S)-(I) and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• the present invention provides for the use of a composition in the methods of the present invention, said composition comprising a compound of formula (I), which is the (S)-enantiomer of formula (S)-(I), and (i) a fungicide, (ii) a herbicide, (iii) an insecticide, (iv) a bactericide, (v) an acaricide, (vi) a nematicide and/or (vii) a plant growth regulator.
• the compounds of the invention may also be applied with one or more systemically acquired resistance inducers ("SAR" inducer).
• SAR inducers are known and described in, for example, United States Patent No. US 6,919,298 and include, for example, salicylates and the commercial SAR inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl.
• compositions encompassed by the present invention include, for example, compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) and acibenzolar (CGA245704), a compound of formula (I) and ancymidol, a compound of formula (I) and alanycarb, a compound of formula (I) and aldimorph, a compound of formula (I) and amisulbrom, a compound of formula (I) and anilazine, a compound of formula (I) and azaconazole, a compound of formula (I) and azoxystrobin, a compound of formula (I) and benalaxyl, a compound of formula (I) and benthiavalicarb, a compound of formula (I) and benomyl, a compound of formula (I) and biloxazol, a compound of formula (I) and bitertanol, a compound of formula (I) and bixafen, a compound of formula (I) and blasticidin S, a compound of formula
• the [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction is carried out by preforming the acetylenethiolate in an inert solvent such as THF (tetrahydrofuran) at low temperature, preferably -78 °, and then adding it to a solution of the acetylenic ketone III in an inert solvent or solvent mixture, such as THF and acetonitrile, at temperatures ranging from 0 0 C to -20 0 C.
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• the acetylenethiolate Il is prepared from the reaction of sulfur with a lithium salt (Vl) of a terminal acetylene V (H. G.
• Lithium acetylide Vl is formed by the treatment of terminal acetylene V with a strong base such as n-butyllithium in an inert solvent such as THF at low temperature, preferably from - 40 0 C to -78°C. Addition of sulfur to acetylide Vl at low temperature (-40 0 C to -78°C) and reaction for 1 .5-3hr gives the acetylenethiolate II. Reduction of thiophene ketone IV is effected with a reducing agent such as LiAIH 4 in an inert solvent such as ether or THF, or NaBH 4 in a solvent such as ethanol at temperatures in the range of 0 0 C to 20 0 C.
• a strong base such as n-butyllithium in an inert solvent such as THF
• thiophene-3-carboxaldehyde VII may be selectively arylated with aryl iodide R3I in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium(ll) catalyst to give a 2-arylated intermediate VIII.
• a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium(ll) catalyst
• the Heck reaction is typically carried out in solvents such as acetonitrile or water, or in mixtures of the two, at temperatures in the range of 20-80 0 C for 4-72hrs.
• the typical palladium catalysts are palladium chloride, usually used in association with lithium chloride, or palladium acetate used with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide with or without a phosphine such as triphenylphosphine.
• the addition of the organometallic reagent R 2 M is typically conducted in an inert solvent such as ether or THF under N 2 atmosphere at 0-20 0 C for 1- 5hrs.
• the organometallic reagent may be an organolithium reagent, or preferably an organomagnesium reagent.
• a base preferably an organic base such as morpholine, and an inert solvent such as diethoxymethane
• Intermediate Xl is efficiently dehydrated by treatment with p-toluenesulfonic acid or acetic anhydride in toluene at elevated temperatures (80-100 0 C) for 12-48hrs. to produce the thienyl ketone XII, reduction of which is accomplished as above with a reducing agent such as LiAIH 4 in an inert solvent such as ether or THF, or NaBH 4 in a solvent such as ethanol at temperatures in the range of 0 0 C to 20 0 C.
• a reducing agent such as LiAIH 4 in an inert solvent such as ether or THF, or NaBH 4 in a solvent such as ethanol
• aqueous base e.g., aqueous NaOH
• This dehydration is efficiently effected by treatment of XV with p-toluenesulfonic acid or acetic anhydride in toluene at elevated temperatures (80-100 0 C) for 12-48hrs.
• Oxidation of XVII to aldehyde my be effected with reagents including activated MnO 2 , o- iodosobenzoic acid (IBX) in DMSO, or CrO 3 /pyr in inert solvents such as dichloromethane.
• the addition of the organometallic reagent to aldehyde XVIII is typically conducted in an inert solvent such as ether or TH F under N 2 atmosphere at 0-20 0 C for 1-5hrs.
• the organometallic reagent may be an organolithium reagent, or preferably an organomagnesium reagent.
• furyl ester XVI may be hydrolyzed to furoic acid XIX under aqueous basic conditions such as aqueous NaOH or LiOH.
• Conversion of the acid XIX to the Weinreb amide XX may be accomplished by coupling XIX and N,O-hydroxylamine hydrochloride using 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) in the presence of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM) .
• HOBT 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• DIC diisopropylcarbodiimide
• DIEA diisopropylethylamine
• DCM dichloromethane
• a reducing agent such as LiAIH 4 in an inert solvent such as ether or THF, or NaBH 4 in a solvent such as ethanol
• compositions Ic may be prepared using an approach similar to that employed for the thiophenes Ia, i.e., but adding ⁇ -aminoketones XXII to the alkynylketone III in the Michael addition.
• Dehydration of dihydropyrrole XXIII to yield pyrrolyl ketone XXIV and subsequent reduction with LiAIH 4 or NaBH 4 gives Ic (R 4 H).
• Reaction conditions similar to those used to prepare the aforementioned furans Ib may be employed.
• the red solution was warmed to room temperature and added to a solution of 400mg (1 .66mmol) of 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(3- pyridyl)-2-propyn-1-one in 4mL of THF and 1 mL of acetonitrile.
• the reaction solution was stirred for 2hr at room temperature, and was then poured into water.
• the aqueous layer was extracted several times with ether.
• the combined ether extracts were washed with saturated sodium chloride and dried over magnesium sulfate. The drying agent was filtered off, and the ether was removed by rotoevaporation.
• EXAMPLE 6 2-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-3-r(3-pyridyl)hvdroxymethyllthiophene (Compound 55) A mixture of 0.050gm (0.14mmol) of 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-[(3- pyridyl)carbonyl]-4,5-dihydrothiophene as a mixture of two isomers and 0.024ml_ of acetic anhydride in 1 .OmL of toluene was placed in a sealed vial and heated to 100 0 C in a sand bath for 48hrs.
• Compounds 1 to 175 all contain one asymmetrical carbon atom which is the carbon atom linked to one single hydroxy substituent (OH).
• EXAMPLE 7 Biological evaluation of plant growth regulation effects on grape
• Compound 175 showed plant height decrease at 200 ppm.

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