EP2345143B1 - Apparatus for improved burst mode during power conversion - Google Patents

Apparatus for improved burst mode during power conversion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2345143B1
EP2345143B1 EP09819937.5A EP09819937A EP2345143B1 EP 2345143 B1 EP2345143 B1 EP 2345143B1 EP 09819937 A EP09819937 A EP 09819937A EP 2345143 B1 EP2345143 B1 EP 2345143B1
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Prior art keywords
power
voltage
module
during
input
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2345143A2 (en
EP2345143A4 (en
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Martin Fornage
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Enphase Energy Inc
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Enphase Energy Inc
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Priority to EP16200745.4A priority Critical patent/EP3157156A1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to power conversion and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for improved burst mode operation.
  • PV photovoltaic
  • AC alternating current
  • DG distributed generation
  • PV modules have a nonlinear relationship between the current (I) and voltage (V) that they produce.
  • a maximum power point (MPP) on an I-V curve for a PV module identifies the optimal operating point of the PV module; when operating at this point, the PV module generates the maximum possible output power for a given temperature and solar irradiance. Therefore, in order to optimize power drawn from a PV module, a power conversion device coupled to the PV module, such as an inverter or a micro-inverter, generally employs a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to ensure that the PV module is operated at the current and voltage levels corresponding to its MPP.
  • MPPT acts to rapidly adjust the PV module operating current and voltage levels in response to changes in solar irradiance and/or temperature such that the PV module can continue to operate at the MPP.
  • a power conversion device coupled to the PV module will suffer from a lower efficiency until the MPP is achieved. Additionally, a power conversion device coupled to a PV module generally will suffer from a lower efficiency when the PV module is operating at a low power, e.g., low irradiance.
  • a PV module and an associated inverter may operate so inefficiently that is it best for overall system efficiency to deactivate the PV module and/or its inverter until solar irradiance increases.
  • M. Jantsch / C.W.G. Verhoeve, AC PV Module Inverters With Full Sine Wave Burst Operation Mode For Improved Efficiency Of Grid Connected Systems At Low Irradiance, 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 30 June - 4 July 1997, vol. CONF 14, 30 June 1997, pages 1344-1347 relates to grid connected PV systems and describes a burst operation mode of one-phase PV inverters, highlighting the issue of buffering storage in one-phase PV inverters.
  • EP 2 042 965 A2 describes a method and apparatus for power conversion with MPP tracking and burst mode capability
  • EP 2 042 964 A2 describes a similar method and apparatus.
  • WO 2007/007360 A2 US 2004/0264225 A1 , US 2008/0143188 A1 , US 2005/0254191 A1 , US 2004/0207366 A1 , and N. Mutoh / T. Inoue, A Controlling Method for Charging Photovoltaic Generation Power Obtained by a MPPT Control Method to Series Connected Ultra-Electric Double Layer Capacitors, Industry Applications Conference, 2004, 39th IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE, vol. 4, p. 2264-2271 , also relate to power conversion from PV modules.
  • an apparatus configured for converting DC input power generated by a PV module to AC output power.
  • the apparatus comprises means for storing energy from a DC input current; means for converting the DC input current to AC output current; means for causing (i) the energy to be stored in the means for storing the energy during at least one storage period, wherein the AC output current is not generated during the at least one storage period, and (ii) the energy to be drawn from the means for storing the energy during at least one burst period in order to converge towards a maximum power point (MPP), wherein the AC output current is greater than the DC input current during the at least one burst period; a first means for determining the MPP and operating the means for converting the DC input current to the AC output current proximate the MPP; and a second means for determining a difference in a first power measurement and a second power measurement, producing an error signal indicative of the difference, and coupling the error signal to the first means to adjust at least one operating parameter of the means for
  • MPP maximum power point
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 for distributed generation (DG) in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. This diagram only portrays one variation of the myriad of possible system configurations.
  • the present invention can function in a variety of distributed power generation environments and systems.
  • the system 100 comprises a plurality of inverters 102 1 , 102 2 ... 102 n , collectively referred to as inverters 102, a plurality of PV modules 104 1 , 1042... 104 n , collectively referred to as PV modules 104, an AC bus 106, and a load center 108.
  • Each inverter 102 1 , 102 2 ... 102 n is coupled to a PV module 104 1 , 1042.. . 104 n , respectively.
  • a DC-DC converter may be coupled between each PV module 104 and each inverter 102 (e.g., one converter per PV module 104).
  • multiple PV modules 104 may be coupled to a single inverter 102 (i.e., a centralized inverter); in some embodiments, a DC-DC converter may be coupled between the PV modules 104 and the centralized inverter.
  • Each inverter 102 employs an MPPT technique to operate the subtending PV module 104 at its MPP such that the PV module 104 generates an optimal power output for a given temperature and solar irradiation.
  • the inverters 102 are coupled to the AC bus 106, which in turn is coupled to the load center 108.
  • the load center 108 houses connections between incoming power lines from a commercial power grid distribution system and the AC bus 106.
  • the inverters 102 convert DC power generated by the PV modules 104 into AC power, and meter out AC current that is in-phase with the AC commercial power grid voltage.
  • the system 100 couples the generated AC power to the commercial power grid via the load center 108.
  • the inverters 102 employ a "burst mode" during initial operation.
  • burst mode the inverters 102 store energy over one or more AC grid voltage cycles ("energy storage periods") and subsequently “burst” the stored energy to the commercial power grid (“burst periods").
  • the length of the energy storage periods is determined such that a ripple voltage overriding the PV module output voltage remains below a desired ripple voltage threshold.
  • the burst mode facilitates a rapid convergence to the MPP utilizing an MPPT technique described below.
  • the inverters 102 deactivate the burst mode and operate in a continuous mode, utilizing the MPPT technique to remain proximate to the MPP.
  • the solar irradiance and/or temperature changes to a level such that the output power from the PV modules 104 drops below a burst mode threshold, one or more of the inverters 102 switch back to burst mode.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an inverter 102 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the inverter 102 comprises an I-V monitoring circuit 204, an input capacitor 220, a DC-AC inverter 208, a DC voltage controller 210, an MPPT controller 212, a burst mode controller 224, and a conversion control module 214.
  • the inverter 102 is coupled to the PV module 104 and to the commercial power grid.
  • the I-V monitoring circuit 204 is coupled to the PV module 104, the input capacitor 220, and the burst mode controller 224.
  • the burst mode controller 224 is further coupled to the DC voltage controller 210, the MPPT controller 212, and the conversion control module 214. Additionally, the MPPT controller 212 is coupled to the DC voltage controller 210, and the DC voltage controller 210 is coupled to the conversion control module 214.
  • the DC voltage controller 210 functions to bias the PV module 104 at a DC voltage set point (i.e., a desired PV module operating voltage), while the MPPT controller 212 drives such DC voltage set point to correspond to the MPP voltage.
  • the burst mode controller 224 functions to switch the inverter 102 between continuous mode and burst mode, and additionally measures input power from the PV module 104 that is utilized by the MPPT controller 212 in determining the DC voltage setpoint.
  • the I-V monitoring circuit 204 monitors the instantaneous input voltage and current, V in and I in , respectively, from the PV module 104.
  • the input capacitor 220 in addition to being coupled to the I-V monitoring circuit 204, is coupled to the DC-AC inverter 208, and the DC-AC inverter 208 is further coupled to the DC voltage controller 210, the conversion control module 214, and the commercial power grid.
  • a current I cap flows through the input capacitor 220, and a current I inv flows to the DC-AC inverter 208.
  • the conversion control module 214 receives a reference signal from the commercial power grid, and provides the control signals for the DC-AC inverter 208 to convert the received DC current, I inv , to a required AC output current, I req .
  • a reference signal from the commercial power grid
  • the AC output current I req from the DC-AC inverter 208 is coupled to the commercial power grid such that it is in-phase with the commercial AC current.
  • the DC voltage controller 210 employs a first feedback loop (an "inner" loop) 216 to bias the PV module 104 at the DC voltage setpoint by modulating the current I in drawn from the PV module 104.
  • the first feedback loop 216 comprises the I-V monitoring circuit 204, the burst mode controller 224, the MPPT controller 212, the DC voltage controller 210, and the DC-AC inverter 208.
  • the DC voltage controller 210 receives a signal indicative of the PV module DC (i.e., average) input voltage V DC from the burst mode controller 224, and receives the DC voltage setpoint from the MPPT controller 212.
  • the first feedback loop 216 drives the DC-AC inverter 208 to generate I req such that the appropriate current I in is drawn from the PV module 104 to bias the PV module 104 at the DC voltage setpoint.
  • the first feedback loop 216 iteratively computes a difference between the average PV module operating voltage and a DC voltage setpoint for the PV module 104, and accordingly adjusts the current I in drawn from the PV module 104 such that the PV module 104 is biased at the DC voltage setpoint (i.e., at an operating current and voltage that approximately corresponds to the MPP).
  • the MPPT controller 212 employs a second feedback loop 218 (an "outer" loop) to adjust the DC voltage setpoint such that it corresponds to the MPP voltage.
  • the second feedback loop 218 comprises the I-V monitoring circuit 204, the burst mode controller 224, the MPPT controller 212, and the DC voltage controller 210.
  • the burst mode controller 224 receives signals indicative of the instantaneous PV module input current and voltage, I in and V in , respectively, through the I-V monitoring circuit 204, and computes the instantaneous input power, P in , from the PV module 104.
  • the burst mode controller 224 further processes the input power P in , as described in greater detail below, to obtain a first and a second power measurement and provides such power measurements to the MPPT controller 212.
  • the MPPT controller 212 determines a power difference between the first and second power measurements; based on the difference, the MPPT controller 212 determines whether the PV module operating voltage must be increased or decreased to reach the MPP, modifies the DC voltage setpoint accordingly, and supplies the new DC voltage setpoint to the DC voltage controller 210. Additionally, a power difference of zero indicates that the PV module 104 is currently biased at the MPP, and the MPPT controller 212 supplies the corresponding DC voltage setpoint to the DC voltage controller 210.
  • the second feedback loop 218 thus iteratively determines whether the PV module 104 is operating proximate the MPP and, in the case where the PV module 104 is not operating proximate the MPP, modifies at least one operating parameter within the first feedback loop 216 to achieve the MPP (i.e., the outer loop "fine tunes" the setting established by the inner loop).
  • the burst mode controller 224 Upon initial operation or sufficiently low output power from the PV module 104, the burst mode controller 224 operates the inverter 102 in burst mode, wherein during energy storage periods (e.g., one or more AC grid voltage cycles of 16.67 msec), the input capacitor 220 stores energy that is subsequently supplied to the DC-AC inverter 208 during a burst period. During burst mode, the burst mode controller 224 drives the DC voltage controller 210 such that the output current generated by the inverter 102, I req , is a "burst mode current", I B .
  • energy storage periods e.g., one or more AC grid voltage cycles of 16.67 msec
  • the burst mode controller 224 drives the DC voltage controller 210 such that the output current generated by the inverter 102, I req , is a "burst mode current", I B .
  • the burst mode controller 224 operates the inverter 102 in continuous mode. If the PV module output power subsequently drops below the burst mode threshold, the burst mode controller 224 switches the inverter 102 back to burst mode operation.
  • the DC-AC inverter 208 is driven such that no output current is generated by the inverter 102 (i.e., I B is zero). During such periods, current is precluded from flowing to the DC-AC inverter 208, thereby causing current generated by the PV module 104 to charge the input capacitor 220.
  • the inverter 102 remains in an energy storage period for a number of AC grid voltage cycles, N off , as determined by the burst mode controller 224, before beginning a burst period of one AC grid voltage cycle.
  • the burst mode controller 224 causes the DC voltage controller 210 to drive the DC-AC inverter 208 such that the burst current I B is generated in accordance with the energy that has been stored in the input capacitor 220 during the previous energy storage period.
  • the inverter output current during a burst period, I B is greater than the inverter output current during continuous mode, I req , for a given level of solar irradiance and temperature.
  • I B I req *(N off +1).
  • a ripple voltage (“burst mode ripple voltage”, or V r ) overrides the average voltage across the input capacitor 220, and results in a corresponding burst mode ripple voltage overriding the PV module DC voltage, V DC .
  • V r ripple voltage
  • the PV module operating voltage fluctuates in accordance with the magnitude of the burst mode ripple voltage V r ; the greater the burst mode ripple voltage V r , the greater the PV module operating voltage excursion. Such a fluctuation in the PV module operating voltage results in reduced efficiency of the inverter 102.
  • the magnitude of the burst mode ripple voltage V r varies in accordance with the length of time the input capacitor 220 charges and discharges; i.e., with the energy storage and burst periods.
  • the burst mode controller 224 controls the energy storage period, i.e., the number of AC grid voltage cycles of the energy storage period, N off , such that the burst mode ripple voltage V r remains below a pre-determined threshold, thereby improving the efficiency of the inverter 102 during burst mode operation.
  • the inverter 102 When operating in continuous mode, the inverter 102 continually generates output power in-phase with the AC grid power (i.e., during each AC grid voltage cycle). As such, the inverter output power oscillates between zero output power at the AC grid voltage zero-crossings and peak output power at the AC grid voltage peak positive and negative amplitudes.
  • the inverter output power When the inverter output power is set at zero, current from the PV module 104 is precluded from flowing to the DC-AC inverter 208 and therefore charges the input capacitor 220.
  • the inverter output power When the inverter output power is set at peak, energy stored in the input capacitor 220 is utilized, in addition to the instantaneous power from the PV module 104, to generate a peak inverter output power of twice the average PV module output power.
  • the charging and discharging of the input capacitor 220 during continuous mode provides an AC component overriding the average power provided by the PV module 104.
  • the ripple voltage caused by the charging and discharging of the input capacitor 220 provides an opportunity for maximum power point tracking.
  • the ripple voltage across the PV module 104 varies above and below an average (i.e., DC) PV module voltage
  • the PV module output power varies in accordance with the ripple voltage. If the PV module 104 produces more power when operating above its DC voltage than when operating below its DC voltage, then the PV module DC voltage is below the MPP and must be increased to reach the MPP. If the PV module 104 produces more power when operating below its DC voltage than when operating above its DC voltage, then the PV module DC voltage is above the MPP and must be decreased to reach the MPP.
  • the difference between the average power produced by the PV module 104 when it is operating above its DC voltage and when it is operating below its DC voltage indicates in which direction the PV module DC voltage must be shifted to achieve the MPP. Additionally, if the difference is zero, the PV module 104 is biased at the MPP. In some embodiments, such a power difference may be determined based on the PV module output power during certain phases of the AC grid voltage, as further described below.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a burst mode controller 224 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the burst mode controller 224 comprises a multiplier 302, an operating mode module 304, and a power measurement module 306.
  • the multiplier 302 receives signals indicative of the instantaneous input current and voltage from the PV module 104, I in and V in , respectively, through the I-V monitoring circuit 204, and generates an output signal indicative of the instantaneous input power from PV module 104, P in .
  • the output of the multiplier 302 is coupled to the power measurement module 306 and to the operating mode module 304; additionally, the power measurement module 306 receives inputs of I in and V in .
  • the operating mode module 304 is further coupled to the DC voltage controller 210, and receives a signal indicative of an estimated PV module input current, I est , from the DC voltage controller 210.
  • the I est is an estimated input current to be drawn from the PV module 104 that will result in biasing the PV module 104 at a desired DC voltage setpoint.
  • the operating mode module 304 is also coupled to the power measurement module 306, and additionally receives an input signal of a burst mode power threshold, P B .
  • the operating mode module 304 compares the PV module input power P in to the burst mode threshold P B . If the inverter 102 is operating in continuous mode and P in is less that P B , the operating mode module 304 switches the inverter 102 to burst mode; once P in is greater than P B , the operating mode module 304 switches the inverter 102 back to continuous mode.
  • the power measurement module 306 receives an input indicative of the AC grid voltage phase from the conversion control module 214, for example, from a phase lock loop of the conversion control module 214.
  • the power measurement module 306 integrates the PV module input power P in during certain portions of the AC grid voltage cycle to obtain a first power "bin", PB 1 , and a second power "bin", PB 2 .
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated over a portion of the AC grid voltage cycle to obtain a DC voltage bin, V DC B, where V DC B is utilized to determine a DC (i.e., average) PV module input voltage, V DC .
  • the power measurement module 306 integrates P in during a 90°-180° phase of the AC grid voltage cycle to obtain PB 1 , and integrates P in during a 180°-270° phase of the same AC grid voltage cycle to obtain PB 2 .
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated over the entire 90°-270° phase to obtain V DC B.
  • the power bins and the average PV module input voltage are determined as described further below.
  • the first and second power measurements are supplied to the MPPT controller 212 for determining whether the PV module 104 is operating at, above, or below the MPP, and any required shift in the DC voltage setpoint to achieve the MPP.
  • the power measurement module 306 determines a PV module DC voltage, V DC , based on V DC B.
  • the power measurement module 306 supplies V DC to the DC voltage controller 210 for determining I req .
  • the new DC voltage setpoint and the required output current I req are applied during the next AC grid voltage cycle.
  • the operating mode module 304 determines a maximum number of AC grid voltage cycles, N off , for an energy storage period such that the burst mode ripple voltage V r will remain below a pre-determined threshold.
  • N off is computed as follows: Noff ⁇ / Pin * T C * Vdc * Vr
  • C is the capacitance of the input capacitor 220
  • V DC is the PV module DC voltage
  • V r is the burst mode ripple voltage
  • P in is the input power from the PV module 104
  • T is the AC grid voltage cycle period.
  • the power measurement module 306 integrates the PV module input power P in over certain portions of the AC grid voltage cycle during an energy storage period to obtain PB 1 and PB 2 .
  • the N off AC grid cycles of the energy storage period are partitioned into two equal portions - a "first half" of the energy storage period and a "second half" of the energy storage period, where the first half occurs prior to the second half.
  • the first half comprises the AC grid voltage cycle from 0°-180°
  • the second half comprises the same AC grid voltage cycle from 180°-360°.
  • the first half comprises the entire first AC grid voltage cycle
  • the second half comprises the entire second AC grid voltage cycle.
  • the first and second halves are analogously defined.
  • the power measurement module 306 integrates the PV module input power P in during any of the 90°-270° AC grid voltage phase periods occurring within the first half of the energy storage period.
  • the power measurement module 306 integrates the PV module input power P in during any of the 90°-270° AC grid voltage phase periods occurring within the second half of the energy storage period.
  • the power measurement module 306 integrates the PV module input voltage V in over each 90°-270° phase during the entire energy storage period, along with the 90°-270° phase during the subsequent burst period, to obtain V DC B.
  • the measured power bins PB 1 and PB 2 are then used by the power measurement module 306 to determine the first and second power measurements, P 1 and P 2 , respectively.
  • the power measurement module 306 determines V DC based on V DC B.
  • the first and second power measurements P 1 and P 2 are supplied to the MPPT controller 212 and V DC is supplied to the DC voltage controller 210 for the appropriate MPPT and inverter output current processing.
  • the output of such processing i.e., the new DC voltage setpoint and the required output current from the inverter 102, are applied to the burst period following the next energy storage period.
  • I in is the input current from the PV module 104
  • F grid is the frequency of the grid voltage. If the capacitance is below a capacitance threshold, the power measurement module 306 may provide an output alarm to indicate the condition.
  • Figure 4 is a plurality of waveforms 400 depicting collection periods of PV module power and voltage measurements during burst mode in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the waveform 402 corresponds to a computed energy storage period of one AC grid voltage cycle.
  • T 1 a first AC grid voltage cycle
  • the power bins PB 1 and PB 2 are obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during the 90°-180° and 180°-270° phases of the AC grid voltage, respectively, and the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period to obtain the DC voltage bin V DC B.
  • P 1 is set to PB 1
  • P 2 is set to PB 2
  • the average DC voltage V DC is computed from V DC B.
  • the power and voltage measurements P B1 , PB 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the inverter switches to burst mode and enters an energy storage period.
  • the inverter generates no output power during such a period.
  • the power bin PB 1 is obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during the 90°-270° phase within the first half of the energy storage period (i.e., the 90°-180° phase of T 2 ), and the power bin PB 2 is obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during the 90°-270° phase within the second half of the energy storage period (i.e., the 180°-270° phase of T 2 ).
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period of T 2 and to obtain the voltage bin V DC B.
  • the inverter begins a burst period and begins generating output power.
  • the operating parameters determined during T 1 are adjusted accordingly to drive the inverter to generate the burst mode current, I B .
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period of T 3 and added to the voltage bin V DC B.
  • P 1 is set to PB 1
  • P 2 is set to PB 2
  • V DC is computed from V DC B.
  • the power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the inverter begins an energy storage period. Analogous to the operation during T 2 , PB 1 , PB 2 , and V DC B are obtained. At time T 5 , the inverter begins a burst period. The operating parameters determined during T 3 are adjusted accordingly to drive the inverter to generate the burst mode current, I B . Analogous to the operation during T 3 , the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period of T 5 and added to the voltage bin V DC B. P 1 is set to PB 1 and P 2 is set to PB 2 , and V DC is computed from V DC B. The power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the waveform 404 corresponds to a computed energy storage period of two AC grid voltage cycles.
  • a first AC grid voltage cycle T 1 an inverter is operating in continuous mode.
  • the power bins PB 1 and PB 2 are obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during the 90°-180° and 180°-270° phases of the AC grid voltage, respectively, and the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period to obtain the DC voltage bin V DC B.
  • P 1 is set to PB 1
  • P 2 is set to PB 2
  • the average DC voltage V DC is computed from V DC B.
  • the power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the inverter switches to burst mode and enters an energy storage period of two AC grid voltage cycles.
  • the inverter generates no output power during such a period.
  • the power bin PB 1 is obtained by integrating P in during the portions of the 90°-270° phases occurring within the first half of the energy storage period (i.e., the 90°-270° phase of T 2 ), and the power bin PB 2 is obtained by integrating P in during portions of the 90°-270° phases occurring within the second half of the energy storage period (i.e., the 90°-270° phase of T 3 ).
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during each 90°-270° period of the energy storage period, i.e., the 90°-270° phase periods of T 2 and T 3 to obtain the voltage bin V DC B.
  • the inverter begins a burst period and begins generating output power.
  • the operating parameters determined during T 1 are adjusted accordingly to drive the inverter to generate the burst mode current, I B .
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period of T 4 and added to the voltage bin V DC B.
  • P 1 is set to PB 1 /2
  • P 2 is set to PB 2 /2
  • V DC is computed from V DC B.
  • the power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the inverter begins an energy storage period. Analogous to the operation during T 2 and T 3 , PB 1 , PB 2 , and V DC B are obtained. At time T 7 , the inverter begins a burst period. The operating parameters determined during T 4 are adjusted accordingly to drive the inverter to generate the burst mode current, I B . Analogous to the operation during T 2 and T 3 , the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period of T 7 and added to the voltage bin V DC B. P 1 is set to PB 1 /2, P 2 is set to PB 2 /2, and V DC is computed from V DC B. The power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the waveform 406 corresponds to a computed energy storage period of three AC grid voltage cycles.
  • a first AC grid voltage cycle T 1 an inverter is operating in continuous mode.
  • the power bins PB 1 and PB 2 are obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during the 90°-180° and 180°-270° phases of the AC grid voltage, respectively, and the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° period to obtain the DC voltage bin V DC B.
  • P 1 is set to PB 1
  • P 2 is set to PB 2
  • the average DC voltage V DC is computed from V DC B.
  • the power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • the inverter switches to burst mode and enters an energy storage period of three AC grid voltage cycles.
  • the inverter generates no output power during such a period.
  • the power bin PB 1 is obtained by integrating P in during the portions of the 90°-270° phases occurring within the first half of the energy storage period (i.e., the 90°-270° phase of T 2 and the 90°-180° phase of T 3 ), and the power bin PB 2 is obtained by integrating P in during portions of the 90°-270° phases occurring within the second half of the energy storage period (i.e., the 180°-270° phase of T 3 and the 90°-270° phase of T 4 ).
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during each 90°-270° period of the energy storage period, i.e., the 90°-270° phase periods of T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 to obtain the voltage bin V DC B.
  • the inverter begins a burst period and begins generating output power.
  • the operating parameters determined during T 1 are adjusted accordingly to drive the inverter to generate the burst mode current, I B .
  • the PV module input voltage V in is integrated during the entire 90°-270° phase and added to the voltage bin V DC B.
  • P 1 is set to PB 1 /3
  • P 2 is set to PB 2 /3
  • V DC is computed from V DC B.
  • the power and voltage measurements P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine the inverter operating parameters for the next AC grid voltage cycle in which the inverter generates output power.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram 500 of a DC voltage controller 210 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the DC voltage controller 210 comprises an adder/subtractor 502, a proportional-integral (PI) controller 504, a gain module 506, and a burst mode adjustment module 508.
  • the DC voltage controller 210 utilizes the first feedback loop 216 to control the current supplied to the DC-AC inverter 208 such that the PV module 104 is biased at the DC voltage setpoint.
  • the adder/subtractor 502 receives a signal indicative of the PV module DC voltage, V DC , from the burst mode controller 224, and a signal indicative of the DC voltage setpoint from the MPPT controller 212.
  • the output of the adder/subtractor 502 couples a difference between V DC and the DC voltage setpoint to the PI controller 504.
  • the PI controller 504 acts to correct the difference by estimating an input current, I est , to be drawn from the PV module 104 that will result in biasing the PV module 104 at the DC voltage setpoint.
  • the output of the PI controller 504 is coupled to the gain module 506 and provides a signal indicative of I est to the gain module 506.
  • the gain module 506 further receives an input of the AC grid voltage amplitude, V AC, from the conversion control module 214, and V DC from the burst mode controller 224, and determines the required output current from the inverter, I req , to draw I est from the PV module 104.
  • eff is an efficiency rating of the inverter.
  • the output of the gain module 506 is coupled to the burst mode adjustment module 508.
  • the burst mode adjustment module 508 adjusts the required inverter output current I req during burst mode such that it corresponds to the burst mode output current, I B , in accordance with a control signal received from the burst mode controller 224.
  • the output of the burst mode adjustment module 508 is coupled to the DC-AC inverter 208 and drives the DC-AC to generate an output current I req during continuous mode and an output current I B during burst mode.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an MPPT controller 212 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the MPPT controller 212 comprises a power difference module 602, an integrator 604, and an adder 608.
  • the MPPT controller 212 utilizes the second feedback loop 218 to determine a DC voltage setpoint for the PV module 104 corresponding to the MPP voltage.
  • the power difference module 602 receives signals indicative of the first and second power measurements, P 1 and P 2 , from the burst mode controller 224.
  • the power difference module 602 computes a power difference between P 1 and P 2 and utilizes the power difference to determine an error signal, ⁇ .
  • the power difference is computed as (P 2 -P 1 )/(P 2 +P 1 ).
  • the error signal ⁇ from the power difference module 602 is coupled to the integrator 604.
  • the integrator 604 integrates the error signal ⁇ and couples the integrated error signal to the adder 608.
  • the adder 608 additionally receives an input of a nominal voltage, V nom , where V nom is an initial estimate of the MPP voltage.
  • the integrated error signal acts to "fine tune" the nominal voltage such that the DC voltage setpoint (i.e., the sum of the integrated error and the nominal voltage) corresponds to the MPP voltage.
  • the DC voltage setpoint is then supplied to the DC voltage controller 210 in order to drive the PV module 104 to operate at the DC voltage setpoint.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a method 700 for operating an inverter in burst mode in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • a power conversion device such as a DC-AC inverter
  • DC-AC inverter is coupled to the PV module and converts DC power from the PV module to AC power, where such AC power is coupled to a commercial power grid.
  • multiple PV modules may be coupled to a single centralized DC-AC inverter; alternatively, individual PV modules may be coupled to individual DC-AC inverters (e.g., one PV module per DC-AC inverter).
  • a DC-DC converter may be coupled between the PV module or PV modules and the DC-AC inverter.
  • the method 700 begins at step 702 and proceeds to step 704.
  • the inverter operates in continuous mode and generates an output current, I req , such that the PV module is biased proximate the MPP voltage.
  • I req an output current
  • P 1 and P 2 a first and a second power measurement of the input power from the PV module, P 1 and P 2 , respectively, are obtained.
  • P in may be sampled during such phases to obtain the first and second power measurements; for example, P in may be sampled at a rate of 256 times the commercial power grid frequency.
  • the first and second power measurements may be obtained during different phases of an AC grid waveform cycle.
  • an average, or DC, voltage from the PV module V DC .
  • the voltage V in from the PV module is integrated during the 90°-270° phase of the AC grid voltage to obtain a DC voltage "bin", V DC B.
  • V DC is then computed based on V DC B.
  • the method 700 proceeds to step 710, where P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine a DC voltage setpoint for the PV module such that the DC voltage setpoint corresponds to the MPP voltage.
  • P 1 , P 2 , and V DC are utilized to determine a DC voltage setpoint for the PV module such that the DC voltage setpoint corresponds to the MPP voltage.
  • a required inverter output current, I req that will result in the PV module being biased at the desired DC voltage setpoint is determined.
  • Steps 704 through 712 of the method 700 comprise an outer feedback loop that determines whether the PV module is currently biased at the MPP voltage, and, if necessary, adjusts the DC voltage setpoint to achieve the MPP.
  • step 714 a determination is made whether the PV module input power exceeds a burst mode threshold. If the condition at step 714 is met, the method 700 returns to step 704 and the inverter continues to operate in continuous mode. If the condition at step 714 is not met, the method 700 proceeds to step 716.
  • a maximum number of AC grid voltage cycles, N off , for energy storage periods is determined based on a burst mode ripple voltage threshold.
  • a burst mode ripple voltage threshold of 10% of the PV module DC voltage V DC is utilized.
  • the inverter switches to burst mode, and begins an energy storage period of N off AC voltage grid cycles. During the energy storage period, the inverter does not produce any output power, and power generated by the PV module is stored in the inverter.
  • the first and second power bins, PB 1 and PB 2 are collected, along with the DC voltage bin, V DC B.
  • the N off AC grid cycles are partitioned into two equal portions - a "first half" of the N off AC voltage grid cycles and a "second half" of the N off AC voltage grid cycles, where the first half occurs prior to the second half.
  • PB 1 is obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during any of the 90°-270° AC grid voltage phase periods occurring within the first half
  • PB 2 is obtained by integrating the PV module input power P in during any of the 90°-270° AC grid voltage phase periods occurring within the second half.
  • the PV module input voltage V in may be integrated over each 90°-270° phase during the energy storage period to obtain V DC B.
  • the method 700 proceeds to step 724.
  • a burst period is activated and the inverter begins to generate output power.
  • the burst period comprises a single AC grid voltage cycle.
  • the required output current I req determined in step 712 is adjusted such that the inverter generates a burst current, I B , in accordance with the amount of energy stored during the energy storage period.
  • Ig I req *(N off +1).
  • an input voltage from the PV module is measured and added to the DC voltage bin V DC B; in some embodiments, the PV module input voltage Vin is integrated over the 90°-270° phase of the AC grid voltage cycle and added to V DC B.
  • the DC voltage setpoint for the PV module is determined based on P 1 , P 2 , and V DC .
  • the required inverter output current, I req that will result in the PV module being biased at the desired DC voltage setpoint is determined.
  • step 736 a determination is made whether operation of the inverter should continue. If the condition at step 736 is met, the method 700 returns to step 714; if the conditions at step 736 is not met, the method 700 proceeds to step 738 where it ends.

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EP2345143A2 (en) 2011-07-20
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AU2009302200A1 (en) 2010-04-15
US20100309695A1 (en) 2010-12-09
WO2010042806A2 (en) 2010-04-15
KR20110069858A (ko) 2011-06-23
US20110292701A1 (en) 2011-12-01
JP2012505630A (ja) 2012-03-01
US9461561B2 (en) 2016-10-04
EP3157156A1 (en) 2017-04-19
EP2345143A4 (en) 2012-05-09
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US8492932B1 (en) 2013-07-23
US8319378B2 (en) 2012-11-27
US20130301322A1 (en) 2013-11-14
US8035257B2 (en) 2011-10-11
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CA2739814A1 (en) 2010-04-15
US20100091532A1 (en) 2010-04-15

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