EP2342529B1 - Weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle dependent mortar - Google Patents
Weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle dependent mortar Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2342529B1 EP2342529B1 EP09778712.1A EP09778712A EP2342529B1 EP 2342529 B1 EP2342529 B1 EP 2342529B1 EP 09778712 A EP09778712 A EP 09778712A EP 2342529 B1 EP2342529 B1 EP 2342529B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mortar
- weapon
- weapon system
- carrier vehicle
- area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108010066278 cabin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004200 deflagration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B30/00—Projectiles or missiles, not otherwise provided for, characterised by the ammunition class or type, e.g. by the launching apparatus or weapon used
- F42B30/08—Ordnance projectiles or missiles, e.g. shells
- F42B30/10—Mortar projectiles
- F42B30/12—Mortar projectiles with provision for additional propulsive charges, or for varying the length
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H7/00—Armoured or armed vehicles
- F41H7/02—Land vehicles with enclosing armour, e.g. tanks
Definitions
- the invention relates to a weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle-mounted mortar according to the features of the preamble of claim 1.
- Such a weapon system is for example from the FR 2 647 888 A known.
- the DE 197 13 192 C2 describes a weapon system consisting essentially of a carrier vehicle, which comprises a crew compartment and a rear side provided on the carrier vehicle armory for receiving at least one mortar.
- the mortar from the mouth of the gun barrel is loaded with mortar shells.
- the DE 10 2004 050 215 A1 deals with a corresponding ammunition chain. Although not discussed in more detail, this construction is expandable by a motor so that the chain could be powered electrically.
- a loader which determines both the determination of the target parameters, the required number of arranged on the Leitwerkschaft mortar shell propellant modules and removes the unneeded modules manually as well as in mortar shells with programmable detonator ignites the igniter programming manually.
- the FR 2 647 888 A describes a weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle-mounted mortar, wherein this is pivotable after loading in a corresponding launch position.
- the weapon system has an automatic loading device.
- the invention has for its object to provide a weapon system of the type mentioned, in which can be dispensed with a manual loading of the mortar with suitable mortar shells.
- the invention is based essentially on the idea to arrange in the separated by a partition of the crew compartment of a vehicle armory controllable from the crew compartment automatic charging device which removes the respective mortar shell also located in the armory ammunition magazine, in an index position of the gun barrel before the Transported mouth of the gun barrel and then pushes axially into the mouth of the gun barrel, in the weapon room a likewise controllable from the crew compartment automatic scraper is arranged, which is not required after setting the target parameters propellant modules before inserting the corresponding mortar shell into the gun barrel automatically from pushes the tailing of the mortar shell.
- the stripping device engages the abovementioned propellant charge module end face, spreads this preferably and pushes it from the Leitwerkschaft.
- the module is preferably collected in order to use it again, for example.
- a fuze programmer can be integrated into the charging device of the mortar, which after the presence of the target data the fuze of the Mortar shell programmed accordingly during their charging process. Igniter programmer units as well as corresponding methods are known.
- known programming units are housed in the bottom part of a weapon barrel.
- this constellation does not offer, so that the charging device is preferably provided in a continuation of the invention with a detonator programming containing hood-shaped actuating part which at least partially surrounds the head of the mortar shell - and thus the head fuse.
- the mortar shell is then not only pushed axially into the barrel, but can also be programmed at the same time the head fuze.
- a collecting container can be provided below the scraper device, into which the propellant charge modules fall after the stripping operation. However, it can also be provided that the surplus propellant charge modules are pushed into a laterally arranged collecting container by the scraper device.
- the figure shows a schematic plan view of the rear area of a weapon system with vehicle-mounted mortar, with the gun barrel of the mortar in its index position (here pivoted to the carrier vehicle gun barrel with an increase of 0 °) is.
- the weapons system according to the invention is identified by the reference numeral 1 and comprises a carrier vehicle 2, which contains a crew compartment 3 and a weapon compartment 4 for receiving the vehicle-mounted mortar 5.
- the crew compartment 3 and the weapon room 4 are separated from each other by a partition 6 of armored steel.
- the gun barrel 7 of the mortar 5 located in its index position is to be charged from its mouth 8 with a mortar shell 9 which has three laterally strippable propellant charge modules 11 on its tail unit 10.
- an automatic charging device 12 controllable by the crew compartment 3 is arranged in the weapon compartment 4, which removes the respective mortar shell 9 from an ammunition magazine 13 or 14 likewise located in the weapon compartment 4 and transports it to the weapon barrel 7 located in its index position, so that the mortar shell 9 then axially into the mouth 8 of the gun barrel 7 can be inserted.
- a collecting container 20 is disposed in the weapon room 4, in which the stripped from the guide shaft 10, not required propellant charge modules 11 fall into it.
- the charging device 12 is in the illustrated embodiment of two back-rigid chains 16 which act on a hood-shaped actuating member 17.
- This actuating part 17 encloses the head of the mortar shell 9 partially and shifts the mortar shell 9 axially in the direction of the mouth 8 of the barrel 7 during the loading process.
- an ignition programmer 18 is integrated in the actuating part 17, by means of which, during the charging process of the mortar 5, a head detonator 19 of the mortar shells 9 is programmed with the ignition time values determined from the target data.
- the gun barrel 7 is pivoted by means not shown actuators in its predetermined by the target parameters Abfeuergna and then the firing device actuated.
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Waffensystem mit einem Trägerfahrzeug und einem fahrzeuggebundenen Mörser gemäß den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffes des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle-mounted mortar according to the features of the preamble of claim 1.
Ein derartiges Waffensystem ist beispielsweise aus der
Die
Aus der
Die
Während bei den bekannten fahrzeuggebundenen Mörsern das Richten des Waffenrohres mittels automatisch betätigbarer Antriebe erfolgen kann, muss das Laden der Waffe mit Mörsergranaten nach wie vor in der Regel manuell erfolgen. Üblicherweise ist daher ein Ladeschütze vorgesehen, der sowohl nach Festlegung der Zielparameter die erforderliche Anzahl der auf dem Leitwerkschaft der Mörsergranate angeordneten Treibladungsmodule ermittelt und die nicht benötigten Module manuell entfernt als auch bei Mörsergranaten mit programmierbarem Zünder die Zünderprogrammierung manuell vornimmt.While in the known vehicle-mounted mortars straightening the gun barrel can be done by means of automatically actuated drives, the loading of the gun with mortar shells must still be done manually as a rule. Typically, therefore, a loader is provided which determines both the determination of the target parameters, the required number of arranged on the Leitwerkschaft mortar shell propellant modules and removes the unneeded modules manually as well as in mortar shells with programmable detonator ignites the igniter programming manually.
Aufgrund der für diesen Ladeschützen zu berücksichtigenden Sicherheitsbedingungen (ausreichender Panzerschutz, Vermeidung einer unzulässig hohen CO-Belastung und/oder ABC-Belastung sowie Schutz vor einer Deflagration der Munition als Folge externer Einwirkungen) ist eine kompakte Integration des Mörsers in das Trägerfahrzeug schwierig und eine vollständige Trennung des Mannschaftsraumes von einem besatzungslosen Waffenraum in der Regel nicht möglich.Due to the safety conditions to be taken into account for this loader (sufficient armor protection, avoidance of an unduly high CO load and / or ABC load and protection against deflagration of the ammunition as a result of external events) a compact integration of the mortar in the host vehicle is difficult and complete Separation of the crew room from an occupation-free weapon room is usually not possible.
Die
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Waffensystem der eingangs erwähnten Art anzugeben, bei dem auf ein manuelles Laden des Mörsers mit geeigneten Mörsergranaten verzichtet werden kann.The invention has for its object to provide a weapon system of the type mentioned, in which can be dispensed with a manual loading of the mortar with suitable mortar shells.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des kennzeichnenden Teils des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Weitere, besonders vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung offenbaren die Unteransprüche.This object is achieved by the features of the characterizing part of claim 1. Further, particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention disclose the dependent claims.
Die Erfindung beruht im Wesentlichen auf dem Gedanken, in dem durch eine Trennwand von dem Mannschaftsraum eines Fahrzeuges abgetrennten Waffenraum eine von dem Mannschaftsraum steuerbare automatische Ladeeinrichtung anzuordnen, welche die jeweilige Mörsergranate einem ebenfalls in dem Waffenraum befindlichen Munitionsmagazin entnimmt, in einer Indexposition des Waffenrohres vor die Mündung des Waffenrohres transportiert und dann axial in die Mündung des Waffenrohres hinein schiebt, wobei in dem Waffenraum eine ebenfalls von dem Mannschaftsraum steuerbare automatische Abstreifereinrichtung angeordnet ist, welche die nach Festlegung der Zielparameter nicht benötigten Treibladungsmodule vor dem Einschieben der entsprechenden Mörsergranate in das Waffenrohr automatisch von dem Leitwerkschaft der Mörsergranate schiebt. Die Abstreifeinrichtung greift dabei an das abzustreifende Treibladungsmodul stirnseitig an, spreizt dieses vorzugsweise und schiebt es vom Leitwerkschaft. Das Modul wird dabei bevorzugt aufgefangen, um es beispielsweise erneut verwenden zu können.The invention is based essentially on the idea to arrange in the separated by a partition of the crew compartment of a vehicle armory controllable from the crew compartment automatic charging device which removes the respective mortar shell also located in the armory ammunition magazine, in an index position of the gun barrel before the Transported mouth of the gun barrel and then pushes axially into the mouth of the gun barrel, in the weapon room a likewise controllable from the crew compartment automatic scraper is arranged, which is not required after setting the target parameters propellant modules before inserting the corresponding mortar shell into the gun barrel automatically from pushes the tailing of the mortar shell. The stripping device engages the abovementioned propellant charge module end face, spreads this preferably and pushes it from the Leitwerkschaft. The module is preferably collected in order to use it again, for example.
Sofern die Mörsergranaten statt eines Aufschlagzünders einen programmierbaren Kopfzünder aufweisen, kann in die Ladeeinrichtung des Mörsers eine Zünderprogrammiereinrichtung integriert werden, welche nach Vorliegen der Zieldaten den Kopfzünder der Mörsergranate bei deren Ladevorgang entsprechend programmiert. Zünderprogrammiereinheiten als auch entsprechende Verfahren sind bekannt.If the mortar shells have a programmable head igniter instead of an impact fuze, a fuze programmer can be integrated into the charging device of the mortar, which after the presence of the target data the fuze of the Mortar shell programmed accordingly during their charging process. Igniter programmer units as well as corresponding methods are known.
Bekannte Programmiereinheiten sind jedoch im Bodenteil eines Waffenrohres untergebracht. Entsprechend des Aufbaus einer Mörsergranate bietet sich diese Konstellation jedoch nicht an, so dass die Ladeeinrichtung in Weiterführung der Erfindung bevorzugt mit einem die Zünderprogrammiereinrichtung enthaltenden, haubenförmig ausgebildeten Betätigungsteil versehen ist, welches den Kopf der Mörsergranate - und damit auch den Kopfzünder - mindestens teilweise umschließt. Mit diesem Betätigungsteil wird dann die Mörsergranate nicht nur axial in das Waffenrohr geschoben, sondern kann auch gleichzeitig der Kopfzünder programmiert werden.However, known programming units are housed in the bottom part of a weapon barrel. According to the structure of a mortar shell, however, this constellation does not offer, so that the charging device is preferably provided in a continuation of the invention with a detonator programming containing hood-shaped actuating part which at least partially surrounds the head of the mortar shell - and thus the head fuse. With this operating part, the mortar shell is then not only pushed axially into the barrel, but can also be programmed at the same time the head fuze.
Zum Auffangen der überzähligen Treibladungsmodule kann unterhalb der Abstreifereinrichtung ein Sammelbehälter vorgesehen sein, in den die Treibladungsmodule nach dem Abstreifvorgang hinein fallen. Es kann aber auch vorgesehen sein, dass die überzähligen Treibladungsmodule in einen seitlich angeordneten Sammelbehälter von der Abstreifereinrichtung hinein geschoben werden.To collect the surplus propellant charge modules, a collecting container can be provided below the scraper device, into which the propellant charge modules fall after the stripping operation. However, it can also be provided that the surplus propellant charge modules are pushed into a laterally arranged collecting container by the scraper device.
Mit der vorliegenden Konstruktion wird eine vollständige Trennung zwischen Mannschaftsraum oder dergleichen und einem besatzungslosen Waffenraum möglich.With the present construction, a complete separation between crew room or the like and a crewless weapon room becomes possible.
Weitere Einzelheiten und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus dem folgenden, anhand einer Figur erläuterten Ausführungsbeispiel.Further details and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following, explained with reference to a figure embodiment.
Die Figur gibt eine schematische Draufsicht auf den heckseitigen Bereich eines Waffensystems mit fahrzeuggebundenem Mörser wieder, wobei sich das Waffenrohr des Mörsers in seiner Indexstellung (hier zum Trägerfahrzeug geschwenktes Waffenrohr mit einer Erhöhung von 0°) befindet.The figure shows a schematic plan view of the rear area of a weapon system with vehicle-mounted mortar, with the gun barrel of the mortar in its index position (here pivoted to the carrier vehicle gun barrel with an increase of 0 °) is.
Das erfindungsgemäße Waffensystem ist mit dem Bezugszeichen 1 gekennzeichnet und umfasst ein Trägerfahrzeug 2, welches einen Mannschaftsraum 3 und einen Waffenraum 4 zur Aufnahme des fahrzeuggebundenen Mörsers 5 enthält. Dabei sind Mannschaftsraum 3 und Waffenraum 4 durch eine Trennwand 6 aus Panzerstahl voneinander getrennt.The weapons system according to the invention is identified by the reference numeral 1 and comprises a
Das in seiner Indexposition befindliche Waffenrohr 7 des Mörsers 5 soll von seiner Mündung 8 her mit einer Mörsergranate 9 geladen werden, die auf ihrem Leitwerkschaft 10 drei seitlich abstreifbare Treibladungsmodule 11 aufweist.The
Erfindungsgemäß ist nun vorgesehen, dass in dem Waffenraum 4 eine von dem Mannschaftsraum 3 steuerbare automatische Ladeeinrichtung 12 angeordnet ist, welche die jeweilige Mörsergranate 9 einem ebenfalls in dem Waffenraum 4 befindlichen Munitionsmagazin 13 oder 14 entnimmt und zu dem in seiner Indexposition befindlichen Waffenrohr 7 transportiert, so dass die Mörsergranate 9 dann axial in die Mündung 8 des Waffenrohres 7 einschiebbar ist.According to the invention, it is now provided that an
Wird nun bei der Ermittlung der Zielparameter festgestellt, dass statt der drei auf dem Leitwerkschaft 10 befindlichen Treibladungsmodule 11 lediglich ein einziges Treibladungsmodul 11 erforderlich ist, wird automatisch eine im Waffenraum 4 vor der Mündung 8 des Waffenrohres 7 angeordnete Abstreifereinrichtung 15 aktiviert, welche mittels zweier verschiebbarer zungenförmiger Abstreiferteile 15' die beiden nicht benötigten Treibladungsmodule 11 automatisch seitlich von dem Leitwerkschaft 10 der Mörsergranate 9 wegschiebt.If now found in the determination of the target parameters that instead of the three located on the
Unterhalb der Abstreifereinrichtung 15 ist ein Sammelbehälter 20 in dem Waffenraum 4 angeordnet, in den die von dem Leitwerkschaft 10 abgestreiften, nicht benötigten Treibladungsmodule 11 hineinfallen.Below the scraper 15 a
Die Ladeeinrichtung 12 besteht bei dem dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel aus zwei rückensteifen Ketten 16, die auf ein haubenförmig ausgebildetes Betätigungsteil 17 wirken. Dieses Betätigungsteil 17 umschließt den Kopf der Mörsergranate 9 teilweise und verschiebt bei dem Ladevorgang die Mörsergranate 9 axial in Richtung auf die Mündung 8 des Waffenrohres 7.The
In dem Betätigungsteil 17 ist außerdem eine Zünderprogrammiereinrichtung 18 integriert, mittels welcher bei dem Ladevorgang des Mörsers 5 ein Kopfzünder 19 der Mörsergranaten 9 mit den aus den Zieldaten ermittelten Zündzeitwerten programmiert wird.In addition, an ignition programmer 18 is integrated in the actuating part 17, by means of which, during the charging process of the
Sobald die Mörsergranate 9 in das Waffenrohr 7 eingeschoben ist, wird das Waffenrohr 7 mittels nicht dargestellter Stellantriebe in seine durch die Zielparameter vorgegebene Abfeuerstellung geschwenkt und die Abfeuereinrichtung dann betätigt.Once the
- 11
- Waffensystemweapon system
- 22
- Trägerfahrzeugcarrier vehicle
- 33
- Mannschaftsraumcrew cabin
- 44
- Waffenraumarmory
- 55
- Mörsermortar
- 66
- Trennwandpartition wall
- 77
- Waffenrohrbarrel
- 88th
- Mündungmuzzle
- 99
- Mörsergranatemortar shell
- 1010
- Leitwerkschafttail shaft
- 1111
- TreibladungsmodulPropellant module
- 1212
- Ladeeinrichtungloader
- 13, 1413, 14
- Munitionsmagazineammunition magazines
- 1515
- Abstreifereinrichtungscraper
- 15'15 '
- AbstreiferteileAbstreiferteile
- 1616
- rückensteife Ketteback stiff chain
- 1717
- Betätigungsteilactuating member
- 1818
- ZünderprogrammiereinrichtungIgniters programmer
- 1919
- Kopfzündernose fuse
- 2020
- SammelbehälterClippings
Claims (8)
- Weapon system having a carrier vehicle (2) and a mortar (5), wherein the mortar (5) can be loaded with a mortar shell (9), which mortar shells have a plurality of propellant charge modules (11), which can be stripped off at the side, on their fin structure (10), and said mortar (5) can then be pivoted to a firing position which is appropriate for the predetermined target parameters, wherein- a controllable automatic loading device (12) is arranged which takes the respective mortar shell (9) from a munition magazine (13, 14) which is likewise located in the weapon area (4), characterized in that- a controllable automatic stripping device (15) is arranged, which automatically pushes those propellant charge modules (11) which are not required after definition of the target parameters off the fin structure (10) of the mortar shell (9), before the corresponding mortar shell (9) is pushed into the weapon barrel (7).
- Weapon system according to Claim 1, characterized in that a collecting container (20) for the propellant charge modules (11) which are not required is arranged underneath the stripping device (15).
- Weapon system according to Claim 1, characterized in that a collecting container which is arranged at the side can be provided for the excess propellant charge modules.
- Weapon system according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, in order to fire mortar shells (9) with a programmable nose fuze (19), the loading device (12) of the mortar (5) contains a fuze programming device (18), which programs the nose fuze (19) of the mortar shell (9) appropriately with a fire command during its loading process.
- Weapon system according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the loading device (12) has an operating part (17) which is in the form of a shroud, by means of which the mortar shell (9) is pushed axially into the weapon barrel (7) and via which the nose fuze (19) can be programmed.
- Carrier vehicle having a weapon system according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a separating wall (6) is provided between the crew area (3) and the weapon area (4).
- Carrier vehicle according to Claim 6, characterized in that the separating wall (6) between the crew area (3) and the weapon area (4) is composed of armored steel.
- Carrier vehicle according to Claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the loading apparatus (12) and stripping device (15), which can be controlled from the crew area (3), are arranged in the weapon area (4).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102008052074A DE102008052074A1 (en) | 2008-10-17 | 2008-10-17 | Weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle-mounted mortar |
PCT/EP2009/006919 WO2010043302A1 (en) | 2008-10-17 | 2009-09-25 | Weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a preferably vehicle dependent mortar |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2342529A1 EP2342529A1 (en) | 2011-07-13 |
EP2342529B1 true EP2342529B1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
Family
ID=41338205
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09778712.1A Active EP2342529B1 (en) | 2008-10-17 | 2009-09-25 | Weapon system with a carrier vehicle and a vehicle dependent mortar |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8534180B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2342529B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102008052074A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL212254A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010043302A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102012001171A1 (en) | 2012-01-24 | 2014-05-08 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Weapon e.g. nozzle mortar, for directing and indirecting fire of projectile on light vehicle, has closure located at end of gun barrel, where closure is unlocked by linear actuator, and rotated by pipe shaft and rotated about pipe axis |
DE102012001172A1 (en) | 2012-01-24 | 2013-07-25 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Weapon such as nozzle mortar attached to vehicle, has weapon pipe that is driven by elevation drive element into specific position such that ammunition is pushed from bottom region to top region into open weapon pipe |
DE102020108567A1 (en) | 2020-03-27 | 2021-09-30 | Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Gmbh & Co. Kg | Programming device |
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-
2008
- 2008-10-17 DE DE102008052074A patent/DE102008052074A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-09-25 WO PCT/EP2009/006919 patent/WO2010043302A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-09-25 EP EP09778712.1A patent/EP2342529B1/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-04-11 IL IL212254A patent/IL212254A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2011-04-18 US US13/089,040 patent/US8534180B2/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20120024141A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
IL212254A0 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
WO2010043302A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
IL212254A (en) | 2015-07-30 |
EP2342529A1 (en) | 2011-07-13 |
US8534180B2 (en) | 2013-09-17 |
DE102008052074A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
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