EP2327120A1 - Diviseur / combineur de puissance - Google Patents
Diviseur / combineur de puissanceInfo
- Publication number
- EP2327120A1 EP2327120A1 EP09740360A EP09740360A EP2327120A1 EP 2327120 A1 EP2327120 A1 EP 2327120A1 EP 09740360 A EP09740360 A EP 09740360A EP 09740360 A EP09740360 A EP 09740360A EP 2327120 A1 EP2327120 A1 EP 2327120A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- topological
- divider
- volume
- type
- elementary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100005280 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) cat-3 gene Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 241000826860 Trapezium Species 0.000 claims 1
- 101150006061 neur gene Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 25
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
- H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
- H01P5/19—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port of the junction type
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for obtaining a power divider / combiner from any topological form.
- a combiner with two input channels and an output channel is thus identical to a divider with one input channel and two output channels, the inputs / outputs are simply exchanged. Also, for simplicity, we will often talk about dividers only. Planar technology is the simplest for the realization of dividers and power combiners comprising a large number of inputs and / or outputs.
- a basic component for producing such combiners or dividers is the planar splitter 1 input channel / 2 output Wilkinson type channels.
- Such a divider shown in Figure la comprises two quarter-wave lines and an insulation resistance. The first ends of each line are connected together to form the input of the divider, the second ends of the two lines form the two outputs of the divider, and the resistor is connected between the two outputs to isolate them from each other.
- planar divider By associating several planar elementary dividers according to an N-stage tree structure (FIG. 1b) associating input / output dividers via transmission lines, a planar divider with one input and 2 N outputs is obtained.
- the length of the transmission lines increases sharply with the number of elementary dividers to be associated. Also, this technology can not be used if the number of inputs or outputs becomes important, because the power provided by an additional stage becomes lower than the losses in the transmission lines.
- Another disadvantage of elementary dividers of the Wilkinson type, and still more of a combination of several elementary dividers, is the surface of the circuits, which on the one hand is not negligible and, on the other hand, can not be varied. Indeed, the length of the quarter wave lines is fixed according to their frequency of use.
- Wilkinson splitters are their low bandwidth due to the use of quarter wave lines.
- One solution for broadening the bandwidth is to add quarter-wave lines to the inputs / outputs of the divider, but this solution increases the size of the divider and its insertion losses.
- N-type Wilkinson-type splitters are also known, with N> 2, but they can not be made in planar technology.
- the object of the invention is to propose power dividers / combiners that do not have the disadvantages of known divisors / combiners, as well as a method for obtaining such a divider / combiner.
- the invention provides a power divider / combiner comprising M inputs and N outputs, M and N being integers, one of which is greater than one and the other of which is greater than two. .
- the divider according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a body of related form made of a metallic material.
- a body contour includes a first zone and a second zone, the entries being connected to one of the zones and the outlets being connected to the other zones.
- the body includes a first region located approximately between the first zone of the contour and a center plane approximately midway between the first zone and the second zone, and a second region located approximately between the second zone of the contour and the middle plane. .
- the body also includes a recess localized in the first region so that each output is connected to at least one input by two different topological paths.
- the shape of the body can be flat with a linear outline.
- the shape of the body can also be voluminal with a surface contour. The inputs are distributed over the first zone of the contour and the outputs are distributed over the second zone of the contour, or else the reverse.
- the shape and dimensions of the body are not limited to a quarter-wave line or a quarter-wave line assembly, as will be seen later in examples, so that dimensions of a divider according to the invention are easily adaptable to the space in which the divider must be inserted for the intended application.
- the electrical characteristics of the dividers according to the invention are particularly interesting, especially with regard to the transmission coefficients (in amplitude and in phase) between an input and an output, the reflection coefficients (amplitude and phase) at an input or an output, and the bandwidth.
- the divider body may comprise an axis of symmetry extending substantially between a point of symmetry of the first zone of the contour and a point of symmetry of the second zone of the contour. The presence of a axis of symmetry facilitates the dimen onnemen t and the realization of the divisor. If the shape of the divider body is volume, then the body may include an axis or plane of symmetry. The divider body may also include a slot extending substantially between the recess and the second zone of the contour.
- Such a slot may be particularly advantageous for placing either a resistor or a resistive layer between the two metallized areas, in both cases, to improve the insulation between the two output channels.
- Such a slot can also be used to separate the two branches formed to associate other dividers and form a divider with a larger number of outputs.
- the slot may extend along the axis of symmetry (or the plane of symmetry if there is one). It is noted in practice that, along the axis of symmetry, the linear currents are quite low or even zero so that it is easy to cut a slot in the divider body.
- a slot divides the second area of the outline into a first portion and a second portion.
- an electrical resistance (a wire, a section of a line, etc.) connected between the first part and the second part of the second zone of the contour.
- the said resistor serves mainly as a heat sink, as will be better seen in examples.
- the body may also include one or more recesses located in the second region substantially in one or more planes parallel to the center plane.
- the body may further comprise at least one stub in the vicinity of at least one input or at least one output, to adapt the impedance of the input or the output concerned.
- the invention also provides a method for obtaining a divider / combiner as described above. The method according to the invention comprises the following steps, consisting of:
- El define an initial topological volume and a position of M inputs and N outputs on a contour of said volume, M and N being integers, one of which is greater than one and the other of which is greater than two, the volume initial topological being defined by an initial shape and its electrical, insulating or conductive characteristic,
- E24 mesh the initial topological volume to decompose the initial topological volume into a set of elementary volumes; for example, the topological volume can be decomposed into elementary triangles in the case of using the finite element method;
- E25 define a cost criterion to be optimized, the cost criterion defining at least one intrinsic electrical characteristic desired for the divider / combiner; for example, the cost criterion may be based on a linear combination of the reflection coefficients at each input or output of the divider / combiner;
- E26 to define an initial type of the process among the metallization type and the demetallization type, unitary topological elements
- E3 to produce a final topological volume forming a divider / combiner body by optimizing the cost criterion by a method of topological gradient during which: • if the process is of metallization type, elementary volumes of insulator type are replaced by elementary volumes of conductive type, or If the process is of the demetallization type, elementary volumes of the conductive type are replaced by elementary volumes of insulating type.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible, from any elementary topological volume, to develop power divisors / combiners having the most appropriate characteristics for the intended application: a number of inputs and outputs, a form global geometry, a maximum value of a reflection coefficient, a minimum value of a transmission coefficient, etc., are parameters that are at the user's choice, as will be seen later.
- the method as described above makes it possible to obtain particularly efficient dividers according to the criteria of its choice (maximized transmission coefficient and / or minimized reflection coefficients, etc.), starting from an initial topological volume. any.
- the initial topological volume can in particular be chosen according to the geometry of the circuit for which it is intended. The process thus makes it possible to develop new couplers that are particularly well adapted to their environment.
- the initial topological volume may also be any form that is believed to be most certainly of good performance and / or reflective performance. The method thus makes it possible to obtain a high performance divider / combiner.
- the method described can make it possible to improve the performance of existing divisors / combiners, such as, for example, the Wilkinson type dividers / combiners, for example by choosing as initial topological volume the shape of the divisors / combiners to be improved, or a shape approached.
- the initial topological volume may have a very small thickness, or may be substantially flat. In this case we speak of initial topological surface rather than topological volume, but the implementation of the process is the same.
- FIGS. 1a and 1b are known Wilkinson type divider / combiner diagrams
- FIGS. 2a to 6a are diagrammer / combiner diagrams according to the invention.
- FIGS. 2b to 5b show the evolution of the transmission coefficient of the dividers of FIGS. 2a to 5a
- FIGS. 2c to 5c show the evolution of the reflection coefficient of the dividers of FIGS. 2a to 5a
- FIG. 6 shows a method for obtaining combiners according to the invention
- FIG. 7 shows an example of initial volume for a method according to the invention.
- the combiners / dividers of FIGS. 1a and 1b are of the Wilkinson type, constructed on the basis of quarter-wave lines, that is to say lines whose length is imposed as a function of the inverse of the frequency of use. .
- a disadvantage of this type of divider is the size imposed by the use of quarter-wave lines, and which necessarily limits the multiplication of the number of inputs and / or output.
- Another disadvantage of this type of divider is the small width of its bandwidth, that is to say the frequency range over which the reflection coefficient at an input or at an output of the divider is less than - 25 dB.
- the reflection coefficient is less than or equal to -25 dB over a frequency band of width at most 2.7 GHz.
- the circuit of FIG. 2a is a divider 20 according to the invention, comprising an inlet 21 and two outlets 22, 23. It comprises a body made from a rectangular metal plate 24 (copper plate) of approximately 4.1x1.7 cmxcm and of fairly low thickness (of the order of 0.1 to 1 mm), so that the body can be considered as plane.
- a Wilkinson type splitter with an input and two outputs measures approximately 11.3 ⁇ 4.0 cm ⁇ cm (as an indication, the width of a microstrip line impedance 56.3 ohms at 2 GHz is 1.82 mm).
- the inlet 21 is located in a first zone of the contour of the body, in this case on one of the shortest edges of the plate 24, and the outlets 22, 23 are located in a second zone of the contour of the body, in this case on the other of the shorter edges of the plate 24.
- the middle plane passing through an axis BB2 and perpendicular to the plate 24 defines two regions of the body: the first region is located between the middle plane and the first zone of the contour (ie, in Figure 2a, to the right of the BB2 axis, between the axis BB2 and the input 21), and the second region is located between the middle plane and the second zone of the contour (ie, in Figure 2a, left of the axis BB2, between l BB2 axis and the outputs 22, 23).
- the divider body includes a first recess 25a located in the first region.
- the input 21 is thus the input 21 connected to each output 22, 23 by at least two different topological paths.
- the divider body also comprises three recesses 25b, 25c, 25d located in the second region (ie in Figure 2a to the left of the axis BB2), substantially in a plane parallel to the center plane. , more precisely in the example along the plane passing through an axis CC2 and perpendicular to the plate 24.
- the divider body further comprises an additional recess 25e situated substantially along another plane parallel to the plane middle .
- the circuit also has an axis of symmetry AA2 passing substantially through the inlet 21 and by a point of symmetry of the second zone, in this case a point equidistant from the outlets 22, 23.
- the transmission coefficient of the divider of Figure 2a is shown in Figure 2b.
- the dashed line represents the simulated transmission coefficient using appropriate software and a mechanical and electrical representation of the divider of Figure 2a.
- the solid line represents the transmission coefficient measured from a prototype divider according to that of FIG. 2a.
- the transmission coefficient is of the order of - 3.2 dB over a frequency range of the order of 600 MHz around 2 GHz.
- the reflection coefficient at the input of the divider of FIG. 2a is represented in FIG. 2c (simulated value represented in dotted lines and measured value represented in solid lines).
- the reflection coefficient is of the order of -25 dB over a frequency range of the order of 400 MHz around a central frequency of 2 GHz.
- the circuit of FIG. 3a is a divider 30 according to the invention, comprising an input 31 and four outputs 32, 33, 34, 35. It comprises a body made from a metal plate 36 (copper plate) of shape approximately square about 3.4x4.2 cmxcm, of rather low thickness.
- a Wilkinson type splitter with one input and four outputs such as that of FIG. 1b and working approximately at the same center frequency is approximately 22.5 x 12.0 cm x cm.
- the inlet 31 is located in a first zone of the contour of the body, in this case on a first side of the plate, and the outlets 32, 33, 34, 35 are located in a second zone of the contour of the body, in the on a second side the plate 24 opposite the first side.
- the center plane of the divider body is perpendicular to the plate 36 and passes through an axis BB3 equidistant from the first side and the second side.
- the first region of the body extends between the middle plane and the first zone of the contour of the divider body (eg the first side of the plate to which input 31 is connected); the second region of the body extends between the middle plane and the second zone of the contour of the divider body (eg the second side of the plate on which the outlets 32, 33, 34, 35 are connected).
- a first recess 37a located in the first region of the body, between the first zone and the middle plane.
- the recess 37a measures approximately 2.2x1.0 cmxcm.
- Seven other recesses 36b, 36c, 36d, 36e, 36f, 36h are drilled in a plane substantially parallel to the center plane (the plane passing through an axis CC3). Two of the seven recesses (36b, 36h) open on one side of the body.
- the recesses 36b, 36h measure approximately 0.3x0.1 cmxcm
- the recesses 36c, 36g measure approximately 0.3x0.2 cmxcm
- the recesses 36d, 36f measure approximately 0.2x0.1 cmxcm
- the recess 36e 1.0x0.1 cmxcm.
- the inlet 31 is connected to each outlet 32, 33, 34 or 35 by at least two paths. different topologies.
- the circuit 30 also has an axis of symmetry AA3 passing substantially through the inlet 21 and a symmetry point of the second zone of the contour of the body, in this case equidistant from the outputs 33, 34, and also equidistant from the outputs 32, 35.
- the transmission coefficient between the input 31 and the output 33 is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 3b, and the transmission coefficient between the input and the output 34 is represented in solid lines.
- the transmission coefficients are of the order of -6.5 to -7.5 dB over a frequency range of the order of 1 GHz around 2.25 GHz.
- the reflection coefficient at the input 31 of the divider of FIG. 3a is shown in FIG. 3c (simulated value represented in dotted lines and measured value represented in solid lines). It is less than about -8 dB over a frequency range of around 1 GHz around 2.25 GHz.
- the divider of FIG. 4a is a divider 40 according to the invention, comprising an input 41 and eight outputs 42a to 42h.
- the divider 40 is obtained by combining two divisors 43, 44 with an input and four outputs (obtained by modifying a divider according to FIG. 3a) via a divider 45 with an input and two outputs ( obtained by modifying a divider according to FIG. 2a) in the following manner.
- a slot is cut along the axis of symmetry AA2.
- the slot starts from the second zone of the contour, more precisely from a point of the second zone situated approximately halfway between the two outputs of the divider in FIG. 2a, and extends to the nearest recess 25a. of the inlet 21, then the two outlets have been separated from one another to form two branches 46,
- a slot is cut along the axis AA3.
- the slot starts from the second zone of the contour, more precisely from a point of the second zone situated approximately halfway between the two central outlets 33, 34 and extends to the recess 37a closest to the entrance 31.
- the divider 45 is then associated with the dividers 43, 44 so that: • the input of the divider 45 forms the input of the divider 40,
- the outputs of the dividers 43, 44 form the eight outputs of the divider 40,
- the inputs of the dividers 43, 44 are connected to the outputs of the divider 45.
- the branches 46, 47 form the first zone of the contour on which is connected the input 41 of the divider; the second sides of the dividers 43, 44 on which are connected the outputs 42a to 42h together form the second zone of the divider 40.
- the center plane of the divider passes through an axis BB4 equidistant from the first zone and the second zone.
- the first region of the divider body is located between the input 41 and the axis BB4, and the second region of the body is located between the axis BB4 and the outputs 42a to 42h.
- dividers 43, 44, 45 form a recess 48 delimited approximately by the two branches 46, 47 of the divider 45, and a part 43a, 44a of the contours of the dividers 44, 45 located in the vicinity of the input of said dividers 44, 45.
- the divider 40 also has a series of smaller recesses located in the second region of the divider body, substantially along a plane passing through an axis CC4 and parallel to the center plane.
- the divider 40 finally has two recesses 49a, 49b, located in the first region of the divider body, between the recess 48 and the center plane.
- the divider 40 of FIG. 4a has an axis of symmetry AA4 passing through the input 41 of the divider and by a point of symmetry PS4 of the second zone of the contour of the divider 40 on which the outputs 42a to 42b are distributed.
- the divider 40 also comprises a slot extending along the axis of symmetry, from the point PS4 to the recess 48.
- the divider 40 also comprises an electrical resistance 60 connecting the two parts of the second zone of the contour of the divider 40.
- This resistor serves essentially as heat sink.
- the divider 40 is used as an eight-input combiner and an output (the inputs and outputs are inverted), and an energy + E is applied to the inputs 52a to 52d, and an opposite energy -E on the inputs 52e to 52h, the energy transmitted on the output 51 is zero and the energy applied on the inputs dissipates through the resistor 60.
- the distance between the point PS4 and input 41 is of the order of 4 cm at 2 GHz
- the distance between the two outputs 42a and 42h farthest from each other is of the order of 6 cm at 2 GHz.
- the reflection coefficient of the divider of FIG. 4a is represented in dashed line at the input 41.
- FIG. 4b shows the transmission coefficients between the input and four of the outputs 42a to 42d. Over the frequency range of 5 GHz wide around 12.5 GHz, the coefficients are almost identical (so a very good electrical symmetry between the different outputs), of the order of - 6.7 dB. These values correspond to simulations taking into account the magnetic short-circuit symmetry plane, otherwise, without this plane, the values are around -9 dB).
- the divider according to FIG. 5a is a divider 50 according to the invention, comprising an inlet 51 and two outlets 52, 53. It comprises a body made from a metal plate 54 of substantially trapezoidal shape having dimensions approximately for a divider working around 2 GHz: large side 2 cm, small side 1 cm and height 4 cm. Entrance 51 is located on the short side, and outlets are located on the long side.
- FIG. 5b shows the transmission coefficient between the input 51 and the output 53 and in FIG. 5c is shown the reflection coefficient on the input channel 51 of the divider. Over the frequency range 1.7 to 2.4 GHz, the transmission coefficient is very close to -3 dB and the reflection coefficient is less than -17 dB.
- the invention also proposes a method for obtaining power dividers / combiners according to the invention.
- the process is shown in Figure 6.
- the method comprises all of an initial step El defining the initial topological volume from which the combiner will be obtained.
- the M inputs and N outputs desired for the divider are positioned on the contour of the selected initial volume.
- M and N are integers, one of which is greater than one and the other is greater than two.
- the electrical characteristic of the initial volume is specified.
- the electrical characteristic is here chosen from two values: insulator or conductor.
- the initial topological volume can be defined by any initial shape and its electrical, insulative or conductive characteristic.
- the initial topological volume can be defined by an initial shape such as a simple volume shape, possibly of very small thickness (the volume is in this case rather a surface), for example a tetrahedron, a rectangular parallelepiped (cf. 2a, 3a), or a planar square surface, of insulating or conductive type.
- the initial topological volume can also be defined by an assembly of initial shapes and their respective initial electrical characteristics.
- the M entries are positioned at an entry of GE1 guides to GEM and the N outputs are positioned at an output of the GS1 to GSN guides.
- the following step E3 will define and optimize the metallic connections between the input waveguides and the output waveguides, as will be seen later.
- More complex initial topological volumes may also be used, such as an assembly of final topological volumes obtained by the method according to the invention.
- initial topological volumes such as an assembly of final topological volumes obtained by the method according to the invention.
- an association of several dividers was used as initial topological volume to obtain a divider comprising a greater number of outputs.
- step E1 it is also possible to provide a step E12 consisting of defining a desired plane or axis of symmetry for the divisor to be obtained.
- a step E12 consisting of defining a desired plane or axis of symmetry for the divisor to be obtained.
- the divider of FIG. 2a with one input and two outputs, was obtained by the method according to the invention, from an initial surface of rectangle type (equivalent to an initial topological volume of parallelepiped type with very low thickness) of conductive material such as copper.
- the inlet was positioned in the middle of a small side and the outlets were positioned on the small opposite side, with a plane of symmetry passing through the entrance and the middle of a segment whose outputs form the ends.
- the method then comprises an initialization step E2 of the method. During step E2, the following substeps E24 and E25 are performed.
- the initial topological volume is meshed (E24) to decompose the initial topological volume into a set of elementary volumes.
- the elementary volumes are for example all of tetrahedral form or of cubic form. If the initial volume is flat, that is to say if it is a surface, the elementary surface may be decomposed into a set of elementary surfaces, for example of triangular shape or of rectangular shape.
- a cost criterion to be optimized is defined (E25).
- the cost criterion defines at least one intrinsic characteristic, for example an electrical characteristic, desired for the divider.
- a divider / combiner is considered as performing in a given frequency band if, in the said frequency band: • its transmission coefficients are maximum and / or
- the cost criterion is defined as a sum, possibly weighted, of the differences between a desired value of each intrinsic characteristic and an actual value of the said characteristic.
- a and B are weighting coefficients.
- SI1 represents the reflection coefficient at the input of the structure.
- the power losses of the divisors are minimal when SI1 tends to zero, that is, to - ⁇ in dB.
- the difference S21 - S31 is minimal when the input power is perfectly shared between the two outputs, that is to say if the two outputs are well isolated from each other.
- Step E2 may also comprise a step E26 of defining an initial type of the method among the metallization type and the demetallization type.
- step E3 will consist in replacing elementary voids of the insulating type with elementary volumes of the conducting type, the choice of the elementary volumes to be replaced being optimized to minimize the criterion of cost .
- Next E3 will consist of replacing elementary volumes of conductive type by elementary volumes of insulating type, the choice of elementary volumes to be replaced being optimized to minimize the cost criterion. It should be noted that the elementary volumes of the insulating type can simply be elementary volumes filled with air.
- a final topological volume forming a body of a divider / combiner is produced by optimizing the cost criterion by a topological gradient method during which: • if the process is of the metallization type, volumes elementary type insulators are replaced by elementary volumes of conductive type, or • if the process is of the demetallization type, elementary volumes of conductive type are replaced by elementary volumes of insulating type.
- a topological gradient method is described in particular in the paper by J. Pommier, Topological asymptotics in Electromagnetism, PhD Thesis, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, May 2002.
- the method may also comprise the following step E4, carried out after step E3 and consisting of:
- step E4 smooth contours of the Divider / combiner and repeat step E3. This step is interesting to facilitate the practical realization of the divider, especially if the step E3 reveals a divider comprising a body whose contour is particularly serrated.
- the method may further comprise the following step E5, performed after step E3 and / or after step E4, and consisting of:
- step E5 locally add or remove a block of conductive material in the intermediate form from a step E3, then repeat step E3.
- step E5 is appropriate to further reduce the cost criterion and thus obtain a more efficient divider.
- the divider of FIG. 4a was obtained by a method according to the invention during which a step E5 was carried out, for example after some embodiments of step E3, to add line sections in the vicinity of the input and outputs of the divider.
- step E3 a so-called topological gradient method is used to optimize the cost criterion.
- the step E3 of using the topological gradient method comprises in particular the following substeps E31 to E34.
- the topological gradient is calculated (E31) according to the electrical characteristic, insulator or driver, of each elementary volume. All elementary volumes are then ranked (E32) according to their topological gradient value.
- step E33 the state, insulating or dielectric, of the elementary volumes having the smallest topological gradients is changed, depending on the type of process. More precisely :
- NP predefined number determined by a threshold value of the topological gradient below which the voids / elementary surfaces have their gradient value or by a percentage of unitary elements chosen among the most negative, taking into account their classification of elementary volumes among the elementary volumes of conducting type having the smallest topological gradients, by elementary volumes of insulating type, the elementary volumes of insulating type are not modified , or
- steps E31 to E34 are repeated. If the cost criterion increases, it means that for the cost criterion, a minimum value has been reached. This minimum can be a local minimum. The following steps of the method make it possible, if necessary, to leave a local minimum for the cost criterion, and to search for a lower value of the cost criterion.
- step E3 may also comprise the following sub-step E35, performed after step E34 for calculating the cost criterion if the cost criterion increases.
- Step E35 consists of decreasing the predefined number NP. Steps E33 and E34 are then repeated. Step E35 makes it possible to make finer variations of the cost criterion.
- the step E3 may also comprise the following sub-step E37, performed after the cost criterion calculation step E34 if the cost criterion increases and if the predefined number is equal to 1.
- Step E37 consists in selecting an elementary volume other than the elementary volume of lower topological gradient, for example the elementary volume classified before last in the list of elementary volumes ordered in decreasing topological gradient order. Steps E33, E34 are then repeated.
- Step E3 may also comprise the following substep E36, performed after substep E35 if the predefined number is equal to a minimum value (for example 0).
- Step E36 consists of changing the type of the process (going from a metallization process to a demetallization process or vice versa) and then repeating step E3.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16162683.3A EP3062385A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0855942A FR2935548B1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2008-09-04 | Diviseur/combineur de puissance. |
| PCT/FR2009/051472 WO2010026323A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16162683.3A Division EP3062385A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
| EP16162683.3A Division-Into EP3062385A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2327120A1 true EP2327120A1 (fr) | 2011-06-01 |
| EP2327120B1 EP2327120B1 (fr) | 2016-08-10 |
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Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16162683.3A Withdrawn EP3062385A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
| EP09740360.4A Not-in-force EP2327120B1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16162683.3A Withdrawn EP3062385A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 | 2009-07-22 | Diviseur / combineur de puissance |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP3062385A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2935548B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010026323A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105745783A (zh) * | 2013-08-15 | 2016-07-06 | 西门子有限责任公司 | 用于射频功率耦合的装置以及使用该装置的方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2096404B (en) * | 1981-03-27 | 1984-10-24 | Marconi Co Ltd | Waveguide junctions |
| US5291155A (en) * | 1992-08-07 | 1994-03-01 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Microwave buffer |
| US5563558A (en) * | 1995-07-21 | 1996-10-08 | Endgate Corporation | Reentrant power coupler |
| US7483606B2 (en) * | 2005-06-28 | 2009-01-27 | Alcatel-Lucent Usa Inc. | Planar power splitter |
-
2008
- 2008-09-04 FR FR0855942A patent/FR2935548B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-07-22 WO PCT/FR2009/051472 patent/WO2010026323A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-07-22 EP EP16162683.3A patent/EP3062385A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-07-22 EP EP09740360.4A patent/EP2327120B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010026323A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105745783A (zh) * | 2013-08-15 | 2016-07-06 | 西门子有限责任公司 | 用于射频功率耦合的装置以及使用该装置的方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2935548A1 (fr) | 2010-03-05 |
| EP3062385A1 (fr) | 2016-08-31 |
| EP2327120B1 (fr) | 2016-08-10 |
| FR2935548B1 (fr) | 2011-08-26 |
| WO2010026323A1 (fr) | 2010-03-11 |
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