EP2325388B1

EP2325388B1 - Filler for papermaking process

Info

Publication number: EP2325388B1
Application number: EP10186029.4A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Peter Marten Horst van der; Erik Sanne; Kjell Rune Andersson; Cherryleen Garcia-Lindgren; Marie-Louise Wallberg; Sune WÄNNSTRÖM
Original assignee: Akzo Nobel Chemicals International BV
Current assignee: Nouryon Chemicals International BV
Priority date: 2003-12-22
Filing date: 2004-12-20
Publication date: 2016-04-06
Anticipated expiration: 2024-12-20
Also published as: PL2325388T3; ES2578731T3; SI2325388T1; PT2325388T; CA2550261C; PL1704282T3; DK2325388T3; RU2345189C2; CN1898439A; KR100810389B1; TR201809764T4; CA2550261A1; RU2006126678A; EP1704282B2; EP2325388A1; EP1704282A1; NZ547789A; WO2005061793A1; BRPI0418030B1; EP1704282B1

Description

The present invention relates to a claim 1.

Background of the Invention

Highly filled paper is an established trend in the paper industry not only due to the savings in the decreased use of fibre, but also due to improved product quality, such as higher opacity and better printability. Calcium carbonate-based fillers are commonly used, because of their superior light scattering properties. A major drawback in the production of highly filled paper, particularly with fillers having high surface area, is the high consumption of sizing agent. Thus, as the content of filler in the paper increases, a larger amount of sizing agent is required in order to obtain corresponding sizing results. Hence, cellulosic suspensions are more difficult to size when the amount of filler increases.
Sizing is primarily performed in order to achieve water repellence in paper or board and reduce edge wicking. It will also affect mechanical properties of paper and board, such as dimensional stability, friction coefficient, pliability and folding endurance. Additionally, sizing may improve printability specifically by controlling ink spreading and adhesion.
The sizing process involves the deposition of hydrophobic substances, commonly referred to as sizing agents, on the fibre surface. Commonly employed sizing agents are non-cellulose-reactive sizing agents, e.g. rosin-based sizing agents, and cellulose-reactive sizing agents, e.g. alkyl ketene dimers (AKD") and acid anhydrides such as alkenyl succinic anhydride ("ASA"). It is known, however, that cellulose-reactive sizing agents, i.e. AKD and ASA, undergo hydrolysis that competes with the desired reaction with the fibres. Moreover, sizing losses in the final product can occur due to size inversion or migration, size evaporation, mechanical wear of the product, etc.
Bartz and co-workers have observed that during increased fluidity of AKD wax, some AKD could penetrate and thereafter be trapped in the pore structure of the filler (Bartz, W.; Darroch, M.E.; Kurrle, F.L., "Alkyl ketene dimer sizing efficiency and reversion in calcium carbonate filled papers", Tappi Journal, Vol. 77, No. 12, 1994). This occurs particularly with the scalenohedral form of PCC, which has the porous rosette structure and high surface area. Voutilainen has shown that fillers with high surface area adsorb AKD even better than fibres (Voutilainen, P., "Competitive Adsorption of Alkyl Ketene Dimer on Pulp Fibers and CaCO3 Fillers", Proceedings from International Paper and Coating Chemistry Symposium, 1996). The presence of Al- and Si-oxides on the filler surface may additionally adsorb cationic starch contained in the AKD particles. It has also been proposed that a strong interaction, or perhaps even bonding, exists between AKD and calcium carbonate filler. These proposed mechanisms with the filler are naturally undesired, and efforts should be made to minimise these interaction.
To improve sizing efficiency, it is suggested in U.S. Patent No. 5,514,212 that the surface of the pigment can be modified with an anionic starch-soap complex. Cooked starch from corn or potato is complexed with fatty acid salts and precipitated onto pigment surfaces when mixed with precipitated calcium slurry or papermaking furnish containing high levels of calcium ions.
U.S. Patent No. 5,972,100 suggests a system consisting of a cellulose-reactive size (such as AKD), a cationic dispersing agent (such as cationic starch or polyamides) and a filler. Aside from improved sizing, the invention allows independent control of both filler loading and sizing separately.
Furthermore, WO 95/13324 refers to calcium carbonate treated with a cellulose derivative such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ("CMC") having a degree of substitution of 0.7. Said treated calcium carbonate is used as filler in alkaline papermaking suspensions whereby the brightness of the paper is increased.
U.S. Patent No. 3,730,830 discloses a process for making paper, specifically photographic paper, comprising the use of synthetic polymer fibres. Prior to the addition of the synthetic fibres to the fibre suspension, inorganic pigment or carbon is added to a slurry containing carboxymethyl cellulose and the synthetic fibres thereby achieving uniform dispersion of the polymer fibres among the cellulose fibres in the paper stock.
WO 02/086238 discloses a filler comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils on which light-scattering material particles have been deposited, wherein an alkyl derivative of cellulose is sorbed to the fibrils, and a process for preparing the filler. The filler is used as an additive in the production of paper.
EP-A 0 758 695 relates to water-dispersible sheets capable of easily resolving or dissolving in water, and to cigarettes using said water-dispersible sheets. According to one form of the invention, the water-dispersible sheet comprises a water-resolvable base paper made from a mixture of water-dispersible fibers and fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose acid or fibrous carboxyethyl cellulose acid. The salt of fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose and salt of fibrous carboxyethyl cellulose include a salt of alkali metal or mixed salt of alkali metal salt and another salt such as calcium salt.
U.S. 2003/188738 relates to a filler composition for use in papermaking comprising filler particles, swollen starch granules and a latex, in an aqueous vehicle, wherein the filler particles may be a calcium carbonate. The composition may optionally include co-additives for the swollen starch granules and latex. Typically, the co-additives are anionic, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, but no degree of substitution is mentioned for the carboxymethyl cellulose.
U.S. 5,492,560 discloses an inorganic filler material treated with a cellulose derivative, preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose having a degree of substitution of about 0.70. This U.S. patent relates to improvements in brightness in the production of alkaline paper products containing inorganic pigment type fillers.
There is still a need for a filler which provides an improved papermaking process and better properties of the paper produced. It would be desirable to provide a filler which renders possible production of highly filled paper showing excellent printing and mechanical properties. It would also be desirable to provide a filler which reduces the sizing demand and hereby results in improved sizing efficiency. It would also be desirable to provide a filler that Is compatible with drainage and retention aids, and hereby leads to good drainage, retention and paper machine runnability, It would also be desirable to provide a simple and efficient process for producing a filler showing the above characteristics.

Summary of the invention

The present invention relates to a claim 1

Detailed Description of the Invention

The present invention provides a claim 1. It has surprisingly been found that the filler according to the invention makes it possible to reduce some of the problems associated with fillers commonly used in papermaking and incorporated in paper. More specifically, by employing the filler of this invention in papermaking processes it is possible to provide paper with excellent printing properties, e.g. high smoothness, high opacity and whiteness, improved mechanical properties, e.g. dry strength, tensile strength, Scott bond and bending stiffness, and improved sizing effect. Additional advantages shown by the present invention include good and/or improved dewatering and fines retention, which lead to benefits in terms of paper machine runnability.
When using the filler in conjunction with a sizing agent, it has been observed that the present invention makes it possible to reduce the sizing demand and, thus, generally improving sizing efficiency. The improved sizing efficiency is exhibited for different types of sizing agents, including non-cellulose and cellulose-reactive sizing agents, specifically cellulose-reactive sizing agents such as ketene dimers and acid anhydrides. In particular, the invention provides improved sizing efficiency and sizing stability of filled paper, especially with high filler loading and/or when fillers with high surface areas are used.
According to the present invention it has also been observed, unexpectedly, that the cellulose derivative can be mixed with and more effectively be adsorbed on or attached to the calcium salt-containing material during simple processing. The filler of the invention can be regarded as a modified filler, or cellulose derivative-treated filler.
The filler according to the invention comprises a calcium salt and a cellulose derivative. Examples of suitable calcium salts include calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and calcium oxalate, preferably calcium carbonate, and mixtures thereof. Calcium carbonate is the main constituent in limestone, marble, chalk and dolomite. Calcium carbonate can be obtained directly from the above mentioned naturally occurring species of stone and is then referred to as ground calcium carbonate ("GCC"). Calcium carbonate can also be synthetically produced, commonly referred to as precipitated calcium carbonate ("PCC"). The calcium carbonate is preferably obtained from calcium hydroxide and a material which produces carbonate ions in the aqueous phase, such as an alkali metal carbonate or carbon dioxide. Both GCC and PCC can be used in the present invention, preferably PCC, including any of the various crystalline forms or morphologies that exist, e.g. calcite of rhombohedral, prismatic, tabular, cuboid and scalenohedral forms and aragonite of acicular form. The PCC usually has a specific area of from about 2 to about 20 m²/g, suitably from about 7 to about 12 m²/g.
The calcium salt can be present as essentially pure calcium salt, including mixtures of one or more calcium salts. It can also be present in the form of a mixture together with one or more other components. The term "calcium salt-containing material", as used herein, refers to a material comprising calcium salt, and optionally one or more other components. Examples of suitable other components of this type include fibres or fibrils of cellulose, lignocellulose or similar vegetable materials, inorganic clays, kaolin, talc, titanium dioxide, hydrogenated aluminium oxides, barium sulphate, etc. Preferably, when used, the other components are suited for use in papermaking.
In calcium salt-containing materials comprising fibres or fibrils of cellulose, lignocellulose or similar vegetable materials, at least part of the calcium salt can be deposited on the fibres or fibrils. The average thickness of the fibrils can be from about 0.01 up to about 10 µm, suitably up to about 5 µm and preferably up to about 1 µm. The average length of the fibrils can be from about 10 µm up to about 1500 µm. Examples of suitable calcium salt-containing materials include the composite materials disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,731,080 ; 5,824,364 ; 6,251,222 ; 6,375,794 ; and 6,599,391 , the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Commercially available composite materials of this type include SuperFill ® of M-Real Oy.
The filler according to the invention further comprises a cellulose derivative. It is preferred that the cellulose derivative is water-soluble or at least partly water-soluble or water-dispersibfe, preferably water-soluble or at least partly water-soluble. The cellulose derivative is ionic. The cellulose derivative can be anionic or amphoteric. Examples of suitable cellulose derivatives include cellulose ethers, e.g. anionic and amphoteric cellulose ethers, preferably anionic cellulose ethers. The cellulose derivative has ionic or charged groups, or substituents. Examples of suitable ionic groups include anionic and cationic, groups. Examples of suitable anionic groups include carboxylate, e,g, carboxyalkyl, sulphonate, e.g. sulphoalkyl, phosphate and phosphonate groups in which the alkyl group can be methyl, ethyl propyl and mixtures thereof, suitably methyl; suitably the cellulose derivative contains an anionic group comprising a carboxylate group, a.g, a carboxyalkyl group. The counter-ion of the anionic group Is usually an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, suitably sodium.
Examples of suitable cationic groups of cellulose derivatives according to the invention Include salts of gamines, suitably salts of tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium groups, preferably quaternary ammonium groups. The substituents attached to the nitrogen atom of amines and quaternary ammonium groups can be same or different and can be selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, groups, and one, two or more of the substituents together with the nitrogen atom can form a heterocyclic ring. The substituents independently of each other usually comprise from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. The nitrogen of the cationic group can be attached to the cellulose or derivative thereof by means of a chain of atoms which suitably comprises carbon and hydrogen atoms, and optionally O and/or N atoms. Usually the chain of atoms is an alkylene group with from 2 to 18 and suitably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted or substituted by one or more heteroatoms, e.g. O or N such as alkyleneoxy group or hydroxy propylene group. Preferred cellulose derivatives containing cationic groups include those obtained by reacting cellulose or derivative thereof with a quaternization agent selected from 2, 3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and mixtures thereof.
The cellulose derivatives of this invention can contain non-ionic groups such as alkyl or hydroxy alkyl groups, e.g. hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxylbutyl and mixtures thereof, e.g. hydroxyethyl methyl, hydroxypropyl methyl, hydroxybutyl methyl, hydroxyethyl ethyl, hydroxypropoyl and the like. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cellulose derivative contains both ionic groups and non-ionic groups.
Examples of suitable cellulose derivatives according to the invention include carboxyalkyl celluloses, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, carboxypropyl cellulose, sulphoethyl carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl) cellulose ("CM-HEC"), carboxymethyl cellulose wherein the cellulose is substituted with one or more non-ionic substituents, preferably carboxymethyl cellulose ("CMC"). Examples of suitable cellulose derivatives and methods for their preparation Include those disclosed In U.S. Pat. No, 4, 940,785 .
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the filler comprises a calcium salt containing fibres or fibrils of cellulose or lignocellulose and a cellulosic derivative containing cationic groups. The cationic groups can be any one of those listed in this application.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention the filler comprises a calcium salt which is substantially free from fibres or fibrils of cellulose or lignocellulose and a cellulosic derivative which can be either anionic, or amphoteric.
The terms "degree of substitution" or "DS", as used herein, mean the number of substituted ring sites of the beta-anhydroglucose rings of the cellulose derivative. Since there are three hydroxyl groups on each anhydroglucose ring of the cellulose that are available for substitution, the maximum value of DS is 3.0.
According to the invention, the cellulose derivative has a degree of substitution of carboxyalkyl groups ("DS_CA") up to about 0.65, I.e. the cellulose derivative has an average degree of carboxyalkyl substitution per glucose unit up to about 0.65. The carboxyalkyl groups are suitably carboxymethyl groups and then DS_CA referred to herein is the same as the degree of substitution of carboxymethyl groups ("DS_CM")_' According to these embodiments of the invention, DS_CA is usually up to about 0.60, suitably up to about 0.50, preferably up to about 0.45 and more preferably up to 0.40, whereas DS_CA is usually at least 0.01, suitably at least about 0.05, preferably at least about 0.10 and more preferably at least about 0.15. The ranges of DS_CA is usually from about 0.01 to about 0.60, suitably from about 0.05 to about 0.50, preferably from about 0.10 to about 0.45 and more preferably from about 0.15 to about 0.40.
Cellulose derivatives that are amphoteric can have a degree of cationic substitution ("DS_C") of from 0.01 suitably from about 0.02, preferably from about 0.03, and more preferably from about 0,05 and suitably up to about 0.5, and more preferably up to about 0.4. The cationic groups are suitably quaternary ammonium groups and then DS_C referred to herein is the same as the degree of substitution of quaternary ammonium groups ("DS_QN"). For amphoteric cellulose derivatives of this invention DS_A or DS_C can of course be higher than 0.65 as long as DS_NA and DS_NC, respectively, are as defined herein. For example, if DS_A is 0.75 and DS_C is 0.15, then DS_NA is 0.60.
Examples of suitable cellulose derivatives having degrees of substitution as defined above include the water-soluble low DS carboxyalkyl cellulose derivatives disclosed in copending patent applications filed in the name of Akzo Nobel N.V, of even date. The water-soluble cellulose derivatives suitably has a solubility of at least 85% % by weight, based on total weight of dry cellulose derivative, in an aqueous solution, preferably at least 90 % by weight, more preferably at least 95 % by weight, and most preferably at least 98 % by weight.
The cellulose derivative usually has an average molecular weight which is at least 20,000 Dalton, preferably at least 50,000 Dalton, and the average molecular weight is usually up to 1,000,000 Dalton, preferably up to 500,000 Dalton.
The filler according to the invention usually has a calcium salt content of at least 0.0001 % by weight; the calcium salt content can be from about 0.0001 to about 99.5 % by weight, suitably from about 0.1 to about 90 % by weight, and preferably from about 60 to about 80 % by weight, based on the weight of the solids of the filler, i,e. based on the dry weight of the filler. The filler usually has a cellulose derivative content of at least 0.01 % by weight; the cellulose derivative content can be from about 0.01 to about 30 % by weight, suitably from about 0.1 to about 20 % by weight, and preferably from about 0.3 to about 10 % by weight, based on the weight of the solids of the filler.
The filler according to the invention can be supplied as a solid material that can be essentially free of water. It can also be supplied as an aqueous composition. The content of aqueous phase, or water, can vary within wide limits, depending on the method of production and intended use.
The present invention relates to a process for the production of paper which comprises providing an aqueous suspension containing cellulosic fibres ("cellulosic suspension,"), introducing into the cellulosic suspension a filler, e.g. any one of the fillers defined herein, and dewatering the cellulosic suspension to form a web or sheet of paper, wherein the calcium salt, or calcium salt-containing material (e.g. any one of the calcium salt-containing materials defined herein), and cellulose derivative (e.g. any one of the cellulose derivatives defined herein) are separately added to the cellulosic suspension and the filler is formed in situ in the cellulosic suspension.
In the process, other components may of course be introduced into the cellulosic suspension. Examples of such components include conventional fillers, optical brightening agents, sizing agents, drainage and retention aids, dry strength agents, wet strength agents, etc. Examples of suitable conventional fillers Include kaolin, china clay, titanium dioxide, gypsum, talc, natural and synthetic calcium carbonates, e.g. chalk, ground marble and precipitated calcium carbonate, hydrogenated aluminum oxides (aluminum trihydroxides), calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, calcium oxalate, etc. When using the filler according to the invention together with conventional filler, the filler according to the invention can be present in an amount of at least 1 % by weight, suitably at least 5 % by weight, preferably at least 10 % by weight, more preferable at least about 20 % by weight, and suitably up to about 99 % by weight, based on the dry weight of all fillers. Examples of suitable sizing agents include non-cellulose-reactive sizing agents, e.g. rosin-based sizing agents like rosin-based soaps, rosin-based emulsions/dispersions, and cellulose-reactive sizing agents, e.g. emulsions/dispersions of acid anhydrides like alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA), alkenyl and alkyl ketene dimers (AKD) and multimers. Examples of suitable drainage and retention aids include organic polymeric products, e.g. cationic, anionic and non-ionic polymers including cationic polyethylene imines, cationic, anionic and non-ionic polyacrylamides, cationic polyamines, cationic starch, and cationic guar; inorganic materials, e.g. aluminium compounds, anionic microparticulate materials like colloidal silica-based particles, clays of smectite type, e.g. bentoinite, montmorillonite; colloidal alumina, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable combinations of drainage and retention aids include cationic polymers and anionic microparticulate materials, e.g. cationic starch and anionic colloidal silica-based particles, cationic polyacrylamide and anionic colloidal silica-based particles as well as cationic polyacrylamide and bentoinite or montmorillonite. Examples of suitable wet strength agents include polyamines and polyaminoamides. Paper containing filler according to the invention and cationic starch shows very good strength properties.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one sizing agent is introduced into the cellulosic suspension to produce sized paper containing filler. Preferably, the sizing agents are cellulose-reactive sizing agents of the types mentioned herein. Suitable ketene dimers have the general formula (I) below, wherein R¹ and R² represent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, usually saturated hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon groups suitably having from 8 to 36 carbon atoms, usually being straight or branched chain alkyl groups having 12 to 20 carbon atoms, such as hexadecyl and octadecyl groups. The ketene dimers may be liquid at ambient temperature, i.e. at 25 °C, suitably at 20 °C. Commonly, acid anhydrides can be characterized by the general formula (II) below, wherein R³ and R⁴ can be identical or different and represent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups suitably containing from 8 to 30 carbon atoms, or R³ and R⁴ together with the -C-O-C- moiety can form a 5 to 6 membered ring, optionally being further substituted with hydrocarbon groups containing up to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of acid anhydrides which are used commercially include alkyl and alkenyl succinic anhydrides and particularly isooctadecenyl succinic anhydride.
Suitable ketene dimers, acid anhydrides and organic isocyanates include the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,686 , which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The filler according to the invention can be added to the cellulosic suspension in amounts which can vary within wide limits depending on, inter alia, type of cellulosic suspension, type of paper produced, point of addition, etc. The filler is usually added in an amount within the range of from 1 to about 50 % by weight, suitably from about 5 to about 40 % by weight, and usually from about 10 to about 30 % by weight, based on the weight of dry fibres. Accordingly, the paper according to the invention usually has a content of filler of this invention within the range of from 1 to about 50 % by weight, suitably from about 5 to about 40 % by weight, and usually from about 10 to about 30 % by weight, based on the weight of dry fibres.
When using other components in the process, these components can be added to the cellulosic suspension in amounts which can vary within wide limits depending on, inter alia, type and number of components, type of cellulosic suspension, filler content, type of paper produced, point of addition, etc. Sizing agents are usually introduced into the cellulosic suspension in an amount of at least about 0.01 % by weight, suitably at least about 0.1 % by weight, based on the weight of dry fibres, and the upper limit is usually about 2 % by weight, suitably about 0.5 % by weight. Generally, drainage and retention aids are introduced into the cellulosic suspension in amounts that give better drainage and/or retention than what is obtained when not using these aids. Drainage and retention aids, dry strength agents and wet strength agents, independently of each other, are usually introduced in an amount of at least about 0.001% by weight, often at least about 0.005% by weight, based on dry fibres, and the upper limit is usually about 5% and suitably about 1.5% by weight.
The term "paper", as used herein, include not only paper and the production thereof, but also other cellulosic fibre-containing sheet or web-like products, such as for example board and paperboard, and the production thereof. The process can be used in the production of paper from different types of aqueous suspensions of cellulosic (cellulose-containing) fibres and the suspensions should suitably contain at least 25% by weight and preferably at least 50% by weight of such fibres, based on a dry substance. The cellulosic fibres can be based on virgin fibres and/or recycled fibres, including fibres of wood or annual or perennial plants. The cellulosic suspension can be wood-containing or wood-free, and it can be based on fibres from chemical pulp such as sulphate, sulphite and organosolve pulps, mechanical pulp such as thermo-mechanical pulp, chemo-thermo-mechanical pulp, refiner pulp and ground wood pulp, from both hardwood and softwood, and can also be based on recycled fibres, optionally from de-inked pulps, and mixtures thereof. The cellulosic suspension suitably has a pH in the neutral to alkaline range, e.g. from about 6 to about 10, preferably from about 6.5 to about 8.0.
The paper produced can be dried, coated and calendered. The paper can be coated with, for example, calcium carbonate, gypsum, aluminium silicate, kaolin, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium silicate, talc, titanium dioxide, barium sulphate, zinc oxide, synthetic pigment, and mixtures thereof.
The grammage of the paper produced can vary within wide limits depending on the type of paper produced; usually the grammage is within the range from about 20 to about 500 g/m², suitably from about 30 to about 450 g/m², and preferably from 30 to about 110 g/m². Preferably, the invention is used for the production of uncoated and coated offset paper, electrophotography paper, uncoated and coated fine paper, optionally containing mechanical pulp, as well as writing and printing papers. An especially preferred product Is coated offset paper in which high gloss and high opacity and bulk are combined.
The invention is further illustrated in the following Examples which, however, are not intended to limit the same. Parts and % relate to parts by weight and % by weight, respectively, unless otherwise stated.

Claims

A papermaking process which comprises providing an aqueous suspension containing cellulosic fibres, introducing into the suspension a filler comprising calcium salt and cellulose derivative having a degree of substitution of carboxyalkyl groups of from 0.05 to 0.65, and dewatering the suspension to form a web or sheet of paper, wherein the calcium salt and the cellulose derivative are separately added to the cellulosic suspension and the filler is formed in situ in the cellulosic suspension.
The process according to claim 1, wherein the degree of substitution of carboxyalkyl groups is from 0.05 to 0.50.
The process according to claim 1, wherein the degree of substitution of carboxyalkyl groups is from 0.15 to 0.40.
The process according to claim 1, wherein the carboxyalkyl groups are carboxymethyl groups.
The process according to claim 1, wherein the calcium salt is calcium carbonate.