EP2246454B1 - Carburization-resistant metal material - Google Patents
Carburization-resistant metal material Download PDFInfo
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- EP2246454B1 EP2246454B1 EP09715929.7A EP09715929A EP2246454B1 EP 2246454 B1 EP2246454 B1 EP 2246454B1 EP 09715929 A EP09715929 A EP 09715929A EP 2246454 B1 EP2246454 B1 EP 2246454B1
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 title claims description 71
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 66
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 66
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 50
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 46
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 32
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 30
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 26
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 4
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002335 surface treatment layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021398 atomic carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004299 exfoliation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002633 protecting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002311 subsequent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal material that has excellent high-temperature strength and superior corrosion resistance, and in particular is used in a carburizing gas atmosphere containing hydrocarbon gas and CO gas. More particularly, it relates to a metal material having excellent weldability and metal dusting resistance, which is suitable as a raw material for cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces, heat exchangers, etc. in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like.
- a synthetic gas reformed in the above-described reactors that is, a gas containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, and hydrocarbon such as methane comes into contact with the metal material of a reaction tube and the like at a temperature of about 1000°C or higher.
- a temperature range on the surface of the metal material, elements such as Cr and Si, which have higher oxidation tendency than Fe or Ni or the like, are oxidized selectively, and a dense film of chromium oxide or silicon oxide or the like is formed, by which corrosion is restrained.
- a portion such as a heat exchange part in which the temperature is relatively low, however, the diffusion of element from the inside to the surface of metal material is insufficient.
- oxide film which achieves a corrosion restraining effect, delays, and additionally, such a gas having a composition containing hydrocarbon comes to have carburizing properties, so that carbon intrudes into the metal material through the surface thereof, and carburization occurs.
- a heating furnace tube and the like for a catalytic cracking furnace for increasing the octane value of naphtha obtained by distillation of crude oil as well a heavily carburizing environment consisting of hydrocarbon and hydrogen is created, so that carburization and metal dusting occur.
- Patent Document 1 proposes an Fe-based alloy or a Ni-based alloy containing 11 to 60% (mass%, the same shall apply hereinafter) of Cr concerning the metal dusting resistance in an atmospheric gas of 400 to 700°C containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 and H 2 O.
- the invention of an Fe-based alloy containing 24% or more of Cr and 35% or more of Ni, a Ni-based alloy containing 20% or more of Cr and 60% or more of Ni, and an alloy material in which Nb is further added to these alloys is excellent.
- a Cr or Ni content in the Fe-based alloy or the Ni-based alloy is merely increased, a sufficient carburization restraining effect cannot be achieved, so that a metal material having higher metal dusting resistance has been demanded.
- Patent Document 2 to prevent corrosion caused by metal dusting of a high-temperature alloy containing iron, nickel, and chromium, one or more kinds of metals of the VIII group, the IB group, the IV group, and the V group of the element periodic table and a mixture thereof are adhered to the surface by the ordinary physical or chemical means, and the alloy is annealed in an inert atmosphere to form a thin layer having a thickness of 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m, by which the alloy surface is protected.
- Sn, Pb, Bi, and the like are especially effective.
- this method may lose effectiveness in that the thin layer is exfoliated in long-term use.
- Patent Document 3 relates to the metal dusting resistance of a metal material in an atmospheric gas of 400 to 700°C containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 and H 2 O.
- Patent Document 3 discloses that the addition of an element producing stable carbide in the metal material, such as Ti, Nb, V and Mo, or the alloying element in which the interaction co-factor Q represents a positive value, such as Si, Al, Ni, Cu and Co is effective in restraining metal dusting in addition to enhancing the protecting properties of oxide film.
- the increase of Si, Al and the like sometimes leads to the decrease in hot workability and weldability. Therefore, considering the manufacturing stability and plant working, this metal material leaves room for improvement.
- Patent Document 4 and Patent Document 5 disclose a method for pre-oxidizing a low Si-based 25Cr-20Ni (HK40) heat resistant steel or a low Si-based 25Cr-35Ni heat-resisting steel at a temperature near 1000°C for 100 hours or longer in the air.
- Patent Document 6 discloses a method for pre-oxidizing an austenitic heat-resisting steel containing 20 to 35% of Cr in the air.
- Patent Document 7 proposes a method for improving the carburization resistance by heating a high Ni-Cr alloy in a vacuum and by forming a scale film.
- Patent Document 8 proposes an austenitic alloy whose contents of Si, Cr and Ni satisfy the formula of Si ⁇ (Cr + 0.15Ni - 18)/10; thereby a Cr-based oxide film having high adhesiveness even in an environment, in which the alloy is subjected to a heating/cooling cycle, is formed to provide the alloy with excellent carburization resistance even in an environment in which the alloy is exposed to a corrosive gas at high temperatures.
- Patent Document 9 proposes an austenitic stainless steel having excellent scale exfoliation resistance even in an environment in which the steel is subjected to a heating/cooling cycle, which is produced by containing Cu and a rare earth element (Y and Ln group) therein and thereby forming a uniform oxide film having high Cr concentration in the film.
- Patent Document 10 proposes a method for improving the carburization resistance by forming a concentrated layer of Si or Cr by performing surface treatment.
- all of these prior arts require special heat treatment or surface treatment, and therefore they are inferior in economy.
- scale restoration scale recycling
- Patent Document 11 proposes a stainless steel pipe having excellent carburization resistance and containing 20 to 55% of Cr, which is produced by forming a Cr-deficient layer, which has a Cr concentration of 10% or higher and lower than the Cr concentration of the base material, on the surface of steel pipe.
- a Cr-deficient layer which has a Cr concentration of 10% or higher and lower than the Cr concentration of the base material, on the surface of steel pipe.
- Patent Document 12 and Patent Document 13 propose a metal material in which the gas dissociative adsorption (gas/metal surface reaction) is restrained by containing a proper amount of one kind or two or more kinds of P, S, Sb and Bi. Since these elements segregate on the metal surface, even if the elements are not added excessively, the elements can restrain carburization and metal dusting corrosion significantly. However, since these elements segregate not only on the metal surface but also at the grain boundary of metal grainy, a problem associated with hot workability and weldability remains to be solved.
- Patent Document 14 describes a technique for enhancing corrosion resistance by containing Cu, and on the other hand, for increasing the hot workability improving effect due to B by reducing S and O as far as possible.
- Patent Document 15 describes a technique for improving corrosion resistance and crevice corrosion resistance excellent in sulfuric acid and sulfate environments by setting the G.I. value (General Corrosion Index) represented by "-Cr + 3.6Ni + 4.7Mo + 11.5Cu,” at 60 to 90 and by setting the C.I. value (Crevice Corrosion Index) represented by "Cr + 0.4Ni + 2.7Mo + Cu + 18.7N" at 35 to 50.
- G.I. value General Corrosion Index
- Patent Document 16 describes a technique for improving hot workability by adding B exceeding 0.0015% while increasing a Cu content and by keeping an oxygen content low.
- the upper limit of a C content is restricted to a low level to avoid the decrease in corrosion resistance. Therefore, the solid-solution strengthening of C cannot be anticipated, and a sufficient high-temperature strength cannot be obtained. For this reason, these techniques are unsuitable for a metal material used at high temperatures.
- the present invention has been made in view of the present situation, and accordingly an object thereof is to provide a metal material that has metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance, and coking resistance, and further has improved weldability due to the restraint of reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface in an ethylene plant cracking furnace tube, a heating furnace tube of catalytic reforming furnace, a synthetic gas reforming furnace tube, and the like.
- the inventors analyzed a phenomenon that carbon intrudes into a metal in a molecular state, and revealed that this phenomenon progresses in an elementary process consisting of the following items (a) to (c).
- oxide scale consisting of Cr and Si acts effectively.
- a carburizing gas environment such as an ethylene plant cracking furnace tube, a heating furnace tube of catalytic reforming furnace, and a synthetic gas reforming furnace tube
- the partial pressure of oxygen in gas is low. Therefore, it was revealed that oxide scale consisting mainly of Cr can be formed on the gas side and oxide scale consisting mainly of Si can be formed on the metal side by containing proper amounts of Cr and Si.
- the inventors studied various methods capable of restraining HAZ cracks at the time of welding while improving the corrosion resistance by adding a considerable amount of Si or Cu. As a result, the inventors came to obtain a knowledge that the HAZ cracks can be restrained by the following methods (f) and (g).
- the metal material in accordance with the present invention has an effect of restraining reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface, and has excellent metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance, and coking resistance. Further, since the weldability is improved, the metal material can be used for welded structure members of cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces, heat exchangers, etc. in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like, and can significantly improve the durability and operation efficiency of apparatus.
- the metal material in accordance with the present invention is suitable as a metal material used for reaction tubes and heat exchangers used for heat exchange in a temperature range (400 to 800°C) lower than the conventional temperature range, so that metal dusting, which poses a problem in this temperature range, can be restrained effectively.
- composition range of metal material is restricted according to the invention.
- the "%" representation of the content of each element means “mass%”.
- C is one of important elements in the present invention. Carbon not only enhances the strength at high temperatures but also achieves an effect of improving the weldability in combination with chromium to form carbides. In particular, the effect is remarkable in the metal material in accordance with the present invention that has high Si and Cu contents. To sufficiently achieve this effect, 0.08% or more of C must be contained. However, if C content exceeds 0.4%, the toughness of alloy lowers extremely, so that the upper limit of C content is set at 0.4%.
- the C content is preferably in the range of higher than 0.1% and 0.35% or less, further preferably in the range of higher than 0.15% and 0.25% or less.
- Si is one of important elements in the present invention. Since silicon has a strong affinity with oxygen, it forms Si-based oxide scale in the lower layer of a protective oxide scale layer such as Cr 2 O 3 , and isolates carburizing gas. This action is brought about when the Si content is 0.6% or higher. However, if the Si content exceeds 2.0%, the weldability decreases remarkably, so that the upper limit of Si content is set at 2.0%.
- the Si content is preferably in the range of 0.7 to 2.0%, further preferably in the range of 0.8 to 1.5%.
- Mn manganese
- Mn manganese
- Mn has deoxidizing ability and also improves the workability and weldability, so that 0.05% or more of Mn is added.
- manganese is an austenite-generating element, some of Ni can be replaced with Mn.
- excessive addition of Mn harms the carburizing gas isolating properties of protective oxide scale layer, so that the upper limit of Mn content is set at 2.5%.
- the Mn content is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2.0%, further preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.6%.
- P phosphorus decreases the hot workability and weldability, so that the upper limit of P content is set at 0.04%. In particular, when the Si and Cu contents are high, this effect is important.
- the upper limit of P content is preferably 0.03%, further preferably 0.025%. However, since phosphorus acts to restrain the dissociative adsorption reaction on the metal surface of carburizing gas, it may be contained when the decrease in weldability can be permitted.
- S sulfur decreases the hot workability and weldability like phosphorus, so that the upper limit of S content is set at 0.015%. In particular, when the Si and Cu contents are high, this effect is important.
- the upper limit of S content is preferably 0.01 %, further preferably 0.003%.
- sulfur acts to restrain the dissociative adsorption reaction on the metal surface of carburizing gas, it may be contained when the decrease in weldability can be permitted.
- Cr forms oxide scale such as Cr 2 O 3 stably, and has an effect of isolating carburizing gas. Therefore, even in a severe carburizing gas environment, chromium provides sufficient carburization resistance, metal dusting resistance, and coking resistance. Also, chromium improves the weldability because it combines with carbon to form carbides. In particular, when the Si and Cu contents are high, this effect is important. To sufficiently achieve this effect, 18% or more of Cr must be contained. However, since excessive addition decreases not only the workability but also the structural stability, the upper limit of Cr is set at 30%. The lower limit of Cr content is preferably 19%, further preferably 22%, and still further preferably 23%. Also, the upper limit of Cr content is preferably 28%, further preferably 27%.
- Ni nickel is an element necessary for obtaining a stable austenitic micro-structure according to the Cr content, and therefore 20% or more of Ni must be contained. Also, when carbon intrudes into the metal material, nickel has a function of reducing the intrusion rate. Further, nickel acts to secure the high-temperature strength of the metal micro-structure. However, the nickel content higher than necessary may lead to cost increase and manufacturing difficulties, and may also accelerate coking and metal dusting especially in a gas environment that contains hydrocarbon. Therefore, the upper limit of Ni content is restricted to less than 30%. Preferably, the content of Ni is 22.5% or higher and less than 30%. Further preferably, the content of Ni is higher than 25% and 29.5% or less.
- Cu copper is one of important elements in the present invention. Copper restrains reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface, and greatly improves the metal dusting resistance and the like. Also, since copper is an austenite-generating element, some of Ni can be replaced with Cu. To achieve the metal dusting resistance improving effect, 0.5% or more of Cu must be contained. However, if Cu exceeding 10.0% is contained, the weldability decreases, so that the upper limit of Cu content is set at 10.0%.
- the Cu content is preferably 1.0 to 6.0%, further preferably 2.1 to 4.0%.
- A1 (aluminum) is an element effective in improving the high-temperature strength.
- aluminum has an effect as a deoxidizer because it has a high affinity with oxygen.
- aluminum serves as one of the constituent elements of oxide scale, and enhances the gas isolating properties. This effect can be anticipated especially in an environment in which the carburizing properties are strong. To achieve this effect, it is effective to contain 0.01% or more of Al. On the other hand, if the Al content exceeds 1%, the weldability is impaired. Therefore, the Al content is set in the range of 0.01 to 1%.
- the Al content is preferably in the range of 0.12 to 0.8%, further preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.6%.
- Ti titanium is an element effective in improving the high-temperature strength. Also, since titanium has an affinity with oxygen, it serves as one of the constituent elements of oxide scale, and enhances the gas isolating properties. This effect can be anticipated especially in an environment in which the carburizing properties are strong. Therefore, titanium is contained positively. To achieve this effect, it is effective to contain 0.01% or more of Ti. However, if titanium is contained excessively, the workability and weldability decrease, so that the upper limit of Ti content is set at 1%.
- the Ti content is preferably in the range of 0.12 to 0.8%, further preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.6%.
- N nitrogen
- the upper limit of N content is set at 0.15%.
- the preferred upper limit thereof is 0.05%.
- O oxygen
- Oxgen is an impurity element mingled from a raw material or the like when the metal material is melted . If the O content exceeds 0.02%, large amounts of oxide inclusions exist in the metal material, so that the workability decreases, and also a flaw may occur on the surface of metal material. Therefore, the upper limit of O content is set at 0.02%.
- invention (3) relating to a metal material whose strength, ductility, and toughness are improved is explained.
- Invention (3) relates to a carburization resistant metal material characterized by further containing, by mass%, at least one kind of a component selected from at least one group of the first group to the fifth group described below in a metal material specified in invention (1) or (2):
- Co acts to stabilize the austenite phase, so that it can replace some of Ni component. Therefore, cobalt may be contained as necessary. However, if the Co content exceeds 10%, cobalt deteriorates the hot workability. Therefore, when cobalt is contained, the content is 10% or less. From the viewpoint of hot workability, the Co content is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 5%, further preferably in the range of 0.01 to 3%.
- Mo (molybdenum) and W (tungsten) are solid-solution strengthening elements, so that either one or both of them may be contained as necessary.
- molybdenum molybdenum deteriorates the workability and impairs the structural stability if the content exceeds 2.5%. Therefore, when molybdenum is contained, the content is 2.5% or less.
- the Mo content is preferably 0.01 to 2.3%.
- tungsten deteriorates the workability and impairs the structural stability if the content exceeds 5%. Therefore, when tungsten is contained, the content is 5% or less.
- the W content is preferably 0.01 to 2.3%.
- B boron
- V vanadium
- Zr zirconium
- Nb niobium
- Hf hafnium
- zirconium When zirconium is contained, zirconium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1%. Therefore, when zirconium is contained, the content is 0.1% or less.
- the Zr content is preferably 0.001 to 0.05%.
- niobium When niobium is contained, niobium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 2%. Therefore, when niobium is contained, the content is 2% or less.
- the Nb content is preferably 0.001 to 0.1%.
- hafnium hafnium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.5%. Therefore, when hafnium is contained, the content is 0.5% or less.
- the Hf content is preferably 0.001 to 0.1%.
- Mg (magnesium) and Ca (calcium) have an effect of improving the hot workability, so that one kind or two or more kinds of these elements may be contained as necessary.
- magnesium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1%. Therefore, when magnesium is contained, the content is 0.1% or less.
- the Mg content is preferably 0.0005 to 0.1%.
- calcium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1%. Therefore, when calcium is contained, the content is 0.1 % or less.
- the Ca content is preferably 0.0005 to 0.1%.
- Y (yttrium), La (lanthanum), Ce (cerium) and Nd (neodymium) have an effect of improving the oxidation resistance, so that one kind or two or more kinds of these elements may be contained as necessary.
- these elements deteriorate the workability if the content of any one element thereof exceeds 0.15%. Therefore, when these elements are contained, the content of any one element thereof is 0.15% or less.
- the content is preferably 0.0005 to 0.15%.
- the metal material in accordance with the present invention having a function of restraining the reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface has only to satisfy the requirements specified in the above-described items (f) and (g) because the metal material has problems of metal dusting, carburization, and coking.
- the metal material in accordance with the present invention may be formed into a required shape such as a thick plate, sheet, seamless tube, welded tube, forged product, and wire rod by means of melting, casting, hot working, cold rolling, welding, and the like. Also, the metal material may be formed into a required shape by means of powder metallurgy, centrifugal casting, and the like.
- the surface of the metal material having been subjected to final heat treatment may be subjected to surface treatment such as pickling, shotblasting, shotpeening, mechanical cutting, grinding, and electropolishing. Also, on the surface of the metal material in accordance with the present invention, one or two or more irregular shapes such as protruding shapes may be formed.
- the metal material in accordance with the present invention may be combined with various kinds of carbon steels, stainless steels, Ni-based alloys, Co-based alloys, Cu-based alloys, and the like to be formed into a required shape.
- the joining method of the metal material in accordance with the present invention to the various kinds of steels and alloys is not subject to any restriction. For example, mechanical joining such as pressure welding and "staking" and thermal joining such as welding and diffusion treatment can be performed.
- a metal material having a chemical composition given in Table 1 was melted by using a high-frequency heating vacuum furnace, and a metal plate having a plate thickness of 6 mm was manufactured by hot forging and hot rolling.
- the metal plate was subjected to solid-solution heat treatment at 1160 to 1230°C for 5 minutes, a part of which was cut to produce a test piece .
- test piece measuring 15 mm wide and 20 mm long was cut. This test piece was isothermally maintained at 650°C in a 45%CO-42.5%H 2 -6.5%CO 2 -6%H 2 O (percent by volume) gas atmosphere. The test piece was taken out after 200 hours had elapsed, and the presence of a pit formed on the surface of test piece was examined by visual observation and by optical microscope observation. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Table 2 indicates that, among Nos. 24 to 33 metal materials in which the chemical composition deviates from the condition specified in the present invention, Nos. 24, 26, 28, 32 and 33 metal materials had a pit formed after 200 hours had elapsed. Therefore, the metal dusting resistance is poor in a synthetic gas environment containing CO. On the other hand, in all of the metal materials specified in the present invention, no pit is formed, and therefore, these metal materials have excellent metal dusting resistance.
- a metal material having a chemical composition given in Table 1 was melted by using a high-frequency heating vacuum furnace, and a metal plate having a plate thickness of 6 mm was manufactured by hot forging and hot rolling.
- the metal plate was subjected to solid-solution heat treatment at 1160 to 1230°C for 5 minutes, a part of which was cut to produce a test piece.
- a test piece measuring 15 mm wide and 20 mm long was cut. This test piece was isothermally maintained at 650°C in a 30%C 3 H 8 -70%H 2 (percent by volume) gas atmosphere.
- the test piece was taken out after 10 hours had elapsed, and the presence of a pit formed on the surface of test piece was examined by visual observation and by optical microscope observation. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Table 2 indicates that, among Nos. 24 to 33 metal materials in which the chemical composition deviates from the condition specified in the present invention, Nos. 24, 26 to 28, and 31 to 33 metal materials had a pit formed in the 10-hour test. Therefore, the metal dusting resistance is poor in a hydrocarbon gas environment. On the other hand, in all of the metal materials specified in the present invention, no pit is formed, and therefore, these metal materials have excellent metal dusting resistance.
- a metal material having a chemical composition given in Table 1 was melted by using a high-frequency heating vacuum furnace, and two metal plates each having a plate thickness of 12 mm, a width of 50 mm, and a length of 100 mm was manufactured from each metal material by hot forging and hot rolling.
- the metal plates were subjected to solid-solution heat treatment at 1200°C for 5 minutes, a part of which was cut to produce a test piece.
- a V-type edge having an angle of 30 degrees and a root thickness of 1.0 mm was prepared on one side in the lengthwise direction of the test piece. Thereafter, the periphery of the test pieces was restraint-welded onto a commercially available metal plate of SM400C specified in JIS G3106(2004) measuring 25 mm thick, 150 mm wide, and 150 mm long by using a covered electrode of DNiCrMo-3 specified in JIS Z3224(1999). Subsequently, multi-layer welds were made by TIG welding under a condition of heat input of 6 kJ/cm by using a TIG welding wire of YNiCrMo-3 specified in JIS Z3334(1999).
- Table 2 indicates that in No. 24 metal material in which the C content deviates from the condition specified in the present invention and No. 25 metal material that does not satisfy Expression (1), HAZ cracks are recognized. Also, it is indicated that for Nos. 28 to 31 metal materials in which the Cu, Si and S contents deviate from the condition specified in the present invention though the C content meets the specified condition, the HAZ crack restraining effect is small. On the other hand, in all of the metal materials specified in the present invention, HAZ cracks are not generated. Therefore, the weldability thereof is excellent.
- a metal material that has an effect of restraining reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface, has excellent metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance, and coking resistance, and further has improved weldability.
- This metal material can be used for welded structure members of cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces, heat exchangers, etc. in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like, and can significantly improve the durability and operation efficiency of apparatus.
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Description
- The present invention relates to a metal material that has excellent high-temperature strength and superior corrosion resistance, and in particular is used in a carburizing gas atmosphere containing hydrocarbon gas and CO gas. More particularly, it relates to a metal material having excellent weldability and metal dusting resistance, which is suitable as a raw material for cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces, heat exchangers, etc. in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like.
- Demand for clean energy fuels such as hydrogen, methanol, liquid fuels (GTL: Gas to Liquids), and dimethyl ether (DME) is expected to significantly increase in the future. Therefore, a reforming apparatus for producing such a synthetic gas tends to be large in size, and an apparatus that achieves higher thermal efficiency and is suitable for mass production is demanded. Also, heat exchange for recovering exhaust is often used to enhance energy efficiency in reforming apparatuses in the conventional petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like, and ammonia manufacturing apparatuses, hydrogen manufacturing apparatuses, and the like, in which raw materials such as petroleum are used.
- To effectively use the heat of such a high-temperature gas, heat exchange in a temperature range of 400 to 800°C, which is relatively low, has become important, and corrosion caused by carburization of a high Cr - high Ni - Fe alloy based metal material used for reaction tubes, heat exchangers, and the like in this temperature range poses a problem.
- Usually, a synthetic gas reformed in the above-described reactors, that is, a gas containing H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and hydrocarbon such as methane comes into contact with the metal material of a reaction tube and the like at a temperature of about 1000°C or higher. In this temperature range, on the surface of the metal material, elements such as Cr and Si, which have higher oxidation tendency than Fe or Ni or the like, are oxidized selectively, and a dense film of chromium oxide or silicon oxide or the like is formed, by which corrosion is restrained. In a portion such as a heat exchange part in which the temperature is relatively low, however, the diffusion of element from the inside to the surface of metal material is insufficient. Therefore, the formation of oxide film, which achieves a corrosion restraining effect, delays, and additionally, such a gas having a composition containing hydrocarbon comes to have carburizing properties, so that carbon intrudes into the metal material through the surface thereof, and carburization occurs.
- In an ethylene cracking furnace tube and the like, if carburization proceeds and a carburized layer comprising carbide of Cr or Fe or the like is formed, the volume of that portion increases. As a result, fine cracks are liable to develop, and in the worst case, the tube in use is broken. Also, if the metal surface is exposed, carbon precipitation (coking) in which metal serves as a catalyst occurs on the surface, so that the flow path area of the tube decreases and the heat-transfer characteristics degrade.
- In a heating furnace tube and the like for a catalytic cracking furnace for increasing the octane value of naphtha obtained by distillation of crude oil as well, a heavily carburizing environment consisting of hydrocarbon and hydrogen is created, so that carburization and metal dusting occur.
- On the other hand, in an environment in which the carburizing properties of gas in the reforming furnace tube, heat exchanger, and the like are severer, the carbide is supersaturated, and thereafter graphite precipitates directly. Therefore, a base material metal is exfoliated away and the thickness of base material decreases, that is, corrosion loss called metal dusting proceeds. Further, coking occurs with the exfoliated metal powder serving as a catalyst.
- If the cracks, loss, and in-tube closure increase, an apparatus failure or the like occurs. As a result, operation may be suspended. Therefore, careful consideration must be given to the selection of material used for an apparatus member.
- To prevent the aforementioned carburization and the corrosion caused by metal dusting, various countermeasures have conventionally been studied.
- For example, Patent Document 1 proposes an Fe-based alloy or a Ni-based alloy containing 11 to 60% (mass%, the same shall apply hereinafter) of Cr concerning the metal dusting resistance in an atmospheric gas of 400 to 700°C containing H2, CO, CO2 and H2O. Specifically, it is shown that the invention of an Fe-based alloy containing 24% or more of Cr and 35% or more of Ni, a Ni-based alloy containing 20% or more of Cr and 60% or more of Ni, and an alloy material in which Nb is further added to these alloys is excellent. However, even if a Cr or Ni content in the Fe-based alloy or the Ni-based alloy is merely increased, a sufficient carburization restraining effect cannot be achieved, so that a metal material having higher metal dusting resistance has been demanded.
- Also, in a method disclosed in Patent Document 2, to prevent corrosion caused by metal dusting of a high-temperature alloy containing iron, nickel, and chromium, one or more kinds of metals of the VIII group, the IB group, the IV group, and the V group of the element periodic table and a mixture thereof are adhered to the surface by the ordinary physical or chemical means, and the alloy is annealed in an inert atmosphere to form a thin layer having a thickness of 0.01 to 10 µm, by which the alloy surface is protected. In this case, Sn, Pb, Bi, and the like are especially effective. Although effective at the early stage, this method may lose effectiveness in that the thin layer is exfoliated in long-term use.
- Patent Document 3 relates to the metal dusting resistance of a metal material in an atmospheric gas of 400 to 700°C containing H2, CO, CO2 and H2O. As the result of an investigation of the interaction with carbon made from the viewpoint of solute element in iron, Patent Document 3 discloses that the addition of an element producing stable carbide in the metal material, such as Ti, Nb, V and Mo, or the alloying element in which the interaction co-factor Q represents a positive value, such as Si, Al, Ni, Cu and Co is effective in restraining metal dusting in addition to enhancing the protecting properties of oxide film. However, the increase of Si, Al and the like sometimes leads to the decrease in hot workability and weldability. Therefore, considering the manufacturing stability and plant working, this metal material leaves room for improvement.
- Next, to break off the contact of carburizing gas with the metal surface, there have been disclosed a method for oxidizing a metal material in advance and a method for performing surface treatment.
- For example, Patent Document 4 and Patent Document 5 disclose a method for pre-oxidizing a low Si-based 25Cr-20Ni (HK40) heat resistant steel or a low Si-based 25Cr-35Ni heat-resisting steel at a temperature near 1000°C for 100 hours or longer in the air. Also, Patent Document 6 discloses a method for pre-oxidizing an austenitic heat-resisting steel containing 20 to 35% of Cr in the air. Further, Patent Document 7 proposes a method for improving the carburization resistance by heating a high Ni-Cr alloy in a vacuum and by forming a scale film.
- Patent Document 8 proposes an austenitic alloy whose contents of Si, Cr and Ni satisfy the formula of Si < (Cr + 0.15Ni - 18)/10; thereby a Cr-based oxide film having high adhesiveness even in an environment, in which the alloy is subjected to a heating/cooling cycle, is formed to provide the alloy with excellent carburization resistance even in an environment in which the alloy is exposed to a corrosive gas at high temperatures. Patent Document 9 proposes an austenitic stainless steel having excellent scale exfoliation resistance even in an environment in which the steel is subjected to a heating/cooling cycle, which is produced by containing Cu and a rare earth element (Y and Ln group) therein and thereby forming a uniform oxide film having high Cr concentration in the film. Also, Patent Document 10 proposes a method for improving the carburization resistance by forming a concentrated layer of Si or Cr by performing surface treatment. Unfortunately, all of these prior arts require special heat treatment or surface treatment, and therefore they are inferior in economy. Also, since scale restoration (scale recycling) after the pre-oxidized scale or the surface treatment layer has exfoliated away is not considered, if the material surface is damaged once, the subsequent effect cannot be anticipated.
- Patent Document 11 proposes a stainless steel pipe having excellent carburization resistance and containing 20 to 55% of Cr, which is produced by forming a Cr-deficient layer, which has a Cr concentration of 10% or higher and lower than the Cr concentration of the base material, on the surface of steel pipe. In this patent document, however, the improvement of weldability, which is an issue of the Cu-containing steel, has not been studied.
- Besides, a method for adding H2S into the atmospheric gas has been thought of. However, the application of this method is restricted because H2S may remarkably decrease the activity of a catalyst used for reforming.
- Patent Document 12 and Patent Document 13 propose a metal material in which the gas dissociative adsorption (gas/metal surface reaction) is restrained by containing a proper amount of one kind or two or more kinds of P, S, Sb and Bi. Since these elements segregate on the metal surface, even if the elements are not added excessively, the elements can restrain carburization and metal dusting corrosion significantly. However, since these elements segregate not only on the metal surface but also at the grain boundary of metal grainy, a problem associated with hot workability and weldability remains to be solved.
- Techniques for enhancing corrosion resistance and crevice corrosion resistance by adding Cu have also been proposed. Patent Document 14 describes a technique for enhancing corrosion resistance by containing Cu, and on the other hand, for increasing the hot workability improving effect due to B by reducing S and O as far as possible. Patent Document 15 describes a technique for improving corrosion resistance and crevice corrosion resistance excellent in sulfuric acid and sulfate environments by setting the G.I. value (General Corrosion Index) represented by "-Cr + 3.6Ni + 4.7Mo + 11.5Cu," at 60 to 90 and by setting the C.I. value (Crevice Corrosion Index) represented by "Cr + 0.4Ni + 2.7Mo + Cu + 18.7N" at 35 to 50. Patent Document 16 describes a technique for improving hot workability by adding B exceeding 0.0015% while increasing a Cu content and by keeping an oxygen content low. In all of these techniques, the upper limit of a C content is restricted to a low level to avoid the decrease in corrosion resistance. Therefore, the solid-solution strengthening of C cannot be anticipated, and a sufficient high-temperature strength cannot be obtained. For this reason, these techniques are unsuitable for a metal material used at high temperatures.
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- [Patent Document 1]
JP9-78204A - [Patent Document 2]
JP11-172473A - [Patent Document 3]
JP2003-73763A - [Patent Document 4]
JP53-66832A - [Patent Document 5]
JP53-66835A - [Patent Document 6]
JP57-43989A - [Patent Document 7]
JP11-29776A - [Patent Document 8]
JP2002-256398A - [Patent Document 9]
JP2006-291290A - [Patent Document 10]
JP2000-509105A - [Patent Document 11]
JP2005-48284A - [Patent Document 12]
JP2007-186727A - [Patent Document 13]
JP2007-186728A - [Patent Document 14]
JP1-21038A - [Patent Document 15]
JP2-170946A - [Patent Document 16]
JP4-346638A - Zhang et al., "Effect on copper on metal dusting of austenitic stainless steels", Corrosion Science, Oxford, GB, vol. 49, no. 3, 5 December 2006, pages 1450-1467, XP005793496, ISSN: 0010-938X, DOI:10.1016/J.CORSCI.2006.06.032, discloses three steels, 304SS, 310SS and 800H, which were alloyed with 5%, 10%, and 20% (by weight) copper, and then exposed to 68%CO-31%H2-1%H2O gas at 680 °C under thermal cycling conditions. Kinetic measurements showed that copper-free alloys all dusted, with 304SS experiencing the greatest metal wastage. Copper additions did not have any effect on metal wastage of 304SS, but reduced the attack on 310SS and 800H markedly at levels of 5% and 10%.
- As described above, various techniques for enhancing the metal dusting resistance, the carburization resistance, and the coking resistance of metal material have been proposed conventionally. However, all of these techniques require special heat treatment and surface treatment, so that cost and labor are needed. Also, these techniques have no function of scale restoration (scale recycling) after the pre-oxidized scale or the surface treatment layer has exfoliated away. Therefore, if the material surface is damaged once, the subsequent metal dusting cannot be restrained. Also, these techniques have a problem associated with weldability of metal material.
- Also, there is a method for restraining metal dusting by adding H2S into the atmospheric gas in the tube of a reforming apparatus and manufacturing apparatus for synthetic gas as described above, not by improving the metal material itself. However, since H2S may remarkably decrease the activity of a catalyst used for reforming hydrocarbon, the technique for restraining metal dusting by adjusting the components of atmospheric gas is merely applied limitedly.
- The present invention has been made in view of the present situation, and accordingly an object thereof is to provide a metal material that has metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance, and coking resistance, and further has improved weldability due to the restraint of reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface in an ethylene plant cracking furnace tube, a heating furnace tube of catalytic reforming furnace, a synthetic gas reforming furnace tube, and the like.
- The solution is given in the claims.
- The inventors analyzed a phenomenon that carbon intrudes into a metal in a molecular state, and revealed that this phenomenon progresses in an elementary process consisting of the following items (a) to (c).
- (a) Gas molecules consisting of C compounds such as hydrocarbon and CO approach the metal surface.
- (b) The approaching gas molecules are dissociatively adsorbed onto the metal surface.
- (c) The dissociated atomic carbon intrudes into the metal and diffuses.
- As the result of various studies on methods for restraining the aforementioned phenomenon, it was found that the following methods (d) and (e) are effective.
- (d) Oxide scale is formed positively on the metal surface during the use of metal material, by which the contact with the metal of the gas molecules consisting of C compounds is broken off.
- (e) The dissociative adsorption of the gas molecules consisting of C compounds is restrained on the metal surface.
- As the result that the study on oxide scale having a breaking-off effect as in the item (d) was conducted, it was revealed that oxide scale consisting of Cr and Si acts effectively. In particular, in a carburizing gas environment such as an ethylene plant cracking furnace tube, a heating furnace tube of catalytic reforming furnace, and a synthetic gas reforming furnace tube, the partial pressure of oxygen in gas is low. Therefore, it was revealed that oxide scale consisting mainly of Cr can be formed on the gas side and oxide scale consisting mainly of Si can be formed on the metal side by containing proper amounts of Cr and Si.
- On the other hand, as the result that the study was conducted from the viewpoint of dissociative adsorption as in the item (e), it was revealed that if proper amounts of noble metal elements such as Cu, Ag and Pt and elements of the VA group and the VIA group in the periodic table are added, an effect of restraining the dissociative adsorption of gas molecules consisting of C compounds is achieved. In particular, Cu is low in cost among the noble metal elements, and additionally less problems occur in melting and solidification when Cu is contained in an Fe-Ni-Cr based metal material. Therefore, the use of Cu is preferable.
- It was revealed that according to the methods (d) and (e), the intrusion of carbon into the metal in the above-described elementary process of items (a) to (c) can be restrained effectively, and by applying the methods (d) and (e) simultaneously, the metal dusting resistance, the carburization resistance, and the coking resistance can be improved dramatically.
- However, if an element such as Si and Cu is added, the corrosion resistance can be improved; on the other hand, the weldability is deteriorated. In particular, in a region subjected to an influence of heat cycle of rapid heating/rapid cooling caused by welding, that is in a welding heat affected zone (hereinafter, referred to as "HAZ"), cracks caused by grain boundary melting are liable to develop. Specifically, if Si, Cu or the like element segregates at the crystal grain boundary of the base material, the melting point of grain boundary lowers. At this time, when the grain boundary is subjected to welding heat cycle and is heated to a temperature just below the melting point, the grain boundary melts and is torn off by the thermal stress at the time of welding, which develops a crack. This is a HAZ crack. Therefore, in the case where the metal material is used for a welded structure, weld cracks of this kind must be restrained.
- The inventors studied various methods capable of restraining HAZ cracks at the time of welding while improving the corrosion resistance by adding a considerable amount of Si or Cu. As a result, the inventors came to obtain a knowledge that the HAZ cracks can be restrained by the following methods (f) and (g).
- (f) Cr-based carbides are precipitated at the crystal grain boundary of the base material by increasing the C content, by which the melting point of grain boundary is raised.
- (g) The grain coarsening in the HAZ at the time when the welding heat cycle occurs is restrained by the precipitation of Cr carbides of high melting point, by which the surface area of grain boundary is increased, and thereby the segregation of Si, Cu or the like at the grain boundary is decreased.
- Based on this knowledge, in a metal material containing 18 to 30% of Cr or preferably 22 to 30% of Cr, the contents, i.e. C, Si and Cu, were changed variously, by which the HAZ crack susceptibility was studied. As a result, it was revealed that the lower limit of C content capable of preventing HAZ cracks changes according to the Si, Cu and Cr contents. Specifically, it was revealed that as the Si and Cu contents lowering the melting point of grain boundary increase, the allowable lower limit of C content is raised, and as the Cr content constituting the carbides raising the melting point of grain boundary increases, the allowable lower limit of C content is lowered.
- From the results of systematical experiments in which components were changed variously, a relational expression between the C content capable of preventing HAZ cracks and the Si, Cu and Cr contents was estimated experimentally. As a result, the inventors obtained a knowledge that by satisfying Expression (1), both of excellent metal dusting resistance and excellent HAZ crack susceptibility resistance can be obtained.
in which the symbol of element in Expression (1) represents the content of that element in mass%. - The present invention is given by the claims and has been completed based on the above-described knowledge, and the gists of the present invention are as described in the following items (1) to (3). Hereunder, the gists are called invention (1) to invention (3), and are sometimes generally named the present invention.
- (1) A carburization resistant metal material characterized by consisting of, by mass%, C: 0.08 to 0.4%, Si: 0.6 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.05 to 2.5%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.015% or less, Cr: 22 to 30%, Ni: 20% or higher and less than 30%, Cu: 0.5 to 10.0%, Al: 0.01 to 1%, Ti: 0.01 to 1%, N: 0.15% or less, and O (oxygen): 0.02% or less , the balance being Fe and impurities, and satisfying Expression (1). [
in which the symbol of element in Expression (1) represents the content of that element in mass%. - (2) A carburization resistant metal material characterized by consisting of, by mass%, C: 0.08 to 0.4%, Si: 0.6 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.05 to 2.5%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.015% or less, Cr: 18 to 30%, Ni: 20% or higher and less than 30%, Cu: 0.5 to 10.0%, Al: 0.01 to 1%, Ti: 0.01 to 1%, N: 0.15% or less, and O (oxygen): 0.02% or less , the balance being Fe and impurities, and satisfying Expression (1).
in which the symbol of element in Expression (1) represents the content of that element in mass%. - (3) The carburization resistant metal material described in item (1) or (2) above, characterized by further containing, by mass%, at least one kind of a component selected from at least one group of the first group to the fifth group described below:
- first group: Co: 10% or less,
- second group: Mo: 2.5% or less and W: 5% or less,
- third group: B: 0.1% or less, V: 0.5% or less, Zr: 0.1% or less, Nb: 2% or less, and Hf: 0.5% or less,
- fourth group: Mg: 0.1 % or less and Ca: 0.1% or less,
- fifth group: Y: 0.15% or less, La: 0.15% or less, Ce: 0.15% or less, and Nd: 0.15% or less.
- The metal material in accordance with the present invention has an effect of restraining reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface, and has excellent metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance, and coking resistance. Further, since the weldability is improved, the metal material can be used for welded structure members of cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces, heat exchangers, etc. in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like, and can significantly improve the durability and operation efficiency of apparatus.
- In particular, the metal material in accordance with the present invention is suitable as a metal material used for reaction tubes and heat exchangers used for heat exchange in a temperature range (400 to 800°C) lower than the conventional temperature range, so that metal dusting, which poses a problem in this temperature range, can be restrained effectively.
- The reason why the composition range of metal material is restricted according to the invention is as described below. In the explanation below, the "%" representation of the content of each element means "mass%".
- C (carbon) is one of important elements in the present invention. Carbon not only enhances the strength at high temperatures but also achieves an effect of improving the weldability in combination with chromium to form carbides. In particular, the effect is remarkable in the metal material in accordance with the present invention that has high Si and Cu contents. To sufficiently achieve this effect, 0.08% or more of C must be contained. However, if C content exceeds 0.4%, the toughness of alloy lowers extremely, so that the upper limit of C content is set at 0.4%. The C content is preferably in the range of higher than 0.1% and 0.35% or less, further preferably in the range of higher than 0.15% and 0.25% or less.
- Si (silicon) is one of important elements in the present invention. Since silicon has a strong affinity with oxygen, it forms Si-based oxide scale in the lower layer of a protective oxide scale layer such as Cr2O3, and isolates carburizing gas. This action is brought about when the Si content is 0.6% or higher. However, if the Si content exceeds 2.0%, the weldability decreases remarkably, so that the upper limit of Si content is set at 2.0%. The Si content is preferably in the range of 0.7 to 2.0%, further preferably in the range of 0.8 to 1.5%.
- Mn (manganese) has deoxidizing ability and also improves the workability and weldability, so that 0.05% or more of Mn is added. Also, since manganese is an austenite-generating element, some of Ni can be replaced with Mn. However, excessive addition of Mn harms the carburizing gas isolating properties of protective oxide scale layer, so that the upper limit of Mn content is set at 2.5%. The Mn content is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2.0%, further preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.6%.
- P (phosphorus) decreases the hot workability and weldability, so that the upper limit of P content is set at 0.04%. In particular, when the Si and Cu contents are high, this effect is important. The upper limit of P content is preferably 0.03%, further preferably 0.025%. However, since phosphorus acts to restrain the dissociative adsorption reaction on the metal surface of carburizing gas, it may be contained when the decrease in weldability can be permitted.
- S (sulfur) decreases the hot workability and weldability like phosphorus, so that the upper limit of S content is set at 0.015%. In particular, when the Si and Cu contents are high, this effect is important. The upper limit of S content is preferably 0.01 %, further preferably 0.003%. However, like phosphorus, since sulfur acts to restrain the dissociative adsorption reaction on the metal surface of carburizing gas, it may be contained when the decrease in weldability can be permitted.
- Cr (chromium) forms oxide scale such as Cr2O3 stably, and has an effect of isolating carburizing gas. Therefore, even in a severe carburizing gas environment, chromium provides sufficient carburization resistance, metal dusting resistance, and coking resistance. Also, chromium improves the weldability because it combines with carbon to form carbides. In particular, when the Si and Cu contents are high, this effect is important. To sufficiently achieve this effect, 18% or more of Cr must be contained. However, since excessive addition decreases not only the workability but also the structural stability, the upper limit of Cr is set at 30%. The lower limit of Cr content is preferably 19%, further preferably 22%, and still further preferably 23%. Also, the upper limit of Cr content is preferably 28%, further preferably 27%.
- Ni (nickel) is an element necessary for obtaining a stable austenitic micro-structure according to the Cr content, and therefore 20% or more of Ni must be contained. Also, when carbon intrudes into the metal material, nickel has a function of reducing the intrusion rate. Further, nickel acts to secure the high-temperature strength of the metal micro-structure. However, the nickel content higher than necessary may lead to cost increase and manufacturing difficulties, and may also accelerate coking and metal dusting especially in a gas environment that contains hydrocarbon. Therefore, the upper limit of Ni content is restricted to less than 30%. Preferably, the content of Ni is 22.5% or higher and less than 30%. Further preferably, the content of Ni is higher than 25% and 29.5% or less.
- Cu (copper) is one of important elements in the present invention. Copper restrains reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface, and greatly improves the metal dusting resistance and the like. Also, since copper is an austenite-generating element, some of Ni can be replaced with Cu. To achieve the metal dusting resistance improving effect, 0.5% or more of Cu must be contained. However, if Cu exceeding 10.0% is contained, the weldability decreases, so that the upper limit of Cu content is set at 10.0%. The Cu content is preferably 1.0 to 6.0%, further preferably 2.1 to 4.0%.
- A1 (aluminum) is an element effective in improving the high-temperature strength. Also, aluminum has an effect as a deoxidizer because it has a high affinity with oxygen. In addition, aluminum serves as one of the constituent elements of oxide scale, and enhances the gas isolating properties. This effect can be anticipated especially in an environment in which the carburizing properties are strong. To achieve this effect, it is effective to contain 0.01% or more of Al. On the other hand, if the Al content exceeds 1%, the weldability is impaired. Therefore, the Al content is set in the range of 0.01 to 1%. The Al content is preferably in the range of 0.12 to 0.8%, further preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.6%.
- Ti (titanium) is an element effective in improving the high-temperature strength. Also, since titanium has an affinity with oxygen, it serves as one of the constituent elements of oxide scale, and enhances the gas isolating properties. This effect can be anticipated especially in an environment in which the carburizing properties are strong. Therefore, titanium is contained positively. To achieve this effect, it is effective to contain 0.01% or more of Ti. However, if titanium is contained excessively, the workability and weldability decrease, so that the upper limit of Ti content is set at 1%. The Ti content is preferably in the range of 0.12 to 0.8%, further preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.6%.
- N (nitrogen) need not necessarily be contained. If nitrogen is contained, it acts to enhance the high-temperature strength of metal material. However, if the N content exceeds 0.15%, the workability is impaired. Therefore, the upper limit of N content is set at 0.15%. The preferred upper limit thereof is 0.05%. To achieve the effect of enhancing the high-temperature strength of metal material, preferably 0.0005% or more, further preferably 0.001 % or more, of N is contained.
- O (oxygen) is an impurity element mingled from a raw material or the like when the metal material is melted . If the O content exceeds 0.02%, large amounts of oxide inclusions exist in the metal material, so that the workability decreases, and also a flaw may occur on the surface of metal material. Therefore, the upper limit of O content is set at 0.02%.
- Next, in addition to the method of invention (1) or invention (2), invention (3) relating to a metal material whose strength, ductility, and toughness are improved is explained.
- Invention (3) relates to a carburization resistant metal material characterized by further containing, by mass%, at least one kind of a component selected from at least one group of the first group to the fifth group described below in a metal material specified in invention (1) or (2):
- first group: Co: 10% or less,
- second group: Mo: 2.5% or less and W: 5% or less,
- third group: B: 0.1% or less, V: 0.5% or less, Zr: 0.1% or less, Nb: 2% or less, and Hf: 0.5% or less,
- fourth group: Mg: 0.1 % or less and Ca: 0.1 % or less,
- fifth group: Y: 0.15% or less, La: 0.15% or less, Ce: 0.15% or less, and Nd: 0.15% or less.
- Next, these optionally added elements are explained.
- Co (cobalt) acts to stabilize the austenite phase, so that it can replace some of Ni component. Therefore, cobalt may be contained as necessary. However, if the Co content exceeds 10%, cobalt deteriorates the hot workability. Therefore, when cobalt is contained, the content is 10% or less. From the viewpoint of hot workability, the Co content is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 5%, further preferably in the range of 0.01 to 3%.
- Mo (molybdenum) and W (tungsten) are solid-solution strengthening elements, so that either one or both of them may be contained as necessary. However, when molybdenum is contained, molybdenum deteriorates the workability and impairs the structural stability if the content exceeds 2.5%. Therefore, when molybdenum is contained, the content is 2.5% or less. The Mo content is preferably 0.01 to 2.3%. Also, when tungsten is contained, tungsten deteriorates the workability and impairs the structural stability if the content exceeds 5%. Therefore, when tungsten is contained, the content is 5% or less. The W content is preferably 0.01 to 2.3%.
- B (boron), V (vanadium), Zr (zirconium), Nb (niobium) and Hf (hafnium) are elements effective in improving the high-temperature strength characteristics, so that one kind or two or more kinds of these elements may be contained. However, when boron is contained, boron deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1 %. Therefore, when boron is contained, the content is 0.1% or less. The B content is preferably 0.001 to 0.05%. When vanadium is contained, vanadium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.5%. Therefore, when vanadium is contained, the content is 0.5% or less. The V content is preferably 0.001 to 0.1%. When zirconium is contained, zirconium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1%. Therefore, when zirconium is contained, the content is 0.1% or less. The Zr content is preferably 0.001 to 0.05%. When niobium is contained, niobium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 2%. Therefore, when niobium is contained, the content is 2% or less. The Nb content is preferably 0.001 to 0.1%. Also, when hafinium is contained, hafnium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.5%. Therefore, when hafnium is contained, the content is 0.5% or less. The Hf content is preferably 0.001 to 0.1%.
- Mg (magnesium) and Ca (calcium) have an effect of improving the hot workability, so that one kind or two or more kinds of these elements may be contained as necessary. However, when magnesium is contained, magnesium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1%. Therefore, when magnesium is contained, the content is 0.1% or less. The Mg content is preferably 0.0005 to 0.1%. Also, when calcium is contained, calcium deteriorates the weldability if the content exceeds 0.1%. Therefore, when calcium is contained, the content is 0.1 % or less. The Ca content is preferably 0.0005 to 0.1%.
- Y (yttrium), La (lanthanum), Ce (cerium) and Nd (neodymium) have an effect of improving the oxidation resistance, so that one kind or two or more kinds of these elements may be contained as necessary. However, when these elements are contained, these elements deteriorate the workability if the content of any one element thereof exceeds 0.15%. Therefore, when these elements are contained, the content of any one element thereof is 0.15% or less. The content is preferably 0.0005 to 0.15%.
- The metal material in accordance with the present invention having a function of restraining the reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface has only to satisfy the requirements specified in the above-described items (f) and (g) because the metal material has problems of metal dusting, carburization, and coking.
- The metal material in accordance with the present invention may be formed into a required shape such as a thick plate, sheet, seamless tube, welded tube, forged product, and wire rod by means of melting, casting, hot working, cold rolling, welding, and the like. Also, the metal material may be formed into a required shape by means of powder metallurgy, centrifugal casting, and the like. The surface of the metal material having been subjected to final heat treatment may be subjected to surface treatment such as pickling, shotblasting, shotpeening, mechanical cutting, grinding, and electropolishing. Also, on the surface of the metal material in accordance with the present invention, one or two or more irregular shapes such as protruding shapes may be formed. Also, the metal material in accordance with the present invention may be combined with various kinds of carbon steels, stainless steels, Ni-based alloys, Co-based alloys, Cu-based alloys, and the like to be formed into a required shape. In this case, the joining method of the metal material in accordance with the present invention to the various kinds of steels and alloys is not subject to any restriction. For example, mechanical joining such as pressure welding and "staking" and thermal joining such as welding and diffusion treatment can be performed.
- Next, the present invention is explained in more detail with reference to examples. The present invention is not limited to these examples.
- A metal material having a chemical composition given in Table 1 was melted by using a high-frequency heating vacuum furnace, and a metal plate having a plate thickness of 6 mm was manufactured by hot forging and hot rolling. The metal plate was subjected to solid-solution heat treatment at 1160 to 1230°C for 5 minutes, a part of which was cut to produce a test piece .
- From the metal material described in Table 1, a test piece measuring 15 mm wide and 20 mm long was cut. This test piece was isothermally maintained at 650°C in a 45%CO-42.5%H2-6.5%CO2-6%H2O (percent by volume) gas atmosphere. The test piece was taken out after 200 hours had elapsed, and the presence of a pit formed on the surface of test piece was examined by visual observation and by optical microscope observation. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- [Table 1]
Table 1 No. Chemical composition (mass%, balance being Fe and impurities) Right hand side of Expression (1) C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Cu Al Ti N O Others 1 0.18 1.16 1.23 0.021 0.0010 25.4 25.2 2.91 0.49 0.57 0.01 <0.01 0.005Ca, 0.002B 0.109 2 0.18 1.16 1.21 0.021 0.0010 25.2 29.9 2.92 0.48 0.54 0.01 <0.01 0.004Ca 0.110 3 0.11 0.98 1.18 0.024 0.0012 23.8 25.3 2.75 0.36 0.47 0.01 <0.01 - 0.099 4 0.16 1.07 0.15 0.019 0.0016 24.8 25.6 3.05 0.35 0.40 0.01 <0.01 - 0.111 5 0.14 0.95 1.81 0.014 0.0011 23.2 28.7 2.18 0.47 0.46 0.02 <0.01 1.9Mo 0.081 6 0.23 0.62 1.14 0.012 0.0002 27.5 24.4 4.61 0.03 0.12 0.01 <0.01 1.1W 0.117 7 0.09 0.65 0.75 0.022 0.0004 23.7 21.6 1.46 0.02 0.03 0.12 <0.01 0.11V, 1.4Co 0.030 8 0.18 1.15 0.98 0.022 0.0015 24.9 25.6 2.51 0.16 0.25 0.01 0.02 - 0.098 9 0.18 1.04 0.97 0.017 0.0013 23.8 26.7 1.97 0.40 0.37 0.01 <0.01 0.003Mg, 1.1Mo 0.077 10 0.16 1.13 1.04 0.005 0.0010 25.3 25.7 2.88 0.41 0.46 0.01 <0.01 0.032Nd, 0.003Ca 0.107 11 0.21 1.16 1.34 0.013 0.0010 24.9 29.3 1.44 0.32 0.33 0.02 <0.01 0.4Nb, 0.027Ce 0.063 12 0.15 0.89 1.28 0.026 0.0012 26.5 26.0 1.25 0.35 0.39 0.01 <0.01 0.2Hf, 0.003B, 0.02Zr 0.033 13 0.10 0.87 1.29 0.035 0.0083 22.4 24.8 1.21 0.39 0.75 0.02 <0.01 - 0.047 14 0.12 0.94 1.22 0.021 0.0005 23.2 29.3 0.62 0.88 0.52 0.01 <0.01 0.005Ca 0.029 15 0.16 1.44 1.17 0.009 0.0011 25.0 24.5 3.24 0.42 0.55 0.01 <0.01 0.011La, 0.023Ce 0.139 16 0.18 1.01 0.64 0.019 0.0010 28.6 22.4 2.67 0.46 0.56 0.01 <0.01 5.3Co 0.079 17 0.21 0.89 1.48 0.024 0.0032 26.3 27.5 3.32 0.41 0.51 0.01 <0.01 0.8W, 0.8Nb 0.103 18 0.27 1.16 0.82 0.024 0.0016 26.1 25.6 3.05 0.35 0.50 0.01 <0.01 - 0.111 19 0.24 1.74 1.29 0.019 0.0014 28.6 25.2 2.77 0.39 0.42 0.01 <0.01 - 0.128 20 0.12 0.61 1.16 0.022 0.0012 24.9 27.1 2.58 0.48 0.40 0.01 <0.01 - 0.066 21 0.11 0.97 1.12 0.018 0.0007 25.5 25.8 2.97 0.46 0.48 0.01 <0.01 0.035Y 0.099 22 0.15 0.96 0.52 0.022 0.0009 20.4 27.2 3.05 0.47 0.49 0.01 <0.01 - 0.122 23 0.15 0.92 0.47 0.019 0.0007 18.5 25.7 3.11 0.48 0.52 0.01 <0.01 0.3Nb 0.129 24 0.06* 0.30* 1.20 0.021 0.0014 25.2 25.8 2.97 0.50 0.54 0.01 <0.01 0.002Ca 0.059 25 0.12 1.62 0.87 0.020 0.0002 23.6 27.9 3.11 0.31 0.44 0.01 <0.01 - 0.152* 26 0.11 0.40* 0.63 0.017 0.0015 23.5 25.6 2.96 0.52 0.52 0.01 <0.01 0.001B, 0.02Nd 0.071 27 0.09 0.40* 0.63 0.051* 0.0004 24.3 26.7 3.00 0.82 0.43 0.01 <0.01 - 0.070 28 0.17 0.87 1.14 0.021 0.0010 25.2 24.3 0.32* 0.32 0.37 0.01 <0.01 - 0.007 29 0.21 0.68 1.21 0.018 0.0011 25.8 20.5 12.30* 0.44 0.06 0.02 0.04* 2.6W, 0.08Zr 0.382* 30 0.21 2.51* 1.27 0.019 0.0015 26.2 26.6 2.87 0.22 0.49 0.01 <0.01 0.003B, 0.003Ca 0.189 31 0.16 1.15 1.10 0.023 0.0230* 25.7 26.8 3.02 0.35 0.47 0.01 <0.01 1.3Mo 0.111 32 0.17 1.23 1.08 0.025 0.0022 25.5 25.9 2.74 <0.01* 0.56 0.01 <0.01 - 0.108 33 0.15 1.04 0.63 0.024 0.0015 26.1 25.5 2.21 0.52 <0.01* 0.01 <0.01 0.004Mg, 0.5Hf 0.076 Note: * Mark indicates out of the scope of the present invention. - [Table 2]
Table 2 No. 650°C, 200h, in 45%CO-42.5%H2-6.5%CO2-6%H2O 650°C, 10h, in 30%C3H6-70%H2 gas Restraint weld crack test Presence of Pit or not Presence of Pit or not (Number of HAZ cracks) / (Number of cross sections observed) 1 Absent Absent 0/10 2 Absent Absent 0/10 3 Absent Absent 0/10 4 Absent Absent 0/10 5 Absent Absent 0/10 6 Absent Absent 0/10 7 Absent Absent 0/10 8 Absent Absent 0/10 9 Absent Absent 0/10 10 Absent Absent 0/10 11 Absent Absent 0/10 12 Absent Absent 0/10 13 Absent Absent 0/10 14 Absent Absent 0/10 15 16 Absent Absent 0/10 Absent Absent 0/10 17 Absent Absent 0/10 18 Absent Absent 0/10 19 Absent Absent 0/10 20 Absent Absent 0/10 21 Absent Absent 0/10 22 Absent Absent 0/10 23 Absent Absent 0/10 24 Present Present 6/10 25 Absent Absent 10/10 26 Present Present 0/10 27 Absent Present 0/10 28 Present Present 2/10 29 Absent Absent 5/10 30 Absent Absent 10/10 31 Absent Present 3/10 32 Present Present 0/10 33 Present Present 0/10 - Table 2 indicates that, among Nos. 24 to 33 metal materials in which the chemical composition deviates from the condition specified in the present invention, Nos. 24, 26, 28, 32 and 33 metal materials had a pit formed after 200 hours had elapsed. Therefore, the metal dusting resistance is poor in a synthetic gas environment containing CO. On the other hand, in all of the metal materials specified in the present invention, no pit is formed, and therefore, these metal materials have excellent metal dusting resistance.
- A metal material having a chemical composition given in Table 1 was melted by using a high-frequency heating vacuum furnace, and a metal plate having a plate thickness of 6 mm was manufactured by hot forging and hot rolling. The metal plate was subjected to solid-solution heat treatment at 1160 to 1230°C for 5 minutes, a part of which was cut to produce a test piece. From the metal material described in Table 1, a test piece measuring 15 mm wide and 20 mm long was cut. This test piece was isothermally maintained at 650°C in a 30%C3H8-70%H2 (percent by volume) gas atmosphere. The test piece was taken out after 10 hours had elapsed, and the presence of a pit formed on the surface of test piece was examined by visual observation and by optical microscope observation. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Table 2 indicates that, among Nos. 24 to 33 metal materials in which the chemical composition deviates from the condition specified in the present invention, Nos. 24, 26 to 28, and 31 to 33 metal materials had a pit formed in the 10-hour test. Therefore, the metal dusting resistance is poor in a hydrocarbon gas environment. On the other hand, in all of the metal materials specified in the present invention, no pit is formed, and therefore, these metal materials have excellent metal dusting resistance.
- A metal material having a chemical composition given in Table 1 was melted by using a high-frequency heating vacuum furnace, and two metal plates each having a plate thickness of 12 mm, a width of 50 mm, and a length of 100 mm was manufactured from each metal material by hot forging and hot rolling. The metal plates were subjected to solid-solution heat treatment at 1200°C for 5 minutes, a part of which was cut to produce a test piece.
- Then, on one side in the lengthwise direction of the test piece, a V-type edge having an angle of 30 degrees and a root thickness of 1.0 mm was prepared. Thereafter, the periphery of the test pieces was restraint-welded onto a commercially available metal plate of SM400C specified in JIS G3106(2004) measuring 25 mm thick, 150 mm wide, and 150 mm long by using a covered electrode of DNiCrMo-3 specified in JIS Z3224(1999). Subsequently, multi-layer welds were made by TIG welding under a condition of heat input of 6 kJ/cm by using a TIG welding wire of YNiCrMo-3 specified in JIS Z3334(1999). After the aforementioned welding, ten test pieces for observing the sectional microstructure of joint were cut from each test piece, and the cross sections thereof were mirror polished and corroded. Thereby, the presence of cracks in the HAZ was observed by an optical microscope at x500 magnification. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Table 2 indicates that in No. 24 metal material in which the C content deviates from the condition specified in the present invention and No. 25 metal material that does not satisfy Expression (1), HAZ cracks are recognized. Also, it is indicated that for Nos. 28 to 31 metal materials in which the Cu, Si and S contents deviate from the condition specified in the present invention though the C content meets the specified condition, the HAZ crack restraining effect is small. On the other hand, in all of the metal materials specified in the present invention, HAZ cracks are not generated. Therefore, the weldability thereof is excellent.
- There is provided a metal material that has an effect of restraining reaction between carburizing gas and the metal surface, has excellent metal dusting resistance, carburization resistance, and coking resistance, and further has improved weldability. This metal material can be used for welded structure members of cracking furnaces, reforming furnaces, heating furnaces, heat exchangers, etc. in petroleum refining, petrochemical plants, and the like, and can significantly improve the durability and operation efficiency of apparatus.
Claims (2)
- A carburization resistant metal material characterized by consisting of, by mass%, C: 0.08 to 0.4%, Si: 0.6 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.05 to 2.5%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.015% or less, Cr: 18 to 30%, Ni: 20% or higher and less than 30%, Cu: 0.5 to 10.0%, Al: 0.01 to 1%, Ti: 0.01 to 1%, N: 0.15% or less, and O (oxygen): 0.02% or less, optionally at least one kind of a component selected from at least one group of the first group to the fifth group described below, the balance being Fe and impurities, and satisfying Expression (1);
in which the symbol of element in Expression (1) represents the content of that element in mass%;first group: Co: 10% or less,second group: Mo: 2.5% or less and W: 5% or less,third group: B: 0.1% or less, V: 0.5% or less, Zr: 0.1% or less, Nb: 2% or less, and Hf: 0.5% or less,fourth group: Mg: 0.1% or less and Ca: 0.1% or less, andfifth group: Y: 0.15% or less, La: 0.15% or less, Ce: 0.15% or less, and Nd: 0.15% or less. - The carburization resistant metal material according to Claim 1, characterized by containing Cr: 22 to 30%.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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PCT/JP2009/053212 WO2009107585A1 (en) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-02-23 | Carburization-resistant metal material |
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- 2009-02-23 ES ES09715929.7T patent/ES2545488T3/en active Active
- 2009-02-23 CN CN2009801054449A patent/CN101946016B/en active Active
- 2009-02-23 KR KR1020107014706A patent/KR101210113B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2009-02-23 WO PCT/JP2009/053212 patent/WO2009107585A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-02-23 EP EP09715929.7A patent/EP2246454B1/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101946016A (en) | 2011-01-12 |
ES2545488T3 (en) | 2015-09-11 |
KR101210113B1 (en) | 2012-12-07 |
US20100034690A1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
DK2246454T3 (en) | 2015-10-05 |
KR20100092498A (en) | 2010-08-20 |
EP2246454A4 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
CA2711415C (en) | 2012-10-30 |
JP4329883B1 (en) | 2009-09-09 |
CA2711415A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
WO2009107585A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
EP2246454A1 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
CN101946016B (en) | 2012-10-31 |
JPWO2009107585A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
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