EP2244332A1 - High frequency directional coupler - Google Patents

High frequency directional coupler Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2244332A1
EP2244332A1 EP09450084A EP09450084A EP2244332A1 EP 2244332 A1 EP2244332 A1 EP 2244332A1 EP 09450084 A EP09450084 A EP 09450084A EP 09450084 A EP09450084 A EP 09450084A EP 2244332 A1 EP2244332 A1 EP 2244332A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
directional coupler
output
frequency directional
signal
coupler according
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EP09450084A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2244332B1 (en
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Lukas W. Mayer
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Priority to EP09450084.0A priority Critical patent/EP2244332B1/en
Priority to PCT/AT2010/000106 priority patent/WO2010121278A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/19—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port of the junction type
    • H01P5/22—Hybrid ring junctions
    • H01P5/227—90° branch line couplers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/04—Coupling devices of the waveguide type with variable factor of coupling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a high-frequency directional coupler with four looped ⁇ / 4-strip conductors whose interfaces form an input, two antenna ports and an output.
  • Directional couplers of this type in combination with a cross-polarized antenna, allow the input signal to be radiated over the antenna as a circularly-polarized wave and simultaneously output a wave received counter-circularly polarized via the antenna as an output signal, see, eg US Pat. No. 6,255,993 ,
  • This is used for example for communication with RFID transponders (radio frequency identification transponders) with linearly polarized transceiver antennas, on the one hand to make the communication independent of the spatial orientation of the transponder and on the other hand to prevent crosstalk of the transmitted signal to the received signal by the different polarization.
  • the quality of the transmitting / receiving channel separation of the directional coupler depends on the accuracy of the vote of its four ⁇ / 4-strip conductor. Unbalances in the circuit structure, changes in position of the transponder and parasitic components in the propagation field between antenna and transponder lead to mismatches, which affect the directivity and thus the achievable at the output useful signal to send signal ratio.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a high-frequency directional coupler for circularly polarized antenna systems, which has an improved directivity and is simple and inexpensive.
  • a high-frequency directional coupler of the aforementioned type which is characterized according to the invention by at least one switched into a ⁇ / 4 stripline controllable impedance, which from a connected to the output tuner with a view to minimizing the output occurring signal is controlled.
  • the directional coupler thus becomes a self-adaptive tuning system that is always optimally tuned even under changing environmental conditions, such as changing location and distance of an RFID transponder and / or parasitic elements in the antenna's transmit-receive field. This achieves maximum directivity and optimum signal-to-noise ratio in the received signal. Subsequent carrier suppression by expensive and expensive high-frequency modules are no longer necessary.
  • the compensation directly in the directional coupler can be achieved with a few high-frequency-carrying components and thus has the advantage of minimal losses.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention is characterized in that at least two ⁇ / 4 strip conductors are each provided with an impedance controlled by the tuner.
  • the regulation has at least two degrees of freedom, and that by the controller Accordingly, the compensation signal directed from the input to the output of the impedances can be varied in two degrees of freedom, amplitude and phase, in order to achieve the tuning optimum.
  • the two impedances lie in the ⁇ / 4 strip conductors leading to the output.
  • the losses in the main signal paths of the directional coupler are kept as low as possible.
  • each controllable impedance is approximately half way through its ⁇ / 4 stripline, where it can exert its greatest effectiveness.
  • each controllable impedance is formed by a varactor diode, which is galvanically isolated inserted the ⁇ / 4 stripline and their control bias is applied by the tuning device via a high-frequency cut filter.
  • Varactor diodes have the advantage of a very low power loss.
  • the tuner preferably controls the impedance (s) such that the output is minimal in a time average. This substantially simplifies the circuit compared with the known active compensation circuits: the tuner requires only a measurement of the output signal, and the time averaging produces a sluggish control which prevents a relevant receive signal, e.g. the data telegram of an RFID transponder is also deleted.
  • the tuning device controls the controllable impedance (s) for the duration of one at the antenna port expected received signal fixed so that, for example, during the reception of a data telegram of an RFID transponder no vote takes place, which could corrupt the received signal.
  • the tuning device opens a inserted into the output of the directional coupler switch when the output signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.
  • downstream subassemblies may be subject to excessive signal amplitudes, e.g. be protected during the initial reconciliation or in times of temporary mismatch.
  • Fig. 1 shows a directional coupler 1 for the high frequency range, in particular microwave range, for example the range of 800 - 900 MHz.
  • the directional coupler 1 is constructed in stripline technology and intended for cooperation with a linear cross-polarized transceiver antenna 2, for example a patch antenna.
  • the antenna 2 has two cross-polarized terminals 3, 4, u.zw. a terminal 3 for excitation in the horizontal direction and a terminal 4 for excitation in the vertical direction (or vice versa). If the terminals 3, 4 are fed sinusoidally with a phase offset of ⁇ / 4, ie 90 °, the antenna 2 emits, for example, a right-circularly polarized transmission wave 5. Conversely, the antenna 2 can receive a left circularly polarized receiving wave 6 and provide at its terminals 3, 4 as two sine waves - phase-shifted in the opposite direction.
  • the directional coupler 1 is a four-port with an input 7, two antenna ports 8, 9 and an output 10 and serves to output an input signal fed to the input 7 on the antenna ports 8, 9 so that the antenna 2 is excited to emit the transmission shaft 5 and, conversely, output a receiving wave 6 received by the antenna 2 on the output 10 as an output signal.
  • the directional coupler 1 is composed of four ⁇ / 4 strip conductors 11-14 connected electrically in a circle (physically, for example, as a square or rhombus) whose connection points or interfaces are the input 7, the two antenna ports 8, 9 and the output 10 form.
  • the impedances of the strip conductors 11, 13 are selected to be 50 ohms and the impedances of the strip conductors 12, 14 to 71 ohms, for example; or alternatively, for example, the impedances of the strip conductors 11, 13 to 35 ohms and the impedances of the strip conductors 12, 14 to 50 ohms; both variants are equivalent for the function. If the mutually opposite strip conductors are provided with slightly different impedances, the ratio of the powers supplied to the antenna ports 8, 9 can additionally be fine-tuned.
  • a controllable impedance 15, 16 is switched on, which is controlled by a tuning device 17 is controlled via control lines 18, 19.
  • the tuner 17, e.g. a microprocessor control is in turn connected via a line 20 to the output 10 and receives from the latter via a tap 21, preferably in the form of an amplitude or power detector, a measured value of the signal on the output 10, in particular a measured value of the amplitude or power of the output signal ,
  • the controllable impedances 15, 16 are designed as lossless as possible controllable inductors or capacitors.
  • the controllable impedances 15, 16 are preferably varactor diodes, which can be changed in their capacity by blocking or bias voltages U 1 , U 2 transmitted via the control lines 18, 19 and a ground path 22.
  • the varactor diodes 15, 16 are electrically isolated by means of capacitors 23, 24 inserted into the strip conductors 13, 14 in order to apply the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 can. To prevent leakage of the high frequency in the control lines 18, 19 and the ground path 22, these are provided with high-frequency blocking filters 25 - 27.
  • two signal contributions coming from in each case one of the strip lines, can be fed into the output 10 as compensation signal adjustable in amplitude and phase.
  • the sum of these two signals thus inputted provides a compensation signal whose amplitude is in the range of zero to about one tenth of the signal amplitude in the forward path from the input 7 to the antenna ports 8, 9 and whose phase can be varied over the entire range from 0 ° to 360 ° ,
  • controllable impedances 15, 16 are located approximately halfway through their stripline 13, 14, as shown. in the middle. By simulations, it has been found that the optimum position of the impedances 15, 16 depends on the type of controllable impedances used, and e.g. at varactor diodes may differ slightly from the stripline center.
  • a possible slight detuning or asymmetry of the directional coupler 1 caused by the insertion of the impedances 15, 16 into the strip conductors 13, 14 can be compensated for by a corresponding oppositely acting change in the line lengths and / or impedances of the strip conductors 11-14.
  • the fine tuning of the line lengths and / or impedances is preferably carried out so that the directional coupler 1 is balanced at idle, when the controllable impedances 15, 16 are set to the center of their tuning range.
  • Fig. 2 shows the measured at the output 10 power P RX the output signal of the directional coupler 1 in response to changes in the bias voltages U 1 and U 2 , when an input signal at the nominal wavelength ⁇ of the directional coupler 1 is fed at input 7.
  • the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 of the varactor diodes 15, 16 the minimum 28 of the output signal P RX is sought;
  • the directional coupler 1 is in perfect coordination under the given circumstances, such as its manufacturing tolerances, the antenna structure, the distance and location of an RFID transponder, parasitic components in the transmission-receiving field of the antenna 2, etc.
  • any search algorithm known in the art may be used to tune the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 , eg, a gradient algorithm which progresses towards the maximum gradient of the area from P RX to the minimum 28.
  • the control performed by the tuner 17 preferably has some inertia, e.g. by averaging the tapped at the output 10 output signal, so that a transiently occurring in the output signal, for example, the data telegram of a responding RFID transponder, essentially not included in the scheme and therefore not distorted or compensated by the scheme.
  • the tuning device 17 can be programmed so that it fixes the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 for the duration of an expected received signal, for example, for the duration of the response signal of an RFID transponder, which is fed and / or queried by means of the transmission signal.
  • a controllable high-frequency switch 29 can be inserted in the output 10 of the directional coupler 1 in the output 10 of the directional coupler 1 .
  • the switch 29 is controlled via a control line 30 of the tuning means 17 so that it opens when the signal at the output 10 exceeds a predetermined threshold to protect the RF coupler connected to the directional coupler 1 from excessive voltages at the beginning or in the course of a control process.
  • the switch 29 can also be designed as a changeover switch, which switches the connection point of the strip conductors 13, 14 when opening the output 10 to a suitable terminating resistor 31 in order not to impair the internal function of the directional coupler 1 by the opening.

Abstract

The coupler (1) has four strip lines (11- 14) that are connected in a circle. Interfaces of the strip lines form an input (7), two antenna ports (8, 9) and an output (10). The strip lines have impedances that are controlled by a tuning device (17) with regard to minimizing of signal resulting at the output, where the tuning device is connected to the output. The impedances lie in the strip lines guided to the output. The impedances are formed by varactor diodes (15, 16) that are galvanically and separately inserted into two of the strip lines.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler mit vier im Kreis geschalteten λ/4-Streifenleitern, deren Schnittstellen einen Eingang, zwei Antennenports und einen Ausgang bilden.The present invention relates to a high-frequency directional coupler with four looped λ / 4-strip conductors whose interfaces form an input, two antenna ports and an output.

Richtkoppler dieser Art erlauben in Kombination mit einer kreuzpolarisierten Antenne das Abstrahlen des Eingangssignals über die Antenne als zirkularpolarisierte Welle und das gleichzeitige Ausgeben einer über die Antenne entgegengesetztzirkularpolarisiert empfangenen Welle als Ausgangssignal, siehe z.B. US 6 255 993 . Dies wird beispielsweise zur Kommunikation mit RFID-Transpondern (radio frequency identification transponders) mit linear polarisierten Sendeempfangsantennen verwendet, um einerseits die Kommunikation unabhängig von der räumlichen Orientierung des Transponders zu machen und anderseits ein Übersprechen des Sendesignals auf das Empfangssignal durch die unterschiedliche Polarisation zu unterbinden. Die Güte der Sende/Empfangskanaltrennung des Richtkopplers ("Richtschärfe") hängt dabei von der Exaktheit der Abstimmung seiner vier λ/4-Streifenleiter ab. Unsymmetrien im Schaltungsaufbau, Lageänderungen des Transponders und parasitäre Komponenten im Ausbreitungsfeld zwischen Antenne und Transponder führen zu Fehlanpassungen, welche die Richtschärfe und damit das am Ausgang erzielbare Nutzsignal-zu-Sendesignal-Verhältnis beeinträchtigen.Directional couplers of this type, in combination with a cross-polarized antenna, allow the input signal to be radiated over the antenna as a circularly-polarized wave and simultaneously output a wave received counter-circularly polarized via the antenna as an output signal, see, eg US Pat. No. 6,255,993 , This is used for example for communication with RFID transponders (radio frequency identification transponders) with linearly polarized transceiver antennas, on the one hand to make the communication independent of the spatial orientation of the transponder and on the other hand to prevent crosstalk of the transmitted signal to the received signal by the different polarization. The quality of the transmitting / receiving channel separation of the directional coupler ("directivity") depends on the accuracy of the vote of its four λ / 4-strip conductor. Unbalances in the circuit structure, changes in position of the transponder and parasitic components in the propagation field between antenna and transponder lead to mismatches, which affect the directivity and thus the achievable at the output useful signal to send signal ratio.

Um eine höhere Richtschärfe zu erzielen, wurde in der WO 2006/088583 bereits vorgeschlagen, bei RFID-Systemen mit gesonderten, linearpolarisierten Sende- und Empfangsantennen das in den Empfangskanal einstreuende Sendesignal durch Einspeisung eines aus dem Sendekanal abgeleiteten Kompensationssignals zu löschen ("aktive Trägerunterdrückung"). Dies erfordert jedoch aufwendige und kostspielige Hochfrequenzbaugruppen zur Nachbearbeitung des Empfangssignals. Überdies gehen bei dieser Lösung die Vorteile der Zirkularpolarisation in Bezug auf Lageänderungen des Transponders verloren.In order to achieve a higher directivity, was in the WO 2006/088583 in RFID systems with separate, linearly polarized transmit and receive antennas, it has already been proposed to delete the transmit signal scattered in the receive channel by feeding in a compensation signal derived from the transmit channel ("active carrier suppression"). However, this requires expensive and expensive high-frequency modules for post-processing of the received signal. Moreover, this solution loses the benefits of circular polarization with respect to transponder position changes.

Die Erfindung setzt sich zum Ziel, einen Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler für zirkular polarisierte Antennensysteme zu schaffen, welcher eine verbesserte Richtschärfe hat und dabei einfach und kostengünstig aufgebaut ist.The invention has for its object to provide a high-frequency directional coupler for circularly polarized antenna systems, which has an improved directivity and is simple and inexpensive.

Dieses Ziel wird mit einem Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler der einleitend genannten Art erreicht, der sich gemäß der Erfindung durch zumindest eine in einen λ/4-Streifenleiter eingeschaltete steuerbare Impedanz auszeichnet, welche von einer an den Ausgang angeschlossenen Abstimmeinrichtung im Hinblick auf eine Minimierung des am Ausgang auftretenden Signals gesteuert ist.This object is achieved with a high-frequency directional coupler of the aforementioned type, which is characterized according to the invention by at least one switched into a λ / 4 stripline controllable impedance, which from a connected to the output tuner with a view to minimizing the output occurring signal is controlled.

Auf diese Weise wird die Möglichkeit einer aktiven Unterdrückung des Sendesignals im Empfangssignal direkt in den Richtkoppler integriert. Der Richtkoppler wird damit zu einem sich selbst adaptiv abstimmenden System, das auch unter wechselnden Umgebungsbedingungen, wie einer wechselnden Lage und Entfernung eines RFID-Transponders und/oder parasitären Elemente im Sendeempfangsfeld der Antenne, stets optimal abgestimmt ist. Damit werden eine maximale Richtschärfe und ein optimales Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis im Empfangssignal erreicht. Nachträgliche Trägerunterdrückungsverfahren durch teure und aufwendige Hochfrequenzbaugruppen sind nicht mehr nötig. Die Kompensation direkt im Richtkoppler ist mit wenigen hochfrequenzführenden Bauteilen erreichbar und hat damit auch den Vorteil minimaler Verluste.In this way, the possibility of an active suppression of the transmission signal in the received signal is integrated directly into the directional coupler. The directional coupler thus becomes a self-adaptive tuning system that is always optimally tuned even under changing environmental conditions, such as changing location and distance of an RFID transponder and / or parasitic elements in the antenna's transmit-receive field. This achieves maximum directivity and optimum signal-to-noise ratio in the received signal. Subsequent carrier suppression by expensive and expensive high-frequency modules are no longer necessary. The compensation directly in the directional coupler can be achieved with a few high-frequency-carrying components and thus has the advantage of minimal losses.

Eine besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungsform der Erfindung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, daß zumindest zwei λ/4-Streifenleiter mit jeweils einer von der Abstimmeinrichtung gesteuerten Impedanz versehen sind. Dadurch hat die Regelung jedenfalls zumindest zwei Freiheitsgrade, und das durch die Steuerung der Impedanzen vom Eingang zum Ausgang gelenkte Kompensationssignal kann demgemäß in zwei Freiheitsgraden, Amplitude und Phase, verändert werden, um das Abstimmungsoptimum zu erreichen.A particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention is characterized in that at least two λ / 4 strip conductors are each provided with an impedance controlled by the tuner. As a result, the regulation has at least two degrees of freedom, and that by the controller Accordingly, the compensation signal directed from the input to the output of the impedances can be varied in two degrees of freedom, amplitude and phase, in order to achieve the tuning optimum.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn gemäß einem weiteren Merkmal der Erfindung die beiden Impedanzen in den zum Ausgang führenden λ/4-Streifenleitern liegen. Dadurch werden die Verluste in den Hauptsignalwegen des Richtkopplers möglichst gering gehalten.It is particularly advantageous if, according to a further feature of the invention, the two impedances lie in the λ / 4 strip conductors leading to the output. As a result, the losses in the main signal paths of the directional coupler are kept as low as possible.

Bevorzugt liegt jede steuerbare Impedanz etwa auf halbem Wege ihres λ/4-Streifenleiters, wo sie ihre größte Wirksamkeit entfalten kann.Preferably, each controllable impedance is approximately half way through its λ / 4 stripline, where it can exert its greatest effectiveness.

Als steuerbare Impedanz kann jedes in der Technik bekannte Element verwendet werden, beispielsweise MEM-Elemente (microelectronic-mechanical elements), PIN-Dioden, steuerbare Abschwächer usw. Bevorzugt wird vorgesehen, daß jede steuerbare Impedanz durch eine Varaktordiode gebildet ist, die galvanisch getrennt in den λ/4-Streifenleiter eingefügt und deren Steuer-Vorspannung von der Abstimmeinrichtung über ein Hochfrequenz-Sperrfilter aufgebracht ist. Varaktordioden haben den Vorteil einer sehr geringen Verlustleistung.As a controllable impedance, any element known in the art may be used, for example MEM (microelectronic-mechanical elements), PIN diodes, controllable attenuators, etc. It is preferably provided that each controllable impedance is formed by a varactor diode, which is galvanically isolated inserted the λ / 4 stripline and their control bias is applied by the tuning device via a high-frequency cut filter. Varactor diodes have the advantage of a very low power loss.

Die Abstimmeinrichtung steuert die Impedanz(en) bevorzugt so, daß das Ausgangssignal in einem zeitlichen Mittel minimal ist. Dies vereinfacht die Schaltung im Vergleich zu den bekannten aktiven Kompensationsschaltungen wesentlich: Die Abstimmeinrichtung benötigt lediglich einen Meßwert des Ausgangssignals, und durch die zeitliche Mittelung ergibt sich eine träge Regelung, welche verhindert, daß ein relevantes Empfangssignal, z.B. das Datentelegramm eines RFID-Transponders, mitgelöscht wird.The tuner preferably controls the impedance (s) such that the output is minimal in a time average. This substantially simplifies the circuit compared with the known active compensation circuits: the tuner requires only a measurement of the output signal, and the time averaging produces a sluggish control which prevents a relevant receive signal, e.g. the data telegram of an RFID transponder is also deleted.

Aus dem letzten Grund ist es besonders vorteilhaft, wenn alternativ oder zusätzlich die Abstimmeinrichtung die steuerbare(n) Impedanz(en) für die Dauer eines an den Antennenports erwarteten Empfangssignals fixiert, sodaß z.B. während des Empfangs eines Datentelegramms eines RFID-Transponders keine Abstimmung erfolgt, welche das Empfangssignal verfälschen könnte.For the latter reason, it is particularly advantageous if, alternatively or additionally, the tuning device controls the controllable impedance (s) for the duration of one at the antenna port expected received signal fixed so that, for example, during the reception of a data telegram of an RFID transponder no vote takes place, which could corrupt the received signal.

Schließlich kann auch vorgesehen werden, daß die Abstimmeinrichtung einen in den Ausgang des Richtkopplers eingefügten Schalter öffnet, wenn das Ausgangssignal einen vorgegebenen Schwellwert übersteigt. Dadurch können nachgeordnete Baugruppen vor zu großen Signalamplituden, wie sie z.B. während des ersten Abgleichs oder in Zeiten vorübergehender Fehlabstimmung auftreten können, geschützt werden.Finally, it can also be provided that the tuning device opens a inserted into the output of the directional coupler switch when the output signal exceeds a predetermined threshold. As a result, downstream subassemblies may be subject to excessive signal amplitudes, e.g. be protected during the initial reconciliation or in times of temporary mismatch.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand eines in den beigeschlossenen Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. In den Zeichnungen zeigt

  • Fig. 1 ein Schaltbild des Hochfrequenz-Richtkopplers der Erfindung und
  • Fig. 2 das Ausgangssignal des Richtkopplers in Abhängigkeit von den Steuerspannungen der beiden Varaktordioden.
The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings shows
  • Fig. 1 a circuit diagram of the high-frequency directional coupler of the invention and
  • Fig. 2 the output signal of the directional coupler in dependence on the control voltages of the two varactor diodes.

Fig. 1 zeigt einen Richtkoppler 1 für den Hochfrequenzbereich, insbesondere Mikrowellenbereich, z.B. den Bereich von 800 - 900 MHz. Der Richtkoppler 1 ist in Streifenleitertechnologie aufgebaut und zum Zusammenwirken mit einer linear kreuzpolarisierten Sendeempfangsantenne 2 bestimmt, z.B. einer Patchantenne. Die Antenne 2 besitzt zwei kreuzpolarisierte Anschlüsse 3, 4, u.zw. einen Anschluß 3 zur Anregung in horizontaler Richtung und einen Anschluß 4 zur Anregung in vertikaler Richtung (oder umgekehrt). Werden die Anschlüsse 3, 4 unter einem Phasenversatz von λ/4, d.h. 90°, sinusförmig gespeist, strahlt die Antenne 2 z.B. eine rechtszirkular polarisierte Sendewelle 5 ab. Umgekehrt kann die Antenne 2 eine linkszirkular polarisierte Empfangswelle 6 empfangen und an ihren Anschlüssen 3, 4 als zwei - in umgekehrter Richtung phasenversetzte - Sinuswellen zur Verfügung stellen. Fig. 1 shows a directional coupler 1 for the high frequency range, in particular microwave range, for example the range of 800 - 900 MHz. The directional coupler 1 is constructed in stripline technology and intended for cooperation with a linear cross-polarized transceiver antenna 2, for example a patch antenna. The antenna 2 has two cross-polarized terminals 3, 4, u.zw. a terminal 3 for excitation in the horizontal direction and a terminal 4 for excitation in the vertical direction (or vice versa). If the terminals 3, 4 are fed sinusoidally with a phase offset of λ / 4, ie 90 °, the antenna 2 emits, for example, a right-circularly polarized transmission wave 5. Conversely, the antenna 2 can receive a left circularly polarized receiving wave 6 and provide at its terminals 3, 4 as two sine waves - phase-shifted in the opposite direction.

Der Richtkoppler 1 ist ein Viertor mit einem Eingang 7, zwei Antennenports 8, 9 und einem Ausgang 10 und dient dazu, ein am Eingang 7 eingespeistes Eingangssignal auf den Antennenports 8, 9 so auszugeben, daß die Antenne 2 zur Abstrahlung der Sendewelle 5 angeregt wird, und umgekehrt eine von der Antenne 2 empfangene Empfangswelle 6 auf dem Ausgang 10 als Ausgangssignal auszugeben. Zu diesem Zweck setzt sich der Richtkoppler 1 aus vier elektrisch im Kreis (physisch z.B. als Quadrat oder Raute) geschalteten λ/4-Streifenleitern 11 - 14 zusammen, deren Verbindungspunkte bzw. Schnittstellen den Eingang 7, die beiden Antennenports 8, 9 und den Ausgang 10 bilden.The directional coupler 1 is a four-port with an input 7, two antenna ports 8, 9 and an output 10 and serves to output an input signal fed to the input 7 on the antenna ports 8, 9 so that the antenna 2 is excited to emit the transmission shaft 5 and, conversely, output a receiving wave 6 received by the antenna 2 on the output 10 as an output signal. For this purpose, the directional coupler 1 is composed of four λ / 4 strip conductors 11-14 connected electrically in a circle (physically, for example, as a square or rhombus) whose connection points or interfaces are the input 7, the two antenna ports 8, 9 and the output 10 form.

Unter dem Begriff "λ/4"-Streifenleiter wird in der vorliegenden Beschreibung ein Streifenleiter verstanden, welcher einen Phasenversatz des über ihn übertragenen Signals um eine viertel Wellenlänge (λ/4), d.h. 90°, bzw. um ein äquivalentes Winkelmaß nλ + λ/4 bzw. n360° + 90° (n = 1, 2...) erzeugt.The term "λ / 4" strip conductor in the present description is understood to mean a strip conductor which has a phase offset of the signal transmitted through it by a quarter wavelength (λ / 4), i. 90 °, or by an equivalent angle nλ + λ / 4 or n360 ° + 90 ° (n = 1, 2 ...) generated.

Wie dem Fachmann bekannt, ist für die Funktion des Richtkopplers 1 neben der Länge der Streifenleiter 11 - 14 auch deren Impedanz entsprechend zu wählen, wie in Fig. 1 durch die unterschiedlichen Breiten der Streifenleiter angedeutet. Für einen 3dB-Richtkoppler, der an allen vier Toren 7 - 10 an 50 Ohm angepaßt sein soll, werden beispielsweise die Impedanzen der Streifenleiter 11, 13 zu 50 Ohm und die Impedanzen der Streifenleiter 12, 14 zu 71 Ohm gewählt; oder alternativ z.B. die Impedanzen der Streifenleiter 11, 13 zu 35 Ohm und die Impedanzen der Streifenleiter 12, 14 zu 50 Ohm; beide Varianten sind für die Funktion äquivalent. Werden die einander gegenüberliegenden Streifenleiter mit geringfügig unterschiedlichen Impedanzen versehen, kann zusätzlich das Verhältnis der an die Antennenports 8, 9 gelieferten Leistungen feinabgestimmt werden.As is known to those skilled in the art, for the function of the directional coupler 1 in addition to the length of the strip conductor 11 - 14 and their impedance to choose accordingly, as in Fig. 1 indicated by the different widths of the strip conductor. For a 3dB directional coupler which is to be adapted to 50 ohms at all four gates 7-10, the impedances of the strip conductors 11, 13 are selected to be 50 ohms and the impedances of the strip conductors 12, 14 to 71 ohms, for example; or alternatively, for example, the impedances of the strip conductors 11, 13 to 35 ohms and the impedances of the strip conductors 12, 14 to 50 ohms; both variants are equivalent for the function. If the mutually opposite strip conductors are provided with slightly different impedances, the ratio of the powers supplied to the antenna ports 8, 9 can additionally be fine-tuned.

In zumindest einen der Streifenleiter 11 - 14, bevorzugt in zumindest zwei oder mehr Streifenleiter 11 - 14, besonderes bevorzugt in genau die beiden zum Ausgang 10 führenden Streifenleiter 13, 14, ist jeweils eine steuerbare Impedanz 15, 16 eingeschaltet, welche von einer Abstimmeinrichtung 17 über Steuerleitungen 18, 19 gesteuert wird. Die Abstimmeinrichtung 17, z.B. eine Mikroprozessorsteuerung, ist ihrerseits über eine Leitung 20 an den Ausgang 10 angeschlossen und empfängt von diesem über einen Abgriff 21, bevorzugt in Form eines Amplituden- oder Leistungsdetektors, einen Meßwert des Signals auf dem Ausgang 10, insbesondere einen Meßwert der Amplitude oder Leistung des Ausgangsignals.In at least one of the strip conductors 11-14, preferably in at least two or more strip conductors 11-14, particularly preferably in exactly the two strip conductors 13, 14 leading to the output 10, in each case a controllable impedance 15, 16 is switched on, which is controlled by a tuning device 17 is controlled via control lines 18, 19. The tuner 17, e.g. a microprocessor control is in turn connected via a line 20 to the output 10 and receives from the latter via a tap 21, preferably in the form of an amplitude or power detector, a measured value of the signal on the output 10, in particular a measured value of the amplitude or power of the output signal ,

Die steuerbaren Impedanzen 15, 16 sind möglichst verlustfrei als steuerbare Induktivitäten oder Kapazitäten ausgeführt. Bevorzugt sind die steuerbaren Impedanzen 15, 16 Varaktordioden, welche durch über die Steuerleitungen 18, 19 und einen Massepfad 22 übertragene Sperr- bzw. Vorspannungen U1, U2 in ihrer Kapazität veränderbar sind.The controllable impedances 15, 16 are designed as lossless as possible controllable inductors or capacitors. The controllable impedances 15, 16 are preferably varactor diodes, which can be changed in their capacity by blocking or bias voltages U 1 , U 2 transmitted via the control lines 18, 19 and a ground path 22.

Die Varaktordioden 15, 16 sind mittels Kondensatoren 23, 24 galvanisch getrennt in die Streifenleiter 13, 14 eingefügt, um die Vorspannungen U1, U2 aufbringen zu können. Zur Verhinderung eines Ausleckens der Hochfrequenz in die Steuerleitungen 18, 19 und den Massepfad 22 sind diese mit Hochfrequenz-Sperrfiltern 25 - 27 versehen.The varactor diodes 15, 16 are electrically isolated by means of capacitors 23, 24 inserted into the strip conductors 13, 14 in order to apply the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 can. To prevent leakage of the high frequency in the control lines 18, 19 and the ground path 22, these are provided with high-frequency blocking filters 25 - 27.

Durch Verstellen der Impedanzen 15, 16 können zwei Signalbeiträge, kommend von jeweils einer der Streifenleitungen, als in Amplitude und Phase einstellbares Kompensationssignal in den Ausgang 10 eingespeist werden. Die Summe dieser beiden derart eingespeisten Signale ergibt ein Kompensationssignal, dessen Amplitude im Bereich von Null bis etwa einem Zehntel der Signalamplitude im Vorwärtspfad vom Eingang 7 zu den Antennenports 8, 9 liegt und dessen Phase im gesamten Bereich von 0° bis 360° variiert werden kann.By adjusting the impedances 15, 16, two signal contributions, coming from in each case one of the strip lines, can be fed into the output 10 as compensation signal adjustable in amplitude and phase. The sum of these two signals thus inputted provides a compensation signal whose amplitude is in the range of zero to about one tenth of the signal amplitude in the forward path from the input 7 to the antenna ports 8, 9 and whose phase can be varied over the entire range from 0 ° to 360 ° ,

Die steuerbaren Impedanzen 15, 16 liegen wie gezeigt auf etwa halbem Wege ihres Streifenleiters 13, 14, d.h. etwa in der Mitte. Durch Simulationen wurde gefunden, daß die optimale Position der Impedanzen 15, 16 von der Art der verwendeten steuerbaren Impedanzen abhängt und z.B. bei Varaktordioden geringfügig von der Streifenleitermitte abweichen kann.The controllable impedances 15, 16 are located approximately halfway through their stripline 13, 14, as shown. in the middle. By simulations, it has been found that the optimum position of the impedances 15, 16 depends on the type of controllable impedances used, and e.g. at varactor diodes may differ slightly from the stripline center.

Eine allfällige durch das Einfügen der Impedanzen 15, 16 in die Streifenleiter 13, 14 verursachte geringfügige Verstimmung bzw. Unsymmetrie des Richtkopplers 1 kann durch eine entsprechende entgegengesetzt wirkende Veränderung der Leitungslängen und/oder Impedanzen der Streifenleiter 11 - 14 kompensiert werden. Die Feinabstimmung der Leitungslängen und/oder Impedanzen wird bevorzugt so vorgenommen, daß der Richtkoppler 1 im Leerlauf symmetriert ist, wenn die steuerbaren Impedanzen 15, 16 auf die Mitte ihres Abstimmbereiches eingestellt sind.A possible slight detuning or asymmetry of the directional coupler 1 caused by the insertion of the impedances 15, 16 into the strip conductors 13, 14 can be compensated for by a corresponding oppositely acting change in the line lengths and / or impedances of the strip conductors 11-14. The fine tuning of the line lengths and / or impedances is preferably carried out so that the directional coupler 1 is balanced at idle, when the controllable impedances 15, 16 are set to the center of their tuning range.

Die Funktionsweise der von der Abstimmeinrichtung 17 ausgeführten Regelung ist aus Fig. 2 ersichtlich.The operation of the executed by the tuner 17 control is off Fig. 2 seen.

Fig. 2 zeigt die am Ausgang 10 gemessene Leistung PRX des Ausgangssignals des Richtkopplers 1 in Abhängigkeit von Änderungen der Vorspannungen U1 und U2, wenn am Eingang 7 ein Eingangssignal mit der Nennwellenlänge λ des Richtkopplers 1 eingespeist wird. Durch Verändern der Vorspannungen U1, U2 der Varaktordioden 15, 16 wird das Minimum 28 des Ausgangssignals PRX gesucht; an diesem Punkt befindet sich der Richtkoppler 1 in perfekter Abstimmung unter den gegebenen Umständen, wie seinen Fertigungstoleranzen, dem Antennenaufbau, der Entfernung und Lage eines RFID-Transponders, parasitären Komponenten im Sendeempfangsfeld der Antenne 2 usw. Fig. 2 shows the measured at the output 10 power P RX the output signal of the directional coupler 1 in response to changes in the bias voltages U 1 and U 2 , when an input signal at the nominal wavelength λ of the directional coupler 1 is fed at input 7. By varying the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 of the varactor diodes 15, 16, the minimum 28 of the output signal P RX is sought; At this point, the directional coupler 1 is in perfect coordination under the given circumstances, such as its manufacturing tolerances, the antenna structure, the distance and location of an RFID transponder, parasitic components in the transmission-receiving field of the antenna 2, etc.

Zum Aufsuchen des Minimum 28 kann jeder in der Technik bekannte Suchalgorithmus zur Durchstimmung der Vorspannungen U1, U2 verwendet werden, z.B. ein Gradientenalgorithmus, welcher jeweils in Richtung des stärksten Gradienten der Fläche von PRX zum Minimum 28 voranschreitet.For searching the minimum 28, any search algorithm known in the art may be used to tune the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 , eg, a gradient algorithm which progresses towards the maximum gradient of the area from P RX to the minimum 28.

Die von der Abstimmeinrichtung 17 ausgeführte Regelung hat bevorzugt eine gewisse Trägheit, z.B. durch Mittelwertbildung des am Ausgang 10 abgegriffenen Ausgangssignals, sodaß ein im Ausgangssignal transient auftretendes Empfangssignal, beispielsweise das Datentelegramm eines antwortenden RFID-Transponders, im wesentlichen nicht in die Regelung miteingeht und daher von der Regelung nicht verfälscht oder auskompensiert wird.The control performed by the tuner 17 preferably has some inertia, e.g. by averaging the tapped at the output 10 output signal, so that a transiently occurring in the output signal, for example, the data telegram of a responding RFID transponder, essentially not included in the scheme and therefore not distorted or compensated by the scheme.

Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann die Abstimmeinrichtung 17 so programmiert werden, daß sie die Vorspannungen U1, U2 für die Dauer eines erwarteten Empfangssignals fixiert, beispielsweise für die Dauer des Antwortsignals eines RFID-Transponders, der mittels des Sendesignals gespeist und/oder abgefragt wird.Alternatively or additionally, the tuning device 17 can be programmed so that it fixes the bias voltages U 1 , U 2 for the duration of an expected received signal, for example, for the duration of the response signal of an RFID transponder, which is fed and / or queried by means of the transmission signal.

In den Ausgang 10 des Richtkopplers 1 kann optional ein steuerbarer Hochfrequenzschalter 29 eingefügt werden. Der Schalter 29 wird über eine Steuerleitung 30 von der Abstimmeinrichtung 17 so gesteuert, daß er öffnet, wenn das Signal am Ausgang 10 einen vorgegebenen Schwellwert überschreitet, um an den Richtkoppler 1 angeschaltete HochfrequenzBaugruppen vor übermäßigen Spannungen am Anfang oder im Zuge eines Regelungsvorgangs zu schützen. Der Schalter 29 kann auch als Umschalter ausgeführt werden, welcher den Verbindungspunkt der Streifenleiter 13, 14 beim Öffnen des Ausgangs 10 an einen geeigneten Abschlußwiderstand 31 anschaltet, um die interne Funktion des Richtkopplers 1 nicht durch das Öffnen zu beeinträchtigen.In the output 10 of the directional coupler 1 optionally a controllable high-frequency switch 29 can be inserted. The switch 29 is controlled via a control line 30 of the tuning means 17 so that it opens when the signal at the output 10 exceeds a predetermined threshold to protect the RF coupler connected to the directional coupler 1 from excessive voltages at the beginning or in the course of a control process. The switch 29 can also be designed as a changeover switch, which switches the connection point of the strip conductors 13, 14 when opening the output 10 to a suitable terminating resistor 31 in order not to impair the internal function of the directional coupler 1 by the opening.

Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die dargestellten Ausführungsformen beschränkt, sondern umfaßt alle Varianten und Modifikationen, die in den Rahmen der angeschlossenen Ansprüche fallen.The invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments, but includes all variants and modifications that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (8)

Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler (1) mit vier im Kreis geschalteten λ/4-Streifenleitern (11 - 14), deren Schnittstellen einen Eingang (7), zwei Antennenports (8, 9) und einen Ausgang (10) bilden, gekennzeichnet durch zumindest eine in einen λ/4-Streifenleiter (13, 14) eingeschaltete steuerbare Impedanz (15, 16), welche von einer an den Ausgang (10) angeschlossenen Abstimmeinrichtung (17) im Hinblick auf eine Minimierung des am Ausgang (10) auftretenden Signals gesteuert ist.High-frequency directional coupler (1) with four λ / 4-strip conductors (11-14) connected in a circuit whose interfaces form an input (7), two antenna ports (8, 9) and an output (10), characterized by at least one in a controllable impedance (15, 16) switched on by a λ / 4 stripline (13, 14) which is controlled by a tuning device (17) connected to the output (10) with a view to minimizing the signal appearing at the output (10). Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zumindest zwei λ/4-Streifenleiter (13, 14) mit jeweils einer von der Abstimmeinrichtung (17) gesteuerten Impedanz (15, 16) versehen sind.High-frequency directional coupler according to Claim 1, characterized in that at least two λ / 4 strip conductors (13, 14) are each provided with an impedance (15, 16) controlled by the tuner (17). Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die beiden Impedanzen (15, 16) in den zum Ausgang (10) führenden λ/4-Streifenleitern (13, 14) liegen.High-frequency directional coupler according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the two impedances (15, 16) lie in the λ / 4 strip conductors (13, 14) leading to the output (10). Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede steuerbare Impedanz (15, 16) etwa auf halbem Wege ihres λ/4-Streifenleiters (13, 14) liegt.Radio-frequency directional coupler according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that each controllable impedance (15, 16) lies approximately halfway through its λ / 4 stripline (13, 14). Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede steuerbare Impedanz durch eine Varaktordiode (15, 16) gebildet ist, die galvanisch getrennt in den λ/4-Streifenleiter (13, 14) eingefügt und deren Steuer-Vorspannung (U1, U2) von der Abstimmeinrichtung (17) über ein Hochfrequenz-Sperrfilter (18, 19) aufgebracht ist.Radio-frequency directional coupler according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that each controllable impedance is formed by a varactor diode (15, 16) which is inserted galvanically separated into the λ / 4 stripline (13, 14) and its control bias (U 1 , U 2 ) of the tuning device (17) via a high-frequency cut filter (18, 19) is applied. Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abstimmeinrichtung (17) die Impedanz(en) (15, 16) so steuert, daß das Ausgangssignal in einem zeitlichen Mittel minimal ist.Radio-frequency directional coupler according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the tuning device (17) controls the impedance (s) (15, 16) in such a way that the output signal is minimal in a time average. Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abstimmeinrichtung (17) die steuerbare(n) Impedanz(en) (15, 16) für die Dauer eines an den Antennenports (8, 9) erwarteten Empfangssignals fixiert.Radio-frequency directional coupler according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the tuning device (17) fixes the controllable impedance (s) (15, 16) for the duration of a received signal expected at the antenna port (8, 9). Hochfrequenz-Richtkoppler nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abstimmeinrichtung (17) einen in den Ausgang (10) des Richtkopplers (1) eingefügten Schalter (29) öffnet, wenn das Ausgangssignal einen vorgegebenen Schwellwert übersteigt.High-frequency directional coupler according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the tuning device (17) opens a switch (29) inserted into the output (10) of the directional coupler (1) when the output signal exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
EP09450084.0A 2009-04-22 2009-04-22 High frequency directional coupler Active EP2244332B1 (en)

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