Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
  • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
  • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
  • F24S10/40—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors
  • F24S10/45—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors the enclosure being cylindrical
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
  • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
  • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
  • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
  • F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
  • F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
  • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

• the invention refers to . a therrno dynamic system able to capture heat from the surrounding environment (where system is placed) and transform it in mechanical energy which is to be used partially for self functioning while the rest is saved for a consumer.
• the system can work with any heat source, but is also designed for very small temperature differences between the warm and the cold source, which makes it fit for working with non-conventional energy, especially solar energy.
• the system can be used to provide heat, mechanical energy or electrical energy to both small and large consumers.
• non-conventional energy sources are mainly used for obtaining heat, directly or using heat, pumps. These heat pumps are working based on mechanical energy which is usually obtained from electrical energy.
• Stirling engines that can provide mechanical energy have been improved, using small temperature differences between the warm and the cold source.
• high temperatures and high pressure needed for them to work can be obtained from solar energy only by using a large number of focusing mirrors.
• the photovoltaic panels that are transforming the solar energy directly into electrical energy are more and more used.
• thermo dynamic system described in this invention is based on the transformation of temperature difference between the warm and the cold source into a pressure increase into the motive agent.
• the system progressively increases this pressure absorbing the heat from the environment where it is placed and later transforming it in mechanical energy or even directly into electrical energy, through a pneumatic engine, an improved Stirling engine or through a special type of caged turbine capable of working with small enthalpy falls due to the large surface of the pallets.
• the pressure increase in the system can be also used to power a reversed cycle thermodynamic system, giving the possibility to obtain temperatures lower than the cold source's temperature or higher than the warm source's temperature.
• the pressure increase in the system's compressor is mainly obtained also through a thermal transfer.
• the system is extremely flexible, its components being attachable in different ways depending on the exterior conditions.
• the system can provide mechanical energy or electrical energy, heat or cold, according to the needs. On. top, the heat produced in excess can be stored for usage when the environmental conditions are changing.
• thermodynamic system Compared to the systems presently used, the progressive thermodynamic system (PTS) has many advantages:
• thermodynamic system PTS
• Fig 1 Solar receiver and solar barrier
• Fig 3 Ground-fluid receiver and heat recuperator with refrigerant
• Fig 4 Piston with inflatable fitting
• Fig 15 Compressor with atomizer
• Fig 21 Composition and construction of the radial one step centrifugal turbine, in longitudinal and transversal section
• Fig 22 The construction of building elements of the rotor and the stator
• Fig 28 Fueling system for turbine with internal combustion chambers
• Heat exchangers are used for:
• the heat exchange is done through any of the classical systems, through a carrier agent with natural or guided circulation, usually at constant pressure.
• Different types of heat exchangers, vaporizers and solar panels can be used depending on: the source's temperature, on temperature difference to the cold source, on the magnitude and variation speed of this difference, as well as on different other characteristics of the thermodynamic system.
• PTS uses every tune when possible and economically advisable the heat recuperator with refrigerant as described in the patent request WO 2007/018443 (fig.3B).
• This is characterized by efficiency and simplicity, having a high speed for heat transfer.
• It is made of two heat exchangers with saturated refrigerant (3e,f), in which the liquid fraction (3i) in the exchanger occupies 10%-20% of the total volume for thermodynamic equilibrium.
• the two heat exchangers are placed in environments with different temperatures, for example one being inside the heat source while the other in the entry receiver of the thermodynamic system.
• the exchangers are linked on the superior side with a gas pipe (3g) and on the inferior side with a liquid pipe (3h).
• the agent in each exchanger would of reach the temperature of the environment it is placed in and would of reach the pressure corresponding to thermodynamic equilibrium.
• the common pressure stabilizes at an intermediate value, for which the evaporation capacity of one exchanger is equal to the condensation capacity in the other exchanger.
• the intermediate pressure value is closing to the average of the two pressures if the characteristics of the two exchangers are closing to being similar.
• the temperature of the refrigerant is stabilizing at the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature. This way the exchanger in colder environment becomes a condenser, while the exchanger in the warmer environment becomes a vaporizer.
• the vaporizer's temperature becomes lower than the temperature of the environment it is placed in, so that it is absorbing heat from the environment, leading to the evaporation of a quantity of the refrigerant.
• the vaporized agent reaches the condenser, where it condensates with heat loss.
• an identical quantity of liquid agent is moving from condenser to vaporizer due to gravitation or helped by a pump (whose on/off control is given by a level regulator).
• a heat exchange from the warm environment towards the cold one is happening this way, without the usage of a compressor.
• the equilibrium pressure is the one for which the heat transfer speed is the maximum one in the given conditions.
• recuperator The advantage of this type of recuperator is given by the fact that the agent transfers latent heat through movement, heat which is higher than the one cumulated by an equal quantity of agent that changes its temperature between the two limits.
• the agent movement in gas state is done naturally due to the pressure created through vaporization, while the movement of liquid agent is done based on gravitation when there is a favorable level difference or with the help of a pump otherwise.
• the vaporizer's temperature is decreasing and the condenser's temperature is increasing reaching a level higher than the vaporizer's.
• This compressor can be powered by a double gamma Stirling engine (or by isochoric - isobar compressor or by a constant volume compressor) having the receivers submersed in the two exchangers (or one receiver into one of the exchangers and the other into the environment). Starting form the existent temperature difference the compressor is increasing it which leads to the power increase of the Stirling engine and a vapors capacity increase, followed by a new increase in the temperature difference. The process continues until the maximum capacity of the compressor is reached.
• 3A figure presents a procedure used by PTS to increase the efficiency of heat exchanger with horizontal pipes used to capture this type of energy. After placing them on the bottom of a hole in the ground (for placing a PTS on the ground a pipe heat exchanger is buried in the respective ground; for a new construction equipped with PTS the pipes are fixed in the pits used for foundation; for a construction equipped with a PTS combined with an Enertia Building System, the pipes are buried in the underground's floor) of a river or a lake, the pipes 3 a are covered with a thin but as breadth as possible metallic tape 3b which is fixed using metallic bars Id as long as possible (where this is possible, the whole pipe's surface is covered with a single foil or the whole pipe system is embedded into a mortar layer same as for radiant floors).
• the end of the bars will also have a surface as large as possible and a contact as good as possible with the metallic tape.
• the number of bars per surface unit depends on the soil type. This way the heat is captured from a soil layer a bit thicker than the length of the bars.
• On the superior side of metallic foil one can attach wings of different sizes Ic, either through manufacturing or at assembly moment using the same bars for fixation, in order to increase even more the capturing surface.
• PTS has a series of counter flow heat exchangers embedded, replacing the classical recuperator for Stirling engines and Stirling compressors.
• Heat recuperator is used especially to equip the Stirling engines which work with hydrogen or an inert gas, using the types of recuperator available in the current technical stage.
• An improvement proposed here is to interlay small diameter pipes filled with refrigerant among the copper filaments.
• the recuperator is used by PTS also for capturing the solar heat, having the size smaller than for a receiver and a higher speed for heat absorption, valid also for the heat from solar radiation. This heat is given to the first solar receiver in the system, by allowing the atmospheric air through the recuperators parallel connected in areas with high solar radiation.
• counter flow heat exchangers are to be used. They can be receivers like in Fig.
• the exchanger is made of two rows of same number of receivers with identical volume between which there is a thermal exchange at constant volume from a receiver in the first row to a receiver in the second row, so that after a number of piston paths (that move simultaneously with the same speed in all the receivers, continuously or with breaks at the end of each path) equal to the number of receivers in a row, gas is successively passing through all the receivers in the respective row.
• a faster exchange is done in an exchanger with plates (fig 20) if each compartment is split in more layers 20c separated by the thin walls of some plates 2Og from the similar layers of the compartments in the other row 2Oe and separated by the pistons 2Oe, 2Of from the layers of the next and previous compartment in the same row.
• the cold layers are interlaid with the warm ones, each layer having its own piston or having a comb-piston moving the fluid in all layers (fig 20B).
• the exterior walls of the exchanger are entirely or partially insulated only if they can't be used for a favorable heat exchange. If this exchange can happen, the receiver can be also used for energy capturing from the environment (for the PTS placed on the building facets it's advisable to place the hot receivers on the South side, the cold receivers on the North side and the heat exchangers on the East and West sides), which leads to reducing the number of compartments for the exchanger.
• the receiver is meant to introducing energy in the system. It is also a heat exchanger, usually at constant volume, having the walls made of the materials and in the shape most fit for this destination. It also has a displacer piston which transfers the gas from the receiver and in the same time it allows gas to enter in the neighbor chamber. Its manufacturing and work is similar to the one of the other components of PTS: double effect compressor where the piston actuated by a motive force is compressing the gas in the first chamber and the pneumatic engine where the piston actuated by the expansion gas entered through the admission valve creates useful mechanical work. Hence the three elements will be described simultaneously.
• the receiver is a component part of other PTS elements: the double gamma Stirling engine, the Stirling compressor, the compressor with atomizer and the isobar-isochoric compressor.
• the receiver is usually made in the shape of a cylindrical or parallelepiped tank, but can take the shape of any translation body that has the same section in all planes perpendicular on the translation axis, so that a piston can move inside it (fig 4) without allowing the thermal agent (air, helium, carbon dioxide, refrigerant or a different gas) to pass from one side of the piston to another.
• the cylindrical form is preferred in the gas of high internal pressures.
• a parallelepiped shape (with rounded corners to allow the assembly on the piston of seals O-ring type) is preferred, with reinforcement rifts and wings to increase the surface of thermal exchange.
• the tank needs to execute a movement in air or water during it's functioning, it will have an aerodynamic, respectively a hydrodynamic shape.
• the interior walls are well polesshed and built with internal channels for lubrication (if this is not exclusively done through the internal channels of the piston, 4d).
• the piston is built with one or more packing 4b (preferably two) placed in channels built on its circumference.
• These packings can be inflatable (can have an internal chamber where air or another gas is introduced through manufacturing or through a channel 4c, built inside the piston body 4a, adapting the sealing quality through change of pressure inside the packing).
• Each compartment of the tank is built with one intake valve (fig 4e, 5e) and one exhaustion valve (4f, 5f), which are both turning on and off automatically due to the pressure differences between the interior of the tank and the equipment the pipe is coupled to.
• a system of articulated bars which can fold in a hole especially created for this purpose in the cap of the cylinder. On these bars one can put flexible electrical conductors, flexible or articulated pipes with thermal agent, wings, ribs or filaments for accelerating the thermal exchange.
• a one-chamber shape is also realizable (fig. 4), with one open end and one simple effect piston, but for an efficient usage of the materials and available space the dual-chamber tank is preferred, closed at both ends and with one double-effect piston (fig 5A).
• the thermal agent is introduced through the intake valve by moving the piston from one end of the tank to the other, and is exhausted through the exhaustion valve at one movement of the piston in the opposite direction.
• the intake of the agent in one chamber is done in the same time with the exhaustion of the one from the neighbor chamber. In this case a sealing of the hole through which the piston rod crosses the tank's cap is needed.
• the piston rod needs a moving space outside the tank as long as the tank's length, even more if the piston is actuated by a rod connecting a flywheel or a crankshaft.
• fig 5 there are examples of few procedures to actuate the piston used by PTS for an efficient usage of the available space.
• the pistons of two dual chamber receivers placed on the same axis are actuated by the same rod 5b pressured by the wheels 5c and 5d from opposite directions.
• the wheels are covered with adherent material.
• the rod is made with a rectangular section with rounded corners for a good sealing when passing through receiver's end.
• the motive wheel 6b is always rotating in the same direction; at moment 1 it presses and rotates the wheel 6 ⁇ through the adherent rim, moving through it the piston 6a to the left; when the piston reaches the end of the path, an actuating device moves the trolley 6e on a direction parallel with the piston path.
• the wheels 6c and 6d having equal diameter are placed on the trolley through adherent contact; the wheel 6d looses the contact with the motive wheel and the piston stops; the trolley moves until moment 2, when the wheel 6c reaches adherent contact with the motive wheel from which it takes the rotation movement and transmits it further to wheel 6d changing its rotation direction and causing the piston to move to the right.
• the cinematic chain can be executed with rims and adherent wheels or with gears and chain strand roller.
• the massive rod is replaced by one ore more flexible rods 5g: a cable with circular or rectangular section, with the ends fixed on the two faces of the piston, rolled on 4 slotted wheels out of which at least one is a motive wheel.
• the flexible rod is also used for a vertical movement of the piston to compensate the weight of the piston with the weight of another piston that executes a movement in opposite direction in a neighboring receiver (fig. 5D).
• Fig 7 A represents a receiver whose piston is made of two cylinders 7a, with the length a bit smaller than the distance between the internal side walls of the receiver, placed on two trolleys 7c each sliding through the channels in the lateral walls and having the packings 7f.
• the cylinders are covered with an adherent material or have an inflatable tire along their entire length and are tangent among them and one of them is tangent with the inferior wall while another is tangent to the superior wall.
• the ends of the cylinders are introduced using packing in holes made in the trolleys and are placed on the bottom of this holes through the packings 7g.
• the movement of the piston can be made through a rod 7d by pushing one or both trolleys as well as using a small engine placed on the trolley.
• the receiver in fig. 7B has a flexible belt 7h instead of piston, with the same width as the receiver's and the length equal to receiver's length plus receiver's thickness.
• this belt fits closely on the cap and on the inferior wall of the receiver being slightly tensioned due to the two cylinders 7a placed on the trolleys 7c moving in the channels made in the 4 corners of the receiver.
• One or both trolleys are moved toward the opposite cap of the receiver through rods or using a micro engine.
• the flexible belt whose ends are fixed into the receiver's walls is detached from receiver's cap opening the valve in the end (in the same time with the opening of the valve on the opposite end) and molding on the superior wall progressively while detaching form the inferior wall, the margins of the belt sliding on the lateral walls, hence creating the two chambers of the receiver.
• the sliding friction can be completely eliminated when the receiver has accordion like folding walls.
• the folding walls are placed between the piston 8c and one or both ends 8a of the receiver having the valves 8b (fig. 8A).
• the cap and folding walls are placed inside a closed chamber with rigid walls, which will be the second room of the receiver reaching maximum volume when folding walls are folded and a minimum volume (the dead space) when they are un-folded.
• the open variant (second one) when the piston moves (through sliding or using wheels 8d to transform translation in rotation movement) the walls between piston and a cap are folding compressing or exhausting the gas inside, while the walls on the opposite side are unfolding increasing the volume of this compartment.
• the folding walls are made of soft materials (rubber, polyethylene, textile metallic or impregnated cloth, etc) if the pressures are small or are made of tough materials covered on the entire surface or only on folding edges (exterior folding edges with the movement in a single plane 8f or interior folding edges with the movement in multiple planes 8e) with soft materials to ensure the sealing. These materials have to remain intact at a high number of folding-unfolding cycles.
• the receiver's walls are made of a metallic plate, having the sides cut to form a teeth series 8m which are then bended on a cylindrical surface.
• a rod 8k is introduced in the cylindrical holes thus formed so that the wall can rotate around it.
• Two contiguous walls 8h are linked with ears 8j made also from plate and having holes at both ends for introducing the rods. The shape and size of these ears are chosen such that after their assembly there is a free space created between two walls to allow the sliding of the sealing material and if needed of the folds of the contiguous walls.
• the sealing of the receiver is done by attaching on the interior walls of a rubber carpet 8i.
• the attachment is done only on the flat part of the walls so that on the sides at the joint of two walls the carpet can move freely.
• Figure 8B represents few of these walls of a folded receiver;
• figure 8D represents same walls after the complete unfolding of the walls.
• the carpet is flattened (with a small reserve to avoid over tensioning) while on the exterior edges the carpet forms a loop protected by the fixing ears. While the walls are folding, the loop on the interior edges is increasing while on the exterior one it is decreasing. This type of receiver is extremely useful when the thermal agent shouldn't touch the oil used for piston lubrication.
• FIG. 8E is presented an example for powering this system.
• the receiver is a vertical one it is powered together with the piston of an identical receiver with bellows to compensate the weight of piston 8a and walls 8b.
• Both pistons are mechanically coupled through ears 8d to strand of a chain strand roller 8q, rolled on the gears 8s which also ensure the straightening of the chain.
• the actuation of the chain is done by the gear 8i attached on a trolley 8e oscillating around an axis 8f.
• Figure 9 presents a receiver whose piston 9a is manufactured from ferromagnetic material and whose walls 9f are manufactured from diamagnetic or paramagnetic materials.
• a polar element 9a can slide or roll using the wheels 9d on one or more exterior walls (for the pistons with rolling on the walls where trolleys are placed).
• the polar element 9a is part of the same body with the core 9b of a coil 9c powered " by direct current and causes the piston magnetization.
• the movement of this polar element leads to the movement of the piston as well.
• Another advantage of this configuration is that all auxiliary devices (rods, micro engines powering cables, catchers, breaks, etc) are also placed in the exterior of the receiver.
• the device is reversible: when the piston is moving due to the pressure difference between the two chambers it causes the movement of the polar piece which in its turn can power a mechanical device or can generate electric current in a linear generator placed parallel with the receivers axis (the exterior wall on which the polar piece is moving can be the stator of the linear generator) or in a rotative generator placed in the wheels used for movement.
• the inline engine receiver is a compressor with an inline engine using direct current, with a single-poled field.
• the inferior and superior walls 1Od are made of ferromagnetic material (entirely, as in figure 1OA section 1-1 or only in the central area, as in figure 1OB, or on more area, as in figure 10C) and they are magnetized by the coils 10c powered with direct current, with the currents having the same sign (thus generating two different poles on the two walls), placed on one or both caps.
• the two magnetic fluxes 1Of close through the gap air formed between the walls and the piston (which can be decreased below 0,1 mm) and the piston's body 10a, also made of solid ferromagnetic material (in this case, the piston can be a path for the direct current 1Og), or made of sheets.
• the ferromagnetic section of the piston will have the width and location corresponding to the ferromagnetic sections of the walls.
• aluminium conducting wires perpendicularly on the course of the magnetic flux and on the movement direction. At the thicker pistons, the conducting wires can be placed in channels on its surface, ori the whole area of the section.
• These conducting wires are power supplied with some collecting brushes 1Oi, placed in housings made in the body of the piston, between the two sealing, brushes which touch the side walls 1Oh of the receiver - if the walls are made of a good conducting material, or some thin copper lamellas 1Ot - if the walls are made of a non-conducting material.
• the interaction between the magnetic field and the current passing through the piston generates a force 1Oe, proportional to the value of the current in the piston and to the current in the coils, which makes the piston move towards one of its ends.
• the adjustment of the compression force, as well of the piston's speed, can be made by operating one or both currents that generated them.
• the reversal of the movement direction is made by reversing the flow of the current in the piston, or, preferably, in the coil, when the piston passes through a certain point, thus by reversing the force acting on the piston, it will be slowed down so it could stop at the end of the receiver, and after stopping - this force becoming active, it will move the piston in the opposite direction.
• the braking travel can be shortened in mechanical way, by placing two braking pistons 10b, featuring elastic buffers (in figure 10: a rubber layer 1Oq), at the two heads of the receiver; a spring or a elastic coupling 1Op is fitted between these pistons and the caps.
• An opening made in the 1Or braking piston or a 10 s small channel made in a wall, slightly longer than the thickness of the piston allows the fitting of the valves in the cap, or right next to it and the use of the entire length of the receiver. If one fits sealing between the walls of the braking pistons and the walls of the receiver, an elastic, pneumatic cushion forms between the pistons and the cap, which generates an additional breaking (or replaces the mechanical one), hi this case, the intake and exhaustion valves are fitted in front of the braking piston.
• the active piston When the active piston reaches the braking piston, the current in the coils is interrupted, and the kinetic energy of the piston is transferred to the buffer and to the coil (the inline engine becomes a generator); after the piston stops, it takes over the energy accumulated in the buffer and begins a movement in the opposite direction, generating electrical energy. After the complete expansion of the buffer, the coil is supplied with counter flow current an the piston re-starts its active movement in the opposite direction; The braking of the piston can be made in electrical way, by supplying the coil with a counter flow current, with controlled intensity.
• the piston is stopped by cutting off the coils from the power supply and switching over to an electrical load, for example on the supplying circuit of an adjoining piston, or a resistor which warms up the agent in a heat exchanger, or a Peltier element which cools it down.
• an electrical load for example on the supplying circuit of an adjoining piston, or a resistor which warms up the agent in a heat exchanger, or a Peltier element which cools it down.
• the receiver becomes a linear direct current generator.
• different kinds of braking devices can be used - mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic (with permanent magnets) or electrical.
• the interior inferior and/or superior walls are the polar 10j elements of one or several rows of 10c coils (a row for each section of ferromagnetic wall, figure 10c, section 1-1), each row having one or several coils, with equal or different widths, and the outside walls and the two caps are the armatures through which the magnetic circuit closes. All the coils are supplied with same sign currents, forming different poles on the two walls.
• Their winding can be done transversely (fig 10Bl), with the magnetic field perpendicular on the coil axis, or longitudinal (fig 10B2) with the magnetic field parallel with the axis getting a direction perpendicular on the piston's conductors (the rotor of the inline engine) only when the rotor reaches a position between two coils.
• the most efficient distribution is obtained using rows of coils having approximately the same width as the thickness of the piston, or an entire fraction of it, while for the longitudinal coils their length has to be as small as possible. This distribution is advantageous because it allows the supplying with electrical energy of only those coils which are placed right next to the piston.
• two continuous 1Oo copper bars are fitted for each row, linked to both terminals of a direct current power supply, and two 1On bars, composed of as. many segments as the number of the 10c coils in a row, each segment having the length approximately equal to the thickness of the piston and being connected through a 10k conductor, at one of the two heads of the coil; two 10m elastic thin lamellas, placed in the side housings of the piston, pressed by a spring, establish, each of them, a path of current between the 1Oo charging bars and one bar segmeritlO ⁇ , supplying with electrical current the coil nearby the piston.
• all the coils placed in the same plane as the piston can be supplied from the same ⁇ On bar segments, through serial or parallel connections, or segmented 1On bar pairs can be set up for each row, in which case the piston has the corresponding additional lamellas.
• the rows of coils can be supplied with different voltages, which make the adjustment of the speed easier.
• the heads of the coils in the braking area are supplied directly from the source, in the same direction flow as the braking and later as the starting, thus the switching of the supplying direction is no longer necessary, only in the case of the other coils.
• the piston is supplied from two terminals set up in the cap, through a set of flexible cables or articulated bars system 1Ou.
• the system of current bars and brushes for the supplying of the coils is set up outside, on a trolley magnetically coupled to the piston, similar to that in figure 9, or it is electronically commanded by a position transducer (for example, a transducer set up on the articulated bars which supply the piston and which converts in electrical signal the angle between two bars or the distance between two points on neighboring bars).
• a position transducer for example, a transducer set up on the articulated bars which supply the piston and which converts in electrical signal the angle between two bars or the distance between two points on neighboring bars.
• the inline engines of the receivers can also be produced in the hetero-polar version, the stator being built on the inside walls of the receiver, and the rotor, usually having a single pair of poles, on one or more walls of the piston.
• the inline engine in figure 1OC has a hetero-polar magnetic field, each having on each side of the piston axis two active poles of different polarities; the magnetic flux closes on a much shorter path composed of two widths and two thicknesses of piston (in this way, the caps can be made of non-magnetic materials, and the ferromagnetic portions of the walls of the receiver can be made with a much smaller section), and the current paths in the piston can be connected in series by winding.
• the piston is made out of two ferromagnetic semi-pistons, separated by a nonmagnetic portion, which, is several times thicker than the gap air, and the 10c magnetizing coils have the width equal to the thickness of a semi-piston.
• the non-magnetic portion of the piston On the left and the right side of the non-magnetic portion of the piston, two single-pole magnetic fields, of different signs, are formed. It is sufficient to supply, at a certain moment, with currents of opposite signs, only a couple of coils in each wall: the coils influencing more than a half of the thickness of the semi-piston.
• the switching should happen when the median plane of the semi-piston reaches the axis between two coils, and the segments 1On should have the length equal to the thickness of a semi-piston. It's recommended to simultaneously supply of all the three coils which influence the piston in that moment: the first coil should be supplied with current in the moment when the first semi-piston enters its action area, the second coil under which influence is the rest of the first semi-piston and a part of the second, which has already been supplied with current of that sign, should switch the direction of the current when the median plane of the piston reaches its axis (in this moment, one half of each semi-piston is under its influence), and the third coil, already supplied with opposite direction current, should cut off when the second semi-piston comes out completely of its influence (which is the same moment with the beginning of supplying the new coil); in this case, the length of the bar segments 1On is 1,5 times the thickness of the semi-piston.
• the electrical conductors in the piston are set up in the median plane of each semi-piston, having different directions in the two semi-pistons,- these conductors being the separate bars parallel connected each to a couple of collector bars, or parallel spires connected to a single pair of collector bars, or a single coil with more spires, having two heads connected to the power supply, hi the position in figure 1OC, the plane where the conductors of the piston are placed lies in the axis of the coils and the magnetic flux is at its maximum, so does the force acting on the piston. At the left side movement of the piston, the dissipation flux increases. and the pushing force decreases,.
• the piston is fabricated of ferromagnetic material only on the areas 1Ov which are neighboring the wall, with the corresponding decrease of the incorporated conductors, the central area 1Ou being made of a lighter material, hi case of even weaker action forces, it's sufficient to magnetize a narrow area of a single wall (preferably the inferior one) and the area of the piston that slides on it.
• the magnetic fluxes inside the cylinder are radial, and the electrical conductors in the piston form a coil in one or more concentric layers with the; centre in the axis of the piston.
• All the versions of described direct current inline engines can be made after the same principles, regardless of the shape of the section of the receiver.
• figure 1OG describes a section through a cylindrical receiver.
• the magnetic field of the stator can be also obtained by introducing electrical conductors in channels built in the inside walls of the receiver and by performing of an identical winding with the winding of the rotative engines with submerged poles, hi figure 1OP the rotor has two poles with opposite signs separated through a non-magnetic area, made through a looped winding (a curled winding can be also realized by connecting in series the coils in the inferior side of the piston), hi this case one of the two fields (in rotor or in stator) has to change the direction when the median plane of the piston crosses through the separation axis of the stator poles, which is realized with the brushes set up on the rotor and with the linear collector set up in the walls of the receiver.
• the receiver construction can be simplified a lot using ferromagnetic stirrups and supply bars of the piston only in the areas at the end of the piston.
• the rotor is supplied with high amplitude pulses (short-circuit current): the electromagnetic forces that appear throw the piston towards the opposite end where it is stopped by the spring, the rotor conductors receive an opposite direction impulse and the piston is thrown in opposite direction.
• the engines described so far can be also supplied with alternative " current, so a rectification equipment being no longer necessary, and if the magnetized areas of the stator are at least three, they can be also supplied with three-phase current. For this it's necessary that the phase difference between the stator and rotor current should be 0 or 180 degrees (depending on the movement direction of the piston). Because usually the stator is more inductive than the rotor, a supplying in parallel is not possible. A supplying in series is possible only when the current (equal in rotor and in stator) is powerful enough to move the piston, which happens at the displacer receivers that require weak currents.
• phase difference has a value close to 60 degrees
• additional impedances can be added on the stator and rotor, in series or in parallel, so that this phase difference should occur with sufficient precision, which makes possible a supplying of the coils from two different phases of the three-phase current, hi the same time, due to the large number of receivers rn the system, it is possible that one of these should generate alternative current (mono-phase or three-phase), with the necessary phase difference, only for the supplying of the coils of the stators (or rotors) of the other receivers in the system, and by an adjustment of its excitation, the desired phase difference can be obtained.
• stator coils are connected in series between them and with the primary of an electrical transformer whose secondary will generate a current in perfect phase opposition, which makes possible the supplying of the rotor coils with the adequate current.
• speed of the piston is not influenced in any way by the frequency of the supplying current, only by the amplitude of the stator and rotor current.
• a noticeable constructive simplification can be obtained if the stator coils are supplied with alternative current which passes through the zero value exactly when the axis of the piston coincides with the axis of the respective pole. For a piston with a pair of poles this can be obtained if the piston moves with such a speed that in a second it covers a distance representing the number of thickness of a piston equal to the frequency of the current. In this case, there are no longer necessary the systems of brushes, collectors and synchronization devices for the switch of the direction of the current.
• each pole, on the rotor and stator is each made with a single spire; the rotor is supplied with direct current and the stator with alternative current, its polarity changing when a spire of the rotor comes in the axis of a spire of the stator.
• Double-gamma Stirling engine uses a type of engines named double-gamma for moving some mobile elements of the engine and also for producing electric energy; double-gamma comes from the fact that it is built by putting head to head two Stirling gamma engines, displaced with 180 degrees. The power of such an engine equals the power of two gamma-engines, running separately.
• the engine is composed of a 12a warm receiver (not necessary with the cylindrical section), placed in a combustion chamber with insulated walls ( or in a heat exchanger, heated by an unconventional source, in a condenser with refrigerant of a heat pump, in a source of geothermal water, in a solar barrier, etc.), a 12b cold receiver and a 12c power receiver (featuring any section), that are placed in the atmosphere or are submerged in a cooling basin (or in a cooling receiver, in a vaporizer, in an enclosure that has to be heated, in a solar barrier oriented towards north, in soil, in river, lake or sea water, etc.).
• Each of the heads of the receiver engine can be attached to the system before and after the adequate recuperator, depending on the temperature we want to work at.
• the receiver can function like a heat pump: in the expansion phase from the receiver engine, the temperature of the gas decreases to a point bellow the temperature of the TO environment and receives a heat supply from the cold source.
• the receiver can be provided with 13d double walls and with 13g additional insulation. This way, the heat that is evacuated during the compression, instead of being eliminated in the environment, is returned to the system.
• the walls are provided with a 13f circular piston, with a movement simultaneous to the movement of the engine piston, on one side of the piston it is allowed a fluid from the environment that washes the walls of the compartment where the compression takes place, taking over the evacuated heat and introducing it in the system in a heat exchanger, and on the other side of the piston it is allowed a fluid from the environment that washes the walls of the compartment where the expansion takes place, delivering heat, then being repressed back in the environment or used for cooling.
• a 13h recuperator was fitted, transforming the receiver in a heat pump.
• the schematic and the functioning circuit is presented in figure 12, with a P-V diagram of the main circuit.
• the moment 1 corresponds to the expansion-compression phase (curve 1-2 in diagram P-V in figure 12): the valves 12g, 12r and 12j open, and the warm air from the 12a receiver expansions isothermally at temperature Tl, from p4 pressure to p3 pressure and reaches the receiver engine 12c, delivering heat to the 12f recuperator and pushing on a side of the 12h piston, simultaneously with the isothermal compression of the cold air in the 12b receiver and of the one from the other side of the 12h piston, at temperature TO, from pressure pi to pressure p2, accumulating in the cold receiver.
• the volumes of the receivers are calculated in such a manner that during an expansion- compression phase, the engine piston should use all the available energy, so that at the end of this phase, the pressure should be the same in the entire system, and this happens only if the p2 and p3 pressures are equal.
• the pressures of both sides of the engine piston become equal, either by using a valve fitted on a pipe connecting the heads of the receiver or by providing its walls, at both heads, with a 12n channel, having a length slightly longer than the thickness of the piston. This way, when the piston reaches the end of the stroke, the gas from the chamber with higher pressure passes through this channel to the next chamber, making the pressures equal.
• This method is extremely useful as it allows an adjustment of the power of the engine depending on the charge: a variation of this charge is reflected in the decrease of the rotative speed of the engine, that can be immediately noticed by a speed transducer and can be converted in an increase of the fuel flow or thermal agent inside the wall receiver, which leads to the increase of the temperature in the warm receiver (curve 2-5 in the diagram).
• the expansion of the gas takes place after the T2 isotherm (curve 5-10), to the maximum volume of the receiver engine, to a pressure higher than pressure p2.
• the 12n channel opens and, the engine agent continues its expansion in the cold receiver (curve 10-6), compressing the gas that could be found here (curve 1-8) till the moment of establishing a p6 balance value also higher than p2.
• the gas After the cooling phase in the recuperator, the gas reaches the TO temperature and a p5 pressure, lower than the initial pi pressure and the cold gas, warming up to T2, increases its pressure from p6 to p8 (curve 8-9). After that, the cycle follows the closed 9-6-7-8 curve, delivering more power to the consumer, till the top of the charge disappears.
• the existence of the 12n channel (or of the valve) ensures the self-adjustment of the system even when the temperature of the cold source is not constant. More than that, such a system is auto- reversible, keeping on functioning, without outside interferences, even if in certain periods of time, the warm source cools down bellow the temperature level of the cold source (it is the case of the engines functioning on the difference of temperature between air-soil, air- water, etc.): for example, considering the receiver described in figure 1OA, at the decrease of the temperature of the warm source, the self- adjustment leads to the decrease of the pressure difference between the two sides of the piston, till the piston won't have the power to compress the braking spring and it will stop.
• the spring doesn't allow the piston to stop in the dead center (for other receivers, in the area of the dead center electrical switches are fitted to supply the induced circuit till the piston leaves this area; when the pressures are equalized with an electro-valve, on its supplying circuit a switch of a pressostate is fitted, in order to turn it off in case of too low pressure differences, etc.) so that at a high enough temperature difference, regardless of its direction, a pressure difference occurs sufficient to restart the system.
• the power of such an engine is higher than the power of six gamma engines, with movement receivers identical as volume and piston speed.
• the movement of the system as a whole is dictated by the engine piston, which has an alternative, continuous and uniform motion, converted even in the spinning with constant rotative speed of a flywheel actuated by a rod-crank, by a strand roller chain, by adherent wheels, or even in generating an electrical power with constant parameters, hi both cases there is a reacting force which levels the movement of the piston.
• a part of the energy of the flywheel (so of the receiver) is taken over by a transmission system, that sends commands to the other elements of the system, depending on the position of the engine piston.
• the energy taken over by the transmission system is weak enough and it is destined to overcome the frictions, because the pressures in the movement receivers reach the same level.
• the transmission of the movement can be acquired by any of the classical systems, for example by a camshaft that makes a complete rotation during 3 strokes of the piston. If we grade the movement of the pistons on a scale from 0 to 10, we consider the engine receiver being the D system, and we allocate the " c " index to the warm receivers and the " r " index to the cold receivers in the 3 systems A, B and C, the cams will have such positions as to ensure the following phase sequence:
• the camshaft commands the closing and the opening of the constituent valves.
• the double-gamma engines feature many advantages:
• the cold cylinder andUie warm cylinder are completely separated and they can be placed in different chambers with different temperatures.
• the Stirling compressor is a Stirling engine at which a part of the produced work is used for compressing the gas.
• the compressor is composed of the two receivers 14a and 14b and the two recuperators 14c, and the power receiver is replaced by two pneumatic engines 14e and 14f.
• the warm air in the receiver 14a is used in the first phase for compressing the cold air in a tank or in a cold receiver 14d. Because there is a pressure difference between the two receivers, this difference is used to produce work in the 14e engine: the warm air expands isothermal in the 14e engine (curve 2-5 in diagram PV), with discharge in the 14d cold receiver, where an isothermal compression takes place till the pressures are equalized (p ' 5).
• the isothermal expansion continues through the 14f engine in the 14g atmosphere (curve 5-3), in a tank or in the Ib receiver.
• the warm air, with Tl temperature, reaching the pressure of the atmosphere passes through the recuperator, cooling at constant volume till the TO temperature and the pi pressure (curve 3-4), and the cold air, with TO and pi pressure passing through the recuperator, warms up at constant volume till the T2 temperature and the p4 pressure (curve 1-2).
• an admission valve opens and atmospheric air enters the 14f engine (if the functioning gas is not air, it is in a tank with p2 pressure), which produces work, then isothermally compresses the gas in the cold receiver to the p2 pressure.
• the cycle begins again identically (if after the discharge in the 14d receiver, also took place a discharge in the 14b cold receiver, the cycle starts over with a higher pressure than p4 in the 14a warm receiver), producing work and recompressing the gas in the 14d cold receiver.
• the 14d receiver is the cold receiver of an identical Stirling engine, being the second step of the compressor.
• the diagram of the cycle follows the 7-3-4-6 curve and results in producing more work, introducing more heat in the system, introducing more additional gas and obtaining a higher pressure for the second step of the compressor.
• the use of more steps leads to a progressive increase of the produced work and of the evacuating pressure from the compressor.
• the last step can be a Stirling engine, a tank or a caged turbine.
• the compressor with atomizer is a compressor as found in the current technical stage, a Stirling compressor or engine, a heat exchanger at constant volume, etc. whose functioning characteristic is corrected by atomization of a liquid gas (usually the working gas) under pressure, gas that has the vaporizing temperature smaller than the temperature of the environment in which is introduced.
• the liquid drops spread in the working gas are instantaneously evaporating, cooling the gas and increasing the pressure in the working chamber. This way the curve describing the working process can be modified with positive effects.
• atomizing liquid working gas in a classic compressor leads to the decrease of its temperature, so that the process can become isotherm or even sub-isotherm.
• the expansion of the additional gas inside the compressor produces an important mechanical work which easies the load of the powering engine reducing the consumption of electrical energy and recovering the biggest part of the energy used for compression and liquefaction of the gas.
• the material spending is also reduced by eliminating the heat exchangers between different compression stages, while the materials used for manufacturing the walls, the piston and fittings are cheaper.
• the liquid is atomized using a small pump to increase its pressure, so that the atomization is as fine as possible and the expansion as strong as possible.
• the temperature of the atomized liquid has to be as close as possible to the temperature of the receiver in the moment when introduced, so that there is no need to cool it.
• the adiabatic compression process using a compressor can be completely replaced with a process of heating in constant volume and adjusting via atomization, so that the process is happening on the saturation curve or on an adiabatic curve, followed by isotherm compression. This process happens in another element of PTS, the compressor under constant volume.
• the atomization can also be reversely used to modify the expansion processes by atomizing a gas with the liquefaction temperature higher than the one of the environment into which is introduced.
• liquefaction of the atomized gas there is an evolution of heat that can transform the expansion process in the turbine or in the pneumatic engine into an isotherm process.
• Compressor with liquid is using different liquids with good thermal transfer coefficient for the heat transfer from the non-conventional source towards the receivers, for heat transfer between its different elements, as well as for heat transfer from the system to the storage tank and vice versa.
• the liquids used are moved using liquid pumps or Stirling fluidin. hi order to achieve a constructive simplification of the system these pumps can be also used for moving some of the pistons in the system: displacer pistons or pressure pistons (for example for filling in the receivers in the isobar - isochoric compressor at constant pressure).
• the power transfer is made using double effect pistons, similar to the ones in fig 5 a.
• One of the two cylinders becomes part of the liquid circuit, aspiration being done alternatively on both faces of the piston somewhere on the pipe path, increasing the hydraulic resistance to be overcome hence needing an incremental power of the engine.
• the other double effect cylinder becomes part of a gas circuit, being either the moving element or providing pressurized gas to more tanks from which each independent circuit extracts the needed power.
• the driving wheels 5c and 5d are only needed if there is an excess of energy in the power of pump engine that we want to recover. While the length of the two cylinders needs to be equal, the diameter of the gas cylinder and its piston can be different vs.
• the diameter of the liquid cylinder if the gas cylinder diameter is higher there is a movement of a higher gas quantity at low pressure, while if the diameter is smaller the pressures reached are high and the quantity of gas used is smaller.
• Using the compressor with liquid requires the corresponding power increase, but this is realized on an existing element and occupies a smaller volume than a compressor with gas with the same power.
• the compressor with refrigerant brings additional power in the system based on the heat absorbed from the environment by refrigerant evaporation from a tank placed in an environment with the temperature as high as possible (reached with focusing mirrors).
• the working agent is the respective refrigerant, by injecting it in liquid state into an environment with a lower pressure, it vaporizes absorbing heat from the environment and cooling it but increasing its pressure; if it is injected in a gas state it increases both the temperature and the pressure of the respective environment.
• the excess of agent is liquefied in the same time with the main agent, being recovered and re-introduce into the tank.
• the refrigerant is used for expansion in a pneumatic engine with the same construction as for the compressor with liquid.
• the mechanical work produced is used in a similar way (especially for cooling the agent in the cold receivers of isochoric-isobar compressors at a constant pressure).
• the expansion is done in one or more steps until the liquefaction temperature is reached, then the agent is introduced in a condenser where a part of the cumulated heat is recovered and it reaches the tank helped by a pump.
• Special attention has to be paid to the agents that have the critical point close to the range of 0-100 Celsius degrees (for example CO2 which has the critical point at 31 degrees and the critical pressure at 7.4 MPa), gases that need a small quantity of heat for vaporization and which can develop a significant mechanical work with a small heat quantity used for overheating.
• Isochoric - isobar compressor (fig 19) is built from a succession of warm receivers 19a placed in the warm source alternating with cold receivers 19b placed in the cold source.
• the atmospheric air (or the gas from the exit of a turbine) enters the first cold receiver (with no mechanical work consumption) where it cools at a constant pressure: as the air is cooled, additional air enters the receiver. Then the air is transferred into the first warm receiver where it is warmed at a constant volume, reaching the temperature of the warm source and the corresponding pressure (pi).
• the warm air is moved into the cold receiver, where it is cooled under constant pressure until it reaches the temperature of the cold source, by opening the communication with the atmosphere.
• the gas is transferred again into a warm receiver and re-heated up to temperature Tl, its pressure increasing up to p2.
• the process continues using additional air from the atmosphere and consuming mechanical work at each pressure stage, a mechanical work sourced from a corresponding number of compressors with liquid, with refrigerant or Stirling compressors.
• the air is stored into a tank or is provided to a caged turbine.
• the speed of the compressor can increase considerably if counter current heat recuperators or heat exchangers are introduced between the cold and the warm receivers. In this way once the heat is absorbed it is kept into the system and it's not released to the cold source. It's also possible to realize a series of combinations with a Stirling compressor with the same number of steps in order to use the heat for producing mechanical work.
• the compressor under constant volume is a receiver with atomizer. It takes the role of the compressor in the installations with reverted cycles. Similarly to the compressor, it is linked between the vaporizer's exit and condenser's entry and placed in an environment with the temperature equal or higher than the compressor's. Piston movement is done maintaining constant pressures on both sides of the piston (the condenser has a higher capacity than in the installations with classical compressor because of that).
• the admission valve is closing and the vapors from the condenser are taken by the second receiver, then by the next one..
• the number of the receivers has to be enough to cover the time frame needed for the adiabatic-isotherm compression in the first receiver.
• the liquid agent is introduced using a pump to increase its pressure to a higher value than the one in the receiver.
• the process continues until the vapors reach a saturated state, when a new ride of the piston can start.
• AU the time during the compression the continuity of the cycle has been ensured by other receivers that continued to take the vapors of the agent.
• both valves are opening and the piston movement happens in reversed direction (with the corresponding mechanical work consumption).
• the vapors are introduced in the condenser and a new quantity of vapors from the vaporizer enters the receiver.
• the fluid movement is done solely based on heat exchanges, the only mechanical work consumer being the atomizer pump, but even this one can be powered by a Stirling engine whose warm receiver takes the heat from the condenser and gives part of it to the vaporizer, based on the increased quantity of the agent moved and absorbed heat.
• a part of the liquid agent is directed to the expander, the other to the compressor with constant volume. If the compressor is part of a cooling installation it can even take a part of the needed heat from the heat evolved by the condenser.
• the installation is a heat pump, it needs an incremental heat from a source with a temperature at least as high as the condensing temperature (for PTS focusing and thermo- resistant mirrors are used) in order to become warmer than the environment, but the energy released by the condenser is much higher.
• the Receiver with thermo-resistances is a receiver having thermo-resistances placed inside its walls for heating the air inside.
• the resistances are powered by the currents produced by the receivers in the breaking regime and by the engines and turbines whose produced power is too small to be introduced in the network. As well, they are useful to ensure the continuity of system's functioning in the lack of the non-conventional source (for example in some of the cloudy periods) when they are powered from the electrical network.
• Caged turbine is a turbine which can function hydraulic as well as with steam or with gas, characterized through a particular disposal of rotor blades and of nozzles of stator, that can be used for the conversion of hydraulic, pneumatic and thermal energy from conventional sources and specially nonrconventional ones, in mechanical power and especially in the area of small powers.
• the turbines in the current stage of development do not have too many applications in where low and very low powers are required and their efficiency in this type of application is quite reduced. Because in those turbines the surface of the blades where the process of transforming the kinetics energy of the motive agent into mechanical energy of rotor rotation is relatively small, the motive agent (water, steam or gas) has usually high temperature and pressure and for obtaining some acceptable efficiency requires big rotation speed of rotor.
• a bigger surface have the blades of the last stages of multi staged turbine or of the turbine blades Ljungstrom like, but the length of those blades is limited by the fact that their setup on the stump is made at one end only.
• the caged turbine as it is described in this invention solves the problem of enlarging the active surfaces, by using rotor and stator longitudinal blades, fixed at both ends on ring-shaped rims, The blades are disposed in a radial, diagonal, radial-axial, radial-diagonal, or diagonal-axial configuration, cage like. This way the surface of a blade can be enlarged through increasing its length, especially if intermediate support points are added.
• the motive forces obtained on each stage are as high as for the usual turbines by processing specific lower enthalpy falls of larger volumes of fluids, which can generate comparable performances with the classic turbine, at lower pressures, temperatures and rotations.
• the caged turbine becomes capable to work specifics falls of small enthalpy contained in different residual sources or non-conventional energy sources like the gas resulted in some, technological processes, solar energy, geothermal energy, etc, which gives them a big advantage versus the turbines in the present stage of technical development.
• the blades channels made in this way are bordered on four sides and space between rotor blades and the stator blades is limited on both sides by the rolling elements of the rotor, sealing problems being easier to be solved.
• caged turbine can function through supply with compressed air as a pneumatic engine. Centrifugal compressors radial only or diagonal with caged rotor without ante-rotor, where the air intake is done through a chamber in the turbine axis with or without directive blades can be also made.
• this way of placing the rotor and stator blades allows the setup on these blades of some electrical conductors, permanents magnets, electromagnets and magnetic ladle-shank, the location on the crown of one or more collectors and also the usage of soft or tough ferromagnetic materials when manufacturing rotor and stator blades, obtaining this way one or more electric generators embedded in the turbine, and also by removing classical mechanical coupling, gaining in volume and flexibility.
• This way all types of electrical generators can be manufactured: of direct current, in series and derivation, mono-phased, tri-phased, poly-phased, synchronous and asynchronous, with single and hetero polar field with hysterezis, with field modulation, with pulsating field, with interference.
• the caged construction leads to the replacement of rotor discs (respectively of brake drum into reaction turbines) with pairs of crowns with smaller sizes.
• stator and rotor blades Because of the way the stator and rotor blades are constructed and disposed they can be crossed by channels accessible through both ends and circulating a thermal agent, with the objective to realize a heat exchange with the primary agent with positive or negative gradient, changing this way functioning characteristics of the turbine through re-overheating, regenerative pre-heating, cooling ,etc, in order to obtain a cycle close to Carnot or Ericson cycle.
• the thermal agent circulating inside the blades can be even the primary agent, and when the blades communicate with the inter- blade space effects of ejection in stator and rotor and effects of reaction in rotor, as well as changing the functioning cycle, through positive or negative variations of debit, pressure, or temperature in every point from functioning curve can be realized and through this speed changing and adjustment of the mechanical load.
• This type of turbine is extremeiy flexible, can be sized for very small or very big capacity, for all type of temperatures and pressures used in present stadium of technique, for a large range of rotation speeds including a very small one.
• the multiple stage turbines through appropriate manufacturing of the profiles and dimensions of rotor and stator blades, there is a wider range of possibilities to split the entry enthalpy between stages (inclusively through introduction of primary agent in and between certain stages), there is the possibility to introduce some sectors of compression stages between the active stages, the possibility to make multi-isothermal stages, possibility of different rotation speed for different rotor stages, inclusively making of rotors with different rotation directions.
• the caged turbines can replace the classical turbines in the majority of their applications, especially into the energetic ones, they can complete the already existing installations increasing their performance or can improve the current turbines by applying only some of the constructive elements of the caged turbine. They constitute the main power element of PTS.
• the most simple type of cage turbine (fig 21 A) is composed from a rotor (21b) with radial blades, set up through a ball bearing (2Ii) on an exhaustion pipe of a pneumatic (2Ie) or hydraulic thermal installation (this one being the stator of turbine), for using its residual power and transforming it in mechanical energy available in the rotor axis.
• This type of turbine has a quite a low efficiency, but it is simple and cheep and can use an energy that otherwise would be lost. Starting from this type of turbine by adding new components, classical or specific to the cage type of construction, the performances obtained are increasing and increasingly complex applications become available.
• stator in the pipe prolongation (fig.21a), made of many nozzles or stator blades, hi an even better phase, on the stator one or more of following components is set up: additional stator-rotof stages, regulation elements, the embedded electrical generator, starting engine, rolling elements, case, elements of intermediate admission, combustion rooms, combustion rooms with piston, centrifugal compressor, oil installation, admission pipes, etc.
• additional stator-rotof stages regulation elements
• the embedded electrical generator starting engine
• rolling elements case
• elements of intermediate admission combustion rooms
• combustion rooms with piston centrifugal compressor
• oil installation admission pipes, etc.
• the selection of the elements which will be part of the turbine is made by the needed power and the type of application.
• the stator (fig.21a, fig.22) consists of a series of identical blades, having an equal distance between them (fig.21a, f ⁇ g.22b, fig.23a) and each having each end fixed to crown (21e,22a,23e).
• the stator can be made from more blades assembled head to head, with intermediary crowns (22C).
• the stator crowns have the shape of a ring or a disc and are placed in parallel plans, perpendicular on the rolling axis, and can have different diameters (22B, C).
• the blades can be straight, their axis being parallel with turbine axis (22A, cylindrical blades), or make a certain angle with it (22B, C, conical blades), convex curved (22D), or concave (22T), semispherical (22E), arc sector (22F) etc, and the transversal section of the blade can be constant (22A, D, F) or variable (22B,C, E).
• the shape and the size of this section is depending on the working agent, its pressure and temperature, and is computed same as for the radial classical turbines but also considering and the specifics of distribution in cage and of the other component elements like electrical generator.
• the shape of the blades is significantly different versus the classical shapes, because at these speeds the friction losses are much smaller, and the simplicity of the construction becomes the priority.
• Fixing the blades on the crown can made through casting, followed by a mechanical processing, through soldering, or with assembly elements (rivet less, screws, etc)
• the easiest stator is manufactured from an empty cylinder, with these walls, metallic, from plastic material, or from other material which can resist in the working conditions (fig.21a). At one of the ends the cylinder is closed (2Id), and at the other end it has a coupling element (2Ie).
• the nozzles are made by creating slots in the cylinder walls, throughout the length of generators, leaving the ends full.
• the slots can be longitudinal (2If) or helicoidally (22.P).
• the cylinder is sectioned in one or more plans which are crossing its axis (22Q)
• the stator is being manufactured from two or three segments which are assembled after blades assembly.
• the execution of the crown form several segments allows that between those segments a series of adjustable articulations are introduced, and acting upon them one can easily extend or a decrease the crown diameter, even during its functioning.
• the slots are stopped from place to place (22Q), to minimize the radial deformations due to the speed of rotation.
• the lamellas which are built between those slots are the stator blades. If the width of the blade is bigger than the thickness of the cylinder wall, these lamellas can be used as supports for nozzles assembly (22.M, 22.N, 22.0). For even wider blades, two cylinders with different diameters can be used, each being processed in an adequate way to make two supports for the nozzle made of iron plate (22.Y).
• stator consist of separate processing of those two crowns, and the blades, followed by the assembly of the components.
• the blades can have different types of sections: trapezoidal (22.G), triangular or circle -sector (22.H), rhomboidal (221), circular (22L), elliptical, structional (22J, 22.K, 23e), etc.
• stator blades can be obtained from curved plate, and/or forged until it reaches the wanted profile (22d), and their attachment to the crown, directly, or helped by lamellas with simpler shape (22c,231), fixed between the crowns.
• the attachment can be done through soldering, through casting, through assembling in slots cut at the periphery of the lateral disks (22.T, 22.V), or through some full rods or end rods (22.X), which are introduced in some holes made in these disks (22.R, 22.S, 22.U).
• the blades made from plates are reasonable both for the simplicity of their execution as well as because inside the inner gap can be introduced cooling fluids, oil pipes, electrical cables, etc, as well as thermal agent, with the wanted temperature and pressure, and through an extra nozzle (22e), the working debit can be increased.
• the pressure of the agent introduced in the stator blades is high enough and the exit channel is adequately shaped, one can make exhaustion valves on each blade, which by involving the agent in the inter-blade space, leads to the improvement of the flow regime.
• some or all blades can be manufactured as magnetic cores, full or from sheets, and around them a winding of electrical conductors is made, or ready made coils are setup.
• the profiles made by plate allow manufacturing of some sliding profiles along the support (22.W), and by interlaying some articulations or inflatable elements, between profile and support (22g) allow the regulation of the distance between rotor and stator, depending of dilatations or other reasons.
• the ROTOR (fig.2 Ib, fig.22) is made the same as the stator, from two rings or lateral discs (rotor crowns; 21k), which are rotating on the stator through some rolling bearings (21i,23i ) or sliding bearings, computed and set up so that they allow the compensation of axial dilatations.
• the component elements of the rotor and their manufacturing and assembly are identical to the stator. The difference is in the different profile of blades.
• the rotor blades (211, 231), which can be straight (21b) or wiggled (22S), and whose profile is usually computed according to the usual practices, but taking into account configuration particularities.
• the helicoidally stator nozzles, or the wiggles rotor blades are adopted in the case of small debits when the distance between nozzles is big, in order to homogenize the pressure on all of the blades and to avoid a dead point at start.
• rings elements of mechanical coupling (21m) are setup, or of electrical coupling (the receiver and the brushes).
• stator blades can be full (22S), or empty (22R), made of plate (22d), shaped around the stretching element (22c), and also the same, inside the empty profiles, working agent can be injected, which in this case also has a reactive effect (22Z).
• the long blades can be stiffened from place to place through setting up some stiffening rings, intermediate crowns, or even some, intermediate bearings, which give the possibility to obtain unlimited lengths.
• the working agent suffers an expansion through the simple movement from the axis towards the periphery of the turbine, so that expansion degrees big enough can be realized even the rotor channels are narrowed by increasing the blades number, so that the number of rotor blades can be higher than the number of stator blades (22W), especially for the multistage turbines, the optimal ratio, not necessary an integer number, being given by the debit and the pressure of the primary agent.
• the blades profile is made with a string (depth) as big as possible (22W), so that the agent path is as long as possible. Same solution is recommended in the case when the turbine embeds an electric generator, to fill in as much as possible the rotor space of the respective stage with ferromagnetic material.
• the transversal section of the rotor blades can be variable: bigger close to the crown and smaller towards the center, the blades being narrowed in the central side, can be gudgeon like, or can have a counter arrow towards the cylinder axis (fig.22T).
• the rotor discs can be conical, can be wheals with spokes, or can get another advantageous shapes form the mechanical load point of view.
• the shape of the stator nozzle is modified in all these cases, so that the inter-space between rotor and stator is as small as possible. If the mechanical repartition of loadings is better, one can also build turbines in sphere cages, ovoid, or another rotation speed object, which changes the radial turbine in diagonal one or radial- diagonal.
• Rolling elements (fig.26).
• the inner diameter of the rotor crowns is bigger than the outer diameter of the stator crown, hi the inter-space thus created one can introduce a bronze ring graphited or a ball bearing (2Ii) which can ensure the rotor rolling around its axis.
• this rolling system is replaced by a slide bearing which spindle is the rotor crown. Both types of bearing must be sealed with lateral caps for stopping the thermal agent leaking.
• this rolling system can be replaced by the system described system in figure 26.A and 26.B.
• the rotor crown (26a) is taped from inside with a layer of an adherent material (26b) or with an inflatable tier.
• the caged turbine can be bi-rotor (fig.23).
• the turbine will have two rotors, which are rolling with the same rotation speed but in opposite directions.
• the power of one of this turbine is double versus the power of a one rotor turbine, with the same size and same rotation speed.
• the exhaustion of this power can made same as for the Ljungstrom type of turbine, with a different shaft on each rotor, through a single shaft that takes both rotation moments using a mechanical system with gears (23 1, m), or with adherent wheels, or even easier using an electric generator with two rotors.
• a layer of adherent material is setup (which can be also an inflatable tier).
• This system even if it has higher sealing issues, is very advantageous, especially for small rotation speeds, where the oiling is much simpler, the settings and the later interventions are made much easier, and on top, through small axis movements or through inflation and de-inflation of the tiers, it offers some adjustment possibilities.
• the turbine which is presented in figure 23, has two rotors and an internal stator, with blades made of shaped plates and with a debit adjustment mechanism placed inside the stator blades (23g).
• the case can be metallic, from a plastic material, or any other type of material which can ensure the necessary protection. It can be thermally insulated or not, depending on the temperature of the thermal agent, can be closed or open, depending on the type of turbine. The shape and size of the case is computed depending on the exit pressure of the agent and the volume of agent it has to contain.
• the case can be use for supporting of linkage pipes and the auxiliary installations, for driving thermal agent after it was expanded in the turbine, for thermal exchanging with environment, for supporting a heat exchanger, for supporting of some electrical windings or of some magnetic yokes, and if the thermal agent is made of vapors that need to condense after expansion, the case of caged turbine can play a condenser role.
• FIG. 21 An efficient procedure acting on the exit section as well as on the entry section of the nozzles is described in figures 21 and 23.
• an external sleeve (2Ig) or internal (24g) of debit adjustment made like a cylinder with braking which can slide on the main cylinder around the, and which through rotation, using a mechanism (2Ih), is covering a larger area (24B) or a smaller area (24A) from the nozzles section.
• the sliding regulation method can be also applied to the blades with more complex profiles: this blades are made of two sections, assembled on different crowns, which can slide one inside the other.
• the crossing section of the agent is growing (24C) or decreases (24D) depending of the needs. If between the stator and the sleeve one is introducing sealing elements, the closing device obtained is very easy to use.
• the rolling of the regulating device can be made manually or automatically operated, depending on temperature, pressure, etc.
• the rolling can be made manually or automatic, depending of different parameters, both at starting as well as during the functioning.
• the turbine in figure 23 has both stator blades and rotor made of plates (23n) shaped around some supports (231), set up between the two crowns.
• the debit regulation sleeve (23g) is set up exactly inside of the stator blades.
• Another regulation method is presented in figure 22.W.
• the blade made from plate (221) is no longer rigidly fixed on support (22n), but through one articulation or through inflatable elements (22g), fixed between the two components of the blade, so that the table profile can slide on the support in the opposite way.
• This type of system also applicable to rotors blades, can be independently applied to each blade and also allows the regulation of the inter-blade space depending of dilatation, and if the turbine is also equipped as electrical power generator, it allows the minimization of air gap.
• the rotor blades are more difficult to adjust, but an adjustment is possible through blades • rotation, with a rotating mechanism based on gears or adherent wheels, and with an automated device (like a thermostat), fixed of one of the crowns. Also, the blades sliding on radial direction can be done on the rotor as well using some articulations or inflatable elements.
• the embedded electrical generator (fig.25), is the most practical method of power exhaustion developed by this type of turbine, a perfect applicable method to any classical turbines.
• a synchronous generator can be made by fixing on the case, next to rotor crowns, of some magnetic yokes and some magnetic winded poles, visible or buried, attached to a mono, tri or poly-phased network, which constitutes the generator armature, and on one or more rotor crowns, of some permanent magnets, or some winded poles, supplied in direct current, which are the excitation.
• the armature role can be taken by the rotor and the inductor role by the stator. If the armature is equipped with a brush system and a collector that switches in the moment of passing through the neutrals axis of inductor poles, a direct current generator is obtained, which can be linked in series or in derivation.
• FIG 21 a method of producing this kind of generator is presented.
• the inducted poles (21m), together with the electrical winding (2In) are setup on an internal circumferences from an end of the case, the clamp box (21o) being setup on the exterior side to connect to the receiving electrical network, and on rotor crown an equal number of rotors poles supplied with direct current using sliding contacts (2Ip) is setup.
• the magnetic circuit is closing (2Iq) radial through stator poles, air gap, rotor poles, and transversal through the rotor crown and through the case.
• the frequency of the current debited by this type of generator is proportional with the turbine rotation speed and with the number of poles pairs. For small rotation speeds, in order to reach industrial frequency a high number of poles are needed.
• connection to network is made with a frequency converter, process which also eliminates the starting maneuvers preceding the reaching of synchronism rotation speed.
• the generator being reversible, through supplying from network of the stator as well, it can acting as an engine, which can simplify the turbine start.
• this type of generators can be made on any of the stages, through fixing of rotors and stator ferromagnetic intermediate concentric crowns properly equipped.
• the setup of this intermediate generators is usually done on the last stages of turbine, area in which due to the big diameter there is enough space for thermal agent expansion, and the obstruction on small areas of passing ways of the thermal agent is less impact full, the number of blades on a stage is maxim, the agent temperature is lower and the generated power is higher due to the bigger diameter.
• FIG. 25 represents a detailed crown sector grouping three blades and a section through them. In the blades structure are interlaid from space to space, parts of magnetic cores with slots (25k) where the appropriate winding can be made. If this type of assembly is done on more stages, several series of electrical concentric generators, displayed axial along the turbine are resulting, and choosing in an appropriate way of connecting in serial or parallel, one can obtain the voltage characteristics and load behavior much easier.
• the air gap (distance between rotors blades and stator ones, respectively between the case and the last rotor stage) must be as small as possible. This involves transformations of blades shape (fig.25) by reducing both the entry angle of rotors blades (25i), as well as the exit angle of stator blades (25j), and also the widening of entering edge and the rear edge, which leads to lower efficiency for conversion the thermal agent enthalpy in mechanical energy. Also it is necessary to introduce some _
• the caged turbine which has the blades dispersedly placed on crowns as the rotors notch of an electrical machine, is appropriate for construction of generators with modulation field and also of the generators with pulse field, especially if the generator is made between the case (on which the magnetic yokes are more easy to make) and the last rotor. This goes to the rotors winding elimination and also the corresponding brush system. Also at this type of generators, the change of the shape of the blades, and introducing additional magnetic yokes is needed. One method to eliminate these yokes it is by making uni-polar generators.
• the magnetic uni-polar field is created by a series of coils supplied in electrical direct current or alternative current, transversal setup at the ends of the case (25a), according to the current practice, around of the polar pieces of the case, on all their length (25b), making poles with the same polarity, on stator axis at both ends (25c), on stator blades, in the same way as on the polar pieces (at multi stage turbine), or any combination of these.
• the magnetic field is radial closed through the polar pieces and the rotor blades, and then axial through the interior stator yoke, and then again radial through the lateral shields of the case and then again axial through the case yoke.
• the magnetic induction of this field reaches a maximum when the rotor blades are positioned between case reinforcements and the stator blades, filling this space with ferromagnetic material, and is closing to zero when the blades are completely exiting this space.
• This field induces in the rotor blades which are moving, a current along the blades, having all the time same direction, and whose level is oscillated between a minim and maxim, depending of the blades position versus the stator fittings and the one of the case.
• the induced currents all over the blades are summing up in the rotors crowns (25e), are collected through a brushes system (25h), and evacuated through conductors which cross radial the stator (25g), through the channels 25f.
• the uni-polar generator becomes a machine, with the interference and energy produced by the turbine, which can be collected through a winding which is fixed axial in the case, in the notches made by fittings, removing the brushes and receiver.
• the lateral shields and stator yokes can became sizeable, that's why taking advantage of the developing in length of turbine and the fact that the stator is the one made around the central axis, they can be significantly reduced by dividing the magnetic flux (25D).
• the lateral shields (25n) and the polar crowns (25e) can be executed from non magnetic materials.
• the electrical currents produced in the lateral generators have opposite directions to the one produced in intermediate generator, so that the internal crowns next to it become electric isolated one from each other and will use the brushes (25h) distinct for each and one of them.
• a caged turbine with big length equipped with embedded uni polar generator will be made of a succession of these types of generators, polarization in different directions, which can significantly reduce the magnetic unilateral forces that are met at this type of generator. Further, making the air between stator and rotor blades, much smaller than the one between rotor and case, the attraction magnetic force can be partially compensated by the pressure with which the thermal agent presses on the blades.
• the generator being reversible, any of the generator types described can become an engine, through introducing an appropriate voltage through exhaustion clamps. This thing is very useful at the turbine is start up.
• the most efficient one is the engine with two rotors (which is installed on a Ljungstrom type turbine), because the relative speed of rotating magnetic field is double versus the one of an engine with stator and rotor.
• the efficiency can further increase for multi stage turbine, where one can make several engines, with rotor glass like, introduced one into another.
• the air gap can be reduced to minimal through a careful processing of cylindrical surfaces by filling in the cuts followed by covering the entire surface with a very thin film (at hundredth millimeter type) from a material with good mechanical and thermal properties (for example Teflon).
• the resulted cylinders can slide one into each other on a very thin film of oil under pressure.
• the cage construction type with stator in the middle of engine, allows that by appropriate shaping of the blades, first rotor step to become a centrifugal compressor, which can train cold air from environment through the central internal space and it pushes it towards the ventilation channels from next stages.
• the consumed energy for capturing and compressing the air is partially recovered through the motive effect created by the sparse of the air between the blades walls, especially after the absorption exhausted heat from its conductors and accessories.
• the caged centrifugal compressor (fig.27), is a building element for some multi stage caged turbines with intermediate combustion chambers, which through appropriate shaping of the blades of some stages previous to the combustion chambers a recompression of the thermal agent is done, but because of its advantages it can be also used independently. Constructive, it looks like the caged turbine, the blades profile being the only difference: the stator has the blades similar to the ones of a classical compressor, and the rotor has the same type of blades like for the compressor with closed channels.
• the admission axial pipes and the ante-rotor are missing, the gas intake being done through the central axis, and the blade channels are completely closed between the two blades (27b) and rotor blades (27c), unlike the classic compressor, where the case is used as partial closing element.
• the debit modulation between the admission and exhaustion is done with profiles fixed between blades (27f), forming, as well, complete closed channels. This allows fixing on the blades of some uni-directional valves (27g), which can grow the stability while.
• the caged turbine can incorporate combustion rooms, heat exchangers, steam over heater, etc. in central space or in different turbine stage. Those elements are similar to the classical ones, having the shape and sizes computed in assembling moment. Also the thermal agent of cages turbine can be supplied by an engine with internal combustion, which can be a classical one or can have some changes for accommodating this type of turbine.
• Figure 28 shows the method of construction of engine, and in figure 12.B the way when the supply of the working agent of a turbine with gases in closed circuit.
• the engine showed in the figure is made of a cylinder for air compression and another for fuel combustion, being rational separate of those two functions, because the necessary materials for making combustion rooms are more expensive, cooling them can be made in different ways (the cylinder temperatures being different), and the debit air necessary for completely burning from combustion cylinder (possibly from a combustion room from inside turbine) can be measured exactly through diameter change or a length of compression cylinder.
• Those two cylinders can be fixed in the same cooler room (28.h), or in different rooms.
• the engine cylinder can be additional activated (28.e), by one or more compression cylinders, also the compressed air producing which is necessary for cooling the adiabatic area, and also for filling the tank used for starting off the _ _
• the fuel is introduced using a pump and some pipes (28. g).
• Combustion can be also at constant volume, but preferably a constant pressure, fuel injection during the entire piston race, and after race finish, on return way, through injecting with fuel from the other part of piston. In this way, the engine becomes a one time engine, introducing power during all its functioning period.
• the engine is not working using another mechanical device, has no ineptitude, function being conditioned only by air introduction and fuel burning.
• the optimal effective power is obtained when the injection and fuel burning can make all time race, air relaxation can be only in turbine, which can take the active couple, engine having only a producing role and distribution of primary agent, possible for some auxiliary services actions. If this is wanted a part of active couple to be supplied by the engine, its piston is joined with turbine shaft through crack rod system.
• the motive cylinders are made like for the engines in the current development stage, with one open end, the pistons being coupled through a push and pull system, or if the cylinders are back to back through a common rod.
• the compressor is a double effect one having both times active times, and the piston cover is manufactured with a series of holes (28p) placed toward its basis so that when the piston reaches the end of the path the pressures on the two sides of the pistons are equalized and the start of the compression is not anymore preceded by an expansion phase.
• the piston movement is done in the same time with the movement of the motive cylinder, the compressor's valves automatically opening while the engine's valves are actuated by tappet valves.
• valve 28.4 being open and allowing the entrance of the compressed air from the compressor into the combustion chamber and the valve 28.1 allowing the compressed air into the turbine
• the fueling valve 28.r is opening (if needed, after a preheating with incandescent plug sparking) and the fuel combustion happens, which leads to the movement of both pistons and the opening of valve 28.6 through which atmospheric air is suctioned.
• the valve 28.7 is opening through which the compressed air is exhausted from the compressor, situation that doesn't change until the end of the path of the pistons.
• Mono stage centrifugal caged turbine is made of a stator and a rotor with its adjusting elements. Depending on the application needs one can add on top a case, regulating elements, elements of the lubricating system, sealing elements, embedded electrical generator, starting engine, combustion chamber or heat exchanger set up in the central axis.
• the functioning of the turbine is identical to the one of a classical radial centrifugal mono staged turbine, but the blades of the rotor are much longer ensuring its functioning with much smaller pressure falls on a single stage.
• the intake of gas, steam or liquid is done through the stator cylinder and the exhaustion can be done directly into the atmosphere (between the rotor blades if the turbine has no case or through a pipe set up on the case or prolonging the stator pipe), or in a condenser than can be even the turbine case.
• the caged turbine can replace classical multi staged turbines.
• the caged turbine can use thermal agents with very low temperatures and entry pressures.
• Mono stage centripetal turbine (fig 30) has the construction and functioning similar to the centrifugal one, the difference being in the stator setup (30a) between the case (30c) and rotor (30b) and in the reversed circulation flow of the motive agent. Following that, both the profile of stator blades and the one of the rotor blades is adapted to this flow direction.
• This type of turbine can be used in the same applications where the centrifugal turbines are used, but where the flow direction from exterior towards interior is more advantageous form the construction point of view (for example when the turbine is placed in a high temperature environment and there is a significant heat introduced through the turbine cage) _ _
• Mono stage reversible turbine (fig 29) is featured with two stators (29c) and straight (29e), lenticular (29d) or shaped rotor blades, being able to work both centrifugal and centripetal, depending on the sign of pressure difference between the central and peripheral chamber.
• the computation of profiles for both the rotor blades as well as for the stator blades has to include the need of rotation of the rotor in both directions.
• the blades of the stator can be full or with internal admission chamber. This type of turbines is useful in the reversible applications, for example in a climate installation that gives the agent during the day in a centripetal way and during the night in a centrifugal way.
• the hydraulic caged turbine is identical with the thermal one from constructive point of view, the profile of the blades being computed for the characteristics of the working liquid.
• the intake pipe is linked to a pressurized tank in which the pressure is maintained constant by a gas pillow (in the case of the condenser of a fridge installation it is about the vapors of the refrigerant).
• the exhaustion is done in a low pressure pipe in which the working gas is also found.
• the turbine is preferably manufactured with vertical axis, but can be also manufactured with horizontal axis in which case the stator only has nozzles on a sector from its circumference, specifically on that sector on which the liquid is only collected in the holdings of descendant rotor blades after exhaustion contributing through its weight at the turbine rotation, the blades being shaped so that when passing through the lowest point the linkage of the liquid from these holdings is complete.
• the best usage for this type of turbine is in the frigorific installations, where being setup between the condenser and the vaporizer and replacing the detentor used in the current technical development stage, it recovers a part of the energy used for compressing the refrigerant.
• the multi staged radial turbine processes the available enthalpy fall in several successive stages, each stage being built like a single stage turbine.
• the working fluid is usually the steam or hot gases, but this type of turbine can work as well as a pneumatic engine with cold gases.
• the primary agent is introduced in the central chamber (31Bb) where it can be additionally processed, and then it enters the nozzles of the first stage from where it expands radial (centrifugal) or radial-axial up to the peripheral chamber (31B.c) from where it is exhausted into the atmosphere or is collected and reintroduced in the turbine circuit.
• a centripetal expansion becomes possible (and sometimes is wished) only after the last radial stage or after a taking of gas.
• the small turbines are usually pipe turbines, being set up on the pipe that supplies them in the position of the pipe and being hold by the pipe, the larger turbines are placed on a support and can have the main axis an horizontal one (31A) or a vertical one (31B).
• the rotor blades can be manufactured with action or can have a certain degree of reaction.
• a reaction degree as high as possible is preferred, being possible to obtain a reaction degree of 100% by manufacturing the turbine with two caged rotors (Ljungstrom) that rotate in opposite directions, turbine that has longer blades versus the classical variant and supported at both ends.
• stator blades fig 31A.b
• rotor blades 31A.c
• the ends of the stator blades (fig 31A.b) as well as of the rotor blades (31A.c) are each fixed on two rings (31A.d and 31 ATe respectively), one of them having a sliding or rolling bearing (31A.z) and the other ring being rigidly fixed on a cap (31A.3 and 31A.4 respectively).
• the rotor cap is fixed to the shaft and the stator cap is fixed to the frame, directly or through a sliding bearing that takes the high axial dilatation.
• both rings can have bearings both on rotor and on stator, and for very long blades intermediate bearings can be used.
• the bearings can be missing from both rings, the rotor weight being sustained by the shaft in the console. If the turbine is with vertical axis (31B), the bearings in the superior side are not compulsory, the superior cap being sustained by the blades, some of them can be sized specifically for this purpose). The sizing of the blades, both for the rotor and for the stator has to be done so that it avoids the occurrence of vibrations.
• the contiguous rotor rings having the same rotation speed are stiffened by a common cap (31A.3) on which elements for mechanical or electrical coupling are setup (tree; 31A.g,h).
• a bearing (31A.i) is setup together with a sealing system, easy to be setup due to the usually low pressure in the peripheral area. If groups of rotor stages with different rotation speeds are made, they will have concentric trees (fig. 31 A), will have a mechanical reducer gear between each two successive trees, or their generators will be electrically coupled and the power transmission towards the exterior will be made through electrical cables or current bars, case in which the sealing issue is easier to be solved. The same thing happens at the opposite side of the turbine if this has two rotors. Between two rotor stages with different rotation speed, the stator can disappear if the profile of the blades is computed accordingly;
• the multi staged caged turbines can be used in any application where the classical multi-staged turbines are being used. Because of their- high capacity and the high centrifugal forces on the rotor blades, the rotation speed of caged turbine is usually lower than the one of the classical turbines with the same power while the number of stages of the turbine is higher. However, this is an advantage as the stator blades (and sometimes the rotor ones as well) can be transformed into more efficient heat exchangers, giving the possibility to realize thermal cycles very close to Carnot and Ericson cycles, consequently with much higher efficiency. Other advantages of these turbines are:
• the intake of the primary agent can be done both through the central chamber as well as through the shaped blades of the first stages or of some intermediate stages, through individual pipes derived from the main pipe (31A.j), pipes that link the central chamber to an ring-like channel inside the stator disc.
• a regulating vane for laminating the jet of agent is setup, or a mini-turbine electrical generator (31 A.I), so that the entrance of the thermal agent into the turbine, in the. intermediate steps, is done at a pressure equal or slightly higher to the pressure in the entry stage.
• electrical resistances 31A.k
• a cylinder with internal combustion piston can be setup at the entry in the channel, having the debit and temperature properly setup in order to produce a local re-overheating of the primary agent.
• an anterior pick heat one can extract a quantity from the agent that will be used for regenerative pre-heating of the supply agent.
• temperature of the mix is equal to the temperature of the agent at the entry of the turbine. This way the pick-heats, corresponding pipes and the over-heaters are eliminated and the re-overheating is done continuously and not in stages. The maximum effect is obtained through total independence of each stage in this area. This way, increasing the length of the central combustion chamber and making a lateral combustion chamber, on the exterior side of the stator cap, introducing separating screens after each rotor and setting up a pipe system that leads the whole flow of agent used by one stage through the combustion chamber and then through the channels of the blades in the next stage, (path where except for a re-heating up to the initial temperature, the agent debit is
• the primary agent is expanding adiabatic up to the peripheral area, where it reaches a pressure and temperature given by the. conditions of the exhaustion of its agent or of the heat it contains (24B)
• the peripheral area is under-heated using a heat pump, preferably with a compressor or atomizer or at a constant volume, leading to increasing the available enthalpy fall, so to the increase of turbine power, a decrease of temperature and pressure in the peripheral area, but also to an increase in its volume.
• a speed up of the condensation process is also obtained, as well as the elimination of water cooling installations, complex and with high volume, accompanied by a thermal pollution of the environment.
• the last steps of the turbine are under-heated using some pipes that cross the blades of the stator.
• the refrigerant can be the water in the return of a climate installation or of a heat consumer, cooling water in the environment, under heated water in a sequential heat pump, a refrigerator at vaporizing pressure or even the condense or the gases collected from the peripheral area.
• the stator blades crossed by the feeding condense of the tank can reach the isothermal area, given that a certain pressure limit that would lead to over-sizing of the blades is not crossed.
• the pre-heating continues by mixing this agent with the vapors taken from the isothermal area.
• This way a regenerative cycle of the feeding water is obtained, having a maximum number of steps and a perfect carnotization of the thermal cycle.
• the cooling of the last blades in the last stages is decreasing the difference between the device functioning cycle and an Ericson cycle. All these refrigerants can be also used to cool the stator and rotor blades of the caged compressors, transforming the poles isotropic compression into an adiabatic one or into a one close to the isothermal one.
• the primary agent in the case of turbines with condensation, after the primary agent is expanded up to 90%, it can be directed through an intermediate case to a lateral are of the turbine and directed through the blades of a centripetal turbine or a radial-axial turbine.
• the turbine can be either classical or caged, with a reduced speed in one or more reduction steps, so that the steam expansion can continue without the blades erosion and thus a fraction of the refrigerant enthalpy is still used obtaining an inferior standard, a reduced temperature and pressure and a smaller exhausted heat.
• the turbine can be radial or radial- axial, with the blades profile for both rotor and stator being computed so that the drops of liquid formed are exhausted through condenser.
• a pre-determined quantity of refrigerant is extracted to be used for preheating the feeding agent, making the cycle close to an Ericson, respectively a Rankine one.
• the valves or micro-turbines placed at the entry of the pipes feeding these blades, as well as at the entry in the pipes in the isothermal area, can be used to regulate the speed of the turbine.
• the central chamber can be also /used for other purposes except the one of distributing the primary agent towards the first nozzles (directly or through a separation with an intermediate shield): combustion chamber (fig 31.A), supra-heating of the refrigerant introduced in the nozzles of the first stage -or " in the blades, boiler chamber for a steam turbine (in this case the gases resulted from the combustion can become primary agent for a gas turbine attached to the steam turbine), distribution chamber with pistons, place of attaching the gas compressors (33b,33n), the last compression stage, etc.
• the role of last compression stage can be played by the first stages of the turbine.
• the centrifugal compressor can be moved on the last stages (33 d). This way the gas expansion finishes inside the turbine, before those stages, and the turbine case (331) becomes also the case of the compressor).
• the peripheral chamber that communicates with the central chamber (33 a) at one or both ends becomes much smaller.
• the compressed air is cooled (33 c) and than intake by the compressor (compressors) of the second stage (33b) and introduced in the combustion, chamber, all these being placed in the central chamber. Again the degree of compaction of all these elements of the installation is remarkable.
• Figure 31A describes a hot air machine.
• a compressor 3 IA u
• suctions the atmospheric air suctions the atmospheric air and introduces it through the pipe 31A.y into the ring tube 31 A.v placed in the peripheral chamber.
• this room plays the role of a heat exchanger: the batteries of pipes with cold air 31A.X take the residual heat of the exhausted air from the last stage of the turbine and after it is again collected in a tubular ring (3I v') it is introduced in the central chamber that plays the role of combustion chamber under constant pressure.
• the needed fuel is provided by a pump (31A.o) and the air needed for combustion by a compressor (31A.p) through the pipes 31A.r and 31A.q both being introduced in the injector with nozzles 31A.S.
• the warm air enters the first stage through a mini-turbine in the rotor and stator blades of the first stage. After an isothermal and an adiabatic expansion the air reached the peripheral chamber at a slightly higher pressure than the atmospheric one, fronTwtfere it reaches back to the atmosphere after it releases the residual heat.
• the turbine also has a lubricating installation (3 IA.1,2). All the components that are presented on the case in the drawing can be also, placed inside it obtaining a maximum compaction level.
• the caged turbine configuration focusing the high pressure elements in the center of the turbine arid the ones with lower pressure towards exterior, gives an increased safety level to this type of turbine. Any damage that could appear in the high pressure area, for example a broken pipe, has enough volume available for expansion so that the exterior case is only slightly solicited, or if the case is also damaged, the gas leaks do not have damaging temperatures or pressures. This makes the usage of caged turbine fit for boilers used for heating different types of living spaces.
• the turbine in radial-axial cage differs from the radial cage as the expansion of the primary agent in the central chamber is done in all directions (fig. 5).
• the axis of radial blades in this type of turbine can be a circle, an ellipse or the generator of any other rotation speed body.
• Figure 12 presents a multi stage turbine with cylindrical cages. Because the expansion efficiency is lower for small diameters the first stages will have radial cages (12.a). For the next stages each stage of both rotor and stator of the turbine will be made of two discs on whose circle the radial blades are placed (12.b).
• the discs (including the one for the stator) are made exactly like the rotor discs of an action axial turbine in the current stage of development (12.c): a circular disc on whose circle the axial blades are placed and with the profile computed based on the cumulated knowledge about gas circulation through blades.
• Thedifference between rotor and. stator only appears in the profile of the blades and the way they are fixed on the block: in the case of the stator a disc is fixed on the nave (usually the central chamber) and the other is supported by the rotor shaft through a bearing; in the case of the rotor a disc is fixed on the rotor shaft and the other is supported by the stator nave through a bearing.
• the stator nave is not fixed anymore, it is a shaft .that is supported by the central chamber through a bearing and by the shell through another bearing.
• the axial blades are longer than the length computed with a segment having the same width as a radial blade.
• the radial blades are introduced and fixed to the axial ones exactly in this additional length.
• a simple assembly procedure is to fill in the inter-blades channels of this additional length with filling material processed accordingly.
• the lateral ring of the rotor and respectively of the radial stator is obtained by welding them to the blades.
• the radial blades can be placed by creating wholes or notches in this ring.
• the caged turbine has a wide series of usage cases due to the high number of advantages it presents.
• the caged turbines can be used in all the applications where a classical turbine is used. On top, there is a multitude of new usage cases because of their constructive shape, few of these cases will be presented here.
• the one stage turbines, or even the 2-3 stages turbines can be used wherever there are residual pressures or temperatures, transforming these energies into an easy to use form of energy (electrical): on the pipe exhaust of any internal combustion engine, the line blowdown of any installation replacing the pressure reducer, on the exit pipes of compressed fluid tanks to adjust the pressure and capacity at each working point depending on the needs, replacing the laminated cock in fridge installation or another type of installation, between the vaporizer and the condenser of a heat recuperator with refrigerant (request PCT/RO/2006/000015) for using the temperature difference between ground and atmosphere, for using the temperature difference between the sunny and the shadowed side of a building, etc.
• refrigerant refrigerant
• a series of elements part of the cage turbine structure can be implemented on the turbines in the current technical stage to improve their functioning cycle: placing electrical mini-generators to feed the local auxiliary circuits and some resistances for heating the primary agent, introducing thermal agent or/and heat through the static blades (or through static chambers created by replacing some blades) in some steps to realize a multi-isotherm expansion, introducing cold air in the last steps in the same way as described above to realize a sub-adiabatic expansion, creating a regenerative cycle of pre-heating the fueling agent by passing it through pipes placed in the static blades, adjusting the capacity and power by changing the entry angle of static blade while working, cooling the condenser of the steam turbine, the peripheral chamber of gas turbine as well as the cooling of the water used to cool the compressor with a sequential heat pomp, etc. All these improvements bring significant economy in the material used for manufacturing turbines and reduce the quantity of fuel used.
• the caged turbines are recommended to be used in manufacturing thermal centrals used to heat apartment buildings due to the high safety this type of turbines is providing.
• the fuel is used for producing steam or for warming a gas which is later expanding producing electrical energy and reaches the peripheral area of the turbine with a pressure close to the atmospheric one. If a steam turbine is used, its condenser is crossed by return pipes of the heating installation and the one producing the warm water used in-house, giving away the overheating or the vaporizing heat of the exhausted steam.
• the condensed liquid is taken by a pump and re-introduced in the turbine circuit. The temperature and the pressure in the condenser are adjusted depending on the heat quantity needed for warming.
• the system is identical to a classical warming system, having all its advantages, but on top it doesn't uses the long pipes between the electrical central and the consumers, hence doesn't have any losses on these pipes.
• the usage of fuel and the price of this central is higher then for one without turbine, but this is compensated by the increased efficiency for obtaining the electrical energy and the option of having a self owned energy source when any damage in the system.
• This type of boiler can have the option to be linked to a heating installation of a heat pomp based on solar barriers. The heat produced when condensing the refrigerant is cumulated and used for example during the night when the efficiency of the turbine is lower.
• the receive of energy can be achieved directly, from the source of energy, when the receiver is placed in the geothermal water source, in soil, in the warm gas currents provided by an industrial equipment or a ventilation plant of a building, in the gas currents coming out of an exhaust, in direct contact with a machinery or a part of it that needs to be cooled, in a solar, etc, or indirectly, when it is contact with the walls or the fluid of a heat exchanging receiver, or when it is traveled by one or more pipes with thermal agent, parallel with the shifting axis, in this case the piston being provided with the adequate number of orifices and backing plates, hi all these situations, the type of the material, the shape and thickness of the walls of the receiver, as well as the dimensions of some possible fins and flanges (blades), are chosen so that the heat transfer towards the agent inside the receiver should take place at a much higher speed and with more efficiency.
• the entrance receiver can be a gas tank, with metallic walls covered with substances that absorb the solar radiations, in fixed fitting, or which can be positioned, by rotating movements, so that the captured radiation flux should be as large as possible.
• the solar radiations can be direct or through several mirrors or focusing prisms.
• A is shown receiver (Ia) placed inside a vacuum glass tube with double walls (Ib). A part of the inside surface of the inside wall is covered with a reflecting substance, thus creating a focusing mirror, having the receiver in the focal spot, hi figure 1.
• B is presented another version, where the Ia receiver is a copper tube covered with thermal black (Ic), placed inside a vacuum glass tube (Ib). It is positioned in focal point of a focusing mirror (Id), with walls cooled by a water flow or by the vaporization of a refrigerant.
• the WO 2007/018443 patent application describes a system of thermal cover of the buildings, featuring a .
• Figure 2 presents a plane and a cross section of a building with the proposed cover type.
• This type of cover is sustained by a superstructure made of vertical pillars (2c), reinforced between them with beams, preferably horizontal ones (2j).
• the pillars are metallic, made of concrete, of stacked wood or other materials ahd have independent foundations (2a) or share the same foundations with the pillars of the building (2k).
• the number of the pillars of this superstructure can be different of the number of the pillars in the superstructure of the building, but an equal number is preferred.
• a structure of horizontal beams (2m) is sustained by these pillars (2f), with sustaining points on the pillars of the building (2q), which absorb a part of the weight of the roof, or a structure of rafters or bolts which absorb entirely this weight.
• Multi-layer barriers (2b) or insulating plates made of classical materials are fitted on the inside part of the additional superstructure.
• the covered building (2e) features on the side from the cover several light structures (wood, particle boards, plaster boards, gypsum, plastic materials, etc; 2p), in which active barriers are fitted (2o).
• the air layer generated between the two superstructures and which, according to this invention, is bordered by reflecting foils can have, from thermal point of view, several functions :
• thermos barrier if its thickness is close to the optimal thickness, it produces a thermos barrier, with heat insulating function
• the air layer can be a little thicker
• the air of this layer can be carried away by a ventilation system, transffering the collected heat towards the other facades;
• an air-conditioning system being its heat carrier agent
• the hothouse effect is a lot more amplified if the outside plate Ib is made of float glass or low E, of polycarbonates, polythene or other material transparent enough to radiations ⁇ and it is covered on the inside with a layer which keeps inside the thermal radiations, and the outside walls of the receiver are painted in absorbing colors.
• the solar barrier can be provided with additional elements :
• thermos heat-insulating layer Ig placed between the barrier and the insulation Id;
• the exchanger can also bring an additional heat or coldness supply from another unconventional source, if it is connected to a receiver placed in the ground, in a river, in a ground - water table, in a geothermal spring, in the corrupt air flow exhausted by the ventilation of the bulding, etc.
• the exterior wall of the barrier can be a double one : both plates are made of a transparent material or only the exterior plate, the interior plate being made of an absorbing and heat-retaining material, a thermo-insulating curtain rolling between the two plates or a thermic agent (air, water or another fluid) circulating, that can recover a part of the heat wchich could be wasted through exterior, in order to pre-heat the thermic agent in the; receiver.
• the supporting pillars Ic can be empty on the inside and can have the function of storage tanks, of air drains, a place to lay the pipes which connect clifferents elements ⁇ f the equipment, etc.
• An identical structure can be featured by the solar barriers that form an the roof of the building, at its covering, either it is inclined, vaulted or terraced.
• the thing that is different, first of all, is the incidence angle of the sun rays, and the possibility of fitting some focusing mirrors, which can turn the sun rays in a more direct manner, even on the barriers placed on the north-oriented side of the roof.
• the design of the equipment can be realized in such way to heat up the barriers, during a snowfall, in order to melt the snow, avoiding the temporary placing out of operation of the equipment.
• Entrance receivers of cylindical or parallelepipedical shape, can also be placed on the walls of south-oriented barrages and dams, visibly or burried in a shallow concrete layer, covered with an absorbing film.
• a field of focusing mirrors captures and redirects the sun rays in the adequate direction.
• the warm receivers are fitted in the upper part of the concrete foundation, the road carpet absorbing the solar radiation and retaining heat, and the cold receivers are fitted under the concrete foundation, at a more greater depth, the ground area that makes the thermic transfer being extendable with the help of some vertical bars, according to the procedure described in the invention.
• thermodynamic system which could supply an agent to a caged turbine or to a bank of Stirling engines and, besides that, it could heat up the. road during winter, avoiding the glaze formation, or it could cool it down during summer, avoiding fasy damaging.
• the receivers and the afferent equipments can be fitted in separate enclosures, actually solar electrical power plants.
• Receivers with high interior pressures and gases that are not usable in populated areas can be used in these enclosures.
• hi areas with high wind intensity wind turbines can be build and the warm receivers should take over the function of the blades.
• PTS can also be placed on the surface of lakes, rivers or seas. Since they contain a large volume of gas, the receivers can float on their surface.
• Here are high temperature differences between the air in the atmosphere and the water from a certain depth there are intense solar radiations, there are winds and regular waves, and there could be tides or variations or the water level in the storage lakes of the hydro electric power plants.
• An example of combining these two availabilities is presented in the figure 2OB.
• the simplest PTS is the one with a single compression step, composed of a Stirling engine with the warm receiver placed in the warm source and the cold receiver in the cold source, the power receiver being placed in one of these sources, or with one head in the cold source and with the other in the warm source.
• the two recuperators with a working agent having a higher thermic transfer speed
• a heaf exchanger in counter current, simple or sequential.
• a simmilar cycle can be achieved with a caged (framed) turbine (fig. 17), wchic runs on a pressure drop pulsating between a maximal value and zero (the pulsations fade out if a set o identical turbines run in parallel, with an adequate lag).
• the cycle is simmilar to the cycle of the Stirling engine, with the difference that in the turbine the expansion is adiabatic, phenomenon which is balanced by an additional heating of the receivers.
• composition of an PTS with more steps (fig. 18) is the same as the composition of a gas turbine equipment, at which all the component elements are replaced with the elements described in the invention, capable of running with small temperature and pressure differences.
• the air is taken over from the atmosphere by a Stirling compressor (18a), or by an isochore-isobaric compressor (when there are higher temperature differences between the cold source and the warm source and there are consumers or an available storage tank to take over the heat excess), equiped with one or more types of engines that deliver constant pressure (depending on the characteristics of the unconventional source, of the available space, of the nature of the environment where the equipment is placed, of the purpose of the equipment).
• the gas After reaching a pre-established pressure (through an isothermic, respectively isochore-isobaric compression), the gas is introduced in a heat-exchanger (18c) at constant pressure (or successiveivly, in a bank of constant pressure heat-exchangers), where its temperature is increased as much as possible (with focusing . mirrors, with receivers supplied with heat-resistors, helped by the heat yielded by a heat pump with constant volume compressor).
• the role of this exchanger can be taken over by the last steps of the compressor. If- there is a possibility to fit in a liquefaction equipment, the pressure can be increased even more in a receiver with pulverizer, in ishotermic regime.
• the gas After reaching the maximal pressure and temperature, the gas enters in a caged turbine (18b) or in a receiver with linear generator, where it expands up to the atmospherical pressure (the pressure difference compared to the atmosphere can be distributed on two or more turbines that work with less input - output differences) and it cools down, producing electric energy or mechanic energy, depending on the needs.
• the temperature at the turbine output can be aproximmately equal with the atmospheric pressure and when the air is discharged in the atmosphere it can be higher, and then it is recovered in a heat-exchanger (18d) or in the vaporizer of a heat pump with compressor at constant volume, or it can be lower, then it can be used in an air-conditioning equipment or used to cool an agent or several receivers.
• the equipment is built in close circuit, the discharge of the turbine being made towards the compressor, with intermediate heat-exchanger. Every time when it is possible, even if it requires to fit in some heat - pumps with compressor at constant volume, any heat release is recovered and stored to be used when the temperature difference between the warm and the cold source decreases too much.
• the pulverized gas release is adjusted so that by the liquefaction should be released exactly as much heat to compensate the cooling by decompression of the work agent, the process being quasi-isotherm. From this moment, the expansion is made adiabaticly, in a caged turbine, without gas pulverization, till the reach of the saturation point, at a much more decreased temperature and a much lower pressure than in a classical equipment, hi most of the times, the extraction of the heat released through condensation should be achieved with the use of heat-pump with compressor at constant volume, with a vaporizer fitted in the condenser of the turbine.
• the cycle followed by the process is very simmilar to a Carnot cycle.
• a heat-recuperator with refrigerant agent having a vaporizer that should be heat - insulated as well as possible.
• the starting of the equipment is achieved with a Stirling engine (which in the first phase can run as a heat — pump, receiving electric energy from the exterior, or it actions like a compressor), which increases the temperature difference between the vaporizer and the condenser, till this function can be taken over by a compressor with constant volume, the Stirling engine becoming a linear generator.
• the Stirling generator absorbs from the vaporizer a certain amount of heat, releasing the rest to the condenser.
• the compressor with constant volume takes from the surrounding environment the caloric equivalent of the power released by the engine and transforms it into energy for compressing the vapors.
• the other part, necessary to the adiabatic - isothermic transformation, is taken through the vaporization of additional amount of liquid refrigerant from the condenser. This additional part, after running the adiabatic - isotope cycle, will condense hi the condenser of the heat recuperator, releasing a certain amount of heat.
• the temperature in the vaporizer decreases even more (the temperature variation which lies beneath the generation of power by the Stirling engine increases, and so does the released power), while the temperature in the condenser maintains itself constant, through controlled pulverization, the temperature difference compared to the environment increasing and the system being capable of absorbing more heat in the receivers with pulverizers.
• the temperature difference between the arms of the recuperator is made available by a bank of double - gamma Stirling _
• the bank of receivers with pulverizer can cool down a thermic agent which would be the cold source for another bank of Stirling engines, or, better than this, these receivers are divided in sections which are each submerged in basin not being thermal insulated, containing refrigerant.
• the Stirling engines that have the cold receiver submerged in these basins and the warm receiver submerged in the condenser of the main recuperator transform into mechanic or electric energy the caloric equivalent of the difference between the heat amount that additional liquid amount from the condenser releases to the warm receivers through condensation and the heat amount that the same agent amount absorbs from the cold receivers through vaporization in the compressor with constant volume. The rest .
• the last part of the adiabatic compression and the line of the isothermic compression progress with an additional heat supply, by using some receivers provided with thermo-resistors, supplied with current generated by the braking processes, by the energy produced by the generators, by fitting an additional heat pump, or from outside the system.

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