EP2216612A1 - Speichergerät mit wirbelerzeugenden Elementen - Google Patents

Speichergerät mit wirbelerzeugenden Elementen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2216612A1
EP2216612A1 EP10151858A EP10151858A EP2216612A1 EP 2216612 A1 EP2216612 A1 EP 2216612A1 EP 10151858 A EP10151858 A EP 10151858A EP 10151858 A EP10151858 A EP 10151858A EP 2216612 A1 EP2216612 A1 EP 2216612A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
refrigerant
tubing
storage area
storage
lubricant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP10151858A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2216612B2 (de
EP2216612B1 (de
Inventor
Imed Guitari
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS filed Critical Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Publication of EP2216612A1 publication Critical patent/EP2216612A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2216612B1 publication Critical patent/EP2216612B1/de
Publication of EP2216612B2 publication Critical patent/EP2216612B2/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B43/00—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat
    • F25B43/006—Accumulators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/02—Centrifugal separation of gas, liquid or oil
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/03—Suction accumulators with deflectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/16—Receivers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/18—Optimization, e.g. high integration of refrigeration components

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of air conditioning loops cooperating with a ventilation system, heating and / or air conditioning of a motor vehicle. It relates to a storage device participating in such a loop, better known as a bottle or accumulator. It also relates to an air conditioning loop comprising such a storage device.
  • a motor vehicle is commonly equipped with a ventilation, heating and / or air conditioning system to regulate the aerothermal parameters of the air contained inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
  • a ventilation, heating and / or air conditioning system to regulate the aerothermal parameters of the air contained inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
  • Such an installation cooperates with an air conditioning loop to cool a stream of air prior to the delivery of the latter inside the passenger compartment.
  • Said loop comprises a plurality of elements or components inside which circulates successively, that is to say in series, a component, such as a subcritical fluid, especially HF01234YF which is mixed with a known lubricant, for example under the reference IS0100PAG or IS0200PAG.
  • the index 100 or 200 qualifies the grade and thus the viscosity of the lubricant and PAG means PolyAlkylene Glycol.
  • ISO 100 corresponds to a kinematic viscosity close to 100mm 2 / s or cSt at 40 ° C, measured according to the international ISO standard.
  • the component and lubricant mixture forms the refrigerant fluid circulating in the air conditioning loop.
  • the components are at least one compressor, a condenser, an expansion member, an evaporator and an accumulator or a bottle.
  • the function of the lubricant is to lubricate the internal parts of the compressor.
  • the refrigerant flows from the compressor to the condenser, then through a bottle when the loop is equipped (instead of an accumulator), then to the expansion element, then through the evaporator, then to an accumulator when the loop is equipped (instead of the bottle) to return to the compressor.
  • the compressor is intended to receive the refrigerant fluid in the gaseous state and to compress it to bring it to high pressure and high temperature.
  • the condenser is able to cool the compressed refrigerant fluid at a relatively constant pressure, yielding heat to its environment.
  • the expansion member is able to lower the pressure of the refrigerant leaving the condenser by bringing it to the liquid state.
  • the evaporator is itself able to bring the cooling fluid arriving in the liquid state from the expansion element, at relatively constant pressure, into the gaseous state by taking heat from a stream of air. which passes through the evaporator. The vaporized refrigerant is then sucked by the compressor.
  • the accumulator or the bottle provides a storage function of a circulating coolant charge depending on the conditions of use of the air conditioning loop.
  • the accumulator also provides a separation function between a gaseous phase and a liquid phase of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator.
  • the accumulator In its generality, the accumulator consists of an enclosure delimiting an internal volume used in part as a refrigerant storage zone. Thus, the coolant in the liquid state is accumulated by gravity in the storage or accumulation zone.
  • the oil return rate for a fixed displacement compressor or a variable displacement compressor is generally of the order of 5%.
  • the miscibility of the component HF01234YF and oil 100PAG or 200PAG is variable depending on the temperature of the refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant reaches a high temperature, especially 40 ° C at the condenser outlet, which greatly lowers the lubricant-component miscibility level to below the oil return rate of the compressor.
  • the compressor may receive less oil than necessary for its proper operation which at least will reduce its life and maxima will cause an immediate breakage of the latter.
  • R134a a fluorinated compound known as R134a
  • R134a has a very negative impact on the terrestrial greenhouse effect, which is not the case of the component HF01234YF.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to solve the problem of miscibility mentioned above by simple means whose establishment in the heart of an air conditioning loop does not interfere with the thermal performance of said loop.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore a device for storing a refrigerant fluid able to circulate in an air conditioning loop, said device comprising at least one tube or inlet orifice, a tube or outlet orifice and a storage zone of the refrigerant.
  • the device is innovative in that it includes a means for causing turbulence in the storage area. This means for causing turbulence mechanically forces the mixture between the component and the lubricant so as to avoid layer stratification of the compound and the lubricant.
  • This means is a mixer whose energy comes from the circulation of the refrigerant fluid within the air conditioning loop.
  • the means intended to cause turbulence takes the form of a pipe which channels the refrigerant fluid from an intake chamber to the storage area.
  • This tubing is in the form of a conduit that concentrates the coolant in a jet.
  • the tubing is directly connected to the inlet tube and takes a semi-cylindrical shape, the free end of said tubular facing the storage area.
  • the arc formed by the semi-cylindrical shape directs the jet to the storage area so as to force the jet of coolant to hit the upper layer of the fluid stored in the storage area.
  • the tubing is distinct from the inlet tube, said tubing is carried by a plate which divides the internal volume of the storage device in a sealed manner into an intake chamber and said storage area. Separate means that the tubing and the inlet tube are not directly connected to each other.
  • the tubing and the inlet tube are coaxial, the inlet tube passing through an evacuation chamber separated from said storage area by a plate.
  • the tubing passes through said plate and opens into the storage area.
  • the diameter of the tubing is between four and eight millimeters.
  • the outlet tube communicates with the evacuation chamber and with the plenum.
  • the refrigerant fluid in the gaseous state is captured in the evacuation chamber and a small amount of refrigerant (component and lubricant) is captured in the plenum.
  • a refrigerant permeable element placed in the internal volume of said device at the boundary between said storage zone and the plenum.
  • the permeable element is a grid or a filter.
  • the invention also relates to an air conditioning loop or circuit comprising a storage device comprising any one of the features set out above and in which circulates a refrigerant fluid composed of a mixture between the component and a lubricant, said component being a subcritical fluid known as the reference HF01234YF and the lubricant being an oil known under the reference 100PAG or 200PAG.
  • a refrigerant fluid composed of a mixture between the component and a lubricant
  • said component being a subcritical fluid known as the reference HF01234YF
  • the lubricant being an oil known under the reference 100PAG or 200PAG.
  • POE Polyol-ester
  • mineral oil is covered by the invention, more particularly in the case where the compressor used by the air conditioning loop is an electric compressor (POE lubricant).
  • a first advantage of the invention lies in maintaining a level of miscibility between a component and a lubricant above the return rate of a compressor to consider.
  • Another advantage lies in the possibility of using a refrigerant fluid in air conditioning loops, particularly for motor vehicles, a component with a small footprint on global warming.
  • Another significant advantage lies in the fact of mixing this component with a lubricant with proven characteristics and whose cost remains low.
  • the figure 1 illustrates the technical problem. It shows a two-dimensional graph in which the abscissa represents the percentage of lubricant in the refrigerant which changes from 0% on the left to 50% on the right. The ordinate of this graph represents the temperature of the coolant within the loop measured at the input of the storage device according to the invention.
  • the black curve entitled "COMPOUND + LUBRICANT” represents the behavior of a compound and lubricant mixture, for example for the component known by the acronym HF01234YF mixed with an oil or lubricant known under the reference 100PAG.
  • the percentage of oil in the refrigerant is 10%, which is higher than the value of oil return rate commonly known for a fixed displacement compressor, for example, 5% . It is therefore understood that the refrigerant fluid carries enough oil to prevent damage to the compressor.
  • the amount of lubricant in the coolant drops below the oil return rate, which results in a deterioration of the internal parts of the compressor and a breakage of the latter.
  • the figure 2 represents a first variant of an air conditioning loop that incorporates the storage device 1 according to the invention.
  • the loop comprises a compressor 2 which can be fixed displacement, equipped with an electromagnetic clutch which controls the rotation of the compressor.
  • the latter can also be variable displacement, internal or external control.
  • the compressor which compresses the coolant in the gaseous state and raises its temperature, is connected by a pipe to a condenser 3, the latter having the task of cooling the gas flowing therethrough by exchange with a flow of air outside the motor vehicle.
  • This condenser 3 has an output connected by a pipe to the input of the storage device 1.
  • this storage device is otherwise called bottle, especially desiccant when the latter is equipped with a dehydration module.
  • the storage device 1 is connected by an outlet to an expansion member 4, preferably a calibrated orifice, the function of which is to lower the pressure of the refrigerant (expansion) and thus lower its temperature.
  • the expansion member 4 is connected to an evaporator 5 where the coolant will exchange and cool air sent into the cabin of the motor vehicle.
  • the air conditioning loop is closed by return of the cooling fluid via a pipe connected between the evaporator 5 and an inlet of the compressor 2.
  • the figure 3 shows a second variant of air conditioning loop similar to the first variant illustrated in FIG. figure 2 except for the following points.
  • the storage device 1 is here an accumulator placed at the evaporator outlet 5 and upstream of the inlet of the compressor 2.
  • the expansion member 4 is a thermostatic expansion valve whose control is dependent on the temperature of the compressor. refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator 5.
  • the figure 4 illustrates the storage device 1 according to a first embodiment.
  • This storage device 1 is delimited vis-à-vis the outside by a peripheral wall 6 which is in the form of a tube of circular section closed at its ends by, on one side an upper wall 7 and the other a lower wall 8.
  • the peripheral wall 6, the upper wall 7 and the bottom wall 8 surround an interior volume which is divided into an intake chamber 9, a storage zone 10 and a plenum 11.
  • the inlet chamber 9 is disposed in the upper part of the internal volume and receives the coolant in the liquid state when the latter comes from the condenser, that is to say when the storage device 1 is used as a bottle.
  • a plate 12 divides the internal volume in its upper part so as to separate the admission chamber 9 from the storage zone 10. This plate 12 is mounted in the internal volume in a sealed manner on the internal face of the peripheral wall 6, that is to say without communication between the inlet chamber 9 and the storage zone 10 outside that provided to create or cause turbulence.
  • the plate 12 has a means 16 intended to cause turbulence in the storage zone 10 which is materialized by a hole or hole made through the plate 12 and which forms a pipe 13 to allow the circulation of the refrigerant fluid of the chamber. admission 9 to the storage area 10.
  • the term tubing covers the hole made in the thickness of the plate 12 and also covers a pipette 14 whose free section is placed in the extension of the hole so as to channel the flow of fluid refrigerant, these provisions being collectively referred to as "means 16 for causing turbulence".
  • the tubing 13 is materialized by a hole, a pipette 14 or any means 16 of communication between the admission chamber 9 and the storage area 10 whose open section represents less than one-tenth of the section the peripheral wall 6 taken to the right of the plate 12 and which is likely to cause turbulence in the storage chamber so as to mix the lubricant and the component.
  • the pipette 14 is a hollow circular tubing with an internal diameter of between four and eight millimeters, this value range providing good performance to cause a mixture of lubricant and component within the storage area.
  • Said pipette 14 is advantageously welded to the plate 12 so as to match its hollow section with the hole made in said plate 12.
  • a plenum 11 is provided in the lower part of the storage device 1 and under the storage zone 10. This plenum 11 is therefore delimited by the bottom wall 8, a portion of the peripheral wall 6 and a member 15 permeable to the refrigerant fluid.
  • the function of the element 15 is to allow the refrigerant fluid to pass through to enable it to exit the device according to the invention while avoiding that the turbulence present in the storage zone 10 and caused by the means 16 according to the invention propagate in the the plenum 11.
  • the element 15 is in the form of a grid secured to the peripheral wall 6.
  • the element 15 takes the form of a filter.
  • the storage device comprises a filter 17 which takes place in the inlet chamber 9, above the plate 12. This filter 17 is traversed by the coolant in the liquid state.
  • the device according to the invention also comprises means for channeling the coolant from the outside of the device to the inlet chamber.
  • This means is an inlet tube 18 which passes through the peripheral wall 6 substantially next to the element 15 and continues forming a right-angle bend.
  • This inlet tube 18 passes through the plate 12 and the filter 17 to open into the inlet chamber 9 above the filter 17. This arrangement allows the refrigerant fluid to pass through the filter 17 from top to bottom before being injected in the storage area 10 through the means 16 to cause turbulence.
  • the storage device 1 also comprises means for evacuating the cooling fluid.
  • This means takes for example the form of an outlet tube 19 which passes through the peripheral wall 6 to the right of the plenum to put the latter in communication with the rest of the air conditioning loop.
  • the figure 5 illustrates the operation of the storage device 1 according to the invention.
  • the coolant arrives through the inlet tube 18 and flows in the liquid state into the inlet chamber 9.
  • This refrigerant comprising a component and a lubricant, passes through the filter 17 and accumulates on the plate 12.
  • the refrigerant then passes through the means 16 to be injected or sprayed in the storage zone 10.
  • the latter is filled with the refrigerant in the liquid state as is symbolized by the lines referenced 20 .
  • the lubricant and the component will separate to form two separate layers, the supernatant lubricant above the component.
  • the means 16, and in particular the pipette 14 causes a restriction which will increase the speed and the pressure of the refrigerant fluid so as to form a jet symbolized by the arrows referenced 21. This will cause a mixture between the lubricant and the component through a circulation (arrows 22) in the storage area 10 and the creation of bubbles 23 in the heart of the mixture. It follows that the refrigerant stored is permanently disturbed which prevents the separation between component and lubricant.
  • the permeable element 15 blocks this agitation so as to prevent the penetration of bubbles 23 into the plenum 11 and ensure that only the liquid state of the coolant is sent to the outlet tube 19 and then to the relaxation.
  • the figure 6 illustrates a second variant of the storage device 1 according to the invention.
  • This is still a bottle version but whose constitution is simplified. Indeed, there is no plate 12 or grid between the storage zone 10 and the plenum chamber 11.
  • the element 15 permeable to the refrigerant fluid here takes the form of the filter 17.
  • the invention therefore makes it advantage of the positioning of the filter 17 in the internal volume of the storage device, at the boundary of the storage zone 10 and the plenum 11, to give it an additional function, that is to say to prevent the passage of turbulence and / or bubbles in the plenum 11.
  • the inlet tube 18 ends with the means 16 intended to cause turbulence.
  • the tubing 13 has a semicircular or arcuate shape and comes connect or connect directly to the end 24 of the inlet tube 18. This arc formed by the pipe 13 allows to direct the flow of refrigerant fluid to the storage zone 10 so as to perform the function of mixing or disturbance according to the invention. It is thus clear that the free end 25 of the tubing 13 faces the storage area so as to force the refrigerant fluid to strike the surface of the refrigerant stored, and thus avoid a separation between component and lubricant.
  • the filter 17 is then traversed by the refrigerant before ending up in the plenum 11 to exit the device via the outlet tube 19.
  • the figure 7 shows a third variant of the invention adapted for use with the air conditioning loop of the figure 3 .
  • the storage device 1 is here an accumulator placed on the air conditioning loop between the outlet of the evaporator and the compressor inlet.
  • the internal volume of the device is distributed from the top of the diagram between an evacuation chamber 26, the storage zone 10 and the plenum 11.
  • the evacuation chamber 26 is separated from the storage area 10 by a plate 27 through which the inlet tube 18 passes.
  • the inlet tube 18 passes through the upper wall 7 and then the discharge chamber 26 to be secured by welding or brazing on the plate 27.
  • the inlet tube 18 terminates in the tubing 13, these two elements being advantageously coaxial.
  • the tubing 13 causes a jet of refrigerant fluid (in the two-phase state or gas) which causes turbulence in the refrigerant stored in the liquid state. This is accompanied by a mixture between the component and the lubricant. This mixture is found in the plenum 11 where its behavior is stabilized thanks to the presence of the permeable element, in this case the filter 17.
  • the outlet tube 19 has a general "U" shape and originates in the evacuation chamber 26 where its free end captures the refrigerant fluid in the gaseous state.
  • the outlet tube 19 passes through the plate 27, the storage zone 10 and the filter 17 so as to bathe in the plenum chamber 11.
  • a hole 28 is formed in the outlet tube 19 so as to capture a controlled portion of liquid refrigerant, at this stage a mixture of component and lubricant since the means 16 for causing turbulence has mixed the component and the lubricant.
  • the outlet tube 19 has a 180 ° curve to cross again the filter 17, the storage area 10, the plate 27, the discharge chamber 26 and finally pass through the upper wall 7 and connect to the air conditioning loop .
  • the figure 7 illustrates the phenomenon by the presence of bubbles 23 and a circulation 22 in the storage zone 10 and the absence of these same bubbles and circulation in the plenum 11.
  • the invention also covers an air conditioning loop in which the refrigerant circulates, the latter consisting for example of the chemical compound HF01234YF mixed with a lubricant or oil known as 100PAG or 200PAG.
  • Said air conditioning loop comprises within the circuit a storage device as detailed above.
EP10151858.7A 2009-02-09 2010-01-28 Speichergerät mit wirbelerzeugenden Elementen Active EP2216612B2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0900556A FR2941890B1 (fr) 2009-02-09 2009-02-09 Dispositif de stockage presentant un moyen destine a provoquer des turbulences.

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2216612A1 true EP2216612A1 (de) 2010-08-11
EP2216612B1 EP2216612B1 (de) 2013-07-03
EP2216612B2 EP2216612B2 (de) 2021-01-13

Family

ID=41031880

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10151858.7A Active EP2216612B2 (de) 2009-02-09 2010-01-28 Speichergerät mit wirbelerzeugenden Elementen

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US8567212B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2216612B2 (de)
JP (1) JP5758579B2 (de)
CN (1) CN101799231B (de)
FR (1) FR2941890B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018177476A1 (de) * 2017-04-01 2018-10-04 Viessmann Werke Gmbh & Co Kg Wärmepumpe

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DE102013206357A1 (de) * 2013-04-11 2014-10-16 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Sammler
DE102015110570A1 (de) * 2015-07-01 2017-01-26 Halla Visteon Climate Control Corporation Akkumulator zur Verwendung in einem Kältemittelkreislauf einer Klimaanlage
EP4290159A1 (de) * 2022-06-07 2023-12-13 Carrier Corporation Speicher-wärmetauscher

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FR1415421A (fr) 1964-12-03 1965-10-22 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Perfectionnements à des systèmes de réfrigération
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE544701C (de) * 1930-07-04 1932-02-20 Siller & Rodenkirchen G M B H Verdampfer mit Fluessigkeitsabscheider fuer Kaelteerzeugungsanlagen
FR1415421A (fr) 1964-12-03 1965-10-22 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Perfectionnements à des systèmes de réfrigération
US6314750B1 (en) * 1999-05-13 2001-11-13 Denso Corporation Heat pump air conditioner
US6598422B1 (en) * 2002-06-04 2003-07-29 Echelon International, Inc. Energy conserving refrigerant flow processor
EP1967800A1 (de) * 2005-12-27 2008-09-10 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Akkumulator

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018177476A1 (de) * 2017-04-01 2018-10-04 Viessmann Werke Gmbh & Co Kg Wärmepumpe

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP5758579B2 (ja) 2015-08-05
CN101799231A (zh) 2010-08-11
EP2216612B2 (de) 2021-01-13
US20100199713A1 (en) 2010-08-12
JP2010181144A (ja) 2010-08-19
CN101799231B (zh) 2014-11-26
FR2941890B1 (fr) 2011-09-09
US8567212B2 (en) 2013-10-29
EP2216612B1 (de) 2013-07-03
FR2941890A1 (fr) 2010-08-13

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