EP2214667A2 - Kleinmolekulare inhibitoren der parp-aktivität - Google Patents

Kleinmolekulare inhibitoren der parp-aktivität

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Publication number
EP2214667A2
EP2214667A2 EP08843240A EP08843240A EP2214667A2 EP 2214667 A2 EP2214667 A2 EP 2214667A2 EP 08843240 A EP08843240 A EP 08843240A EP 08843240 A EP08843240 A EP 08843240A EP 2214667 A2 EP2214667 A2 EP 2214667A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
phenyl
oxo
dihydrophthalazin
amino
methylpiperazin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08843240A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bijoy Panicker
Dawoon Jung
Xiaokang Zhu
David E. Smith
Dong Sung Lim
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Elicio Therapeutics Inc
Original Assignee
Angion Biomedica Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Angion Biomedica Corp filed Critical Angion Biomedica Corp
Publication of EP2214667A2 publication Critical patent/EP2214667A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D237/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings
    • C07D237/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D237/30—Phthalazines
    • C07D237/32—Phthalazines with oxygen atoms directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • Poly ADP-ribose synthetase 1 is a dimeric nuclear protein, with two 113 kDa polypeptide subunits, each consisting of three functional domains: the DNA binding amino terminal domain with two zinc fingers for recognition of single and double strand DNA breaks, such as those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), gamma-irradiation and DNA alkylating agents, the central automodif ⁇ cation domain (auto ADP-ribosylation), and the carboxyl terminus catalytic domain, using NAD+ as substrate, for the synthesis of the ADP-ribose polymers, which vary in length between 50-200 subunits.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • gamma-irradiation and DNA alkylating agents such as those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), gamma-irradiation and DNA alkylating agents
  • auto ADP-ribosylation auto ADP-ribosylation
  • carboxyl terminus catalytic domain using NAD+
  • PARP-2 3 vault-PARP and tankyrase.
  • PARP-I has been shown to use histones, topoisomerase I and II, DNA polymerases, and DNA ligase 2 as protein acceptors. This poly ADP-ribosylation appears to inhibit the activity of some of the enzymes, but for histones the ADP-ribosylation has been proposed to stimulate chromosome relaxation allowing for DNA repair.
  • MNU N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
  • gamma-radiation was demonstrated using PARP deficient mice and embryo fibroblasts.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • target genes of Nf- ⁇ B in endothelial cells include inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cell adhesion molecules P-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule- 1 (ICAM-I).
  • iNOS inducible nitric-oxide synthase
  • ICM-I intracellular adhesion molecule- 1
  • Nitric oxide which is known to have potent vasodilating activity may act as a protective factor during IR injury, however under in the presence of superoxide, endogenous NO has been shown to be detrimental to the health of the IR injured tissues, possibly due to the synthesis of peroxynitrite.
  • endogenous NO has been shown to be detrimental to the health of the IR injured tissues, possibly due to the synthesis of peroxynitrite.
  • the cell surface expression of P-selectin and ICAM-I has been shown to mediate the tissue infiltration of neutrophils, which has been demonstrated to contribute to -IR-mediated organ damage.
  • PARP-I deficient mice have been shown to be resistant to the ischemia reperfusion injury of the heart, which is associated with reduced level of ICAM-I and P-selectin expression in the vascular endothelium and injured myocytes of the myocardium and corresponding neutrophil recruitment induced by Ischemia-reperfusion.
  • Several studies of the use of pharmacological inhibitors of PARP-I in vivo have demonstrated efficacy in reducing IR induced tissue damage, and improved function of the heart, skeletal muscle, liver and arthritic joints.
  • PARP-I inhibitors significantly decreased infarct size in the heart due to 45-minute occlusion and two-hour reperfusion, as well as skeletal muscle necrosis due to a two-hour occlusion and four-hour reperfusion.
  • the PARP- 1 inhibitor 5-aminoisoquinoline (5-AIQ) demonstrating decreased leukocyte-endothelial interaction, decreased liver injury and improved liver function.
  • the PARP-I inhibitor 5-iodo-6-amino-l,2-benzopyrone (INH2BP) reduced the severity of the disease as assessed by the histological parameters; inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperplasia of the synovium and tissue necrosis.
  • Familial breast and ovarian cancers which account for 5-10% of these cancers, are commonly caused by the inherited defect in one of the BRCAl or BRCA2 alleles.
  • the tumors that developed were BRCAl or BRC A2 deficient while remaining somatic cells had functional BRCA proteins.
  • Such tumor cells would be expected to be extremely sensitive to PARP-I inhibition and this has been confirmed recently.
  • Two independent groups demonstrated specific killing of BRCA deficient cells and inhibition of tumor xenograft growth by pharmacological inhibition of PARP-I alone with no requirement to combine with chemotherapy.
  • cells deficient in other gene products responsible for homologous recombination such as RAD51, RAD54, DSSl, RPAl, NBSI ATM, ATR CHKl, FANCD2, FANCA or FANCC, are also sensitive to PARP-I inhibition.
  • etoposide a topoisomerase II inhibitor
  • PARP-I deficient V79 cells were shown to be hypersensitive to topoisomerase I inhibitors but resistant to etoposide.
  • PARP-I inhibitors could not potentiate the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in ovarian tumor cells, again suggesting specificity to the type of strand breaks.
  • TMZ temozolomide
  • PARP-I inhibition statistically, significantly increased blood flow to the tumor and thus possibly increased TMZ delivery to the SW620 xenografts.
  • This possible utility of PARP-I inhibitors in cancer therapy has been described earlier for the less potent PARP-I inhibitor nicotinamide, which had been shown to inhibit contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells in tumors.
  • NF- ⁇ B Activation of the transcription factor, NF- ⁇ B which has been shown in many tumor cell lines, including glioma, in vitro and in vivo to promote cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, by transcriptional activation of antiapoptotic genes (e.g., cIAP, survivin, Bcl-2 and BcI-Xl) cell cycle regulatory genes (cyclin Dl and c-myc) COX-2, matrix meltalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  • antiapoptotic genes e.g., cIAP, survivin, Bcl-2 and BcI-Xl
  • MMP-9 matrix meltalloproteinase-9
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • the present invention is directed toward the identification of small organic molecules that exhibit PARP inhibitory activity and are thus useful in the treatment or prevention of conditions or diseases in which inhibition of PARP is desirable.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H or COR 4 ;
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety
  • R 4 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic moiety.
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety;
  • R 5 and R 6 are each independently an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic moiety; or R 5 and R 6 can be joined together to form a ring; or one of R 5 and R 6 is H.
  • certain novel inventive compounds have the structure shown in Formula (IV) below:
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety.
  • the invention is directed to compositions including pharmaceutical compositions comprising of any of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • the invention provides methods for the use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for inhibiting PARP activity in a patient or a biological sample.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention have the activity of inhibiting PARP and are useful in the treatment of any disease, disorder or condition in which inhibition of PARP activity would be useful.
  • the invention provides methods for the use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for treating or lessening the severity of a disease, disorder or condition associated with PARP activity.
  • Such diseases, disorders and conditions include, but are not limited to, muscular dystrophy, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, cerebral infarction, ischemic heart disease, damaged and/or ischemic organs, transplants or grafts; ischemia/reperfusion injury; stroke, traumatic head injury, spinal cord injury, and other cerebrovascular diseases; myocardial ischemia; atherosclerosis; peripheral vascular disease; other cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; renal failure; multiple sclerosis; and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsonism and Alzheimer disease.
  • the method is for the treatment of wounds for acceleration of healing; amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, or other tissues or organs; normalization of myocardial perfusion as a consequence of chronic cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction; renal failure secondary to chronic diabetes and/or hypertension; and/or diabetes mellitus.
  • Use of the compound is also provided for prophylaxis or preventing the occurrence of the diseases in subjects, and in particular subjects susceptible to of exhibiting risk factors for, the aforementioned diseases and conditions.
  • compounds embodied herein are also useful for the treatment of various dysproliferative diseases and in particular for potentiating the activity of chemotherapeutic agents against dysproliferative diseases.
  • dysproliferative diseases include but are not limuted to various cancers, as well as inflammatory disease in particular where inflammation, especially chronic inflammation, leads to inappropriate vascularization.
  • cancers, tumors, malignancies, neoplasms, and other dysproliferative diseases that can be treated according to the invention include leukemias, such as myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias, lymphomas, myeloproliferative diseases, and solid tumors, such as but not limited to sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,
  • the invention also provides methods for the use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for use as adjuvant therapy with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics for treatment of various forms of cancer including but not limited melanoma, breast, ovarian and glioblastoma and in treatment of HIV infection.
  • Use of the compound is also provided for prophylaxis or preventing the occurrence of the diseases in subjects, and in particular subjects susceptible to of exhibiting risk factors for, the aforementioned diseases and conditions.
  • Examples of inflammatory diseases toward which compounds of the invention have benefit include rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and neovascularization in the eye as a consequence of diabetic retinopathy.
  • the present invention is also directed to treatment of non-malignant tumors and other disorders involving inappropriate cell or tissue growth by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an agent of the invention.
  • the invention is useful for the treatment of arteriovenous (AV) malformations, particularly in intracranial sites.
  • AV arteriovenous
  • the invention can also be used to treat psoriasis, a dermatologic condition that is characterized by inflammation and vascular proliferation; benign prostatic hypertrophy, a condition associated with inflammation and possibly vascular proliferation; and cutaneous fungal infections. Treatment of other hyperproliferative disorders is also embraced herein.
  • the agents may also be used topically to remove warts, birthmarks, moles, nevi, skin tags, lipomas, angiomas including hemangiomas, and other cutaneous lesions for cosmetic or other purposes.
  • a method comprises the step of administering to a subject suffering from a disease or condition associated with PARP activity an effective amount of a compound of any one of formulas (I) - (IV) or a composition thereof; wherein the compound is characterized by its ability to inhibit PARP activity.
  • the disease or condition can be muscular dystrophy, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, cerebral infarction, ischemic heart disease, damaged and/or ischemic organs, transplants or grafts; ischemia/reperfusion injury; stroke, traumatic head injury, spinal cord injury, and other cerebrovascular diseases; myocardial ischemia; atherosclerosis; peripheral vascular disease; other cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; renal failure; multiple sclerosis; and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsonism and Alzheimer disease.
  • the method is for the treatment of wounds for acceleration of healing; amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, or other tissues or organs; normalization of myocardial perfusion as a consequence of chronic cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction; renal failure secondary to chronic diabetes and/or hypertension; and/or diabetes mellitus.
  • the disease or condition is a dysproliferative disease such as cancer.
  • the disease is an inflammatory disease.
  • the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of about 1 to about 5 micromolar.
  • the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of about 0.1 to about 1 micromolar.
  • the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of about 0.001 to about 0.1 micromolar. In another embodiment the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 5 0 of more than about 0.001 micromolar. In another embodiment, the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 5 0 of about 0.001 micromolar.
  • Figure 1 shows the results of a PARP-I inhibition dose response curve with an exemplary compound, compared to positive control compound PJ34.
  • Figure 2 shows the inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced ATP depletion by an exemplary compound.
  • Figure 3 A-D shows the inhibition of brain PAR after an exemplary compound is administered intravenously.
  • Figure 4 shows the reduction in brain infarct zone size by administration of an exemplary compound in a stroke model, either at the time of induction or after a delay of 4 hours.
  • the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties.
  • substituted whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. When more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbanked, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic, carbon and heteroatom substituents of organic compounds.
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms.
  • this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds useful in the treatment and prevention, for example of disorders, as described generally above.
  • stable preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.
  • aliphatic includes both saturated and unsaturated, straight chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons as defined by IUPAC, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • aliphatic is intended to include optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl moieties.
  • alkyl includes straight and branched alkyl groups.
  • alkyl encompass both substituted and unsubstituted groups.
  • lower alkyl is used to indicate those alkyl groups (substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched) having about 1-6 carbon atoms.
  • aliphatic can include alicyclic or cycloalkyl, including unsaturations therein.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-20; 2-20; 3-20; 4-20; 5-20; 6-20; 7-20 or 8-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In certain other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-10; 2-10; 3-10; 4-10; 5-10; 6-10; 7-10 or 8-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8; 2-8; 3-8; 4-8; 5-8; 6-20 or 7-8 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-6; 2-6; 3-6; 4-6 or 5-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-4; 2-4 or 3-4 carbon atoms.
  • Illustrative aliphatic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, allyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl, moieties and the like, which again, may bear one or more substituents.
  • Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l-yl, and the like.
  • Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 2-propynyl (propargyl), 1-propynyl and the like.
  • alicyclic refers to compounds that combine the properties of aliphatic and cyclic compounds and include but are not limited to cyclic, or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons and bridged cycloalkyl compounds, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • alicyclic is intended herein to include, but is not limited to, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • Illustrative alicyclic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, cyclopropyl, -CH 2 -cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, -CH 2 -cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, -CH 2 -cyclopentyl-n, cyclohexyl, -CH 2 -cyclohexyl, cyclohexenylethyl, cyclohexanylethyl, norborbyl moieties and the like, which again, may bear one or more substituents.
  • cycloalkyl refers to cyclic alkyl groups, specifically to groups having three to seven, preferably three to ten carbon atoms. Suitable cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like, which, as in the case of aliphatic, heteroaliphatic or heterocyclic moieties, may optionally be substituted.
  • An analogous convention applies to other generic terms such as “cycloalkenyl", “cycloalkynyl” and the like. Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that are described herein.
  • heteroaliphatic refers to aliphatic moieties in which one or more carbon atoms in the main chain have been replaced with a heteroatom.
  • a heteroaliphatic group refers to an aliphatic chain which contains one or more oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus or silicon atoms in place of carbon atoms in the aliphatic main chain.
  • Heteroaliphatic moieties may be branched or linear unbranched.
  • heteroalicyclic refers to compounds which combine the properties of heteroaliphatic and cyclic compounds and include but are not limited to saturated and unsaturated mono- or polycyclic ring systems having 5-16 atoms wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom selected from O, S and N (wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally be oxidized), wherein the ring systems are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups, as defined herein.
  • heterocyclic refers to a non-aromatic 5-, 6- or 7- membered ring or a polycyclic group, including, but not limited to a bi- or tri-cyclic group comprising fused six-membered rings having between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, wherein (i) each 5 -membered ring has O to 2 double bonds and each 6-membered ring has O to 2 double bonds, (ii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, (iii) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, and (iv) any of the above heterocyclic rings may be fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring.
  • heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl.
  • a "substituted heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle” group refers to a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle group, as defined above, substituted by the independent replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms thereon with aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; alicyclic; heterocyclic; aromatic, heteroaromatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; Cl; Br; I; -NO 2 ; -CN; -CF 3 ; -CH 2 CF 3 ; -CHCl 2 ; -CH 2 OH; -CH 2 CH 2 OH; -CH 2 NH 2 ; -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 ; or -GR 01 wherein G is -0-, -S-,
  • any of the alicyclic or heterocyclic moieties described above and herein may comprise an aryl or heteroaryl moiety fused thereto. Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that are described herein.
  • aromatic moiety refers to a stable mono- or polycyclic, unsaturated moiety having preferably 3-14 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • aromatic moiety refers to a planar ring having p-orbitals perpendicular to the plane of the ring at each ring atom and satisfying the Huckel rule where the number of pi electrons in the ring is (4n+2) wherein n is an integer.
  • a mono- or polycyclic, unsaturated moiety that does not satisfy one or all of these criteria for aromaticity is defined herein as "non-aromatic", and is encompassed by the term “alicyclic”.
  • aromatic moieties include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracyl.
  • heteromatic moiety refers to stable substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated mono-heterocyclic or polyheterocyclic moieties having preferably 3-14 carbon atoms, comprising at least one ring having p-orbitals perpendicular to the plane of the ring at each ring atom, and satisfying the Huckel rule where the number of pi electrons in the ring is (4n+2) wherein n is an integer.
  • heteroaromatic moieties include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, quinolinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, dihydroquinazolyl, and tetrahydroquinazolyl.
  • aromatic and heteroaromatic moieties may be attached via an aliphatic (e.g., alkyl) or heteroaliphatic (e.g., heteroalkyl) moiety and thus also include moieties such as -(aliphatic)aromatic, -(heteroaliphatic)aromatic, -(aliphatic)heteroaromatic, -(heteroaliphatic)heteroaromatic, -(alkyl)aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)aromatic, -(alkyl)heteroaromatic, and -(heteroalkyl)heteroaromatic moieties.
  • aliphatic e.g., alkyl
  • heteroaliphatic e.g., heteroalkyl
  • moieties such as -(aliphatic)aromatic, -(heteroaliphatic)aromatic, -(aliphatic)heteroaromatic, -(hetero
  • aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties and “aromatic, heteroaromatic, “ (alkyl)aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)heteroaromatic, and
  • -(heteroalkyl)heteroaromatic are interchangeable.
  • corresponding moieties may be referred to synonymously as aralkyl, heteroaralkyl and the like.
  • Substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the previously mentioned substituents, i.e., the substituents recited for aliphatic moieties, or for other moieties as disclosed herein, resulting in the formation of a stable compound.
  • aryl refers to aromatic moieties, as described above, excluding those attached via an aliphatic (e.g. , alkyl) or heteroaliphatic (e.g. , heteroalkyl) moiety.
  • aryl refers to a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or two rings satisfying the Huckel rule for aromaticity, including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.
  • heteroaryl refers to heteroaromatic moieties, as described above, excluding those attached via an aliphatic (e.g., alkyl) or heteroaliphatic (e.g., heteroalkyl) moiety.
  • heteroaryl refers to a cyclic unsaturated radical having from about five to about ten ring atoms of which one ring atom is selected from S, O and N; zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, the radical being joined to the rest of the molecule via any of the ring atoms, such as, for example, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and the like.
  • aryl and “heteroaryl” groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, wherein substitution includes replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon independently with any of the previously mentioned substitutents, i.e., the substituents recited for aliphatic moieties, or for other moieties as disclosed herein, resulting in the formation of a stable compound.
  • aryl and heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, wherein substitution includes replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon independently with any one or more of the following moieties including, but not limited to: aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; alicyclic; heterocyclic; aromatic, heteroaromatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; Cl; Br; I; -NO 2 ; -CN; -CF 3 ; -CH 2 CF 3 ; -CHCl 2 ; -CH 2 OH; -CH 2 CH 2 OH; -CH 2 NH 2 ; -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 ; or -GR G1 wherein G is -O-, -S
  • any two adjacent groups taken together may represent a 4, 5, 6, or 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic or heterocyclic moiety. Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that are described herein.
  • alkoxy refers to a saturated (i.e., O-alkyl) or unsaturated (i.e., O-alkenyl and O-alkynyl) group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-20; 2-20; 3-20; 4-20; 5-20; 6-20; 7-20 or 8-20 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-10; 2-10; 3-10; 4-10; 5-10; 6-10; 7-10 or 8-10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8; 2-8; 3-8; 4-8; 5-8; 6-20 or 7-8 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-6; 2-6; 3-6; 4-6 or 5-6 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-4; 2-4 or 3-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. Examples of alkoxy, include but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, z-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert- butoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like.
  • thioalkyl refers to a saturated (i.e., S-alkyl) or unsaturated (i.e., S-alkenyl and S-alkynyl) group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • thioalkyl examples include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, and the like.
  • alkylamino refers to a group having the structure -NHR'wherein R' is aliphatic or alicyclic, as defined herein.
  • aminoalkyl refers to a group having the structure NH 2 R'-, wherein R' is aliphatic or alicyclic, as defined herein.
  • the aliphatic or alicyclic group contains 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the aliphatic or alicyclic group contains 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the aliphatic or alicyclic group contains 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the aliphatic or alicyclic group contains 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • R' is an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group containing 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • alkylamino include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, iso- propylamino and the like.
  • haloalkyl denotes an alkyl group, as defined above, having one, two, or three halogen atoms attached thereto and is exemplified by such groups as chloromethyl, bromoethyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like.
  • amino refers to a primary (-NH 2 ), secondary (-NHR x ), tertiary (-NR x R y ) or quaternary (-N + R x RyR 2 ) amine, where R x , R y and R 2 are independently an aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, as defined herein.
  • amino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, diethylaminocarbonyl, methylethylamino, iso-propylamino, piperidino, trimethylamino, and propylamino.
  • C 2 - 6 alkenylene refers to a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having from two to six carbon atoms, having a free valence "-" at both ends of the radical, and wherein the unsaturation is present only as double bonds and wherein a double bond can exist between the first carbon of the chain and the rest of the molecule.
  • aliphatic As used herein, the terms “aliphatic”, “heteroaliphatic”, “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “heteroalkenyl”, “heteroalkynyl”, and the like encompass substituted and unsubstituted, saturated and unsaturated, and linear and branched groups. Similarly, the terms “aliphatic”, “heteroaliphatic”, “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “heteroalkenyl”, “heteroalkynyl”, and the like encompass substituted and unsubstituted, saturated and unsaturated, and linear and branched groups. Similarly, the terms “aliphatic”, “heteroaliphatic”, “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “heteroalkenyl”, “heteroalkynyl”, and the like
  • alicyclic encompass substituted and unsubstituted, and saturated and unsaturated groups. Additionally, the terms “cycloalkyl”,
  • cycloalkenyl encompass both substituted and unsubstituted groups.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable derivative denotes any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or salt of such ester, of such compound, or any other adduct or derivative which, upon administration to a patient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thus include among others pro-drugs.
  • a pro-drug is a derivative of a compound, usually with significantly reduced pharmacological activity, which contains an additional moiety, which is susceptible to removal in vivo yielding the parent molecule as the pharmacologically active species.
  • pro-drug is an ester, which is cleaved in vivo to yield a compound of interest.
  • Another example is an N-methyl derivative of a compound, which is susceptible to oxidative metabolism resulting in N-demethylation.
  • Prodrugs of a variety of compounds, and materials and methods for derivatizing the parent compounds to create the pro-drugs, are known and may be adapted to the present invention. Certain exemplary pharmaceutical compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives will be discussed in more detail herein below.
  • tautomerization refers to the phenomenon wherein a proton of one atom of a molecule shifts to another atom. See, Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structures, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, pages 69-74 (1992).
  • tautomer refers to the compounds produced by the proton shift.
  • protecting group By the term “protecting group”, as used herein, it is meant that a particular functional moiety, e.g., O, S, or N, is temporarily blocked so that a reaction can be carried out selectively at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound.
  • a protecting group reacts selectively in good yield to give a protected substrate that is stable to the projected reactions; the protecting group must be selectively removed in good yield by readily available, preferably nontoxic reagents that do not attack the other functional groups; the protecting group forms an easily separable derivative (more preferably without the generation of new stereogenic centers); and the protecting group has a minimum of additional functionality to avoid further sites of reaction.
  • oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon protecting groups may be utilized.
  • oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to methyl ethers, substituted methyl ethers (e.g., MOM (methoxymethyl ether), MTM (methylthiomethyl ether), BOM (benzyloxymethyl ether), PMBM or MPM (p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl ether), to name a few), substituted ethyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers (e.g., TMS (trimethylsilyl ether), TES (triethylsilylether), TIPS (triisopropylsilyl ether), TBDMS (t-butyldimethylsilyl ether), tribenzyl silyl ether, TBDPS (t-butyldiphenyl silyl ether), to name a few), esters (e.g., formate, acetate, benzoate (Bz),
  • nitrogen protecting groups are utilized. These nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamates (including methyl, ethyl and substituted ethyl carbamates (e.g., Troc), to name a few) amides, cyclic imide derivatives, N-alkyl and N-aryl amines, imine derivatives, and enamine derivatives, to name a few. Certain other exemplary protecting groups are detailed herein, however, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not intended to be limited to these protecting groups; rather, a variety of additional equivalent protecting groups can be readily identified using the above criteria and utilized in the present invention. Additionally, a variety of protecting groups are described in "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" Third Ed. Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 1999, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • isolated when applied to the compounds of the present invention, refers to such compounds that are (i) separated from at least some components with which they are associated in nature or when they are made and/or (ii) produced, prepared or manufactured by the hand of man.
  • biological sample includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from an animal (e.g., mammal) or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof; or purified versions thereof.
  • biological sample refers to any solid or fluid sample obtained from, excreted by or secreted by any living organism, including single-celled microorganisms (such as bacteria and yeasts) and multicellular organisms (such as plants and animals, for instance a vertebrate or a mammal, and in particular a healthy or apparently healthy human subject or a human patient affected by a condition or disease to be diagnosed or investigated).
  • the biological sample can be in any form, including a solid material such as a tissue, cells, a cell pellet, a cell extract, cell homogenates, or cell fractions; or a biopsy, or a biological fluid.
  • the biological fluid may be obtained from any site (e.g. blood, saliva (or a mouth wash containing buccal cells), tears, plasma, serum, urine, bile, seminal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid, and pleural fluid, or cells therefrom, aqueous or vitreous humor, or any bodily secretion), a transudate, an exudate (e.g. fluid obtained from an abscess or any other site of infection or inflammation), or fluid obtained from a joint (e.g.
  • the biological sample can be obtained from any organ or tissue (including a biopsy or autopsy specimen) or may comprise cells (whether primary cells or cultured cells) or medium conditioned by any cell, tissue or organ.
  • Biological samples may also include sections of tissues such as frozen sections taken for histological purposes.
  • Biological samples also include mixtures of biological molecules including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids generated by partial or complete fractionation of cell or tissue homogenates.
  • biological samples may be from any animal, plant, bacteria, virus, yeast, etc.
  • the term animal refers to humans as well as non-human animals, at any stage of development, including, for example, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, worms and single cells. Cell cultures and live tissue samples are considered to be pluralities of animals.
  • the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, or a pig).
  • An animal may be a transgenic animal or a human clone.
  • the biological sample may be subjected to preliminary processing, including preliminary separation techniques. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE
  • Ischemia-reperfusion injury resulting in acute tubular necrosis is a major contributing factor for kidney dysfunction, and can be caused by extra renal surgery, such as the repair of a thoracoabdominal aneurysm or cardio-pulmonary bypass, leading to hypovolemic shock to the kidney, and in the setting of kidney transplantation.
  • extra renal surgery such as the repair of a thoracoabdominal aneurysm or cardio-pulmonary bypass, leading to hypovolemic shock to the kidney, and in the setting of kidney transplantation.
  • associated renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of operative mortality, increasing it approximately 3 fold.
  • In the United States, in November 2006 there are 69,000 patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant, and of the 9,270 donor kidneys recovered as reported through August of this year, 4,865 from deceased donors (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, OPTN).
  • the underlying changes to the metabolism of the oxygen-deprived tubule cells through this process of ischemia and reperfusion are as follows; during the period of ischemia, which rapidly damages metabolically active cells, oxidative metabolism is greatly reduced while anaerobic metabolism continues.
  • the disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leads to a rapid decrease in cellular ATP and NAD/NADH levels, and ATP is rapidly dephosphorylated to adenosine monophosphate, which in turn is degraded to hypoxanthine.
  • ATP depletion causes the degradation of ATP-dependent ion channels leading to the passive shift of ions: K + and Mg + * diffuse out of the cells while Na + , Ca “1"1” and H 2 O flow down the concentration gradient into the cell, causing cell swelling and the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to (HDH) to xanthine oxidase (XO) by a calcium dependent protease.
  • HDH xanthine dehydrogenase
  • XO xanthine oxidase
  • anaerobic metabolism during ischemia also induces free Fe + * cellular levels, Fe + * being an important catalyst in the reactions forming free radicals during reperfusion.
  • XO and Fe " " " catalyze the formation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) O 2 .
  • kidney vascular endothelium is a major source of nitric oxide (NO), and following reperfusion this endothelial cell derived NO has been shown to react with O 2 . " to form the potent oxidant ONOO- (peroxynitrite). These toxic, reactive oxygen molecules cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, protein denaturation, and altered membrane transport proteins and necrotic cell death.
  • ischemia-reperfusion injury was lessened by SOD transgene expression as measured by lessening of tubular injury, decreased infiltration of leukocytes and improved glomerular filtration rate.
  • SOD administration was associated with improved long-term graft survival.
  • Componds embodied herein can be used in combination with and to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy and chemotherapeutic regimens already used for glioma as well as with other cancers.
  • Familial breast and ovarian cancers which account for 5-10% of these cancers, are commonly caused by the inherited defect in one of the BRCAl or BRC A2 alleles.
  • the tumors that developed were BRCAl or BRC A2 deficient while remaining somatic cells had functional BRCA proteins.
  • Such tumor cells would be expected to be extremely sensitive to PARP-I inhibition and this has been confirmed recently.
  • Two independent groups demonstrated specific killing of BRCA deficient cells and inhibition of tumor xenograft growth by pharmacological inhibition of PARP-I alone with no requirement to combine with chemotherapy.
  • compounds of the invention include compounds of the general Formula (I) as defined below:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H or COR 4 ;
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety;
  • R 4 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic moiety.
  • compounds of formula (I) are included in formulas H-IV below.
  • compounds of the invention include compounds of the general formula (II) as further defined below:
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety; and wherein R 4 is an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic moiety.
  • R 3 is a lower alkyl group. In certain embodiments R 3 is a methyl group. In certain other embodiments R 3 is other than a lower alkyl group. In yet other embodiments, R 3 is other than a methyl group.
  • R 3 is hydrogen, ethyl, 1-methylpiperidine, cyclopropylmethyl or acetic acid.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and alkyloxycarbonyl moiety.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted aralkyl group such as benzyl, 4- chlorobenzyl, or 4-nitrobenzyl.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted aryl group such as phenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl or 4-nitrophenyl.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted heteroaryl group such as 2-furyl, or an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl group such as (2-thienyl)methyl.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted aliphatic moiety.
  • R 4 is an optionally substituted heteroaliphatic or heteroaryl group.
  • Such examples where the first atom is N are described in formula III below.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula II comprise: methyl 2-(2-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl)-5-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin- 1 -yl)phenylamino)-2- oxoacetate;
  • compounds of the invention include compounds of the general Formula (III) as further defined below:
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety; and R 5 and R 6 are each independently an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic moiety; or R 5 and R 6 can be joined together to form a ring; or one of R 5 and R 6 is H.
  • R 5 is an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or acyl moiety.
  • R 6 is H.
  • R 3 is H or an alkyl moiety.
  • R 5 and R 6 can be joined together to form a ring, such as but not limited to a pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydroquinazolyl, and tetrahydroquinazolyl ring.
  • a pyrrolinyl pyrrolidinyl
  • pyrazolinyl pyrazolidinyl
  • imidazolinyl imidazolidinyl
  • piperidinyl homopiperidinyl
  • piperazinyl oxazolidinyl
  • oxazolidinyl isox
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds of formula HI include:
  • R 3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or acyl moiety.
  • R 3 is a lower alkyl group. In certain embodiments R 3 is a methyl group. In certain other embodments R 3 is other than a lower alkyl group. In yet other embodiments, R 3 is other than a methyl group.
  • R 3 is H, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl moiety.
  • R 3 is other than an aralkyl group. In another embodiment R 3 is other than a benzyl group. In other embodiments, R 3 is other than a hydroxyalkyl group. In other embodments R 3 is other than a hydroxyethyl group.
  • R 3 include methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, 3- methoxyphenyl, cyclopropyl, propionitryl, and H.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula IV include:
  • Compounds of this invention include those generally set forth above and described specifically herein, and are illustrated in part by the various classes, subgenera and species disclosed herein.
  • each occurrence of R 1 and R 2 is independently H or COR 4 ; ii) R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is COR 4 and R 4 is an optionally substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic moiety; iii) R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is COR 4 and R 4 is an alkyl moiety; iv) R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is COR 4 and R 4 is an aryl moiety; v) R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is COR 4 and R 4 is a heteroaryl moiety; vi) R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is COR 4 and R 4 is an aralkyl moiety; vii) R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is COR 4 and R 4 is methyl
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of the inventive compounds, and methods of treating a subject using these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, or either of these in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • inventive compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof may be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or may be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers.
  • the compounds of the invention are enantiopure compounds.
  • mixtures of stereoisomers or diastereomers are provided.
  • certain compounds, as described herein may have one or more double bonds that can exist as either the Z or E isomer, unless otherwise indicated.
  • the invention additionally encompasses the compounds as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers, e.g., racemic mixtures of stereoisomers.
  • this invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of these compounds and compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or additives.
  • Compounds of the invention may be prepared by crystallization of compounds of formulas (I) — (IV) under different conditions and may exist as one or a combination of polymorphs of compounds of general formulas (I) - (IV) forming part of this invention.
  • different polymorphs may be identified and/or prepared using different solvents, or different mixtures of solvents for recrystallization; by performing crystallizations at different temperatures; or by using various modes of cooling, ranging from very fast to very slow cooling during crystallizations.
  • Polymorphs may also be obtained by heating or melting the compound followed by gradual or fast cooling.
  • the presence of polymorphs may be determined by solid probe NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractogram and/or other techniques.
  • inventive compounds their derivatives, their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their polymorphs, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts their pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions containing them.
  • this invention provides novel compounds with a range of biological properties. Preferred compounds of this invention have biological activities relevant for the treatment of diseases, conditions or disorders where decrease in PARP activity would be beneficial.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of the inventive compounds, and methods of treating a subject using these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, or either of these in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention are described in more detail below.
  • the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75 th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, salts of such esters, or a prodrug or other adduct or derivative of a compound of this invention which upon administration to a patient in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
  • compositions which comprise any one or more of the compounds described herein (or a prodrug, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or other pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof), and optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • these compositions optionally further comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a compound of this invention may be administered to a patient in need thereof in combination with the administration of one or more other therapeutic agents.
  • additional therapeutic agents for conjoint administration or inclusion in a pharmaceutical composition with a compound of this invention may be an approved agent to treat the same or related indication, or it may be any one of a number of agents undergoing approval in the Food and Drug Administration that ultimately obtain approval for the treatment of any disorder related to PARP activity.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, salts of such esters, or a pro-drug or other adduct or derivative of a compound of this invention which upon administration to a patient in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
  • the invention is directed to compositions including pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound of Formulas (I) - (IV).
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of amines, carboxylic acids, and other types of compounds are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977), incorporated herein by reference.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may, include metal salts such as alkali metal salts, e.g. sodium or potassium salts; and alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. calcium or magnesium salts.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
  • alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
  • ester refers to esters that hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof.
  • Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms.
  • esters include formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.
  • prodrugs refers to those prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the issues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.
  • prodrug refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formula, for example by hydrolysis in blood, or N-demethylation of a compound of the invention.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980) discloses various carriers used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof. Except insofar as any conventional carrier medium is incompatible with the compounds of the invention, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatine; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil, sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogenfree water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut (peanut), corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard- filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.
  • the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose and starch.
  • Such dosage forms may also comprise, as in normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such as magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • buffering agents include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the present invention encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable topical formulations of inventive compounds.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable topical formulation means any formulation that is pharmaceutically acceptable for intradermal administration of a compound of the invention by application of the formulation to the epidermis.
  • the topical formulation comprises a carrier system.
  • Pharmaceutically effective carriers include, but are not limited to, solvents (e.g., alcohols, poly alcohols, water), creams, lotions, ointments, oils, plasters, liposomes, powders, emulsions, microemulsions, and buffered solutions (e.g., hypotonic or buffered saline) or any other carrier known in the art for topically administering pharmaceuticals.
  • solvents e.g., alcohols, poly alcohols, water
  • creams e.g., lotions, ointments, oils, plasters, liposomes, powders, emulsions, microemulsions, and buffered solutions (e.g., hypotonic or buffered saline) or any other carrier known in the art for topically administering pharmaceuticals.
  • buffered solutions e.g., hypotonic or buffered saline
  • the topical formulations of the invention may comprise excipients.
  • Any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient known in the art may be used to prepare the inventive pharmaceutically acceptable topical formulations.
  • excipients that can be included in the topical formulations of the invention include, but are not limited to, preservatives, antioxidants, moisturizers, emollients, buffering agents, solubilizing agents, other penetration agents, skin protectants, surfactants, and propellants, and/or additional therapeutic agents used in combination to the inventive compound.
  • Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, alcohols, quaternary amines, organic acids, parabens, and phenols.
  • Suitable antioxidants include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid and its esters, sodium bisulfite, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, tocopherols, and chelating agents like EDTA and citric acid.
  • Suitable moisturizers include, but are not limited to, glycerine, sorbitol, polyethylene glycols, urea, and propylene glycol.
  • Suitable buffering agents for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, citric, hydrochloric, and lactic acid buffers.
  • Suitable solubilizing agents include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium chlorides, cyclodextrins, benzyl benzoate, lecithin, and polysorbates.
  • Suitable skin protectants that can be used in the topical formulations of the invention include, but are not limited to, vitamin E oil, allatoin, dimethicone, glycerin, petrolatum, and zinc oxide.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable topical formulations of the invention comprise at least a compound of the invention and a penetration enhancing agent.
  • a penetration enhancing agent means an agent capable of transporting a pharmacologically active compound through the stratum corneum and into the epidermis or dermis, preferably, with little or no systemic absorption.
  • penetration enhancing agent means an agent capable of transporting a pharmacologically active compound through the stratum corneum and into the epidermis or dermis, preferably, with little or no systemic absorption.
  • a wide variety of compounds have been evaluated as to their effectiveness in enhancing the rate of penetration of drugs through the skin. See, for example, Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, Maibach H. I.
  • penetration agents for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, triglycerides ⁇ e.g., soybean oil), aloe compositions ⁇ e.g., aloe- vera gel), ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, octolyphenylpolyethylene glycol, oleic acid, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, N-decylmethylsulfoxide, fatty acid esters ⁇ e.g., isopropyl myristate, methyl laurate, glycerol monooleate, and propylene glycol monooleate) and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
  • triglycerides ⁇ e.g., soybean oil
  • aloe compositions ⁇ e.g., aloe- vera gel
  • ethyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol
  • octolyphenylpolyethylene glycol oleic acid
  • polyethylene glycol 400 propylene glycol
  • the compositions may be in the form of ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.
  • formulations of the compositions according to the invention are creams, which may further contain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, palmito-oleic acid, cetyl or oleyl alcohols, stearic acid being particularly preferred.
  • Creams of the invention may also contain a non-ionic surfactant, for example, polyoxy-40-stearate.
  • the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required.
  • Ophthalmic formulation, eardrops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • Formulations for intraocular administration are also included.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms are made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.
  • penetration enhancing agents can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be formulated and employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated with or administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures.
  • the particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved.
  • the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, an inventive compound may be administered concurrently with an anti-inflammatory agent), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
  • one or more compounds of the invention may be formulated with at least one cytokine, growth factor or other biological, such as an interferon, e.g., alpha interferon, or with at least another small molecule compound.
  • interferon e.g., alpha interferon
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be combined therapeutically with compounds of the invention include: antivirals and antifibrotics such as interferon alpha, combination of interferon alpha and ribavirin, Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil and interferon gamma; anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin; antiplatelets e.g., aspirin, ticlopidine and clopidogrel; other growth factors involved in regeneration, e.g., VEGF and FGF and mimetics of these growth factors ; antiapoptotic agents; and motility and morphogenic agents.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention further comprise one or more additional therapeutically active ingredients (e.g., antiinflammatory and/or palliative).
  • additional therapeutically active ingredients e.g., antiinflammatory and/or palliative.
  • palliative refers to treatment that is focused on the relief of symptoms of a disease and/or side effects of a therapeutic regimen, but is not curative.
  • palliative treatment encompasses painkillers, antinausea medications and anti-sickness drugs.
  • the invention provides methods for the use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for treating or lessening the severity of a disease, disorder or condition associated with PARP activity, and where inhibition of such activity is beneficial for the treatment, lessening the severity of or preventing the occurrence or relapse thereof.
  • Such diseases, disorders and conditions include, but are not limited to, muscular dystrophy, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, cerebral infarction, ischemic heart disease, damaged and/or ischemic organs, transplants or grafts; ischemia/reperfusion injury; stroke, traumatic head injury, spinal cord injury, and other cerebrovascular diseases; myocardial ischemia; atherosclerosis; peripheral vascular disease; other cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; renal failure; multiple sclerosis; and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsonism and Alzheimer disease.
  • the method is for the treatment of wounds for acceleration of healing; amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, or other tissues or organs; normalization of myocardial perfusion as a consequence of chronic cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction; renal failure secondary to chronic diabetes and/or hypertension; and/or diabetes mellitus.
  • Use of the compound is also provided for prophylaxis or preventing the occurrence of the diseases in subjects, and in particular subjects susceptible to of exhibiting risk factors for, the aforementioned diseases and conditions.
  • compounds embodied herein are elso useful for the treatment of various dysproliferative diseases including but not limited to dysproliferative diseases such as cancer, as well as inflammatory disease in particular where inflammation, especially chronic inflammation, leads to inappropriate vascularization.
  • cancers, tumors, malignancies, neoplasms, and other dysproliferative diseases that can be treated according to the invention include leukemias, such as myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias, lymphomas, myeloproliferative diseases, and solid tumors, such as but not limited to sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,
  • the invention also provides methods for the use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for use as adjuvant therapy with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics for treatment of various forms of cancer including but not limited melanoma, breast, ovarian and glioblastoma and in treatment of HIV infection.
  • Use of the compound is also provided for prophylaxis or preventing the occurrence of the diseases in subjects, and in particular subjects susceptible to of exhibiting risk factors for, the aforementioned diseases and conditions.
  • the invention also provides methods for the use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for use as adjuvant therapy with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics for treatment of various forms of cancer including but not limited melanoma, breast, ovarian and glioblastoma and in treatment of HIV infection.
  • Use of the compound is also provided for prophylaxis or preventing the occurrence of the diseases in subjects, and in particular subjects susceptible to of exhibiting risk factors for, the aforementioned diseases and conditions.
  • Examples of inflammatory diseases toward which compounds of the invention have benefit include rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and neovascularization in the eye as a consequence of diabetic retinopathy.
  • the present invention is also directed to treatment of non-malignant tumors and other disorders involving inappropriate cell or tissue growth by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an agent of the invention.
  • the invention is useful for the treatment of arteriovenous (AV) malformations, particularly in intracranial sites.
  • AV arteriovenous
  • the invention can also be used to treat psoriasis, a dermatologic condition that is characterized by inflammation and vascular proliferation; benign prostatic hypertrophy, a condition associated with inflammation and possibly vascular proliferation; and cutaneous fungal infections. Treatment of other hyperproliferative disorders is also embraced herein.
  • the agents may also be used topically to remove warts, birthmarks, moles, nevi, skin tags, lipomas, angiomas including hemangiomas, and other cutaneous lesions for cosmetic or other purposes.
  • a method comprises the step of administering to a subject suffering from a disease or condition associated with PARP activity an effective amount of a compound of any one of formulas (I) - (IV) or a composition thereof; wherein the compound is characterized by its ability to inhibit PARP activity.
  • the disease or condition can be muscular dystrophy, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, cerebral infarction, ischemic heart disease, damaged and/or ischemic organs, transplants or grafts; ischemia/reperfusion injury; stroke, traumatic head injury, spinal cord injury, and other cerebrovascular diseases; myocardial ischemia; atherosclerosis; peripheral vascular disease; other cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; renal failure; multiple sclerosis; and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsonism and Alzheimer disease.
  • the method is for the treatment of wounds for acceleration of healing; amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, or other tissues or organs; normalization of myocardial perfusion as a consequence of chronic cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction; renal failure secondary to chronic diabetes and/or hypertension; and/or diabetes mellitus.
  • the disease or condition is a dysproliferative disease such as cancer.
  • the disease is an inflammatory disease.
  • the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of about 1 to about 5 micromolar.
  • the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of about 0.1 to about 1 micromolar.
  • the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of about 0.001 to about 0.1 micromolar. In another embodiment, the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of more than about 0.001 micromolar. In another embodiment, the compound inhibits PARP with an in vitro IC 50 of less than about 0.001 micromolar.
  • Efficacy of the compounds of the invention on the aforementioned disorders and diseases or the potential to be of benefit for the prophylaxis or treatment thereof may be demonstrated in various studies, ranging from biochemical effects evaluated in vitro and effects on cells in culture, to in-vivo models of disease, wherein direct clinical manifestations of the disease can be observed and measured, or wherein early structural and/or functional events occur that are established to be involved in the initiation or progression of the disease.
  • the positive effects of the compounds of the invention have been demonstrated in a variety of such assays and models, for a number of diseases and disorders.
  • a compound of the invention is an inhibitor of PARP.
  • inventive compounds in assays to determine the ability of compounds to inhibit PARP and protect against apoptosis and necrosis among the other beneficial activities thereof, certain inventive compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 50 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 40 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 5 0 values ⁇ 30 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 5 0 values ⁇ 20 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 5O values ⁇ 10 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 7.5 ⁇ M. In certain embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 5 ⁇ M.
  • inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 2.5 ⁇ M. In certain embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 1 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 750 nM. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 500 nM. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 250 nM. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ED 50 values ⁇ 100 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 75 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 50 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 40 nM.
  • exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 30 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 20 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 10 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 50 values ⁇ 5 nM. In other embodiments, exemplary compounds exhibited ED 5 O values ⁇ 1 nM.
  • inventive compounds exhibited IC 50 values > 5 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC 5 O values ⁇ 5 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC50 values ⁇ 1 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC 50 values ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC 50 values ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit ICs 0 values ⁇ 0.03 ⁇ M. In certain embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC 5 0 values ⁇ 0.01 ⁇ M. In certain other embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC 5 O values ⁇ 0.003 ⁇ M. In certain embodiments, inventive compounds exhibit IC 50 values ⁇ 0.001 ⁇ M. [00123] Pharmaceutical Uses and Methods of Treatment
  • Methods are provided herein for the treatment any disorder wherein inhibition of PARP activity is desirable, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described herein, to a subject in need thereof.
  • a method for the treatment disorders related to these activities comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive compound, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an inventive compound to a subject in need thereof, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result.
  • the method involves the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof to a subject (including, but not limited to a human or animal) in need of it.
  • a subject including, but not limited to a human or animal
  • Subjects for which the benefits of the compounds of the invention are intended for administration include, in addition to humans, livestock, domesticated, zoo and companion animals.
  • this invention provides novel compounds that have the beneficial activities descreibed herein.
  • the inventive compounds are useful for the treatment of renal ischemia and ischemia of other organs.
  • compounds embodied herein are useful for the treatment of cancer and other dysproliferative diseases and disorders.
  • the compounds and compositions, according to the method of the present invention may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for the treatment of the conditions or diseases in which inhibiting PARP has a therapeutically useful role.
  • the expression "effective amount” as used herein refers to a sufficient amount of agent to exhibit this activity and to exhibit a therapeutic effect. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the particular therapeutic agent, its mode and/or route of administration, and the like.
  • the compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • dose unit form refers to a physically discrete unit of therapeutic agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intradermally, intra-ocularly, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), buccally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the disease or disorder being treated.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered at dosage levels of about 0.001 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.
  • 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg for parenteral administration or preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, more preferably from about 10 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg for oral administration, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.
  • dosages smaller than 0.001 mg/kg or greater than 50 mg/kg can be administered to a subject.
  • compounds are administered orally or parenterally.
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention may also contain other compounds or agents for which co-administration with the compound(s) of the invention is therapeutically advantageous.
  • embodied compounds potentiate the chemotherapeutic activity of anticancer agents.
  • any may be formulated together for administration. Synergistic formulations are also embraced herein, where the combination of at least one compound of the invention and at least one other compounds act more beneficially than when each is given alone.
  • Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be combined therapeutically with compounds of the invention include anticancer agents such as, aldesleukin (PROLEUKIN); alemtuzumab (CAMPATH); alitretinoin (PANRETIN); allopurinol (ZYLOPRIM); altretamine (HEXALEN); amifostine (ETHYOL); anastrozole (ARIMIDEX); arsenic trioxide (TRISENOX); asparaginase (ELSPAR); BCG Live (TICE BCG); bexarotene capsules or gel (TARGRETIN); bleomycin (BLENOXANE); busulfan intravenous (BUSULFEX); busulfan oral (MYLERAN); calusterone (METHOSARB); capecitabine (XELODA); carboplatin (PARAPLATIN); carmustine (BCNU, BICNU); carmustine with Polifeprosan 20 Implant (GLIADEL WAFER); celecoxib (CELE
  • the present invention relates to a kit for conveniently and effectively carrying out the methods in accordance with the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical pack or kit comprises one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
  • kits are especially suited for the delivery of solid oral forms such as tablets or capsules.
  • Such a kit preferably includes a number of unit dosages, and may also include a card having the dosages oriented in the order of their intended use.
  • a memory aid can be provided, for example in the form of numbers, letters, or other markings or with a calendar insert, designating the days in the treatment schedule in which the dosages can be administered.
  • placebo dosages, or calcium dietary supplements can be included to provide a kit in which a dosage is taken every day.
  • Optionally associated with such containers can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceutical products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
  • any available techniques can be used to make or prepare the inventive compounds or compositions including them.
  • a variety of solution phase synthetic methods such as those discussed in detail below may be used.
  • the inventive compounds may be prepared using any of a variety combinatorial techniques, parallel synthesis and/or solid phase synthetic methods known in the art.
  • inventive compounds can be synthesized according to the methods described herein.
  • the starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI), Bachem (Torrance, CA), Sigma (St. Louis, MO), or are prepared by methods well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art following procedures described in such references as Fieser and Fieser 1991, “Reagents for Organic Synthesis", vols 1-17, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1991; Rodd 1989 “Chemistry of Carbon Compounds", vols.
  • the starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of this invention may be isolated and purified using conventional techniques, including filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, and the like. They may be characterized using conventional methods, including physical constants and spectral data.
  • reaction mixtures were stirred using a magnetically driven stirrer bar.
  • An inert atmosphere refers to either dry argon or dry nitrogen.
  • Reactions were monitored either by thin layer chromatography, by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), of a suitably worked up sample of the reaction mixture.
  • reaction mixtures were cooled to room temperature or below then quenched, when necessary, with either water or a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride. Desired products were extracted by partitioning between water and a suitable water-immiscible solvent (e.g. ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, diethyl ether). The desired product containing extracts were washed appropriately with water followed by a saturated solution of brine. On occasions where the product containing extract was deemed to contain residual oxidants, the extract was washed with a 10% solution of sodium sulphite in saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, prior to the aforementioned washing procedure.
  • a suitable water-immiscible solvent e.g. ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, diethyl ether
  • the extract was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, prior to the aforementioned washing procedure (except in those cases where the desired product itself had acidic character).
  • the extract was washed with 10% aqueous citric acid solution, prior to the aforementioned washing procedure (except in those cases where the desired product itself had basic character).
  • Post washing the desired product containing extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium or sodium sulphate, and then filtered. The crude products were then isolated by removal of solvent(s) by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure, at an appropriate temperature (generally less than 45°C).
  • chromatographic purification refers to flash column chromatography on silica or preparative TLC on silica, using a single solvent or mixed solvent as eluent.
  • desired product containing elutes were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure at an appropriate temperature (generally less than 45°C) to constant mass.
  • Step 1 2-(4-Chloro-3-nitro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester.
  • 2-(4'-chloro-3'-nitrobenzoyl) benzoic acid 10.0g, 32.7 mmol
  • SOCl 2 4.3g, 36.0 mmol
  • the crystaline product was collected by filtration, washed with cold ethanol, dried in vacuo to afford 2-(4- chloro-3-nitro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester as white solid.
  • Step-2 2-[4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l-ylV3-nitro-benzoyl "
  • Step-3 2-[3-Amino-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-l-vD-benzoyll-benzoic acid methyl ester.
  • Step-4 4-[3-Amino-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-l-ylVphenyl]-2H-phthalazin-l-one.
  • Step-1 2-(4-(4-Ethyrpiperazin-l-yD-3-nitrobenzoyDbenzoic acid.
  • 2-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoyl)benzoic acid 152.8 mg, 0.5 mmol
  • 1-ethylpiperazine 228 mg, 2.0 mmol
  • the reaction was allowed to cool to RT, neutralized with dilute HCl and extracted with 10% methanol in DCM.
  • Step-2 2-(3-Amino-4-(4-ethylpiperazin-l-yDbenzoyDbenzoic acid.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to afford 2-(3-amino-4-(4- ethylpi ⁇ erazin-l-yl)benzoyl)benzoic acid.
  • Step-3 4-f 3-Amino-4-(4-ethylpiperazin- 1 -vHphenvnphthalazin- 1 f 2HVone.
  • Step 1 2-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzovDbenzoate.
  • 2-(4-chloro-3- nitrobenzoyl)benzoic acid 1.0 g, 3.27 mmol
  • methanol 20 mL
  • sulfuric acid 0.3 mL
  • Methanol was evaporated
  • aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added and extracted with DCM.
  • the DCM extract was washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to give methyl 2-(4-chloro-3- nitrobenzoyl)benzoate as white solid.
  • Step 2 Methyl 2-(3-nitro-4-(piperazin-l-y0benzoyDbenzoate.
  • acetonitrile 3 mL
  • piperazine 172 mg, 2.0 mmol
  • the reaction was allowed to cool to RT and extracted with 10% methanol in DCM.
  • the DCM extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified by preparative TLC using 15% methanol in DCM as eluent to afford methyl 2-(3-nitro-4-(piperazin-l-yl)benzoyl)benzoate as yellow solid.
  • Step 3 Methyl 2-(3-amino-4-(piperazin-l-yDbenzoyDbenzoate.
  • Step 4 4-(3-Amino-4-(piperazin-l-yDphenyr)phthalazin-l(2H>one.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated and the product was purified by preparative TLC using 20% methanol in DCM as eluent to afford to afford 4-(3-amino-4-(piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)phthalazin-l(2H)-one_as off white powder.
  • ATP Depletion Assay To determine effect of PARP-I inhibitors in preserving cellular ATP levels when challenged with human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC, Cambrex) are preincubated with test PARP-I inhibitors for 10 minutes before the addition of 250 uM H 2 O 2 . Cells are then incubated for an additional 1 hour and relative cellular ATP levels measured with CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega Corp.). Results with some compounds embodied herein are shown in Figure 2.
  • Mitochondrial Respiration Assay To determine efficacy of PARP-I inhibitors in preserving mitochondrial respiration when again challenged with H 2 O 2 , HUVEC cells are again preincubated ten minutes with test compounds before the addition of 250 uM H 2 O 2 . One hour later 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) is added and incubation continued for an additional 2 hours. At this time the extent of mitochondrial- dependent reduction of MTT to formazan within the cells is quantitated by the measurement at OD at 570 nm.
  • MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
  • PoIy-ADP Ribosylation Assay To measure the efficacy of compounds for directly inhibiting the PARP dependent ribosylation of target proteins (autoADP-ribosylation being the major product), test compounds are added to the HUVEC cells 10 minutes before the addition of 500 uM H 2 O 2 to induce PARP-I activity. Cells are then incubated for 10 minutes, washed with PBS and lysed. Protein equivalents of resultant cell lysates are then analyzed by SDS-PAGE, blotted to PVDF membranes and probed with the rabbit anti-Poly-(ADP ribose) (PAR) antibody (Calbiochem). Specific antibody reactivity is detected with the addition of goat-anti rabbit HRP conjugated second antibody (Cell Signaling), ECL substrate and developed on film.
  • PAR rabbit anti-Poly-(ADP ribose)
  • HUVEC Cell Assays are conducted as described by C. Szabo, S Cuzzaocrea, B Zingarelli, M O'Connor, and A L Salzman. Endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of endotoxic shock; importance of the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase by peroxyni trite. J Clin. Invest. 1997, 100(3); 723-735.
  • temozolomide can be used.
  • the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 cells are plated at 10 4 cells/well of 96 well tissue culture plate. If a combination is being tested, twenty-four hours later temozolomide (250 and 50 micromolar) can be added to the cells alone or plus the addition of 10 micromolar test compound. Cells are then incubated for an additional 72 hours and mitochondrial respiration as a measure of cell viability is assayed by MTT.
  • Inventive compound is able to increase the antiproliferative effect of 250 and 50 micromolar temozolomide.
  • Compound Cell Toxicity Assay This test was condicted to determine cell toxicity of compounds by prolonged incubation with HUVEC cells. HUVEC cells are treated with test compounds (again 0.5% DMSO vehicle final concentration) for 46 hours. At this time the mitochondrial respiratory dye MTT is added and incubated for 2 hours. The reduction of MTT to formazan is then quantitated at OD570, and this measure is used as general gauge of cell viability; comprising cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis.
  • Stroke model inhibition of infarct development when administered at time of occlusion and 4 hours post occlusion.
  • Compound was administered, 5 mg/kg i.v., at time of occlusion, 20 mg/kg i.p immediately after confirmation of occlusion, and at 20 hrs, with sacrifice at 24 hrs.
  • animals were dosed intraperitoneally at 4 hours, and 20 hours post-occlusion and sacrificed at 72 hrs. All animals are anesthetized, perfused and processed for TTC staining.
  • Figure 4 demonstrates the relative cerebral infarct areas (dead tissue, white, unstained) of all tissue slices for three animals.
  • Myocardial infarction model The effect of a compound of the invention was examined in a rat model of in vivo myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Regional myocardial ischemia was initiated by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 45 min (LAD occlusion). After 45 min ischemia, the occlusion was released. In one study, the test compound was administered (5 mg/kg-body weight, iv) before ischemia. In another study, test compound administration (5 mg/kg-body weight, iv) was delayed after ischemia (45 min of LAD occlusion).
  • infarct size was reduced by 58% (p ⁇ 0.05), and in animals treated after ischemia, by 54% (p ⁇ 0.05).
  • myocardial apoptosis as measured by TUNEL staining, and PAR levels in the non-infarcted ischemic border zone, were correspondingly reduced (p ⁇ 0.02).
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