Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
  • C21D8/0421—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0426—Hot rolling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
  • C21D8/0421—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0436—Cold rolling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/008—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/001—Austenite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
  • C21D9/48—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals deep-drawing sheets

Definitions

• the invention relates to a stainless steel, a cold-rolled steel flat product made of this steel, such as a steel strip or steel sheet, and a method for producing a flat steel product from the steel in question.
• a proven in practice stainless steel is known under the name X5CrNi18-10 and is listed under the EN material number 1.4301.
• This material is a relatively soft, non-ferromagnetic austenitic steel, from which, for example, pots, cutlery, sinks, parts of household appliances, so-called "white goods", such as washing machines, clothes dryers, dishwashers, etc., are manufactured. It contains according to DIN EN 10088 in addition to iron and unavoidable impurities typically (in wt .-%) up to 0.07% C, 17.0 - 19.5% Cr, 8.0 - 10.5% Ni, max. 1.0% Si, max. 2.0% Mn, max. 0.045% P, max. 0.015% S and max. 0.110% N.
• the high nickel content represents the austenitic structure of the Steel sure, which is a prerequisite for its good formability.
• the high Cr content ensures the good corrosion resistance of this steel.
• a disadvantage of the steel 1.4301 is that it can only be produced at a comparatively high cost, since its alloy components, in particular the high contents of nickel, require high prices.
• the austenitic steel known from this publication has, in addition to iron and unavoidable impurities (in% by weight) 0.01-0.08% C, 0.1-1% Si, 5-11% Mn, 15-17.5% Cr, 1 - 4% Ni, 1 - 4% Cu, 0.1 - 0.3% N, and further defined levels of sulfur, calcium, aluminum, phosphorus, boron and oxygen.
• This austenitic steel contains (in% by weight) up to 0.03% C, up to 0.5% Si, 2.2-3.0% Mn, 14-18% Cr, 6-9% Ni, bis at 0.03% N, 0.15-0.50% Mo, 1-3% Cu and balance iron and unavoidable impurities. Particular emphasis is placed on a good forming behavior, which is set by the controlled setting of the so-called MD30 value, which according to a in the JP 56 146862 calculated special formula.
• M d30 generally refers to the temperature at which, after cold working of 30%, the transformation of austenite into martensite has gone to 50%. Above this temperature, on the other hand, a reduced conversion occurs (s. Werkstoffizi Stahl, Volume 2, publisher: disclose Universityr Eisen relienleute, 1985, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, Verlag Stahleisen mbH Düsseldorf, Chapter D 10.3.2 ).
• Such a steel is in the casting gap formed between two rotating rollers of a two-roll caster to a thin strip with a thickness of max. Poured 10 mm. Meanwhile, the rolls or rolls are cooled to such an extent that the thin strip in the casting gap cools at a cooling rate of at least 200 K / s.
• the known method makes use of the generally known technique of a strip casting plant in this way by casting the steel in the casting gap formed between the rolls or rolls, for example a double-roller casting apparatus, and casting it It cools down so strongly that it comes to a shift from a primary ferritic towards a primary austenitic solidification. This makes it possible to transfer the nitrogen dissolved in the melt into the steel, because the austenite has a high solubility for nitrogen. Due to the intensive, with high cooling speed cooling is thereby ensured that in the solidifying melt possibly resulting nitrogen gas bubbles remain small and the pressure directed against them is large. This prevents outgassing of the high nitrogen contents in the course of solidification.
• wt .-% indicated is the chromium content of the EP 1 352 982 B1 known steel between 16 - 20%, the manganese content between 6 - 12%, the nickel content is less than or equal to 9.05% and the copper content is less than or equal to 3%. Nitrogen is added between 0.1 - 0.5%.
• the alloy is composed so that the t-factor (ratio of ferrite-forming elements to Austenite-forming elements with respective prefactors) in a corridor of more than 1.3 to less than 1.8.
• the MD30 temperature of the alloy must meet a certain condition.
• the object of the invention was to specify a steel which can be produced inexpensively in a simple manner.
• a method should be specified, with which a steel strip with optimized properties can be produced from such a steel.
• the alloy constituents of the composite steel according to the invention are chosen so that its microstructure in the cold-rolled state in addition to austenite has a ⁇ -ferrite content ("delta-ferrite content") of 5 to 15% by volume.
• This ⁇ -ferrite content is dimensioned so that the steel according to the invention as a cold strip with good strength a on the steel 1.4301 has sufficient corrosion resistance.
• the mechanical properties of a steel flat product cold-rolled from the steel according to the invention, such as yield strength and tensile strength, are shifted towards higher values compared with steel 1.4301 and the elongation at break is shifted to low A80 values.
• the technological parameters for assessing the cold workability such as the limit ratio and the dome height in the subsidence test, are in the lower scatter band of the values determined for steel sheets produced from steel 1.4301.
• the steel according to the invention is therefore suitable as a substitute for 1.4301 steel used in the manufacture of "white goods” products and for use in other applications in which steel sheets are each deformed with distinct thermoformed and stretched parts to the respective product.
• the steel according to the invention has (in% by weight): C: 0.05-0.14%, Si: 0.1-1.0%, Mn: 4.0-12.0%, Cr: > 17,5 - 22,0%, Ni: 1.0 - 4.0%, Cu: 1.0-3.0%, N: 0.03 - 0.2%, P: Max. 0.07%, S: Max. 0.01%, Not a word: Max. 0.5%, optionally one or more elements from the group "Ti, Nb, B, V, Al, Ca, As, Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi, H" with the following proviso Ti: Max. 0.02%, Nb: Max. 0.1%, B: Max. 0.004%, V: Max.
• Cr is contained primarily in order to improve the corrosion resistance in contents of more than 17.5% by weight to at most 22.0% by weight in the steel according to the invention.
• the requirement that in each case more than 17.5% by weight of Cr should be present in the steel according to the invention ensures that a corrosion resistance comparable to that of steel 1.4301 is achieved. This is achieved with particular certainty when the Cr content is at least 17.7% by weight, in particular at least 18.0% by weight.
• the results achieved by the invention occur in particular when the Cr content of the steel according to the invention is limited to 20 wt .-%.
• C and N are strong Austenitchanner and also effectively increase the resistance to the formation of Umformmartensit in the processing of inventive steels. Therefore, the lower limit of the C content has been set to 0.05 wt%, and the lower limit of the N content has been set to 0.03 wt%.
• N leads as an interstitial element to an increase in the yield strength and is therefore set to a maximum of 0.2 wt .-%.
• the N content is preferred 0.12 wt .-% limited. Accordingly, the effect of nitrogen in a stainless steel according to the invention occurs, in particular, when its N content is at least 0.06% by weight, in particular from 0.06-0.10% by weight.
• the Si supports the formation of ferrite. Therefore, the Si content of a steel according to the invention is limited to max. 1 wt .-%, in particular 0.5 wt .-%, limited, wherein the undesirable effect of Si can be avoided in particular by the fact that the Si content of the steel according to the invention to max. 0.4 wt .-% is limited.
• Mo alloy steel according to the invention is not selectively alloyed, since it supports on the one hand, the ferrite and on the other hand is expensive.
• the Mo content is as low as possible.
• the Mo content can be lowered according to the invention to the extent that it is limited to ineffective quantities attributable to the production-related unavoidable impurities.
• Ni is added to the steel of the invention as Austenitchanner, wherein a minimum content of 1 wt .-% is required to the ⁇ -ferrite content ("delta ferrite content”) in a steel according to the invention to max.
• delta ferrite content ⁇ -ferrite content
• Copper has a austenite-stabilizing effect similar to that of nickel.
• too high a copper content can lead to the formation of copper-rich precipitates of reduced melting point, which could cause cracks, particularly during casting of the steel of the invention in a cast strip casting line or subsequent inline hot rolling. Therefore, the invention provides for an upper limit of 3% for copper.
• a minimum Cu content of 1.5 wt .-%, in particular 2.0 wt .-% has proven to be favorable, which in practical experiments levels of 2.1 wt .-% and more have proven.
• the austenite-forming action of Mn in a steel according to the invention occurs at Mn contents of at least 4% by weight. From an alloying-technical, economic point of view, the Mn content is limited to max. 12 wt .-% limited, with an optimized effect of manganese is achieved in steel according to the invention, when the Mn content is 4.0 - 10.5 wt .-%, in particular 7.5 - 10.5 wt .-%, is ,
• P and S are for P at max. 0.07 wt .-% and for S to max. 0.01 wt .-% limited in order to exclude the negative impact of these alloying elements on the deformability of a steel according to the invention as far as possible.
• Ti contents of up to 0.02 wt .-% are used both in the production of the flat steel product according to the invention on the continuous casting as well as on the so-called “strip casting” the prevention of cracks in the obtained band.
• Nb contents of up to 0.1% by weight have a favorable effect on formability when produced both by continuous casting and by strip casting.
• Boron may be added to steel in accordance with the invention in amounts of up to 0.004 wt% in the case of its strip-cast processing to counteract the risk of cracking. If the steel is cast in continuous casting, the presence of B contributes to the above upper limit to avoid surface tears.
• the degree of purity of the steel according to the invention can be improved.
• the same purpose is served by the presence of Ca at levels of from 0.0005 to 0.003% by weight.
• contents of As of 0.003 - 0.015 wt .-%, Sn of 0.003 - 0.01 wt .-%, Pb of up to 0.01 wt .-% and Bi of up to 0.01 wt .-% can at the processing of a steel according to the invention via strip casting, the risk of cracking can be minimized.
• these elements in the mentioned content ranges help to reduce the risk of occurrence of surface defects during hot rolling.
• a steel product cold-rolled from a composite steel according to the invention ie, for example, a cold-rolled steel strip or Sheet steel, an elongation A80 of at least 35%.
• the draw-off ratio during deep drawing of a rotationally symmetrical cup is 2.00.
• "Boundary ratio" means the largest of the diameter of the blank, from which the cup is drawn, the drawing ratio formed in the first train to the diameter of the stamp used for deep-drawing of the cup, in which a cup can be deep-drawn without bottom tears or wrinkles with a certain hold-down force.
• the blank is clamped at its outer edge completely between a drawing ring and a hold-down.
• a punch with a diameter of 100 mm then penetrates the round blank and forms a dome in a deep-drawing process. This process continues until the sheet material breaks.
• crack-free dome height is regularly 58 mm in a cold strip or sheet produced from steel according to the invention. Accordingly, a flat steel product obtained according to the invention has a property combination which makes it optimally suitable for forming, for example by deep drawing or comparable operations.
• the production of a cold-rolled steel flat product generally comprises the working sections “melting, treating and post-treating the steel in the steelworks”, “producing cast strip by steel strip casting”, “hot rolling the cast strip or slabs”, “preparing (annealing and pickling Descaling) of the hot strip for cold rolling ",” cold rolling ", “Finish annealing the cold strip” and “finishing (dressing, straightening, trimming) of the cold strip”.
• Each of these working sections can include optional work steps, which are carried out, for example, depending on the available system technology and the requirements imposed by the user (customer).
• a composite in erfindunmultimeter steel is first melted.
• the melt thus composed is then cast into a cast strip in a two roll caster.
• the solidification of the steel according to the invention is carried out primarily ferritic and then austenitic due to the high Cr content and low Ni content.
• the high cooling rates on which the strip is cast favor the retention of distinct ⁇ ferrite shares ("delta ferrite shares") in the hot strip.
• the cast from the steel according to the invention strip is hot rolled inline following the strip casting in a continuous production process.
• a hot strip is produced with a typical thickness of 1 to 4 mm.
• the cast strip may pass through other work stations, such as a leveling or reheating furnace.
• the processing of the steel according to the invention in a strip casting plant has the advantage that the molten steel to a band with minimized, in particular on max. 4 mm, preferably max. 3.5 mm, limited thickness can be cast and then transformations with degrees of deformation of max. 50% is required to bring the cast strip to final thickness. In this way, it is possible to reliably produce a hot strip of steel according to the invention, despite its two-phase nature, which can subsequently be fed to cold strip for conventional further processing.
• the procedure according to the invention has a particularly advantageous effect if the hot rolling takes place in a single hot rolling pass.
• the overall degree of deformation ⁇ achieved in the course of hot rolling should be at most 50%, since otherwise an undesirable fine-grained microstructure forms.
• the hot rolling temperatures with which the cast strip enters the first pass of the hot rolling are preferably in the range from 1050 to 1200 ° C.
• Table 1 shows the chemical compositions of three alloys E1-E4 covered by the invention.
• AOD Argon Oxygen Decarburization
• the melt After the AOD treatment, the melt has been poured into a pan.
• the high quality requirements for the properties of the molten steels then required aftertreatment. This was done in the secondary metallurgy, the pan or vacuum treatment of liquid crude steel.
• this step aimed first and foremost to set low contents of the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and some trace elements in the steel.
• the correspondingly treated melt is then integrated in a conventional twin roll coater into a cast strip 2.5 to 3.5 mm thick and then directly integrated in a stitch into a hot strip of 1.5 gauge thickness - 2.5 mm hot rolled.
• the hot rolling end temperature was 1100 ° C, for the hot rolling of hot strips of steels according to the invention always hot rolling end temperatures of 1050 - 1200 ° C at degrees of deformation of 25 - 50% come into question. Due to the direct succession of strip casting and hot rolling under the above conditions, the The risk of cracks and surface defects occurring in a conventional processing of the steel alloys according to the invention by a multi-stage hot rolling process due to the two-phase nature of the hot strips produced from them is avoided.
• the hot strips produced in the manner described above have subsequently been prepared for cold rolling. They have been subjected to a heat treatment in the form of an annealing at a temperature which is typically in the range of 1000 to 1180 ° C. during the processing of hot strips according to the invention. In the embodiments described here, it was in each case 1050 ° C.
• the hot strips were descaled in a known manner to free the hot strip surface from the oxide layer adhered thereto.
• descaling usually involves mechanical, for example with the help of Vorentzundern performed a conventional scale breaker and a pickling, in which the scale is largely completely removed from the metallic surface of the hot strip with a liquid pickling medium.
• the cold rolling of the hot strips to the required final thickness of 0.8 mm has been carried out without prior heating on a 20-roll cold rolling stand.
• This type of cold rolling mill is capable of applying the high forming forces required for the processing of stainless steels and at the same time ensures compliance with the tolerances required by the customer regarding surface quality and thickness.
• the degrees of deformation achieved in the course of cold rolling are typically in the range of 40-80% in the case of processing according to the invention.
• the cold rolled solidified during cold rolling has been annealed recrystallizing at an annealing temperature of 1140 ° C to restore its forming properties required for further processing.
• suitable annealing temperatures are in the range of 1050-1180 ° C.
• the recrystallizing annealing has been carried out on a conventional annealing and pickling line in which the Cold strip first annealed in an open atmosphere and then freed again in the pickling section of the resulting scale.
• a protective gas atmosphere of a bright annealing line it is also possible with particularly high demands on the surface finish to perform the annealing under a protective gas atmosphere of a bright annealing line.
• the shiny metallic surface of the cold strip is retained, their gloss is enhanced by the final heat treatment in a protective gas atmosphere.
• the heat treated cold tapes were finally subjected to skin pass rolling.
• skin pass mills usually two- or four-roller skin pass mills are used with polished work rolls.
• the ⁇ -ferrite contents of the hot strips (“WB”) produced from the steels E1-E4, 4301.70 and 4301.60 and their respective mechanical properties yield strength Rp, tensile strength Rm and elongation A80 are listed in Table 2.
• the delta ferrite content is 8-ferrite, the ASTM evaluated granularity of their structure, and the yield strength Rp.
• the elongation values A80 for the cold rolled strips produced from samples E1 - E4 are between 44.4% and 48.5% transverse to the rolling direction, while for the comparative samples 4301.70 and 4301.60 elongation values A80 of 53% and 57.6% could be determined.
• the ⁇ -ferrite content (“delta-ferrite content”) of the steel according to the invention in the cold-rolled strip is between 8.5% and 13% and thus significantly above the values determined for the two comparative samples.
• the significant proportions of ⁇ -ferrite present in the samples according to the invention explain the lower elongation values.
• especially the cold strip produced from the samples E1-E4 with ASTM values of up to 10 is very fine-grained, which is considered as a possible cause of the high strength level.
• elements such as carbon and nitrogen or manganese increase the strength properties as interstitially or substitutionally dissolved atoms (in the form of a mixed crystal).
• the dome height as a characteristic for the ironing ability lies in the region or slightly below the values for the cold strips produced from the samples E1 and E4, which could be determined from the two comparative samples.
• the cut-off ratio of the cold tapes produced from samples E1 and E4 is in the range of the cut-off ratio of Sample 4301.60.
• the cold strips according to the invention thus have the same good deep drawing properties as the samples produced from the conventional steel 1.4301.
• the cold rolled strip obtained after temper rolling can be subjected to stretch straightening and trimming. As a rule, these production steps are carried out separately. If necessary, sanding lines can then provide the strips with different sanding patterns on the surface of the strip. For highest demands on the flatness of a stainless steel sheet are trained or also undress Arthur Cold strips treated in strip stretching lines. Any residual stresses which may lead to the unevenness of a strip are thus compensated.
• the invention thus provides a steel whose corrosion resistance is comparable to that of steel 1.4301.
• the ⁇ -ferrite content (“delta-ferrite content”) produced in accordance with the invention steel hot and cold strip is over the chem.
• possible rapid solidification is set in such a way that elongation at break values well above 35%, in particular above 40%, are achieved and the technological forming properties lie within the range of dispersion of the material 1.4301.

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• 2008
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