EP2159878A1 - Schichtartig aufgebaute Patch-Gruppenantenne - Google Patents

Schichtartig aufgebaute Patch-Gruppenantenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2159878A1
EP2159878A1 EP08163188A EP08163188A EP2159878A1 EP 2159878 A1 EP2159878 A1 EP 2159878A1 EP 08163188 A EP08163188 A EP 08163188A EP 08163188 A EP08163188 A EP 08163188A EP 2159878 A1 EP2159878 A1 EP 2159878A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiating element
element board
board according
patch
radiating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08163188A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Michael Philippakis
David Moore
Dean Kemp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chelton CTS Ltd
Original Assignee
Era Technology Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Era Technology Ltd filed Critical Era Technology Ltd
Priority to EP08163188A priority Critical patent/EP2159878A1/de
Priority to ES09809389.1T priority patent/ES2644589T3/es
Priority to PCT/GB2009/002087 priority patent/WO2010023454A1/en
Priority to EP09809389.1A priority patent/EP2359433B1/de
Publication of EP2159878A1 publication Critical patent/EP2159878A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0421—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with a shorting wall or a shorting pin at one end of the element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/065—Patch antenna array
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/40—Imbricated or interleaved structures; Combined or electromagnetically coupled arrangements, e.g. comprising two or more non-connected fed radiating elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0414—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna in a stacked or folded configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/045—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means
    • H01Q9/0457—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means electromagnetically coupled to the feed line

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an antenna that can be used with multiple satellite-based global positioning and navigation systems, such as both the NAVSTAR GPS and Galileo GNSS.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • GPS Globalstar GPS
  • a typical GPS receiver requires ranging signals from at least four GPS satellites to determine its position using geometry and trilateration.
  • the NAVSTAR GPS is based on transmission of ranging signals in frequency bands including L1 (1575 MHz) and L2 (1227 MHz), both having a bandwidth of 20 MHz.
  • Other satellite navigation systems use different, wider, frequency bands.
  • the new GNSS called Galileo which is to be deployed by the European Union, operates at frequency bands that are different to those used by the NAVSTAR GPS, including E5a (1166.45 to 1186.45 MHz) and E5b (1197.14 to 1211.14 MHz). Since the two E5 bands (E5a and E5b) are very close together, it can be assumed that both bands will be combined and have a combined bandwidth of 45 MHz.
  • the physical size of the antenna is related to the bandwidth of the system and, as the bandwidth of the Galileo GNSS is more than double that of the NAVSTAR GPS, the size of the respective antennas differs.
  • the radiation pattern for the multi-standard airborne GNSS antenna is expected to have advanced characteristics in terms of coverage and more stringent requirements on its polarisation purity as compared to single band GPS antennas of today.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a multi-standard radiator for a GNSS antenna, which can receive ranging signals transmitted in multiple frequency bands from different GNSS, whilst remaining an overall physical size that ensures that the antenna assembly can be backwards compatible with existing GPS fixtures/docking stations and installations onboard a vehicle where it is to be used.
  • a radiating element board for use in a passive antenna, the radiating element board comprising a plurality of multi-layer radiating elements, each of which comprises:
  • FIG 1 is an exploded view of a multi-standard radiator 1, comprising a radiating element board 2 according to the present invention.
  • the radiating element board 2 is attached to a polarization forming network circuit board 3 and enclosed within a radome 4, which seals against a base-plate 5 that has grooves to accommodate components of the polarization forming network circuit board 3.
  • the radome 4 may be made from "PTFE", "Nylon” or a similar material, approximately 2.5mm thick.
  • the radome (4) is bonded, using an epoxy resin bond film, to the base-plate 5, which is ideally aluminium.
  • a gasket 7, preferably neoprene or plastic, may be provided to ensure a good seal between the radome 4 and the base-plate 5.
  • the radome can be directly glued on the base plate with structural adhesive.
  • An output 9 to the multi-standard radiator 1 is provided on the underside of the base-plate 5.
  • the radome may be a foam-filled radome, which is formed around the elements to keep the weight of the antenna low whilst ensuring high mechanical stability, at the same time preventing humidity ingress as well as mitigating adverse differential pressure effects.
  • Figure 2 shows an array of four passive radiating elements 10, which form a radiating element board 2 according to the present invention.
  • the elements 10 are arranged to form a substantially square radiating element board 2, wherein each element 10 is rotated 90 degrees from its neighbour and all elements 10 are rotated in the same direction.
  • the arrangement shown in Figure 2 provides right-hand circular polarisation although it will be appreciated that lefthand polarisation could also be achieved were the elements orientated in the other direction.
  • Each passive radiating element 10 comprises two patches 11,12 separated by dielectric 13, which is preferably an RF quality plastic material, either single or in a stratified form. Alternatively the space between the patches could be air or foam, as described above.
  • a second, physically larger, patch 12 is provided on an inner layer of each element 10, with dielectric 13 either side of it, and covers the GPS and Galileo (both E5A and E5B) frequency bands simultaneously.
  • the passive radiating elements 10 are constructed using standard multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) technology, i.e. several substrate layers bonded together to create a thick multi-layer assembly.
  • PCB printed circuit board
  • Dielectric 13 is provided on the radiating element 10 between the patches 11,12 and on either side of the inner patch 12 to ensure that proper operation in terms of antenna voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is achieved, by resonating the antenna to the bands of interest, as well as to ensure that the overall physical size of the antenna 1 is backwards compatible with existing GPS fixtures/docking stations and installations onboard vehicles, such as commercial aircraft, where it is to be used. For instance, currently many aircraft employ GPS only antennas with fixings that suit the particular form as dictated by the ARINC743A standard. Any deviation from the details outlined in this standard is likely to be unacceptable in terms of installation cost and overall airframe performance. The increased height is necessary so as besides the bandwidth the group delay of the antenna is overall acceptable.
  • VSWR antenna voltage standing wave ratio
  • the Q factor of an antenna is inversely related to the volume it occupies.
  • the Group delay response of the antenna and its variation across the band is proportional to the Q of the underlying antenna cavity. Therefore the bandwidth response of the antenna is crucial in maintaining the required group delay performance.
  • FIG 3 shows the arrangement of radiating elements 10 in a radiating element board 2 according to the present invention with the dielectric 13 removed.
  • Both the outer patches 11 and inner patches 12 of each radiating element 10 are short circuited by wires 14 passing through one of their edges, the wires 14 connecting both patches 11,12 to ground in order that a quarter-wave operation is achieved and to make sure that the overall mechanical size is physically controlled.
  • These shorting wires are preferably formed using plated through-holes, or vias.
  • alternative means of short circuiting the patches 11,12 to ground can also be used and specifically engineered for a particular application. For example, plating the edge of the PCB with a solid metal layer, or using a series of flat metal strips instead of wires.
  • the number of wires 14 and their diameters also need to be accurately controlled.
  • the wires can be thought as a series additional inductive loading of an otherwise resonant cavity formation. Therefore a suitable choice for their number and diameter can affect both the precise resonant frequencies for a given antenna element size and arrangement as well as its bandwidth at resonance.
  • other means of short circuiting can be used in terms of strips of metal.
  • the individual patches 11,12 also have a serrated edge, preferably provided on the side opposite to the side that is short circuited, to help in the tuning process where, in a controlled fashion, some teeth 15 can be physically removed up to the point that the frequency operation fits the required frequency bands.
  • FIG 4 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 3 , showing each element 10 having a feeding structure comprising an individual feed pin 16 passing through it.
  • the feed pin 16 originates at the outer patch 11, passes through a hole 17 provided in the inner patch 12 and then out through the base of the radiation element board 2.
  • the feed pins 16 therefore connect each individual element 10 to the circuit board 3.
  • a feed signal may be fed into the element via a cylinder 18 provided in the lower portion of an element 10, with a feed pin 16 passing through the cylinder to connect it to the lower portion of the element and hence inner patch 12, as the feed pin 16 passes up through the hole 17 provided in the inner patch 12 to connect with the outer patch 11.
  • one or two discs 19 may be provided in the upper and lower portions, respectively, of the element 10 that the feed pin 16 passes through, thereby connecting the outer patch 11 and the inner patch 12 to the circuit board 3.
  • Another option is to feed a signal to one or more tuning posts 20 provided at the base of an element 10, at the side of the hole 8 that the feed pin 16 passes through to enter the element 10.
  • Yet another option is to provide a slot 21 in the base of an element 10, the slot 21 being substantially perpendicular to a slot 22 provided in the circuit board 3 that the element is mounted on.
  • electromagnetic radiation 23 propagates up through the element 10 to the inner and outer patches 12, 11.
  • the individual feed pins 16 connect each of the elements 10 to a circuit board 3, which is part of a circular polarization-forming network such as the one shown in Figure 6 .
  • the network combines the input from each of the elements 10 which is rotated 90 degrees from its neighbour, to provide a common output of the antenna 1, preferably via a TNC connector 9 provided on the antenna base 5, as shown in Figure 1 .
  • the antenna 1 can be connected to an external pre-amplifier box (not shown) by means of a short RF quality cable which is ideally, but not essentially, less than 300mm in length.
  • the pre-amplifier can be directly integrated with the structure, preferably with the polarization-forming network board.
  • Low dispersion implementations are always important for ensuring the group delay of the antenna 1 is not compromised.
  • the intimate connection of a suitable network with the radiating element board 2 is important for proper function.
  • the advantages of forming the radiating element board 2 as described above are two-fold. Firstly, it allows a single feed per element 10 yet a good quality RHCP is produced when the elements 10 are fed with signals with a progressive phase sequence; and, secondly, a radiation pattern with significant coverage can result for directions close to the horizon, as shown in Tables 7(a) and 7(b).
  • the good coverage at directions close to the horizon is in addition to the outcome of the precise sequential array arrangement of the elements 10 and the fact that the effective points where radiation is emanating is confined only in the space between adjacent elements 10 and not through both opposite edges for each elements 10 as in conventional GNSS patch antennas.
  • Figures 8(a) and 8(b) which shows the circled area of Figure 8(a) in more detail, show the measured radiation patterns performance in relation to the EUROCAE template for future multi-standard GNSS antennas.
  • These templates on one hand ensure that the antenna is sensitive over a broad angular range in the upper radiation hemisphere and on the other hand the radiation is not stronger than required in order to minimise the susceptibility of the GNSS system to unwanted strong emissions from external interference sources.
  • the present arrangement performs well on both aspects.
  • the antenna 1 is expected to conform to other GNSS system pattern templates in present or evolved forms.
  • the radiating elements 10 of the present invention are required to have a thickness that depends on the desired frequency and bandwidth requirements for an antenna.
  • the elements 10 are required to be of a thickness that cannot be manufactured as a single block by conventional methods. Therefore, two separate blocks are manufactured to provide an upper layer with a patch 11 provided on it and a lower layer with a patch 12 provided on it. These layers can then be fixed together preferably using conductive adhesive, although other suitable conductive joining means could be used, to form a radiating element 10 having the necessary thickness.
  • conductive adhesive it is important that it has substantially the same thermal expansion properties as the radiating element 10 material.
  • the upper layer although having substantially the same width as the lower layer, has a shorter length than the lower layer, thereby providing a step on which a portion of the inner patch 12 can be exposed when the two layers are connected to form the radiating element 10. Furthermore, in addition to having the outer patch 11 printed on its top surface, the upper layer also has a dummy lower patch printed on its underside, which is used to match the upper layer up with the inner patch 12 provided on the lower layer when fixing the two layers together. In this way the short circuit vias forms a continuous low resistance path conductively connecting the upper patch 11, the lower patch 12 and the base plate 2. Similar effects are ensured for the feed via or wires.
  • the elements 10 are arranged on the circuit board 3 with each element 10 being rotated 90 degrees from its neighbour, with all elements 10 being rotated in the same direction.
  • An additional benefit of these gaps is that they allow radiation to escape between the elements 10, rather than only from around the outer edges, and this results in the formation of good radiation patterns.
  • the antenna 1 is fabricated using several multi-layer PCB elements. Since the bandwidth requirement is very large, the PCB is, in this instance, created from three PCBs that are bonded together using a patterned conductive bond film. The PCB is made as one complete block, but with slots machined to separate the four radiating elements and to expose the tuning teeth 15 on the lower patch.
  • An alternative construction approach would be to make the whole element board 2 from a single multi-layer PCB with plated via holes through the entire element board 2. This depends on the capability of the PCB manufacturer and is dependent on factors such as the specific thickness of the PCB and the aspect ratio of the plated via holes.
  • the antenna described herein is designed to operate at GPS band L1 and Galileo bands E5a and E5b. However, a person skilled in the art would understand that simple tuning of the antenna design would allow it to operate at alternative GNSS bands, for example L1/L2 or L1/E6.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
EP08163188A 2008-08-28 2008-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute Patch-Gruppenantenne Withdrawn EP2159878A1 (de)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08163188A EP2159878A1 (de) 2008-08-28 2008-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute Patch-Gruppenantenne
ES09809389.1T ES2644589T3 (es) 2008-08-28 2009-08-28 Agrupación de antenas de parche apiladas
PCT/GB2009/002087 WO2010023454A1 (en) 2008-08-28 2009-08-28 Stacked patch antenna array
EP09809389.1A EP2359433B1 (de) 2008-08-28 2009-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute patch-gruppenantenne

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08163188A EP2159878A1 (de) 2008-08-28 2008-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute Patch-Gruppenantenne

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2159878A1 true EP2159878A1 (de) 2010-03-03

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08163188A Withdrawn EP2159878A1 (de) 2008-08-28 2008-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute Patch-Gruppenantenne
EP09809389.1A Active EP2359433B1 (de) 2008-08-28 2009-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute patch-gruppenantenne

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09809389.1A Active EP2359433B1 (de) 2008-08-28 2009-08-28 Schichtartig aufgebaute patch-gruppenantenne

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (2) EP2159878A1 (de)
ES (1) ES2644589T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2010023454A1 (de)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106597494A (zh) * 2016-12-13 2017-04-26 中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所 一种北斗导航终端双模抗干扰微系统
CN107069215A (zh) * 2017-02-16 2017-08-18 广东顺德中山大学卡内基梅隆大学国际联合研究院 一种全金属外壳的mimo天线
WO2020247558A3 (en) * 2019-06-03 2021-01-14 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Antenna apparatus
US11404784B2 (en) 2018-12-12 2022-08-02 Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy Multi-band antenna and components of multi-band antenna
US11688938B2 (en) 2018-08-30 2023-06-27 Viasat, Inc. Antenna array with independently rotated radiating elements
US20230253709A1 (en) * 2022-01-07 2023-08-10 Analog Devices International Unlimited Company Phased antenna array with perforated and augmented antenna elements

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2014027417A (ja) * 2012-07-25 2014-02-06 Denso Wave Inc アンテナ
KR102469246B1 (ko) * 2016-07-29 2022-11-23 한국전자통신연구원 지반 매립형 안테나
CN110011051A (zh) * 2018-12-27 2019-07-12 瑞声科技(新加坡)有限公司 一种天线及车载装置
EP4113740A4 (de) * 2020-02-26 2024-03-27 Kyocera Corporation Antenne

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EP0270209A2 (de) * 1986-11-29 1988-06-08 Nortel Networks Corporation Zirkular polarisierte Antenne für zwei Frequenzbänder mit halbkugelförmiger Richtcharakteristik
GB2238665A (en) * 1989-11-27 1991-06-05 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd Microstrip antenna
US5245745A (en) * 1990-07-11 1993-09-21 Ball Corporation Method of making a thick-film patch antenna structure
US6697019B1 (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-02-24 Kiryung Electronics Co., Ltd. Low-profile dual-antenna system

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US4835540A (en) * 1985-09-18 1989-05-30 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Microstrip antenna
US6714162B1 (en) * 2002-10-10 2004-03-30 Centurion Wireless Technologies, Inc. Narrow width dual/tri ISM band PIFA for wireless applications
JP4891698B2 (ja) * 2006-08-14 2012-03-07 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ パッチアンテナ

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2552938A1 (fr) * 1983-10-04 1985-04-05 Dassault Electronique Dispositif rayonnant a structure microruban perfectionnee et application a une antenne adaptative
EP0270209A2 (de) * 1986-11-29 1988-06-08 Nortel Networks Corporation Zirkular polarisierte Antenne für zwei Frequenzbänder mit halbkugelförmiger Richtcharakteristik
GB2238665A (en) * 1989-11-27 1991-06-05 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd Microstrip antenna
US5245745A (en) * 1990-07-11 1993-09-21 Ball Corporation Method of making a thick-film patch antenna structure
US6697019B1 (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-02-24 Kiryung Electronics Co., Ltd. Low-profile dual-antenna system

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Title
MACI S ET AL: "DUAL-FREQUENCY PATCH ANTENNAS", IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ, US, vol. 39, no. 6, 1 December 1997 (1997-12-01), pages 13 - 20, XP000727580, ISSN: 1045-9243 *

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106597494A (zh) * 2016-12-13 2017-04-26 中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所 一种北斗导航终端双模抗干扰微系统
CN107069215A (zh) * 2017-02-16 2017-08-18 广东顺德中山大学卡内基梅隆大学国际联合研究院 一种全金属外壳的mimo天线
CN107069215B (zh) * 2017-02-16 2020-03-24 广东顺德中山大学卡内基梅隆大学国际联合研究院 一种全金属外壳的mimo天线
US11688938B2 (en) 2018-08-30 2023-06-27 Viasat, Inc. Antenna array with independently rotated radiating elements
US11404784B2 (en) 2018-12-12 2022-08-02 Nokia Solutions And Networks Oy Multi-band antenna and components of multi-band antenna
WO2020247558A3 (en) * 2019-06-03 2021-01-14 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Antenna apparatus
US11322833B2 (en) 2019-06-03 2022-05-03 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Antenna apparatus having fastener system
US11509048B2 (en) 2019-06-03 2022-11-22 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Antenna apparatus having antenna spacer
US11600915B2 (en) 2019-06-03 2023-03-07 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Antenna apparatus having heat dissipation features
US11652286B2 (en) 2019-06-03 2023-05-16 Space Exploration Technology Corp. Antenna apparatus having adhesive coupling
US11843168B2 (en) 2019-06-03 2023-12-12 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Antenna apparatus having antenna spacer
US20230253709A1 (en) * 2022-01-07 2023-08-10 Analog Devices International Unlimited Company Phased antenna array with perforated and augmented antenna elements

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2359433B1 (de) 2017-09-27
EP2359433A1 (de) 2011-08-24
WO2010023454A1 (en) 2010-03-04
ES2644589T3 (es) 2017-11-29

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