EP2144701B1 - Apparatus and methodology for comminuting materials - Google Patents
Apparatus and methodology for comminuting materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2144701B1 EP2144701B1 EP08733723.4A EP08733723A EP2144701B1 EP 2144701 B1 EP2144701 B1 EP 2144701B1 EP 08733723 A EP08733723 A EP 08733723A EP 2144701 B1 EP2144701 B1 EP 2144701B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- impact
- throwing wheel
- particles
- throwing
- rotor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
- B02C19/0012—Devices for disintegrating materials by collision of these materials against a breaking surface or breaking body and/or by friction between the material particles (also for grain)
- B02C19/0018—Devices for disintegrating materials by collision of these materials against a breaking surface or breaking body and/or by friction between the material particles (also for grain) using a rotor accelerating the materials centrifugally against a circumferential breaking surface
- B02C19/0025—Devices for disintegrating materials by collision of these materials against a breaking surface or breaking body and/or by friction between the material particles (also for grain) using a rotor accelerating the materials centrifugally against a circumferential breaking surface by means of a rotor with radially extending channels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C13/00—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills
- B02C13/14—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices
- B02C13/18—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices with beaters rigidly connected to the rotor
- B02C13/1807—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices with beaters rigidly connected to the rotor the material to be crushed being thrown against an anvil or impact plate
- B02C13/1835—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices with beaters rigidly connected to the rotor the material to be crushed being thrown against an anvil or impact plate by means of beater or impeller elements fixed in between an upper and lower rotor disc
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C13/00—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills
- B02C13/14—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices
- B02C13/18—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices with beaters rigidly connected to the rotor
- B02C13/1807—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices with beaters rigidly connected to the rotor the material to be crushed being thrown against an anvil or impact plate
- B02C2013/1857—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with vertical rotor shaft, e.g. combined with sifting devices with beaters rigidly connected to the rotor the material to be crushed being thrown against an anvil or impact plate rotating coaxially around the rotor shaft
Definitions
- coal excavated from a mine is frequently comminuted to make the particulate size smaller and more uniform to facilitate the coal's transportion and/or to provide consistent combustion in a furnace.
- food stuffs such as wheat
- Rock containing a desirable ore is frequently comminuted to provide easier access to the ore and the metal included in the ore.
- a common way of comminuting material is to collide a particle of the material with an impact surface.
- the collision generates a force on and inside the particle that causes the particle to fracture into two or more smaller pieces.
- the amount of force generated in the collision is directly proportional to the impact speed of the particle.
- the impact speed of the particle is relative to the impact surface at the moment of collision.
- the generated force increases as the impact speed increases.
- the size of the pieces that result from the collision of the particle with the impact surface decreases.
- hammer mills comminute particles of material with a rotating set of hammers having impact surfaces.
- the material is dropped into the mill and fed by gravity to the hammers.
- the hammers smash the particles of the material into smaller pieces and also throw some of the particles and pieces against a side of the mill.
- the impact speed of the particles largely depends on the rotational speed of the hammers.
- the pin mill comminutes particles of material with multiple rings of pins spinning in opposite directions. In operation, the material is dropped into the center of the mill and moves outwardly through the paths of the pins in each ring. As the particles of material move, the pins knock the particles. In a pin mill, the impact speed of the particles largely depends on the speed of the pins moving along the paths.
- Jet mills comminute particles by accelerating the particles with a jet of air and directing the accelerated particles against an impact surface, which may or may not be stationary, or against an opposing jet of particles.
- a jet of air is generated and the particle is then fed into the jet to accelerate it. Once accelerated to a desired speed, the particle is directed toward and collides with the impact surface or another particle of an opposing jet.
- the impact speed of a particle when the impact surface is stationary, the impact speed of a particle largely depends on the speed of the particle, and when the impact surface moves, or an opposing jet of particles is used, the impact speed of a particle largely depends on the combined speed of the particle and the impact surface or particle of the opposing jet.
- the aforementioned comminuting devices are energy intensive which can be related to a given particulate size.
- Hammer mills and pin mills typically generate a maximum impact speed of about 350 ft/sec and about 550 ft/sec respectively.
- a significant reduction in a material's particulate size typically requires the material to be run through these mills more than once.
- the amount of energy consumed during the comminuting process includes the amount of energy required to operate these mills during multiple runs.
- the hammers and pins would have to rotate/move faster than their conventional structures will allow without sustaining substantial wear or catastrophic failure.
- jet mills can generate higher impact speeds than hammer and pin mills, the amount of energy jet mills consume can also be significant because they generate a jet of air to accelerate a particle, which typically requires a substantial amount of energy.
- the known throwing wheels can suffer from inefficiencies in moving the particle to the wheel's periphery.
- the harsh environment results in rapid erosion of components and as a result, and inherent in the dynamics of comminuting apparatus, imposes great challenges in maintaining integrity of the components and in driving and rotationally supporting such components. Erosion of components is inevitable and ease of access to the throwing wheel and related equipment is desirable.
- the present invention provides a throwing wheel as set out in claim 1.
- an improved comminuting apparatus comprises a throwing wheel having improved construction and material flow characteristics.
- An improved wheel enables use of particularly wear-resistant components only where required.
- Generally radially extending flow channels through the throwing wheel can be configured to minimize energy loss for maximum acceleration of the materials. The channels can converge towards the particle exits for minimizing eddies and the like.
- the comminuting apparatus further comprises a housing which is readily accessible for maintenance.
- the housing comprises a two-part housing which is reversibly separable for accessing the comminuting chamber, throwing wheel and impact rotor within.
- a throwing wheel for accelerating and discharging particles for impact against impact surfaces of a particle fragmenting device comprises: a body having a central inlet port along an axis of the body and a periphery having a plurality of particle exits, the port being adapted for receiving particles; and a plurality of channels within the body extending generally radially from the central inlet port to the plurality of particle exits, each channel having a top wall, a bottom wall, and side walls, wherein the side walls of each channel preferably converge towards the particle exits at the periphery.
- the body can comprises an assembly of replaceable generally pie-shaped inserts for forming the channels sandwiched between a top and a bottom plate. The inserts can be supported by bosses extending from one of the top of bottom plates and into cavities in the inserts.
- a fragmenting apparatus comprises the throwing wheel coupled with an impact wheel. More preferably, the throwing wheel and impact rotor are operable within a housing.
- the housing can comprise an upper housing for rotatably supporting one of the throwing wheel or impact rotor; and a lower housing for rotatably supporting the other of one of the impact rotor or throwing wheel, the upper and lower housings being separable at about the throwing wheel for access to the throwing wheel and impact rotor.
- the upper housing is supported and the lower housing can be actuated between a closed position wherein the throwing wheel and impact rotor are axially coupled for aligning the particle trajectory with the impact surface, and an open position wherein the throwing wheel and impact rotor are axially decoupled for access to each throwing wheel and impact rotor in dependently.
- the above apparatus enables practicing a methodology for fragmenting particles comprising: rotating a throwing body about a substantially vertical axis, the throwing body having a central inlet at a top of the body at the axis and a plurality of channels within the body and extending generally radially from the central inlet port for forming a plurality of flow paths to a plurality of particle exits at a periphery of the body, each channel having a top wall, a bottom wall, and side walls; introducing particles to be fragmented through the central inlet for accelerating the particles through the channels; converging the flow path as the particles flow from the central inlet to the particle exits for favoring streamline flow of particles between the side walls; discharging the particles from the particle exits; and impacting the discharging particles against impact surfaces arranged about the periphery of the throwing body.
- the impacting of the discharging particles against impact surfaces further comprises rotating an impact rotor co-axially with the throwing body, the impact rotor supporting a plurality of impact surfaces arranged concentrically about the periphery of the throwing body thereon and wherein the impact rotor is counter-rotated relative to the throwing body.
- Fig. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of Applicant's prior art comminuting device 20. This embodiment, and exemplary variations therefrom and shown in Figs. 2 - 9 , are detailed in Applicant's US Patent 7,207,513 . Applicant's prior art Figs. 1 - 9 and portions of the specification of US Patent 7,207,513 are reproduced herein to assist the reader.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 20 includes a throwing wheel 22 to accelerate particles of material (omitted for clarity of the apparatus) toward an impact speed, and toward an impact rotor 24 that includes an impact surface 26 (see also Fig. 3 ) to fragment particles that collide with the impact surface 26 after exiting the throwing wheel 22.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 20 also includes an impact motor 28 to rotate the impact rotor 24 about a rotor axis 30 and a throwing motor 32 to rotate the throwing wheel 22 about a wheel axis 34 in a direction opposite to the rotation of the impact rotor 24.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 20 includes an inlet hopper 36 to receive particles of material, a conduit 38 to direct the particles of material from the hopper 36 to the throwing wheel 22, and an outlet hopper 40 to collect processed material.
- the impact speed of the particles become a combination of the particles' speed and the impact surface's speed. If, at the moment of collision, the trajectory of the particle is aligned but opposite in direction to the trajectory of the impact surface 26, then the particle's impact speed will be the sum of the particle's speed and the impact surface's speed.
- the comminuting device 20 can generate impact speeds exceeding those generated by conventional comminuting devices. This increase in impact speed combined with an orientation of the impact surface 26 that aligns the direction of the impact surface 26 with the trajectory of the particles increases the force generated on and in the particles at the moment of collision. Consequently, particles of the material may be fragmented into smaller pieces after one run through the comminuting device 20, which allows the comminuting device 20 to comminute material more efficiently.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 20 uses tangential and centrifugal force to accelerate particles of material toward an impact speed.
- Fig. 2A is a larger view of the cross-sectional view in Fig. 1 of the throwing wheel 22 and the impact rotor 24 incorporated in the comminuting device 20.
- material is poured in the hopper 36 and flows through the conduit 38 to a hub 42 of the throwing wheel 22.
- the conduit 38 may include a valve (not shown) to allow one to control the flow rate of the material to the throwing wheel 22.
- the rotation of the throwing wheel 22 exerts a tangential force on the particles and generates centrifugal force in each particle that propels each particle radially away from the hub 42 toward an exit of the throwing wheel 22.
- the tangential and centrifugal forces accelerate the particles toward an impact speed.
- each particle Upon exiting the throwing wheel 22, each particle continues to move on a trajectory and then collides with an impact surface 26 of the impact rotor 24 that is moving toward the particles. After colliding with the impact surface 26, the particles and/or fragments of the particles may collide with other portions of the impact rotor 24 and/or throwing wheel 22 eventually fall downward into the hopper 40.
- the throwing wheel 22 and the impact rotor 24 are mounted in the comminuting device 20 such that the wheel axis 34 and the rotor axis 30 are aligned or substantially aligned.
- the throwing wheel 22 is mounted to the throwing motor 32, and the impact rotor 24 is mounted to the impact motor 28.
- the motors 32 and 28, for example electric motors, are designed to power their respective throwing wheel 22 and impact rotor 24 at a desired rotational speed for a given material flow rate through the comminuting device 20.
- the hub 42 of the throwing wheel 22 receives particles of material through a central port hole 43 in the impact rotor 24 via the conduit 38.
- the throwing wheel 22 comprises a plurality of channels 44 to direct the particles of material from the hub 42 toward a periphery of the wheel 22.
- the particles accelerate toward an impact speed and exit through wheel exits 46.
- the use of centrifugal force to accelerate each particle toward an impact speed is less than the amount of energy frequently required by conventional comminuting devices.
- the impact rotor 24 comprises a rotor hub 48 having hole 43 that allows the particles of material to enter the throwing wheel's hub 42 from the conduit 38. Further, impact rotor 24 includes an impact surface 26 about a rotor periphery 50. When the impact rotor 24 rotates about the rotor axis 30, the impact surface 26 revolves around the throwing wheel 22 in a concentric and contra-rotating circular path. Thus, after a particle leaves the throwing wheel 22 through the exit 46, the particle and the impact surface 26 collide to fragment the particle into smaller pieces.
- the throwing wheel 22 accelerates particles of material toward an impact speed and throws the particles from an exit 46 on a trajectory away from the wheel 22.
- the throwing wheel 22 is designed to throw the particles on a trajectory that is aligned with or is as closely aligned as possible with the direction of the impact surface 26 ( Figs. 1 and 2 ) at the moment of collision.
- the trajectory of the particle includes a first directional component that is tangent to the periphery 54 and at least a second directional component that is radial to the hub 42.
- the magnitude of each of these directional components depends on the velocity and acceleration of the particle as the particle leaves the wheel 22.
- the throwing wheel 22 includes channels 44 that extend substantially radially from the hub 42 toward the periphery 54 in a straight or substantially straight direction and intersect the periphery 54 at about 90 degrees to a tangent.
- Alternate embodiments of the throwing wheel include angled channels 58 which are angled slightly off of a radial, either lagging ( Fig. 4A ) or leading ( Fig. 4B ).
- An example of other embodiments includes arcuate channels 70 of arcuate shape ( Fig. 4C ).
- Figs. 6A and 6B are views of an impact rotor 88, according to another embodiment of Applicant's prior art device.
- Fig. 6A is a perspective view of another impact rotor 88
- Fig. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the impact rotor 88.
- the impact rotor 88 is similar to the impact rotor 24 of Fig. 5 except the impact surfaces 90 are angularly positioned such that ⁇ (Alpha) is greater than 0°, and a particle of material can not pass between adjacent impact teeth 92.
- Angularly positioning each impact surface 90 greater than 0° relative to the rotor axis 30 and preventing a particle of material from passing between adjacent impact teeth 92 may be desirable to decrease the number of collisions a particle may have with one or more impact surfaces 90.
- each impact surface 90 may be angularly positioned such that ⁇ is greater than 0° but canted opposite to the direction shown in Figs. 6A and 6B . This may be desirable to increase the number of collisions a particle may have with one or more impact surfaces 90.
- Figs. 7A and 7B are views of an impact rotor 94 according to yet another embodiment of Applicant's prior art device.
- Fig. 7A is a perspective view of the impact rotor 94
- Fig. 7B is a side view of the impact rotor 94.
- the impact rotor 94 is similar to the impact rotor 24 of Fig. 5 except the impact teeth 96 extend from the body 98 in the same direction as each tooth's respective radius 100. This may be desirable when the impact rotor 94 and throwing wheel 24 ( Fig. 3 ) are not concentric during operation.
- Each impact plate 102 is mounted on a respective one of the impact teeth 96 by inserting the curved end 104 into a groove 106 and applying adhesive to hold the impact plate 102 to the respective impact tooth 96 in the direction along the rotor axis 108.
- the impact plate 102 may be mounted such that its impact surface 110 may be facing away from the rotor axis 108 or toward the rotor axis 108, as desired.
- Figs. 8 and 9 are views of another embodiment of Applicant's prior art comminuting device 112.
- Fig. 8 is a side view of the prior art comminuting device 112
- Fig. 9 is a top view of the prior art comminuting device 112.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 112 can efficiently generate impact speeds around 950 ft/sec.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 112 includes an impact rotor 114 that is cylindrical and has impact surfaces 116 to collide with and fracture particles of material, and two particle accelerators 118 to accelerate the particles of material and direct them toward the impact rotor 114.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 112 comminutes particles of material by first accelerating the particles with one of the accelerators 118 to an approximate speed of 200-300 ft/sec. Then, the particles are directed toward the impact rotor 114 that rotates to move the impact surfaces 116 at a speed 650 ft/sec or greater toward the particles leaving the accelerators 118.
- Applicant's prior art comminuting device 112 can generate impact speeds of approximately 850 ft/sec or greater.
- the particle accelerator 118 includes a throwing wheel 120 (shown in Fig. 9 and omitted from Fig. 8 for clarity) having an outer diameter 122 (shown in Fig. 8 and omitted from Fig. 9 for clarity) and blades 124 (shown in Fig. 9 and omitted from Fig. 8 for clarity) that rotate about an axis 126 to accelerate particles of material toward an impact speed, and a motor 128 to rotate the throwing wheel 120.
- the accelerator 118 also includes a hopper 130 to receive particles of material and feed them to an inlet 132 that is located at the axis 126, and an outlet 134 to direct the particles of material toward the impact rotor 114.
- the accelerator 118 may be designed to accelerate particles to any desired exit speed.
- the exit speed may be substantially determined by multiplying the rotational speed of the throwing wheel 120 times the distance of the particle from the axis 126 (half of the outer diameter 122).
- the exit speed may be increased by increasing the throwing wheel's outer diameter 122 and/or rotational speed, and may be decreased by decreasing the throwing wheel's outer diameter 122 and/or rotational speed.
- the accelerator 118 receives particles of material through the hopper 130, which directs the particles toward the inlet 132. Once in the inlet 132, the particles move away from the axis 126 and are picked up and accelerated by a blade 124 of the rotating throwing wheel 120. As the particles' speed increases, centrifugal force moves the particles toward the outer diameter 122 and through progressive regions of the blade 124 whose respective speed increases. Thus, as the particles continue to move toward the outer diameter 122, the blade 124 continues to accelerate the particles toward an impact speed. Then, the outlet 120 receives and directs the particles toward the impact rotor 114.
- the impact rotor 114 includes impact surfaces 116 to collide with and fracture the particles of material that have been accelerated by the particle accelerator 118.
- a motor 134 (shown in Fig. 9 but omitted in Fig. 8 for clarity) rotates the impact rotor 114 about an axis 136 (shown in Fig. 8 and omitted in Fig. 9 for clarity).
- a belt 138 couples the motor 134 with the impact rotor 114 to transmit the output power of the motor 134 to the impact rotor 114.
- the throwing wheel imparts the initial energy to the particles. It is advantageous both to provide a design which maximizes the energy imparted and retains that design as long as possible despite the erosive environment. Components will wear out and it is advantageous to replace them in an expeditious manner.
- FIG. 10-20 further embodiments of the invention are presented which improve one or more of comminution efficiency, endurance and maintainability.
- an improved comminuting apparatus 200 includes another embodiment of a throwing wheel 202 having improved construction and material flow characteristics.
- the throwing wheel 202 enables use of particularly wear-resistant components only where required.
- Flow channels 204 through the throwing wheel 202 are provided which minimize energy loss for maximum acceleration of the materials.
- the throwing wheel 202 is rotatably driven with a drive shaft and motor arrangement 206.
- the arrangement 206 is secured to the throwing wheel 202 with an erosion-avoidant arrangement.
- An impact rotor 208 is similarly rotatably driven with a drive shaft and motor arrangement 210 which is secured to the impact rotor 208 with an erosion-avoidant arrangement.
- the impact rotor 208 is contra-rotating to the throwing wheel 202.
- a first motor is directly coupled to the impact rotor and operable to power the impact rotor and a second motor directly coupled to the throwing wheel and operable to power the throwing wheel.
- the comminuting apparatus further comprises an embodiment of a housing 212 which is readily accessible for maintenance, particularly the throwing wheel 202 and impact rotor 208.
- the housing 212 comprises an upper housing 213 and a lower housing 214 which are reversibly and axially separable for accessing a comminuting chamber 215 and for accessing the throwing wheel 202 and impact rotor 208 operable within the chamber 215.
- the upper housing 213 is supported in space by stands 216.
- the lower housing 214 is suspended from the upper housing 213 by actuators 218.
- Actuators 218 are operated for raising and lowering the lower housing 214 relative to the upper housing 213 between a raised operating position ( Fig. 10 ) and a lowered maintenance position ( Fig. 12 ) for enabling access to the throwing wheel 202 and impact rotor 208.
- the upper and lower housings 213,214 seal at an interface 220 in the raised operating position and position the throwing wheel 202 and impact rotor 208 in co-axial operably-spaced arrangement.
- the impact rotor 208 and throwing wheel 202 rotate about a substantially and concentric, vertical axis A.
- the impact rotor 208 is arranged co-axially above the throwing wheel 202.
- particulate materials M or particles to be comminuted pass through the axis A of the impact rotor 208 to access the throwing wheel 202.
- the particles M can fall along the axis A of the throwing wheel directly. Terms such as bottom and top are used herein in the illustrated context of the impact rotor 208 arranged over the throwing wheel 202.
- the impact rotor 208 and throwing wheel 202 is an assembly of a body 222 and a plurality of impact teeth 223 spaced about the periphery of the body 222 and extending axially therefrom.
- the throwing wheel 202 can be an assembly of a bottom plate 212, a top plate 213 and a plurality of inserts 226 sandwiched therebetween.
- the inserts 226 determine the configuration of the channels 204 formed therebetween. As discussed later the inserts can be pie-shaped for forming channels 204 of substantially parallel side walls.
- the plurality of channels 204 extend from a central inlet 227 to a plurality of particle exits 229.
- An apex 228 of each insert 226 is oriented generally radially inwardly towards the axis A.
- impact rotor 208 shown above the throwing wheel 202 comprises a plurality of teeth 223 extending downwardly therefrom and mechanically fastened to body 222 for ease of replacement.
- a central hole 230 in the body 222 passes particles M to the throwing wheel 202 co- axially arranged therebelow.
- Each tooth 223 is a triangular form, providing one or more impact surfaces 231 which can be oriented for optimal impact with particles thrown from the throwing wheel 202.
- Each tooth 223 can be secured with a single fastener 215 enabling rotation positioning of the impact surfaces 231.
- the throwing wheel 202 is a sandwiched assembly 225,226,224 for ease of replacing wear components.
- the inserts 226 are spaced circumferentially about the wheel 202 and spaced from one another for forming energy imparting side walls of the generally radially extending channels 204. As described in Applicant's co-pending application, a variety of channel configurations are contemplated. A further configuration is described herein.
- the bottom plate 224 comprises a mounting means for securing the inserts 226 in a position for forming the channels 204.
- the mounting means comprise a plurality of axially extending bosses 240 which form mounting and positioning structure for the inserts 226 (see Fig. 15E ).
- Each boss 240 corresponds to a cavity or socket 241 formed in each insert 226.
- the bosses 240 extend axially from at least one of the top or bottom plates 225,224.
- the bosses 240 can be formed integrally with the bottom plate 224 or otherwise secured thereto.
- the bosses 240 need not be designed for wear-resistance as each insert 226 encapsulates the boss 221.
- Each insert 226 has a leading side wall 250 and a lagging side wall 251. Between the leading side wall 250 and lagging side wall 251 of adjacent inserts is formed each channel 204.
- the bottom plate 224 and top plate 225 form the bottom and top of the channel 204 respectively.
- particles M can enter the throwing wheel 202 through the central inlet port 227 formed in the top plate 225.
- the leading and lagging side walls 250,251 can be parallel or non-parallel.
- the channels 204 guide the particles M and urge them along a vector including a tangential component, applying significant wear on the side walls 250,251 of the channels 204.
- Implementation of this arrangement of replaceable inserts 226 enables selection of differing, greater wear-resistant materials for the side walls 250,251 than those used for the top and bottom plates 225,224.
- each insert 226 has cavities or sockets 241, each of which corresponds in shape to each boss 240.
- a plurality of inserts 226 are shown in Fig. 15E arranged for superpositioning their respective sockets 241 over each insert's corresponding boss 240, a subset of the fourteen illustrated inserts 226 being shown installed over a respective subset of bosses 240 of Fig. 15F .
- one form of corresponding boss 240 and socket 241 include a pie or triangular shape which both orients each triangular insert 226 and fixes its position in the throwing wheel 202.
- the apex 228 of each pie-shaped insert 226 is oriented generally radially inwardly towards the central inlet port 227.
- Other boss 240 and socket 241 combinations are contemplated within the scope of this application.
- FIG. 16 an assembled impact rotor 208 is shown poised over an exploded-view of the throwing wheel 202 and demonstrating installation of inserts 226 to bosses 240 for assembly of the throwing wheel 202.
- FIG. 15E one can see the inserts 226 right of the illustrated centerline have been fit to the rightmost bosses 240 and the remaining inserts 226 left of the centerline are ready for fitting to the remaining bosses 240.
- Means for fastening the sandwiched assembly are contemplated, including pairs of counter-sunk base holes 243 through the bottom plate 224 at each boss 240 for fasteners to secure to top holes 244 in the top plate 225, the fasteners being omitted from the view.
- the top plate 225 is secured to the bottom plate 224 using fasteners which extend through the bosses 240 and inserts 226, securely mounting the inserts 226 against the inertial forces generated while rotating and accelerating particles.
- the material properties of the insert 226 can be selected dependent upon the particles being processed including metallic alloys, hardfaced materials and ceramics.
- the materials choices for the top plate 225, bottom plate 224 and bosses 240 are less subject to erosion and can be based more so upon mechanical assembly principles and need not be restricted to wear-resistance.
- the side walls 250,251 of the inserts 226 direct and accelerate the particles in a curved radial path in global coordinates and thus are subjected to maximal forces and erosion as they impart acceleration forces in redirecting the particles M.
- the bottom and top of the channels 204 are not directly involved in redirecting particles except to the extent that they constrain gravity, random movement and some circulation. Accordingly, adaptation of the materials or surface of the top and bottom plates for wear resistance can less critical.
- the impact surfaces 231 of the impact rotor 208 are also designed for, and subjected to, near instantaneous deceleration of the particles thrown from the wheel 202 and thus are also subject to extreme erosive forces.
- the teeth 223 themselves can form the impact surface 231 and accordingly be formed of wear-resistant materials or, as described in Applicant's US Patent 7,207,513 , separate wear-resistance impact surfaces 231 can be fit to each tooth 223.
- a substantially planer surface 245 on the bottom plate 224 has been employed successfully. This is an area which could be protected by an anti-wear treatment. In embodiments having the throwing wheel mounted to the drive through the bottom plate 224, the planer surface 245 is not penetrated by any mounting hardware and the planer surface 245 can be fit with ceramics or elastomeric materials without compromising the integrity of either the wear surface or the throwing wheel.
- the channels 204, the impact surface 231 and to a lesser extent the central port 227 in the wheel 202 are not the only components subject to wear.
- a circulation of comminuted particles adjacent the impact rotor at the impact surfaces 231, and between the generally planer contra-rotating surfaces of the impact rotor 208 and the throwing wheel 202 is also a known erosive factor.
- planer surface are not subjected to the same energy of impact and other anti-wear solutions are available, in structure and in material choices.
- an area of consideration for protection is the planer underside 261 of the impact rotor 208 which faces a top surface 262 of the top plate 225. There is necessarily a gap 263 therebetween for enabling contra-rotation of the components.
- This gap 263 is not a processing path for comminuting particles however, due to the inherent distribution of comminuted dust throughout the housing 212, some particles circulate into and out of the his gap 263, causing wear.
- the exposed surfaces in the gap 263 are not energy transferring surfaces, such as the hard materials of the inserts 226 and impact surfaces 231, one can install wear-resistant, resilient, elastomeric materials such as urethane to one or the other of the impact rotor or the throwing wheel facing the gap 263.
- wear has been more predominant on the underside 261 of the impact rotor 208.
- the gap 263 extends radially to a peripheral interface between the throwing wheel 202 and the impact teeth 231, is formed an annular impact area 270.
- the underside 261 is also subject to wear and is preferably also coated with a protective layer 265.
- the life of the impact rotor 208 can be extended by mounting the impact teeth 231 on an optional annular ring 271 which is easily replaced when worn.
- Figs. 17 and 18 illustrate particle velocity results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis.
- the reference for the velocity vectors is relative to the throwing wheel.
- the velocity vectors are those viewed from the throwing wheel as it rotates.
- FIG. 18 where side by side inserts 226,226 form a parallel; wall channel 204p therebetween,
- the flow mechanics can result in eddies E, illustrating some areas of substantially stationary particles, which result in a loss of some of the energy capable of being imparted to the particles.
- the side by side inserts 226,226 form a converging wall channel 204c therebetween.
- the particles in the converging channel 204c achieve near or substantially streamline flow.
- Modeling programs such as ANSYS® can be used to ascertain the proper convergence for optimal flow characteristics to avoid eddies.
- a suitable convergence is as shown in Fig. 15F , the angle of each insert's side wall 250,251 to a radial from the axis A of the throwing wheel 202 being about 5° or an included angle of about 9 - 10° between the side walls 250,251 of adjacent inserts 226,226.
- the modeling was based upon particles diameters 3mm, wheel rotational speed of 3,000 RPM and channel dimensions of 25mm x 15mm.
- One approach to determination of channel convergence is to reduce the cross-section area as the flow accelerates to minimize flow separation and eddy currents.
- Another approach is to establish the convergence angle based upon achieving a channel exit cross section area times the radius of the approximately equal to the channel inlet cross section area times the inlet radius.
- the throwing wheel 202 is rotated about the substantially vertical axis A. Particles to be fragmented through the central inlet 227 for accelerating the particles through the channels 204. The particles accelerated generally radially along a converging flow path in the channels 204 as the particles flow from the central inlet 227 to the particle exits for favoring streamline flow of particles between the side walls 250,251. The particles discharge from the particle exits 229 and impact against impact surfaces 231 arranged about the periphery of the throwing wheel 202.
- the impact rotor 208 is rotated co-axial with the throwing wheel 202 and the impact rotor 208 is counter-rotated relative to the throwing wheel 202.
- FIG. 20 Another embodiment of the invention concerns product and dust management.
- the housing 212 is fit with atmospheric flow controls for minimizing re-entrainment of product and dusts into the area about the throwing wheel 202 and impact rotor 208.
- the upper housing 213 is fit with a tubular skirt 300 extending axially downward into close proximity with the wheel/rotor assembly 301 of the comminuting apparatus 200.
- lower housing 214 is fit with a tubular skirt 302 extending axially upward into close proximity with the wheel/rotor assembly 301.
- exclusion chambers 303 which can be swept with a flow of clean gas such as air.
- Air fittings 304 can direct air into the exclusion chambers 303,303 for flow out of the chambers adjacent the wheel/rotor assembly 301 for excluding particular material therefrom.
- Dust extraction from the comminuting chamber 215 can be through dust ports 305.
- Comminuted material product exits the comminuting chamber 215 via a lower exit 306.
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Description
- Many different types of material are comminuted for reducing the size of the particulates forms of the material. For example, coal excavated from a mine is frequently comminuted to make the particulate size smaller and more uniform to facilitate the coal's transportion and/or to provide consistent combustion in a furnace. In another example, food stuffs, such as wheat, are frequently comminuted to produce flour. Rock containing a desirable ore is frequently comminuted to provide easier access to the ore and the metal included in the ore.
- A common way of comminuting material is to collide a particle of the material with an impact surface. The collision generates a force on and inside the particle that causes the particle to fracture into two or more smaller pieces. The amount of force generated in the collision is directly proportional to the impact speed of the particle. The impact speed of the particle is relative to the impact surface at the moment of collision. The generated force increases as the impact speed increases. As the force applied to the particle increases, the size of the pieces that result from the collision of the particle with the impact surface decreases.
- There are many different comminuting devices that collide a particle of material with an impact surface. For example, hammer mills comminute particles of material with a rotating set of hammers having impact surfaces. In operation, the material is dropped into the mill and fed by gravity to the hammers. The hammers smash the particles of the material into smaller pieces and also throw some of the particles and pieces against a side of the mill. In a hammer mill the impact speed of the particles largely depends on the rotational speed of the hammers.
- Another type of comminuting device is a pin mill. The pin mill comminutes particles of material with multiple rings of pins spinning in opposite directions. In operation, the material is dropped into the center of the mill and moves outwardly through the paths of the pins in each ring. As the particles of material move, the pins knock the particles. In a pin mill, the impact speed of the particles largely depends on the speed of the pins moving along the paths.
- Another type of comminuting device is a jet mill. Jet mills comminute particles by accelerating the particles with a jet of air and directing the accelerated particles against an impact surface, which may or may not be stationary, or against an opposing jet of particles. In operation, a jet of air is generated and the particle is then fed into the jet to accelerate it. Once accelerated to a desired speed, the particle is directed toward and collides with the impact surface or another particle of an opposing jet. In a jet mill, when the impact surface is stationary, the impact speed of a particle largely depends on the speed of the particle, and when the impact surface moves, or an opposing jet of particles is used, the impact speed of a particle largely depends on the combined speed of the particle and the impact surface or particle of the opposing jet.
- The aforementioned comminuting devices are energy intensive which can be related to a given particulate size. Hammer mills and pin mills typically generate a maximum impact speed of about 350 ft/sec and about 550 ft/sec respectively. A significant reduction in a material's particulate size typically requires the material to be run through these mills more than once. Thus, the amount of energy consumed during the comminuting process includes the amount of energy required to operate these mills during multiple runs. Furthermore, to generate impact speeds greater than about 550 ft/sec, the hammers and pins would have to rotate/move faster than their conventional structures will allow without sustaining substantial wear or catastrophic failure. Although jet mills can generate higher impact speeds than hammer and pin mills, the amount of energy jet mills consume can also be significant because they generate a jet of air to accelerate a particle, which typically requires a substantial amount of energy.
- As shown in French patent application published as
FR 2538718A1 to Vannier DE 576895 to Meffert , the target is a ribbed funnel ring counter-rotating with respect to the rotating throwing wheel. - The known throwing wheels can suffer from inefficiencies in moving the particle to the wheel's periphery. The harsh environment results in rapid erosion of components and as a result, and inherent in the dynamics of comminuting apparatus, imposes great challenges in maintaining integrity of the components and in driving and rotationally supporting such components. Erosion of components is inevitable and ease of access to the throwing wheel and related equipment is desirable.
-
GB1491374 - In one aspect, the present invention provides a throwing wheel as set out in
claim 1. - In another aspect there is provided an apparatus for fragmenting particles as set out in claim 9, wherein the apparatus incorporates the throwing wheel of
claim 1. - In another aspect there is provided a method for fragmenting particles as set out claim 13.
- In some of the described embodiments, an improved comminuting apparatus comprises a throwing wheel having improved construction and material flow characteristics. An improved wheel enables use of particularly wear-resistant components only where required. Generally radially extending flow channels through the throwing wheel can be configured to minimize energy loss for maximum acceleration of the materials. The channels can converge towards the particle exits for minimizing eddies and the like.
- Further, in other embodiments, the comminuting apparatus further comprises a housing which is readily accessible for maintenance. The housing comprises a two-part housing which is reversibly separable for accessing the comminuting chamber, throwing wheel and impact rotor within.
- In one broad aspect, a throwing wheel for accelerating and discharging particles for impact against impact surfaces of a particle fragmenting device comprises: a body having a central inlet port along an axis of the body and a periphery having a plurality of particle exits, the port being adapted for receiving particles; and a plurality of channels within the body extending generally radially from the central inlet port to the plurality of particle exits, each channel having a top wall, a bottom wall, and side walls, wherein the side walls of each channel preferably converge towards the particle exits at the periphery. Preferably the body can comprises an assembly of replaceable generally pie-shaped inserts for forming the channels sandwiched between a top and a bottom plate. The inserts can be supported by bosses extending from one of the top of bottom plates and into cavities in the inserts.
- In another aspect, a fragmenting apparatus comprises the throwing wheel coupled with an impact wheel. More preferably, the throwing wheel and impact rotor are operable within a housing. The housing can comprise an upper housing for rotatably supporting one of the throwing wheel or impact rotor; and a lower housing for rotatably supporting the other of one of the impact rotor or throwing wheel, the upper and lower housings being separable at about the throwing wheel for access to the throwing wheel and impact rotor. Preferably the upper housing is supported and the lower housing can be actuated between a closed position wherein the throwing wheel and impact rotor are axially coupled for aligning the particle trajectory with the impact surface, and an open position wherein the throwing wheel and impact rotor are axially decoupled for access to each throwing wheel and impact rotor in dependently.
- The above apparatus enables practicing a methodology for fragmenting particles comprising: rotating a throwing body about a substantially vertical axis, the throwing body having a central inlet at a top of the body at the axis and a plurality of channels within the body and extending generally radially from the central inlet port for forming a plurality of flow paths to a plurality of particle exits at a periphery of the body, each channel having a top wall, a bottom wall, and side walls; introducing particles to be fragmented through the central inlet for accelerating the particles through the channels; converging the flow path as the particles flow from the central inlet to the particle exits for favoring streamline flow of particles between the side walls; discharging the particles from the particle exits; and impacting the discharging particles against impact surfaces arranged about the periphery of the throwing body. Preferably, the impacting of the discharging particles against impact surfaces further comprises rotating an impact rotor co-axially with the throwing body, the impact rotor supporting a plurality of impact surfaces arranged concentrically about the periphery of the throwing body thereon and wherein the impact rotor is counter-rotated relative to the throwing body.
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Figures 1-9 illustrate the prior art as described and claimed in Applicant's relatedUS Patent 7,207,513 , more particularly -
Figure 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the prior art comminuting device; -
Figure 2A is a larger view of the cross-sectional view inFig. 1 of a throwing wheel and impact rotor incorporated in the prior art comminuting device; -
Figure 2B is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the prior art comminuting device that incorporates a throwing wheel and two impact rotors; -
Figure 3 is a perspective view of the throwing wheel inFigs. 1 ,2A and 2B ; -
Figure 4A is a perspective view of a throwing wheel, of the prior art comminuting device;Figure 4B is a perspective view of another embodiment of a throwing wheel, of the prior art comminuting device; -
Figure 4C is a perspective view of another embodiment of a throwing wheel, of the prior art comminuting device; -
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the impact rotor inFigs. 1 and2A ; -
Figure 6A is a perspective view of another embodiment of an impact rotor, of the prior art comminuting device; -
Figure 6B is a cross-sectional view of the impact rotor inFig. 6A ; -
Figure 7A is a perspective view of another embodiment of an impact rotor, of the prior art comminuting device; -
Figure 7B is a side view of the impact rotor inFig. 7A . -
Figure 8 is a side view of an embodiment of the prior art comminuting device; and -
Figure 9 is a top view of the comminuting device inFig. 8 ; -
Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view of a comminuting device or apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 11 is a top view of the comminuting device according toFig. 10 ; -
Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view of the comminuting device ofFig. 10 illustrated in an open state for accessing the throwing wheel and impact rotor according an embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 13 is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a throwing wheel axially coupled with an embodiment of an impact rotor; -
Figures 14A and 14B are side cross-sectional and underside views of an embodiment of the impact rotor ofFig. 13 ; -
Figures 15A through 16 illustrate an embodiment of the throwing wheel ofFig. 13 . More particularly, -
Figs. 15A and 15B are side cross-sectional and underside views respectively of a top plate for an embodiment of the throwing wheel; -
Figs. 15C and 15D are top and side cross-sectional views respectively of the structure of a bottom plate for the throwing wheel; -
Fig. 15E illustrates a top view of the plurality of elements for installation to the bottom plate ofFig. 15F for the throwing wheel ofFig. 13 ; -
Fig. 15F illustrates a top view of the bottom plate ofFig. 13 , with ½ of the plurality of elements ofFig. 15E for installation to the rightmost illustrated bosses; -
Fig. 16 is a side cross-sectional view of the impact rotor poised axially over a partially exploded view of the throwing wheel comprising the top plate, the leftmost one half of the elements shown before installation to the bottom plate, and the rightmost one half of the elements installed to the bottom plate; -
Figure 17 illustrates particle velocity results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis illustrating the effect of a narrowing channel between elements of the throwing wheel according to one embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 18 illustrates particle velocity results of CFD analysis illustrating the effect of a parallel channel between elements of the throwing wheel according to another embodiment of the invention; -
Figure 19 is a side cross-sectional view of the throwing wheel ofFig. 13 ; and -
Figure 20 is a cross-sectional view of a comminuting device according toFig. 10 . -
Fig. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of Applicant's priorart comminuting device 20. This embodiment, and exemplary variations therefrom and shown inFigs. 2 - 9 , are detailed in Applicant'sUS Patent 7,207,513 . Applicant's prior artFigs. 1 - 9 and portions of the specification ofUS Patent 7,207,513 are reproduced herein to assist the reader. - As shown in
Fig. 1 , Applicant's priorart comminuting device 20 includes athrowing wheel 22 to accelerate particles of material (omitted for clarity of the apparatus) toward an impact speed, and toward animpact rotor 24 that includes an impact surface 26 (see alsoFig. 3 ) to fragment particles that collide with theimpact surface 26 after exiting thethrowing wheel 22. Applicant's priorart comminuting device 20 also includes animpact motor 28 to rotate theimpact rotor 24 about arotor axis 30 and a throwingmotor 32 to rotate thethrowing wheel 22 about awheel axis 34 in a direction opposite to the rotation of theimpact rotor 24. In addition, Applicant's priorart comminuting device 20 includes aninlet hopper 36 to receive particles of material, aconduit 38 to direct the particles of material from thehopper 36 to thethrowing wheel 22, and anoutlet hopper 40 to collect processed material. - By rotating the
throwing wheel 22 and theimpact rotor 208 in opposite directions, the impact speed of the particles become a combination of the particles' speed and the impact surface's speed. If, at the moment of collision, the trajectory of the particle is aligned but opposite in direction to the trajectory of theimpact surface 26, then the particle's impact speed will be the sum of the particle's speed and the impact surface's speed. Thus, thecomminuting device 20 can generate impact speeds exceeding those generated by conventional comminuting devices. This increase in impact speed combined with an orientation of theimpact surface 26 that aligns the direction of theimpact surface 26 with the trajectory of the particles increases the force generated on and in the particles at the moment of collision. Consequently, particles of the material may be fragmented into smaller pieces after one run through thecomminuting device 20, which allows thecomminuting device 20 to comminute material more efficiently. - As shown in
Figs 1 ,2A and 2B , Applicant's priorart comminuting device 20 uses tangential and centrifugal force to accelerate particles of material toward an impact speed. -
Fig. 2A is a larger view of the cross-sectional view inFig. 1 of thethrowing wheel 22 and theimpact rotor 24 incorporated in thecomminuting device 20. - First, material is poured in the
hopper 36 and flows through theconduit 38 to ahub 42 of thethrowing wheel 22. Theconduit 38 may include a valve (not shown) to allow one to control the flow rate of the material to thethrowing wheel 22. Once particles enter thehub 42, the rotation of thethrowing wheel 22 exerts a tangential force on the particles and generates centrifugal force in each particle that propels each particle radially away from thehub 42 toward an exit of thethrowing wheel 22. As each particle moves away from thehub 42, the tangential and centrifugal forces accelerate the particles toward an impact speed. Upon exiting thethrowing wheel 22, each particle continues to move on a trajectory and then collides with animpact surface 26 of theimpact rotor 24 that is moving toward the particles. After colliding with theimpact surface 26, the particles and/or fragments of the particles may collide with other portions of theimpact rotor 24 and/or throwingwheel 22 eventually fall downward into thehopper 40. - The
throwing wheel 22 and theimpact rotor 24 are mounted in thecomminuting device 20 such that thewheel axis 34 and therotor axis 30 are aligned or substantially aligned. Thethrowing wheel 22 is mounted to the throwingmotor 32, and theimpact rotor 24 is mounted to theimpact motor 28. Themotors respective throwing wheel 22 andimpact rotor 24 at a desired rotational speed for a given material flow rate through thecomminuting device 20. - With reference to
Fig. 2A , in one embodiment, thehub 42 of thethrowing wheel 22 receives particles of material through acentral port hole 43 in theimpact rotor 24 via theconduit 38. Thethrowing wheel 22 comprises a plurality ofchannels 44 to direct the particles of material from thehub 42 toward a periphery of thewheel 22. The particles accelerate toward an impact speed and exit through wheel exits 46. The use of centrifugal force to accelerate each particle toward an impact speed is less than the amount of energy frequently required by conventional comminuting devices. - As shown in
Figs. 1 and5-7B , theimpact rotor 24 comprises arotor hub 48 havinghole 43 that allows the particles of material to enter the throwing wheel'shub 42 from theconduit 38. Further,impact rotor 24 includes animpact surface 26 about arotor periphery 50. When theimpact rotor 24 rotates about therotor axis 30, theimpact surface 26 revolves around thethrowing wheel 22 in a concentric and contra-rotating circular path. Thus, after a particle leaves thethrowing wheel 22 through theexit 46, the particle and theimpact surface 26 collide to fragment the particle into smaller pieces. - The
throwing wheel 22 accelerates particles of material toward an impact speed and throws the particles from anexit 46 on a trajectory away from thewheel 22. To increase the impact speed of the particle, thethrowing wheel 22 is designed to throw the particles on a trajectory that is aligned with or is as closely aligned as possible with the direction of the impact surface 26 (Figs. 1 and2 ) at the moment of collision. - When a particle leaves the
throwing wheel 22 through anexit 46, the trajectory of the particle includes a first directional component that is tangent to theperiphery 54 and at least a second directional component that is radial to thehub 42. The magnitude of each of these directional components depends on the velocity and acceleration of the particle as the particle leaves thewheel 22. By modifying the direction of eachchannel 44 as they extend toward theperiphery 54, and the angle that eachchannel 44 intersects theperiphery 54, one can modify the two directional components of the particle's trajectory. - As shown in
Fig. 3 , in one embodiment, thethrowing wheel 22 includeschannels 44 that extend substantially radially from thehub 42 toward theperiphery 54 in a straight or substantially straight direction and intersect theperiphery 54 at about 90 degrees to a tangent. Alternate embodiments of the throwing wheel includeangled channels 58 which are angled slightly off of a radial, either lagging (Fig. 4A ) or leading (Fig. 4B ). An example of other embodiments includesarcuate channels 70 of arcuate shape (Fig. 4C ). -
Figs. 6A and 6B are views of animpact rotor 88, according to another embodiment of Applicant's prior art device.Fig. 6A is a perspective view of anotherimpact rotor 88, andFig. 6B is a cross-sectional view of theimpact rotor 88. Theimpact rotor 88 is similar to theimpact rotor 24 ofFig. 5 except the impact surfaces 90 are angularly positioned such that α (Alpha) is greater than 0°, and a particle of material can not pass betweenadjacent impact teeth 92. Angularly positioning eachimpact surface 90 greater than 0° relative to therotor axis 30 and preventing a particle of material from passing betweenadjacent impact teeth 92 may be desirable to decrease the number of collisions a particle may have with one or more impact surfaces 90. - Other embodiments were contemplated. For example, each
impact surface 90 may be angularly positioned such that α is greater than 0° but canted opposite to the direction shown inFigs. 6A and 6B . This may be desirable to increase the number of collisions a particle may have with one or more impact surfaces 90. -
Figs. 7A and7B are views of animpact rotor 94 according to yet another embodiment of Applicant's prior art device.Fig. 7A is a perspective view of theimpact rotor 94, andFig. 7B is a side view of theimpact rotor 94. Theimpact rotor 94 is similar to theimpact rotor 24 ofFig. 5 except theimpact teeth 96 extend from thebody 98 in the same direction as each tooth'srespective radius 100. This may be desirable when theimpact rotor 94 and throwing wheel 24 (Fig. 3 ) are not concentric during operation. Eachimpact plate 102 is mounted on a respective one of theimpact teeth 96 by inserting thecurved end 104 into agroove 106 and applying adhesive to hold theimpact plate 102 to therespective impact tooth 96 in the direction along therotor axis 108. Theimpact plate 102 may be mounted such that itsimpact surface 110 may be facing away from therotor axis 108 or toward therotor axis 108, as desired. -
Figs. 8 and 9 are views of another embodiment of Applicant's priorart comminuting device 112.Fig. 8 is a side view of the priorart comminuting device 112, andFig. 9 is a top view of the priorart comminuting device 112. Applicant's priorart comminuting device 112 can efficiently generate impact speeds around 950 ft/sec. - Applicant's prior
art comminuting device 112 includes animpact rotor 114 that is cylindrical and has impact surfaces 116 to collide with and fracture particles of material, and twoparticle accelerators 118 to accelerate the particles of material and direct them toward theimpact rotor 114. Applicant's priorart comminuting device 112 comminutes particles of material by first accelerating the particles with one of theaccelerators 118 to an approximate speed of 200-300 ft/sec. Then, the particles are directed toward theimpact rotor 114 that rotates to move the impact surfaces 116 at a speed 650 ft/sec or greater toward the particles leaving theaccelerators 118. Thus, Applicant's priorart comminuting device 112 can generate impact speeds of approximately 850 ft/sec or greater. - In one embodiment of Applicant's prior art device, the
particle accelerator 118 includes a throwing wheel 120 (shown inFig. 9 and omitted fromFig. 8 for clarity) having an outer diameter 122 (shown inFig. 8 and omitted fromFig. 9 for clarity) and blades 124 (shown inFig. 9 and omitted fromFig. 8 for clarity) that rotate about anaxis 126 to accelerate particles of material toward an impact speed, and amotor 128 to rotate thethrowing wheel 120. Theaccelerator 118 also includes ahopper 130 to receive particles of material and feed them to aninlet 132 that is located at theaxis 126, and anoutlet 134 to direct the particles of material toward theimpact rotor 114. - Because the speed of a particle exiting the
accelerator 118 largely depends on the throwing wheel'souter diameter 122 and rotational speed, theaccelerator 118 may be designed to accelerate particles to any desired exit speed. The exit speed may be substantially determined by multiplying the rotational speed of thethrowing wheel 120 times the distance of the particle from the axis 126 (half of the outer diameter 122). Thus, the exit speed may be increased by increasing the throwing wheel'souter diameter 122 and/or rotational speed, and may be decreased by decreasing the throwing wheel'souter diameter 122 and/or rotational speed. - In operation, the
accelerator 118 receives particles of material through thehopper 130, which directs the particles toward theinlet 132. Once in theinlet 132, the particles move away from theaxis 126 and are picked up and accelerated by ablade 124 of therotating throwing wheel 120. As the particles' speed increases, centrifugal force moves the particles toward theouter diameter 122 and through progressive regions of theblade 124 whose respective speed increases. Thus, as the particles continue to move toward theouter diameter 122, theblade 124 continues to accelerate the particles toward an impact speed. Then, theoutlet 120 receives and directs the particles toward theimpact rotor 114. - The
impact rotor 114 includes impact surfaces 116 to collide with and fracture the particles of material that have been accelerated by theparticle accelerator 118. To increase the impact speed of the particles, a motor 134 (shown inFig. 9 but omitted inFig. 8 for clarity) rotates theimpact rotor 114 about an axis 136 (shown inFig. 8 and omitted inFig. 9 for clarity). Abelt 138 couples themotor 134 with theimpact rotor 114 to transmit the output power of themotor 134 to theimpact rotor 114. - The throwing wheel imparts the initial energy to the particles. It is advantageous both to provide a design which maximizes the energy imparted and retains that design as long as possible despite the erosive environment. Components will wear out and it is advantageous to replace them in an expeditious manner.
- With reference to
Figs. 10-20 , further embodiments of the invention are presented which improve one or more of comminution efficiency, endurance and maintainability. - As shown in
Figs. 10 ,11 and12 , an improved comminuting apparatus 200 includes another embodiment of athrowing wheel 202 having improved construction and material flow characteristics. Thethrowing wheel 202 enables use of particularly wear-resistant components only where required.Flow channels 204 through thethrowing wheel 202 are provided which minimize energy loss for maximum acceleration of the materials. Thethrowing wheel 202 is rotatably driven with a drive shaft andmotor arrangement 206. Thearrangement 206 is secured to thethrowing wheel 202 with an erosion-avoidant arrangement. Animpact rotor 208 is similarly rotatably driven with a drive shaft andmotor arrangement 210 which is secured to theimpact rotor 208 with an erosion-avoidant arrangement. - Preferably the
impact rotor 208 is contra-rotating to thethrowing wheel 202. Not detailed for this embodiment, however as described above in the co-pending application, a first motor is directly coupled to the impact rotor and operable to power the impact rotor and a second motor directly coupled to the throwing wheel and operable to power the throwing wheel. - Further, the comminuting apparatus further comprises an embodiment of a
housing 212 which is readily accessible for maintenance, particularly thethrowing wheel 202 andimpact rotor 208. Thehousing 212 comprises anupper housing 213 and alower housing 214 which are reversibly and axially separable for accessing acomminuting chamber 215 and for accessing thethrowing wheel 202 andimpact rotor 208 operable within thechamber 215. - The
upper housing 213 is supported in space by stands 216. Thelower housing 214 is suspended from theupper housing 213 byactuators 218.Actuators 218 are operated for raising and lowering thelower housing 214 relative to theupper housing 213 between a raised operating position (Fig. 10 ) and a lowered maintenance position (Fig. 12 ) for enabling access to thethrowing wheel 202 andimpact rotor 208. The upper and lower housings 213,214 seal at aninterface 220 in the raised operating position and position thethrowing wheel 202 andimpact rotor 208 in co-axial operably-spaced arrangement. As shown in the top view of thehousing 212 inFig. 11 , there can bemultiple supports 216, equi-spaced circumferentially about theupper housing 213, three supports 216,216,216 being shown spaced about 120° apart with threeactuators 218 circumferentially spaced therebetween. - With reference to
Fig. 13 , theimpact rotor 208 andthrowing wheel 202 rotate about a substantially and concentric, vertical axis A. In one embodiment, as shown, theimpact rotor 208 is arranged co-axially above thethrowing wheel 202. In this arrangement, particulate materials M or particles to be comminuted pass through the axis A of theimpact rotor 208 to access thethrowing wheel 202. In a mirror arrangement (not shown) wherein thethrowing wheel 202 is above theimpact rotor 208, the particles M can fall along the axis A of the throwing wheel directly. Terms such as bottom and top are used herein in the illustrated context of theimpact rotor 208 arranged over thethrowing wheel 202. - The
impact rotor 208 andthrowing wheel 202 is an assembly of abody 222 and a plurality ofimpact teeth 223 spaced about the periphery of thebody 222 and extending axially therefrom. Thethrowing wheel 202 can be an assembly of abottom plate 212, atop plate 213 and a plurality ofinserts 226 sandwiched therebetween. Theinserts 226 determine the configuration of thechannels 204 formed therebetween. As discussed later the inserts can be pie-shaped for formingchannels 204 of substantially parallel side walls. The plurality ofchannels 204 extend from acentral inlet 227 to a plurality of particle exits 229. An apex 228 of eachinsert 226 is oriented generally radially inwardly towards the axis A. - In more detail in
Figs. 14A and 14B ,impact rotor 208 shown above thethrowing wheel 202 comprises a plurality ofteeth 223 extending downwardly therefrom and mechanically fastened tobody 222 for ease of replacement. Acentral hole 230 in thebody 222 passes particles M to thethrowing wheel 202 co- axially arranged therebelow. One embodiment of eachtooth 223 is a triangular form, providing one or more impact surfaces 231 which can be oriented for optimal impact with particles thrown from thethrowing wheel 202. Eachtooth 223 can be secured with asingle fastener 215 enabling rotation positioning of the impact surfaces 231. - The
throwing wheel 202 is a sandwiched assembly 225,226,224 for ease of replacing wear components. Theinserts 226 are spaced circumferentially about thewheel 202 and spaced from one another for forming energy imparting side walls of the generally radially extendingchannels 204. As described in Applicant's co-pending application, a variety of channel configurations are contemplated. A further configuration is described herein. - As shown in
Figs. 15C and 15D , thebottom plate 224 comprises a mounting means for securing theinserts 226 in a position for forming thechannels 204. In this embodiment, the mounting means comprise a plurality of axially extendingbosses 240 which form mounting and positioning structure for the inserts 226 (seeFig. 15E ). Eachboss 240 corresponds to a cavity orsocket 241 formed in eachinsert 226. Thebosses 240 extend axially from at least one of the top or bottom plates 225,224. As shown, thebosses 240 can be formed integrally with thebottom plate 224 or otherwise secured thereto. Thebosses 240 need not be designed for wear-resistance as eachinsert 226 encapsulates the boss 221. - Each
insert 226 has a leadingside wall 250 and a laggingside wall 251. Between the leadingside wall 250 and laggingside wall 251 of adjacent inserts is formed eachchannel 204. Thebottom plate 224 andtop plate 225 form the bottom and top of thechannel 204 respectively. As shown inFigs. 13 ,15A and 15B , particles M can enter thethrowing wheel 202 through thecentral inlet port 227 formed in thetop plate 225. The leading and lagging side walls 250,251 can be parallel or non-parallel. - As discussed above, the
channels 204 guide the particles M and urge them along a vector including a tangential component, applying significant wear on the side walls 250,251 of thechannels 204. Implementation of this arrangement ofreplaceable inserts 226 enables selection of differing, greater wear-resistant materials for the side walls 250,251 than those used for the top and bottom plates 225,224. - With reference to
Figs. 15E and 15F , eachinsert 226 has cavities orsockets 241, each of which corresponds in shape to eachboss 240. A plurality ofinserts 226 are shown inFig. 15E arranged for superpositioning theirrespective sockets 241 over each insert'scorresponding boss 240, a subset of the fourteen illustratedinserts 226 being shown installed over a respective subset ofbosses 240 ofFig. 15F . As shown, one form ofcorresponding boss 240 andsocket 241 include a pie or triangular shape which both orients eachtriangular insert 226 and fixes its position in thethrowing wheel 202. The apex 228 of each pie-shapedinsert 226 is oriented generally radially inwardly towards thecentral inlet port 227.Other boss 240 andsocket 241 combinations are contemplated within the scope of this application. - With reference to
Fig. 16 , an assembledimpact rotor 208 is shown poised over an exploded-view of thethrowing wheel 202 and demonstrating installation ofinserts 226 tobosses 240 for assembly of thethrowing wheel 202. With reference also toFig. 15E , one can see theinserts 226 right of the illustrated centerline have been fit to therightmost bosses 240 and the remaininginserts 226 left of the centerline are ready for fitting to the remainingbosses 240. Means for fastening the sandwiched assembly are contemplated, including pairs of counter-sunk base holes 243 through thebottom plate 224 at eachboss 240 for fasteners to secure to top holes 244 in thetop plate 225, the fasteners being omitted from the view. - In some more detail, the
top plate 225 is secured to thebottom plate 224 using fasteners which extend through thebosses 240 and inserts 226, securely mounting theinserts 226 against the inertial forces generated while rotating and accelerating particles. The material properties of theinsert 226 can be selected dependent upon the particles being processed including metallic alloys, hardfaced materials and ceramics. The materials choices for thetop plate 225,bottom plate 224 andbosses 240 are less subject to erosion and can be based more so upon mechanical assembly principles and need not be restricted to wear-resistance. - The side walls 250,251 of the
inserts 226 direct and accelerate the particles in a curved radial path in global coordinates and thus are subjected to maximal forces and erosion as they impart acceleration forces in redirecting the particles M. The bottom and top of thechannels 204 are not directly involved in redirecting particles except to the extent that they constrain gravity, random movement and some circulation. Accordingly, adaptation of the materials or surface of the top and bottom plates for wear resistance can less critical. The impact surfaces 231 of theimpact rotor 208 are also designed for, and subjected to, near instantaneous deceleration of the particles thrown from thewheel 202 and thus are also subject to extreme erosive forces. Theteeth 223 themselves can form theimpact surface 231 and accordingly be formed of wear-resistant materials or, as described in Applicant'sUS Patent 7,207,513 , separate wear-resistance impact surfaces 231 can be fit to eachtooth 223. - Another area of direct particulate erosion occurs when the particles from the hopper impinge on the
bottom plate 224 through thecentral port 227 through thetop plate 225. The trajectory of the particles from the hopper are redirected from a substantially vertically downward flow along the axis A to a radial flow through thechannels 204. This redirection results in wear. A substantiallyplaner surface 245 on thebottom plate 224 has been employed successfully. This is an area which could be protected by an anti-wear treatment. In embodiments having the throwing wheel mounted to the drive through thebottom plate 224, theplaner surface 245 is not penetrated by any mounting hardware and theplaner surface 245 can be fit with ceramics or elastomeric materials without compromising the integrity of either the wear surface or the throwing wheel. - With reference to
Fig. 19 , thechannels 204, theimpact surface 231 and to a lesser extent thecentral port 227 in thewheel 202, are not the only components subject to wear. A circulation of comminuted particles adjacent the impact rotor at the impact surfaces 231, and between the generally planer contra-rotating surfaces of theimpact rotor 208 and thethrowing wheel 202 is also a known erosive factor. These planer surface are not subjected to the same energy of impact and other anti-wear solutions are available, in structure and in material choices. Accordingly, in another aspect of the invention, an area of consideration for protection is theplaner underside 261 of theimpact rotor 208 which faces atop surface 262 of thetop plate 225. There is necessarily agap 263 therebetween for enabling contra-rotation of the components. - This
gap 263 is not a processing path for comminuting particles however, due to the inherent distribution of comminuted dust throughout thehousing 212, some particles circulate into and out of the hisgap 263, causing wear. As the exposed surfaces in thegap 263 are not energy transferring surfaces, such as the hard materials of theinserts 226 and impact surfaces 231, one can install wear-resistant, resilient, elastomeric materials such as urethane to one or the other of the impact rotor or the throwing wheel facing thegap 263. For example, it has been noted that wear has been more predominant on theunderside 261 of theimpact rotor 208. Accordingly an anti-wear surface or protective layer 265, such as an elastomeric material including urethane, is employed along the rotor'sunderside 261. - Further, the
gap 263 extends radially to a peripheral interface between thethrowing wheel 202 and theimpact teeth 231, is formed anannular impact area 270. Above theimpact areas 270, theunderside 261 is also subject to wear and is preferably also coated with a protective layer 265. In addition, the life of theimpact rotor 208 can be extended by mounting theimpact teeth 231 on an optionalannular ring 271 which is easily replaced when worn. - Turning to the performance of the particle movement, and as shown in
Figs. 17 and18 , the flow characteristics of the multiphase flow of particles or material through air is modeled to demonstrate the effectiveness of thechannel design 204. - Surprisingly, the use of parallel side walls 250,251 for the
channel 204, while functional, is not necessarily optimal.Figs. 17 and18 illustrate particle velocity results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The reference for the velocity vectors is relative to the throwing wheel. The velocity vectors are those viewed from the throwing wheel as it rotates. As shown inFig. 18 , where side by side inserts 226,226 form a parallel; wall channel 204p therebetween, The flow mechanics can result in eddies E, illustrating some areas of substantially stationary particles, which result in a loss of some of the energy capable of being imparted to the particles. As shown inFig. 17 , the side by side inserts 226,226 form a converging wall channel 204c therebetween. The particles in the converging channel 204c achieve near or substantially streamline flow. Modeling programs such as ANSYS® can be used to ascertain the proper convergence for optimal flow characteristics to avoid eddies. - One example of a suitable convergence is as shown in
Fig. 15F , the angle of each insert's side wall 250,251 to a radial from the axis A of thethrowing wheel 202 being about 5° or an included angle of about 9 - 10° between the side walls 250,251 of adjacent inserts 226,226. The modeling was based upon particles diameters 3mm, wheel rotational speed of 3,000 RPM and channel dimensions of 25mm x 15mm. One approach to determination of channel convergence is to reduce the cross-section area as the flow accelerates to minimize flow separation and eddy currents. Another approach is to establish the convergence angle based upon achieving a channel exit cross section area times the radius of the approximately equal to the channel inlet cross section area times the inlet radius. - In operation, the
throwing wheel 202 is rotated about the substantially vertical axis A. Particles to be fragmented through thecentral inlet 227 for accelerating the particles through thechannels 204. The particles accelerated generally radially along a converging flow path in thechannels 204 as the particles flow from thecentral inlet 227 to the particle exits for favoring streamline flow of particles between the side walls 250,251. The particles discharge from the particle exits 229 and impact against impact surfaces 231 arranged about the periphery of thethrowing wheel 202. Preferably theimpact rotor 208 is rotated co-axial with thethrowing wheel 202 and theimpact rotor 208 is counter-rotated relative to thethrowing wheel 202. - With reference to
Fig. 20 , another embodiment of the invention concerns product and dust management. Thehousing 212 is fit with atmospheric flow controls for minimizing re-entrainment of product and dusts into the area about thethrowing wheel 202 andimpact rotor 208. - As shown, the
upper housing 213 is fit with atubular skirt 300 extending axially downward into close proximity with the wheel/rotor assembly 301 of the comminuting apparatus 200. Similarly,lower housing 214 is fit with atubular skirt 302 extending axially upward into close proximity with the wheel/rotor assembly 301. Withinskirts exclusion chambers 303 which can be swept with a flow of clean gas such as air.Air fittings 304 can direct air into the exclusion chambers 303,303 for flow out of the chambers adjacent the wheel/rotor assembly 301 for excluding particular material therefrom. Dust extraction from thecomminuting chamber 215 can be throughdust ports 305. Comminuted material product exits thecomminuting chamber 215 via alower exit 306.
Claims (14)
- A throwing wheel (202) for accelerating and discharging particles for impact against impact surfaces (231) of a particle fragmenting device, the throwing wheel (202) comprising:a body (222) having a central inlet port (227) along an axis (A) of the body and a periphery having a plurality of particle exits (229), the port (227) being adapted for receiving particles;a plurality of channels (204) within the body (222) extending generally radially from the central inlet port (227) to the plurality of particle exits (229), each channel (204) having a top wall (225), a bottom wall (224), and side walls (250, 251); andthe side walls (250, 251) of each channel (204,204c) converge towards the particle exits (209) at the periphery;characterized in that:the body (222) further comprises:a top plate (225);a bottom plate (224) ; anda plurality of inserts (226) sandwiched between the top plate (225) and the bottom plate (224) for mounting the inserts (226) in a circumferentially spaced position, each insert (226) having a leading side wall (250) and a lagging side wall (251), the leading side wall (250) and lagging side wall (251) of adjacent inserts forming the side walls of each channel (204c).
- The throwing wheel of claim 1 wherein the material of the inserts (226) has a greater wear resistance than that of the top and bottom plates (225, 224).
- The throwing wheel of claim 1 or 2 wherein the inserts (226) are pie-shaped, each having an apex (228) oriented generally radially inwardly towards the central port (227).
- The throwing wheel of claim 1, 2 or 3 further comprising:a plurality of bosses (240) axially extending from at least one of the top plate (225) or bottom plate (224), and wherein the inserts (226) have an axially extending cavity (241) formed between the leading (250) and lagging side walls (251), and wherein the cavity (241) of each insert (226) engages each axially extending boss (240) as the top plate (225) and bottom plate (224) sandwiches the plurality of inserts (226) therebetween.
- The throwing wheel of claim 4 wherein each boss (240) is generally pie-shaped, and the cavity (241) in each insert (226) is generally pie-shaped.
- The throwing wheel of claim 4 or 5 wherein at least some of the bosses (240) are axially extending from the bottom plate (212).
- The throwing wheel of claim 6 wherein the bosses (240) are integral with the bottom plate (224).
- The throwing wheel of any of claims 1 to 7 further comprising a plurality of fasteners (215) extending between the top plate (225) and the bottom plate (224) for sandwiching the plurality of inserts (226) therebetween.
- An apparatus for fragmenting particles, comprising:the throwing wheel of any of claims 1 to 8;an impact rotor (208) having the peripheral impact surface (231) positioned concentrically about the throwing wheel (202) for intersecting the particle trajectory;the impact rotor (208) rotatable in a second direction opposite to the throwing wheel (202) for increasing an impact speed of the particles and fragmenting the particles when the particles collide with the impact surface (231);a first motor (134) directly coupled to the impact rotor (208) and operable to power the impact rotor (208); anda second motor (128) directly coupled to the throwing wheel (202) and operable to power the throwing wheel (202).
- The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising:an upper housing (213) for rotatably supporting one of the throwing wheel (202) or impact rotor (208);a lower housing (214) for rotatably supporting the other of one of the impact rotor (208) or throwing wheel (202), the upper (213) and lower (214) housings being separable at about the throwing wheel (202) for access to the throwing wheel (202) and impact rotor (208);a housing support (216) for maintaining the upper housing (213) in a substantially fixed position; andan actuator (218) for moving the lower housing (214) betweena closed position wherein the throwing wheel (202) and impact rotor (208) are axially coupled for aligning the particle trajectory with the impact surface (231), andan open position wherein the throwing wheel (202) and impact rotor (208) are axially decoupled for access to each throwing wheel (202) and impact rotor (208) independently.
- The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the actuator (218) further comprise two or more actuators (218), circumferentially spaced about a periphery of the upper housing (213) and extending axially between the upper housing (213) and the lower housing (214); and
wherein the housing support (216) further comprises one or more supports (216) positioned between the upper housing (213) and a surface. - The apparatus of any of claims 9 to 11, wherein a gap (263) is formed between the throwing wheel (202) and the impact rotor (208) further comprising an elastomeric anti-wear surface (265) applied to at least one of the impact rotor (208) or throwing wheel (202) facing the gap (263).
- A method for fragmenting particles comprising:rotating a throwing body (222) about a substantially vertical axis (A), the throwing body (222) having a central inlet (227) at a top of the body (222) at the axis (A) and a plurality channels (204) within the body (222) and extending generally radially from the central inlet port (227) for forming a plurality of flow paths to a plurality of particle exits(229) at a periphery of the body (222), each channel (204) having a top wall (225), a bottom wall (224), and side walls (250, 251); andintroducing particles to be fragmented through the central inlet (227) for accelerating the particles through the channels (204) for discharging the particles from the particle exits (229) and impacting the discharging particles against impact surfaces (231) arranged about the periphery of the throwing body (222),characterized by the throwing body (222) having:a top plate (225);a bottom plate (224) ; anda plurality of inserts (226) sandwiched between the top plate (225) and the bottom plate (224) for mounting the inserts (226) in a circumferentially spaced position, each insert (226) having a leading side wall (250) and a lagging side wall (251), the leading side wall (250) and lagging side wall (251) of adjacent inserts forming the side walls of each channel (204c), andas the particles flow from the central inlet (227) to the particle exits (229), converging the flow path for favoring streamline flow of particles between the leading and lagging side walls (250, 251).
- The method of claim 13 wherein the impacting of the discharging particles against impact surfaces (231) further comprises rotating an impact rotor (208) co-axially with the throwing body (222), the impact rotor (208) supporting a plurality of impact surfaces (231) arranged concentrically about the periphery of the throwing body (222) thereon and wherein the impact rotor (208) is counter-rotated relative to the throwing body (222).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2583956A CA2583956C (en) | 2007-04-05 | 2007-04-05 | Apparatus and methodology for comminuting materials |
PCT/CA2008/000644 WO2008122122A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 | 2008-04-04 | Apparatus and methodology for comminuting materials |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2144701A1 EP2144701A1 (en) | 2010-01-20 |
EP2144701A4 EP2144701A4 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
EP2144701B1 true EP2144701B1 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
Family
ID=39830077
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP08733723.4A Not-in-force EP2144701B1 (en) | 2007-04-05 | 2008-04-04 | Apparatus and methodology for comminuting materials |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2144701B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2008235219B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2583956C (en) |
MX (1) | MX2009010570A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008122122A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113221474B (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2022-08-23 | 深圳大学 | CFD-DEM method for simulating seepage erosion damage by considering particle shape |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE576895C (en) | 1932-01-20 | 1933-05-19 | Peter Meffert | Mill feeder with shredding device |
GB666922A (en) * | 1948-08-13 | 1952-02-20 | Safety Car Heating & Lighting | Machine for disintegrating materials |
CH574764A5 (en) * | 1974-01-21 | 1976-04-30 | Buehler Ag Geb | |
FR2538718B1 (en) | 1982-12-30 | 1986-02-28 | Creusot Loire | CENTRIFUGAL GRINDER WHEEL |
DE4227178A1 (en) * | 1992-08-17 | 1994-02-24 | Buehler Gmbh | Centrifugal disc for impact pulveriser - comprises divergent profiled channels for removing husks from all sizes of grain or seed |
US7207513B2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2007-04-24 | Aerosion Ltd. | Device and method for comminuting materials |
-
2007
- 2007-04-05 CA CA2583956A patent/CA2583956C/en active Active
-
2008
- 2008-04-04 AU AU2008235219A patent/AU2008235219B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-04-04 WO PCT/CA2008/000644 patent/WO2008122122A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-04-04 MX MX2009010570A patent/MX2009010570A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2008-04-04 EP EP08733723.4A patent/EP2144701B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2583956C (en) | 2015-07-07 |
AU2008235219B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
AU2008235219A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
EP2144701A1 (en) | 2010-01-20 |
CA2583956A1 (en) | 2008-10-05 |
WO2008122122A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
MX2009010570A (en) | 2010-02-18 |
EP2144701A4 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
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