EP2139583A1 - Collecte de particules - Google Patents

Collecte de particules

Info

Publication number
EP2139583A1
EP2139583A1 EP08750456A EP08750456A EP2139583A1 EP 2139583 A1 EP2139583 A1 EP 2139583A1 EP 08750456 A EP08750456 A EP 08750456A EP 08750456 A EP08750456 A EP 08750456A EP 2139583 A1 EP2139583 A1 EP 2139583A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
collection surface
gas flow
collection
particulates
water vapour
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08750456A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2139583A4 (fr
Inventor
Markku Rajala
Kauko Janka
Juha Tikkanen
Lauri Hietaniemi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beneq Oy
Original Assignee
Beneq Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Beneq Oy filed Critical Beneq Oy
Publication of EP2139583A1 publication Critical patent/EP2139583A1/fr
Publication of EP2139583A4 publication Critical patent/EP2139583A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D47/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases, air or vapours by liquid as separating agent
    • B01D47/05—Separating dispersed particles from gases, air or vapours by liquid as separating agent by condensation of the separating agent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2221/00—Applications of separation devices
    • B01D2221/02—Small separation devices for domestic application, e.g. for canteens, industrial kitchen, washing machines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the collection of particulates, specifically nanoparticles hav- ing the size of less than lOOnm, from a gas flow containing water vapour.
  • Particulates circulating in the air have presently become a matter of great concern due to their effects on health.
  • the particulates suspended in the outdoor air are mostly produced by traffic, emissions from industrial facili- ties and, to a quite considerable extent, from combustion of wood. For example in Finland, 30 - 40% of all particle emissions are caused by small-scale wood combustion.
  • a more recent particulate source is the industrial production and use of nanoparticles, i.e. particles having an aerodynamic diameter of 1-1000 nanometres .
  • particulates When released into the environment, particulates have various harmful effects on human health. In urban air, particulates have been found to increase immediate mortality and morbidity. Particle concentrations have been found to be associated with mortality in cardiovascular diseases and respiratory disorders as well as with lung cancer.
  • Dynamic collectors are not efficient for removing particulates.
  • Electric filters have a moderate separating capacity for even small particles (of less than 1 mi- crometre in diameter) , but the separating capacity decreases as the particle diameter reduces to less than 100 nanometres. Electric filters are also relatively expensive.
  • Fabric filters are typically used if the emission standards are particularly strict, or if the gas to be purified has a low dust content. Problems relating to fabric filters include wearing, pressure losses and need for maintenance of the equipment. Fabric filters also have limited heat resistance, for ex- ample with fibreglass the maximum temperature is less than 300 °C. Special filters which hold temperatures of more than 1000° C have been manufactured from metal or ceramic fibres.
  • wet scrubbers particles in the combustion gases adhere to liquid droplets and remain in the liq- uid which circulates in the scrubber.
  • the liquid is atomized in the wet scrubbers into small droplets having the size of 0.1 - lmm.
  • the collection efficiency improves as the droplet size de- creases and the speed difference between the gas and the droplets increases.
  • binding of the particles is based on collisions, direct retention and, with small particles, also on diffusion. If water vapour can be condensed onto the surface of the parti- cle, as with the below-described Venturi scrubber, the collection efficiency can be improved.
  • Wet scrubbers can be classified according to the manner in which the droplets are formed and sprayed. In tower scrubbers, the droplets are sprayed with nozzles into the gas to be washed. In Venturi scrubbers, a high-speed gas flow accelerated in the Venturi tube sprays the liquid. In wet scrubbers, the achieved collection efficiency is typically 80 - 99%, and the smallest well-separable particle size is less than 1 micrometre. The scrubbers are relatively expensive and use much water, producing large amounts of -waste water containing suspended matter.
  • Patent publication US 4251238 discloses a fabric filter for drying gases and removing particu- lates from them. In the method, the gas flow is led through a filter, the filter porosity being at least 0.985.
  • the publication states that the disclosed solution provides reduced pressure loss in the filter. This is essential for the cost-effectiveness of the filtering, because each increase of 25mmH 2 0 in the pressure difference raises the power consumption for 0.07W/hm 3 .
  • the method disclosed in the publication requires the use of a porous fabric filter.
  • Patent publication US 4675029 discloses reduction of emissions from a wood burning stove based on the use of an electric filter in the chimney.
  • the disclosed device and apparatus are complex and too expensive for example for small-scale wood combustion.
  • Patent publication US 5039318 discloses a variant of the electrical filter in which the water in- eluded in the gas is condensed in the same unit in which the electrical filtering of the particles takes place.
  • the device according to the publication allows reduction of the content of harmful gases in the waste gas.
  • the device is expensive and not suitable as such for filtering hot gases.
  • Patent publication US 6551382 discloses a method and a device for efficiently removing particles having the size of 10 - lOOnm from a gas flow. The method is based on the use of a wet scrubber and re- quires the supply of a relatively large amount of water in the process.
  • Patent publication US 7160358 discloses a method for reducing the impurities released during drying of wood.
  • the gas flow is satu- rated by moisturizing it with droplets which remove the particles from the gas flow.
  • This method too, has the drawback of requiring the supply of a relatively large amount of water in the process.
  • Patent publication JP 51019585 describes an apparatus for collecting particles by utilizing iner- tial forces and using impactor disks as collectors.
  • the method requires a sufficiently high speed of the filtered aerosol.
  • the collection based on inertial forces also works only for relatively large particles, and particles having the size of about one micrometer or less cannot be efficiently collected by the method without a considerable low pressure.
  • the invention relates to an arrangement for collecting particulates having the size of less than lOOOnm, specifically less than lOOnm, from a gas flow containing water vapour, the arrangement comprising a collection apparatus including a collection surface, the collection surface being arranged in conjunction with the gas flow.
  • the particle size refers herein to the aerodynamic diameter of the particles, which is defined as the diameter of an imaginary spherical wa- ter droplet (density 1000kg/m 3 ) having the same falling rate as the particle in question, irrespective of the real size, density or geometry of the particle.
  • the collection surface may be, for example, the surface of a plate-like collector or a part of it, but it may also be for example the surface of a cubic object.
  • the essential feature is the connection with the gas flow, which in this context means that the collection surface has an open flow connection with the gas flow, such that the arrangement includes a clear passage for the gases in the gas flow to drift onto the collection surface .
  • the collection apparatus applied in the arrangement comprises heat adjusting means for adjusting the temperature of the collection surface below the dew point temperature of the gas flow in order to condense the water vapour in the gas flow onto the collection surface and carry the particulates onto the collection surface along with the water vapour drifting thereto. More specifically, the collection of particulates in the invention is based on the diffusion of the water vapour in the manner described below.
  • water vapour When burning a hydrogen-containing substance, such as hydrogen, hydrocarbons, organic matter or the like, water vapour is produced as the end product of the combustion process.
  • a hydrogen-containing substance such as hydrogen, hydrocarbons, organic matter or the like
  • water vapour is produced as the end product of the combustion process.
  • the temperature is above 100 "C
  • about 10% of the combustion gases from a wood-operated boiler is water vapour.
  • the water vapour content of the gas flow in the process may be quite high, for example when using a hydrogen/oxygen flame, the content may rise up to 100%, the temperature being as high as over 2000 °C.
  • this kind of gas flow containing water vapour meets the surface in which the temperature is lower than the dew point of the gas flow, the water vapour included in the gas flow tends to condense on said surface into liquid water.
  • the dew point temperature, or more simply the dew point, of the gas indicates the temperature at which, at the vapour pressure of the gas, the water vapour in the gas condenses into liquid water. For example, at the vapour pressure of 2300Pa, the dew point is at 25°C.
  • the highest possible amount of water in the gas at different temperatures corresponds with the highest possible vapour pressure.
  • the amount of water in the gas indicated as the mass ratio of a gramme of water vapour per a kilogramme of dry air (g/kg) , is the absolute humidity of the gas.
  • the highest possible absolute humidity also depends on the total pressure of the gas. It is one of the well known physical basic phenomenons that when the temperature drops, the highest ' possible amount of water in the gas reduces quickly.
  • the water vapour in the gas flow can be condensed on the collection surface.
  • a collection surface having the temperature of 10 "C operates as an effective collector of water vapour in a gas flow having the temperature of 100°C.
  • an area in which the water vapour content is very low, close to zero, develops in the immediate proximity to the collection surface. This area of low concentration provides diffusion of the water vapour, i.e. drifting caused by the difference in the concentration from farther away from the collection surface towards the lower concentration and the collection surface.
  • the diffusion rate remains continuously high.
  • the higher the temperature of the gas flow the higher the diffusion rate.
  • the diffusion coefficient of water vapour is about 0.24 x 10 "4 m 2 /s, and at the temperature of 60 °C it is about 30% higher.
  • the diffusion coefficient of water vapour is therefore in the same range as that of an air molecule.
  • the diffusion coefficient of a particulate having the size of 10 nanometres is only about 5.4 x 10 "8 m 2 /s, and that of a particle having the size of lOOnm is about 6.9 x 10 "10 rn 2 /s.
  • the diffusion flow of water molecules onto the collection surface is more than 30 000 fold relative to the diffusion of the particles of lOOnm.
  • the diffusion rate of the actual particulates is insufficient to drive the particulates onto the walls in practical particle collectors, unless the particles are passing very close to the wall (at a distance of not more than a few millimetres), such as in diffusion batteries.
  • the water molecules which collide with the particulates induce also in the particulates a force which tends to drive them towards the collection surface.
  • the particulates that have adhered to the collection surface can be removed from it with the wa- ter that has condensed onto the collection surface.
  • the collection surface is so arranged that the water condensed on the collection surface and with it the particulates accumulated on the collection surface can be removed from the collection surface by the effect of gravity by letting them run off from the collection surface.
  • the shape of the collection surface may in this case comprise for example a trough-shaped portion for directing the running water as desired.
  • a hydrophilic surface can be provided for example by coating the collection surface with a hydrophilic material or by treating the surface by means of radiation or other process in such manner that it becomes hydrophilic. For example by irradiating a surface coated with titanium dioxide with ultraviolet radiation, the surface can be made hydrophilic.
  • a hydrophilic surface In a superhydrophilic surface, the hydrophilicity is the most developed, and on the superhydrophilic surface, the water is spread practically as a perfectly even film, the incident angle of the surface and the water droplet, or rather the film, being almost 0°.
  • a hydrophilic surface can be made superhydrophilic by structuring the surface so as to comprise surface structuring of the order of micrometres and possibly also nanometres.
  • a superhydro- philic surface can also be provided by other means, for example the above-mentioned UV-irradiated titanium dioxide surface may also be superhydrophilic.
  • the collection apparatus in the arrangement preferably comprises recovering means for recovering the water and along with it the particles removed from the collection surface, and for preventing their re- release and spreading into the environment as carried by the air.
  • the water running off from the collection surface can for example be collected into a receiver or led directly into a discharge duct or the like.
  • the col- lection apparatus is mounted in conjunction with the waste gas flow of a flame spraying process that produces nanoparticles in order to collect the nanoparti- cles, i.e. particles which most typically have the size of less than lOOnm, from the waste gases of the flame spraying process. In this manner it is possible to prevent these particles with potentially harmful effects on health from being released into the environment .
  • Cooling of the collection surface can be re- alized in many different ways.
  • the simplest alternative is air cooling based on free convection.
  • the heat adjusting means comprise means for directing a cooling agent which is cooler than the collection surface to pass in the proximity to the collection surface in order to transfer heat from the collection surface to the cooling agent and along with it further away from the proximity to the collection surface.
  • the cooling agent then releases the heat elsewhere.
  • Such, for example water-circulating, cooling system is suitable for use for example in the col- lection apparatuses mounted in conjunction with industrial processes.
  • the above-described solution is not suitable for example for a collection apparatus arranged in conjunction with the combustion gases of a heating system based on the combustion of wood or other fuel in a detached house.
  • the heat adjusting means of the collection apparatus comprise a heat pump evaporator for cooling the collection surface by means of heat transferring from the gas flow to the evaporator via the collection surface .
  • the heat pump refers herein in a general manner to a system in which a cooling agent is circulated in a closed cycle so that it evaporates in the evapo- rator due to the effect of heat transferring therein, absorbing the heat, and re-liquefies in the condenser, releasing the heat.
  • the refrigerant in the heat pump allows a very low temperature of the collection surface, so the water vapour and with it the particles can be efficiently collected.
  • the heat pump is connected with the heating system of the building, so that besides an efficient cooling of the collection surface, a recovery of heat from the combustion gases is provided.
  • the invention also relates to a method for collecting particulates having the size of less jthan lOOOnm, specifically less than lOOnm, from a gas flow containing water vapour onto a collection surface arranged in conjunction with the gas flow.
  • the collection surface is cooled, in the method, below the dew point temperature of the gas flow in order to condense the water vapour in the gas flow onto the collection surface and carry the particulates onto the collection surface along with the water vapour drifting thereto.
  • the method according to the invention is thus based on providing, by means of the cooled collection surface, a diffusion flow in the water vapour drifting thereto, driving with it also the particulates to the collection surface.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the arrangement and the method according to the invention in conjunction with a flame spraying apparatus and Fig. 2, respectively, in conjunction with a system for small-scale wood combustion.
  • a flame spraying apparatus 1 shown in Fig. 1 is a flame spraying burner 2.
  • Hydrogen and oxygen lines 3, 4 and a source material line 5 are connected with the burner for leading the materials required in the process to the burner.
  • Hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the burner in the gaseous and the source material in the liquid state.
  • hydrogen and oxygen are formed into a hydrogen oxygen flame 6 for producing nanoparticles 7 from the source material.
  • water vapour 8 is produced from the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen.
  • the solvent for the liquid source material may be water which also produces water vapour in the burner.
  • the aerosol produced in the burner 5 and comprising particulates 7 and water vapour 8 is led into a process chamber 9 where some of the particulates grow on the surface of a coated product 10.
  • the particulate collector comprises vertical collector plates 12 in which the surfaces 13 that have contact with the aerosol are coated with a hydrophilic material and structured in such manner that a superhydrophilic surface is provided.
  • a water piping 14 is arranged on the rear surfaces of the collector plates for cooling the collector plates by means of the water circulating in the piping below the dew point of the water vapour 8 in the aerosol, so that the water vapour drifting to the surfaces of the collector plates condenses into liquid water.
  • the small-scale wood combustion system for heating a building 16, presented in Fig. 2, comprises a furnace 17 which may be for example a fireplace, a heating boiler or the like.
  • the combustion gases produced in the combustion process 6 are led with the particulates 7 and water vapour 8 from the furnace to the chimney 18.
  • Collector plates 12 are mounted in the upper part of the chimney 18 for collecting the particulates 7 from the combustion gas flow that is exiting the building.
  • the collection surfaces 13 of the collector plates are coated with a hydrophilic, structured coating and are so arranged that the water condensing onto them runs due to the effect of gravity down to the lower edge of the plates and further through a collector trough 15 into a fur- ther treatment system (not shown in the figure) .
  • the collector plates 12 are arranged to be in contact with the evaporator 20 of the heat pump 19.
  • the condenser 21 of the heat pump on the other hand is connected either directly with the interior of the building 16 or with its heating system.
  • the heat-transfer agent circulating in the piping 22 of the heat pump 19 arrives at the evaporator 20 in the liquid state.
  • the heat-transfer agent evaporates and warms due to the effect of heat that is transferred from the combustion gases via the collector plates 12.
  • the heat absorbed in the evaporation cools the surfaces of the collector plates at least at certain positions below the dew point of the water vapour in the combustion gases, providing the collection of the water vapour 8 and, along with it, of the particulates 7 as described above in the context of the flame spraying process.
  • the vaporous heat-transfer agent is sucked with low pressure into the compressor 23 of the heat pump, where its pressure rises and it also warms.
  • the evaporated heat-transfer agent is led to the condenser 21 where it cools down and condenses back into liquid, releasing heat into the surroundings of the condenser.
  • the liquid heat-transfer agent flows back to the evaporator through an expansion valve 24, and the cycle goes on as described above.
  • the arrangement according to Fig. 2 combines, in an efficient manner, collection of the particulates and recovery of heat from the combustion gases which are exiting the building.
  • the invention is not limited merely to the examples referred to above; instead, as it is obvious to a person skilled in the art, many variations are possible within the scope of the claims.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Separation Of Particles Using Liquids (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)

Abstract

Le dispositif de l'invention pour la collecte de particules (7) ayant une dimension de moins de 1 000 nm, de façon spécifique de moins de 100 nm, à partir d'un courant de gaz contenant de la vapeur d'eau (8) comprend un appareil de collecte comprenant une surface de collecte (13), la surface de collecte étant disposée en liaison avec l'écoulement de gaz. Conformément à l'invention, l'appareil de collecte comprend des moyens (14, 19) d'ajustement de la chaleur pour ajuster la température de la surface de collecte (13) au-dessous de la température de point de rosée de l'écoulement de gaz de façon à condenser la vapeur d'eau (8) de l'écoulement de gaz sur la surface de collecte et à transporter les particules (7) sur la surface de collecte conjointement avec l'entraînement par la vapeur d'eau sur celle-ci.
EP08750456A 2007-04-23 2008-04-22 Collecte de particules Withdrawn EP2139583A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20070319A FI119587B (fi) 2007-04-23 2007-04-23 Järjestely pienhiukkasten keräämiseksi
PCT/FI2008/050213 WO2008129136A1 (fr) 2007-04-23 2008-04-22 Collecte de particules

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2139583A1 true EP2139583A1 (fr) 2010-01-06
EP2139583A4 EP2139583A4 (fr) 2012-03-21

Family

ID=38009857

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08750456A Withdrawn EP2139583A4 (fr) 2007-04-23 2008-04-22 Collecte de particules

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2139583A4 (fr)
FI (1) FI119587B (fr)
WO (1) WO2008129136A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105920960B (zh) * 2016-06-15 2019-11-15 高境 去除气溶胶中细颗粒物的方法和系统
WO2021170898A1 (fr) * 2020-02-25 2021-09-02 21Tdmc Group Oy Procédé et dispositif de purification de gaz de combustion contenant de fines particules

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4675029A (en) * 1984-11-21 1987-06-23 Geoenergy International, Corp. Apparatus and method for treating the emission products of a wood burning stove
US5039318A (en) * 1988-11-04 1991-08-13 Boliden Contech Ab Device at wet electrostatic precipitator
WO2005114131A2 (fr) * 2004-05-10 2005-12-01 Tsi Incorporated Traitement de surface de particules favorisant la condensation
WO2007110482A1 (fr) * 2006-03-27 2007-10-04 Beneq Oy procédé de fabrication de surfaces de verre fonctionnelles en modifiant la composition de la surface d'origine
WO2007118937A1 (fr) * 2006-04-19 2007-10-25 Beneq Oy Méthode et appareillage de revêtement du verre
WO2008049954A1 (fr) * 2006-10-24 2008-05-02 Beneq Oy Dispositif de production de nanoparticules
EP1955755A2 (fr) * 2007-02-07 2008-08-13 Samuli Penttinen Procédé et dispositif pour purifier un gaz d'évacuation contenant des particules fines

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5119585A (ja) * 1974-08-09 1976-02-16 Hitachi Ltd Haigasusanpuringusochiniokeru suibun dasutodojijokyoho
GB1539206A (en) * 1975-09-12 1979-01-31 Bekaert Sa Nv Apparatus and method for demisting streams of gases

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4675029A (en) * 1984-11-21 1987-06-23 Geoenergy International, Corp. Apparatus and method for treating the emission products of a wood burning stove
US5039318A (en) * 1988-11-04 1991-08-13 Boliden Contech Ab Device at wet electrostatic precipitator
WO2005114131A2 (fr) * 2004-05-10 2005-12-01 Tsi Incorporated Traitement de surface de particules favorisant la condensation
WO2007110482A1 (fr) * 2006-03-27 2007-10-04 Beneq Oy procédé de fabrication de surfaces de verre fonctionnelles en modifiant la composition de la surface d'origine
WO2007118937A1 (fr) * 2006-04-19 2007-10-25 Beneq Oy Méthode et appareillage de revêtement du verre
WO2008049954A1 (fr) * 2006-10-24 2008-05-02 Beneq Oy Dispositif de production de nanoparticules
EP1955755A2 (fr) * 2007-02-07 2008-08-13 Samuli Penttinen Procédé et dispositif pour purifier un gaz d'évacuation contenant des particules fines

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO2008129136A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2139583A4 (fr) 2012-03-21
FI20070319A0 (fi) 2007-04-23
WO2008129136A1 (fr) 2008-10-30
FI119587B (fi) 2009-01-15
FI20070319A (fi) 2008-10-24

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