Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
  • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
  • E21B17/01—Risers
  • E21B17/012—Risers with buoyancy elements
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
  • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
  • E21B17/01—Risers
  • E21B17/015—Non-vertical risers, e.g. articulated or catenary-type
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
  • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
  • E21B43/01—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells specially adapted for obtaining from underwater installations
  • E21B43/013—Connecting a production flow line to an underwater well head

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a flexible riser plant for transporting hydrocarbons or other fluids under high pressure, and to a method of producing such an installation.
• the flexible hydrocarbon transport pipes which oppose the rigid pipes, are already well known, and they generally comprise, from the inside towards the outside of the pipe, a metal carcass, to take up the radial forces of crushing, covered with a polymer internal sealing sheath, a pressure vault to withstand the internal pressure of the hydrocarbon, tensile armor plies to take up axial tension forces and an outer sheath made of polymer to protect the all of the pipe and especially to prevent seawater from penetrating its thickness.
• the metal casing and the pressure vault consist of longitudinal elements wound at short pitch, and they give the pipe its resistance to radial forces while the plies of tensile armor "Tensile armor layers”) consist of generally metallic son wound in long steps so as to resume the axial forces.
• short-pitch winding designates any helical winding at a helix angle close to 90 °, typically between 75 ° and 90 °.
• long-pitch winding covers helical angles less than 55 °, typically between 25 ° and 55 ° for traction armor plies.
• the document WO 03/083343 describes such a solution which consists of wrapping reinforced tapes, for example of aramid fibers, around the tensile armor plies. In this way we limit and the swelling of the traction armor plies is controlled.
• this solution solves the problems associated with the radial buckling of the son constituting the traction armor plies, it only makes it possible to limit the risk of lateral buckling of said threads that persists.
• the document WO 2006/042939 describes a solution which consists in using yarns having a high ratio of width to thickness and in reducing the total number of yarns constituting each layer of tensile armor.
• Application FR 06 07421 in the name of the Applicant discloses a solution of adding inside the structure of the flexible pipe a tubular axial blocking layer. This layer is designed to take the axial compression efforts and limit the shortening of the pipe, which avoids damage to the plies of armor traction.
• the rising flexible pipe is supported at an intermediate depth between the bottom and the surface by one or several positive buoyancy members, arch type or underwater buoy.
• These configurations are generally reserved for dynamic applications at a depth of less than 500 m.
• the rising flexible pipe is arranged in catenary between the seabed and the surface installation.
• This configuration has the advantage of simplicity, but the disadvantage of being poorly adapted to dynamic applications at shallow depth, because of the excessive curvature variations that can be generated near the seabed.
• this configuration is commonly used for deep applications, that is to say more than 1000 m, or even 1500 m. Indeed, under these conditions, the relative amplitude of the movements of the floating support, and particularly the vertical movements related to the swell, remains much less than the length of the catenary, which limits the amplitude of the curvature variations in the vicinity of the seabed and makes it possible to control the risks of fatigue of the pipe and lateral buckling of the plies of traction armor.
• the structure of the pipe must be dimensioned according to the known techniques mentioned above, which leads to solutions complex and expensive.
• Hybrid risers using both rigid pipes and flexible pipes are also known.
• the documents FR 2 507 672, FR 2 809 136, FR 2 876 142, GB 2 346 188, WO 00/49267, WO 02/053869, WO 02/063128, WO 02/066786 and WO 02/103153 disclose a hybrid tower type riser known to those skilled in the art under the name "Hybrid Riser Tower".
• One or more rigid pipes go up along a substantially vertical tower from the seabed to a depth close to the surface, depth from which one or more flexible pipes provide the connection between the top of the tower and the floating support.
• the tower is provided with buoyancy means to remain upright.
• These hybrid towers are mainly used for deep-sea applications. They have the disadvantage of being difficult to install. In particular, the installation at sea of the rigid section generally requires very powerful lifting means.
• the object of the invention is to propose such a flexible riser installation that is effectively resistant to the inverse background effect despite the great depth but does not require penalizing structural modifications.
• the invention also aims to propose a method of installation at sea of this pipe.
• the invention achieves its goal through a riser installation made with a flexible pipe of unbound type, said pipe comprising from inside to outside at least one internal sealing sheath and at least two layers of traction armor wound with a long pitch, the pipe being disposed vertically between firstly a mechanical connection head with a submerged buoy and secondly a mechanical connection at the foot with the seabed, fluid connections being provided at the head and at the foot to connect the riser on the one hand with surface equipment and on the other hand with downhole equipment, characterized in that the foot of the column is at least 1000 m deep where it undergoes an effect of maximum calculable maximum reverse background F and in that the buoy is sized to cause at the bottom of the riser a reaction voltage T greater than at least 50% of the inverse bottom effect m a calcul
• Internal sealing sheath means the first layer, starting from the inside of the pipe, the function of which is to seal against the fluid flowing in the pipe.
• the internal sealing sheath is an extruded polymer tube.
• the present invention also applies to the case where said inner sealing sheath is made of a flexible and waterproof metal tube, of the type disclosed in WO 98/25063.
• Pext is the hydrostatic pressure prevailing outside the pipe, in the zone located near the pipe. seabed.
• Pint is the minimum pressure inside the pipe in the area near the seabed. This is the lowest internal pressure seen by the pipe, throughout its service life, in the area near the seabed. This minimum pressure is generally evaluated at the design phase of the pipe, as it determines the design of the pipe.
• Sint is the internal cross section the internal sealing sheath to which the internal pressure is directly applied.
• Sext is the external cross-section of the sealing sheath to which the external pressure is directly applied.
• the flexible pipe comprises at least two sealed sheaths, namely on the one hand an internal sealing sheath on the inner face of which the internal pressure directly applies, and on the other hand another sealed sheath surrounding said sheath. internal sealing and on the outer face of which the external pressure is directly applied.
• this other sealed sheath directly subjected to hydrostatic pressure is the outermost layer of the flexible pipe, and is then referred to as the external sealing sheath.
• Sext is equal to the external cross section of this outer sealing sheath.
• -Blow layers described in particular in WO 03/083343, and whose function is to limit the swelling of the tensile armor plies when the latter are subjected to a compressive force.
• These anti-swelling layers generally consist of reinforced Kevlar® strips wrapped around the tensile armor plies. Due to the high cost of Kevlar®, the reduction or removal of these bands allows a significant saving.
• Another advantage of the invention is to reduce the risk of lateral buckling of the tensile armor, and therefore to increase the depth at which the flexible pipes can be used as risers. This also avoids the use of armor threads traction having a high ratio width to thickness, which facilitates the manufacture of pipes.
• the present invention is advantageously applicable to any flexible pipe of unbound type, as long as it comprises at least one internal sealing sheath and a pair of tensile armor wires.
• the buoy is sized to exert on the riser a tension T greater than at least 75% of the maximum inverse bottom effect F developed at the bottom of the column, and even more advantageously the buoy is sized to exert on the column Raising a voltage T greater than at least 100% of the maximum reverse effect F developed at the bottom of the column.
• traction armor plies offer the advantage of lightness but poor resistance to compression. The invention makes it possible to use them for a riser, by means of these precautions of high tension imposed by the buoy at the head of the column.
• the head fluidic connection generally includes a flexible overhead line connecting the top of the riser to the surface equipment via appropriate fittings and accessories.
• the internal sealing sheath of the vertical flexible pipe is polymeric.
• the vertical flexible pipe comprises an outer polymeric sheath sealing around the layers of tensile armor wires.
• the hydrostatic pressure is applied directly on the outer face of the internal sealing sheath.
• the vertical flexible pipe comprises, between the inner sealing sheath and the layers of tensile armor wires, an internal pressure vault made by a helical winding with a short pitch of wire, designed to withstand the internal pressure of the fluid transported.
• the layers of tensile armor yarns of the vertical flexible pipe comprise sheets of yarns based on carbon fibers.
• the mechanical foot connection comprises at least one anchor cable connecting the bottom of the vertical flexible pipe to an anchor point fixed on the seabed.
• This anchoring cable can be replaced by any equivalent connecting means, having both a high mechanical strength in tension and a good flexibility in bending, such as a chain or an articulated mechanical device.
• the fluidic connection foot has a flexible pipe foot connection connecting the bottom of the riser to a production line, through the appropriate end caps and accessories.
• the fluidic connection in the foot is via a lower connecting end fixed at the bottom of the vertical flexible pipe, and the at least one anchoring cable mentioned above is secured at its upper end to said lower connecting end.
• the buoy has a central bore passage of the vertical flexible pipe of diameter greater than that of an upper connecting piece of said vertical flexible pipe.
• the mechanical connection at the head comprises a collar in several parts serving as a stop between the upper part of the buoy and the upper connecting end of the vertical flexible pipe.
• a curvature limiting device is provided at the bottom of the bore of the buoy.
• the mechanical connection at the head comprises a pull line connecting the bottom of the buoy to an integral member of the top of the vertical flexible pipe.
• the element attached to the top of the vertical flexible pipe is a gooseneck for the fluidic connection head.
• the invention also relates to a method of setting up the installation according to the invention.
• a first vessel from which the flexible pipe is unwound and a second buoy support vessel capable of supporting the ballasted buoy between an upper position close to the surface and a position are advantageously used for laying the installation. lower near the seabed; attaching a first end of the flexible pipe unwound to the buoy in the upper position; the flexible pipe is unwound so that it hangs between the first vessel and the second vessel; extending a second end of the flexible pipe unwound by a connecting hose provided with a fluid connection; a hooking line is used to hook said coupling to the first laying and unrolling this line of attachment to lower said connection substantially at said second end; said coupling and said second end are lowered to the vicinity of the bottom; the mechanical connection of said second end and the fluidic connection of said coupling is carried out, and the buoy is unballasted.
• the flexible pipe is filled with water during laying.
• FIG. 1 is a partial schematic perspective view of a flexible pipe used according to the invention.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view of a rising pipe installation according to the invention
• FIG. 3 is a partial diagrammatic view of a first connecting mode at the bottom of the riser pipe
• Figure 4 is a side view of Figure 3;
• FIG. 5 is a partial schematic view of a second connecting mode at the bottom of rising pipe
• FIG. 6 is a partial schematic view of a third mode of connection at the bottom of a riser pipe, also represented in FIG. 2;
• FIG. 7 is a partial schematic view of a first connection mode at the top of the riser pipe
• FIG. 8 is a partial schematic view of a second connection mode at the top of the riser pipe
• FIG. 9 is a partial schematic view of a third mode of connection at the top of the riser.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an unbonded flexible pipe 10 of the non-smooth passage type (in English "rough-bore") and which presents here, from the inside of the pipe towards the outside, an internal metal carcass 16, a pipe of internal seal 18 made of plastic material, a stapled pressure vault 20, two crossed plies of tensile armor 22, 24, an anti-swelling layer 25 made by winding woven strips of Kevlar® fibers, and an outer sheath 25
• the flexible pipe 10 thus extends longitudinally along the axis 17.
• the metal inner casing 16, the stapled pressure vault 20 and the anti-swelling layer 25 are produced by means of longitudinal elements wound helically with a short pitch. while the crossed armor plies 22, 24 are formed of helical windings with a long pitch of armor wires.
• FIG. 2 diagrammatically represents the riser 1 of the invention intended to bring up a fluid, in principle a liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon or two-phase hydrocarbon, between a production facility 2 situated on the seabed 5 and an operating installation 3
• the production plant 2 shown in Figure 2 is a pipe, generally rigid, resting on the seabed and known to those skilled in the art under the name of "flowline".
• This pipe provides the connection between the foot of the riser 1 on the one hand and on the other hand an underwater installation of the type for example manifold ("manifold" in English) or wellhead.
• the riser consists essentially of a portion of vertical flexible pipe 10 stretched between a mechanical connection 6 ', 6 “, 6'” hooking to the seabed 5 at the bottom of the column and a mechanical connection 7 ', 7 “d hooking to a submerged buoy 8 at the head of the column
• the mechanical fastening means 6 ', 6 “, 6'” have the function of anchoring the base of the flexible pipe 10 to seabed 5.
• Head connection means 40, 12 extend the vertical flexible pipe 10 from its upper end and allow the circulation of the fluid transported to the operating installation 3.
• Foot connection means 33, 34 , 30 ensure the continuity of the flow of the fluid transported between the undersea production facility 2 and the lower part of the vertical flexible pipe 10.
• the depth P of the sea is greater than 1000 m and can reach for example 3000 m.
• the buoy 8 is immersed at a height P1 below sea level which is typically between 100 m and 300 m to escape the surface ocean currents.
• the buoy At the head of the column, the buoy has a tension T1 directed upwards. This tension T1 is defined by the buoyancy of the buoy 8.
• the reaction force T exerted at the bottom of the column at the fastening 6 has the intensity as the difference between the T1 tension at the head and the relative apparent weight of the column.
• the buoyancy of the buoy is defined such that the resulting tension T applied to the lower part of the rising flexible pipe is sufficiently large to compensate for at least 50%, advantageously 75% and preferably 100% of the axial compression force generated by the inverse background effect.
• the difference between the buoyancy strictly necessary to maintain the assembly and that suitable for implementing the present invention. can exceed 70 000 daN, even 100 000 daN or even 200 000 daN, which is a very important value, much higher than the margins of safety, of the order of 10,000 daN to 20,000 daN which previously seemed sufficient to the skilled person.
• This large oversizing of the buoy results in a significant additional cost of the buoy, so that it had been avoided in the past.
• the present invention goes against this prejudice. By increasing the size and the cost of the buoy, one obtains, against all expectations, a greater gain on the structure of the vertical flexible pipe 10, this advantage largely offsetting the disadvantage related to the extra cost of the buoy 8.
• the pressure inside the pipe may drop to 1 bar, in the area near the seabed, this internal pressure being also the minimum pressure expected during the lifetime and operation of the pipe.
• the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the pipe is substantially equal to 200 bar. Therefore, in this example:
• the steel wires constituting the tensile armor plies would have moreover presented a high ratio width on thickness, typically 20 mm by 4 mm, to avoid lateral buckling traction armor plies.
• the weight in the water of such a pipe when it is full of gas, would then have been of the order of 100 daN per linear meter, which would have led to a total weight of 180 000 daN.
• the buoy supports not only the apparent weight in the water of the pipe 10, but also that of a portion of the foot connection means 30, as well as substantially half of that of the head connection means 40, 12, the other half being supported by the operating installation 3. In this example, these weight supplements to be supported are of the order of 20,000 daN.
• the tension T at the bottom of the column is equal to 50% of F, that is to say 88 000 daN.
• the flexible pipe 10 must in this case be sized to withstand an axial compressive force of the order of 90 000 daN instead of 180 000 daN above according to the prior art. This sharp reduction in axial compression makes it possible in this example to choose a structure comprising two tensile armor plies 22, 24 of steel 3 mm thick each, and made of conventional yarns that do not have a high ratio of width to thickness. .
• the thickness of the anti-swelling layer 25 Kevlar® is in this case almost twice as low as that according to the aforementioned prior art.
• the weight in the water of such a pipe, when it is full of gas, is of the order of 90 daN per linear meter, that is to say substantially less than that of a pipe according to the invention. aforementioned prior art.
• the total weight in the water of the pipe 10 is therefore about 162,000 daN. Therefore, according to this embodiment of the invention, the buoy must be sized to have a flexibility to generate a voltage at the head of the column:
• the buoyancy of the buoy 8 has therefore in this example been increased by 37,000 daN in absolute value or 17% in relative value compared to the previous practice. This disadvantage is compensated by the gain on the structure of the pipe.
• the voltage T at the bottom of the column is equal to F, that is to say 176,000 daN.
• the use of carbon fiber tensile armor instead of steel armor not only helps to reduce the amount of driving, which makes it easier to handle and install at sea, but also to improve its durability. corrosion and to avoid hydrogen embrittlement phenomena encountered with steels with high mechanical properties.
• the absence of axial compression also eliminates the anti-swelling 25 Kevlar® layer, which allows significant savings.
• the weight in the water of such a pipe, when it is full of gas, is in this example of the order of 60 daN per linear meter, which represents a weight gain of 40% compared to aforementioned prior art.
• the total weight in the water of the pipe 10 is around 108 000 daN. Therefore, according to this embodiment of the invention, the buoy must be dimensioned to have a buoyancy allowing to generate at the head of column a tension:
• the buoyancy of the buoy has therefore been increased by 89 000 daN in absolute value or 41% in relative value compared to previous practice .
• This disadvantage is largely offset by the gain in the structure of the pipe and its ease of installation at sea, because of the weight of the pipe.
• FIGS 2 to 6 show different connection means in foot.
• These means comprise a connecting pipe 30 foot, generally short length, in practice less than 100m.
• This foot connection pipe must be sized to withstand the entire reverse bottom effect.
• This foot connection pipe may comprise one or more rigid or flexible pipe sections possibly combined with each other. It can also comprise a mechanical device of the flexible seal type, device whose function is to ensure the continuity of the flow while allowing degrees of freedom in flexion similar to those of a flexible pipe.
• the foot connection pipe 30 is a reinforced flexible pipe according to the above-mentioned techniques of the prior art, in order to resist the opposite bottom effect and to eliminate the risk of lateral buckling of the traction armor plies.
• the structure of this flexible pipe 30 of foot connection is generally very different from that of the vertical flexible pipe 10.
• the flexible pipe 30 is connected at its lower end by a tip 32 to the endpiece 35 of a rigid sleeve 34 allowing a connection from above with a vertical connector 33 placed at the end of the production line (“flowline”) 2 and cooperating with a suitable end piece 36 of the sleeve 34.
• the end upper of the hose 30 comprises a nozzle 31 connected to the lower nozzle 6 'of the flexible pipe 10, which is attached to an anchorage point 6 '"by a 6" cable.
• the anchor point 6 '" is integral with the seabed 5. It is dimensioned to withstand a tearing tension greater than the tension T exerted by the foot of the column .
• the anchoring point 6'' is advantageously a suction anchor ("suction pile" in English) or a gravity anchor stack.
• FIG. 3 shows a variant of horizontal connection of the pipe 30 directly in a horizontal connector 33 terminating the production pipe 2.
• FIG. 4 shows that the lower nozzle 6 'is in fact held by two cables 6 "fixed at their end upper on two of its sides, and at their lower end on an articulated fastener 28 of the anchoring point 6 '".
• FIG. 5 shows a variant using a flexible hose 30 of foot connection, according to which the hose 30 is distributed buoyancy, thanks to buoys 34 surrounding the hose; this has the advantage of allowing to withstand large angular displacements of the pipe 10 on either side of the vertical position.
• FIGS. 7 to 9 show different variants of the connection means at the head.
• FIG. 7 shows that the flexible pipe 10 has an upper end piece T on which is connected the lower end piece 39 of a rigid gooseneck pipe 40 whose upper end piece 41 is connected to the lower end piece 13 of the pipe 12 flexible head link connected to the surface installation.
• the flexible pipe 12 of connection in the head is generally called “jumper” by the skilled person.
• a collar 7 "in two parts abutment prevents the tip T to go down through the bore 37 of the buoy 8.
• the bore 37 has at its lower part a flared shape 38 acting curvature limiter in case of deflection
• the buoy is advantageously a mechanically welded and compartmentalized structure, sealed chambers filled with air can be ballasted and deballasted with water, so as to vary the buoyancy of the buoy. .
• the gooseneck is removed and replaced by distributed buoyancy means 44 (buoys surrounding the flexible "jumper” 12) having the effect of giving the flexible "jumper" 12 the shape of an "S".
• the tip 13 of the "jumper” 12 is therefore directly attached to the tip T of the pipe 10.
• the lower flare 38 of the bore of the buoy 8 has also been replaced by a curvature limiter 42 ("bend stiffener "in English) added at the bottom of the buoy.
• the buoy 8 is hooked above the riser, by means of a chain 45 (or equivalent) fixed in a ring 47 to the buoy and in a ring 46 to the gooseneck 40 .
• This method uses two boats, a flexible pipe laying boat 50 and a support boat 60.
• the boat 50 comprises a spool 52 or a basket storing the flexible pipe to be laid in rolled form (or more exactly a part of the pipe to be wound up), making it possible to unwind the hose 10 by passing it over a return pulley 54 and then by drive means 56, preferably vertical quadri caterpillar type, located above the central shaft 51 of the boat.
• a winch 53 provided with an auxiliary cable 66 will be described later (see Figures 14 to 16) for the end of the installation.
• the boat 60 comprises a main crane 62 having the capacity to lift the buoy 8 by means of a cable 63, and an auxiliary traction means 64, of the crane or winch type.
• a cable 57 intended to pull the pipe 10 to the inside of the buoy 8 is previously fixed to the upper end piece T of the pipe 10 and pulled through the buoy 8 to winch or crane 64.
• the line 10 is pulled using the winch 64 to the inside of the buoy 8; simultaneously, the laying boat unwinds the necessary length of hose 10.
• the winch 64 used as an auxiliary means of traction was fixed not on the boat 60, but rather on the upper part of the buoy 8.
• the winch 64 would advantageously be separated from the buoy 8 to be recovered and loaded onto the boat 60.
• the hose 10 of the laying boat 50 is then completely reeled off, then the flexible pipe 30 which is attached by the end piece 6 ', 31, then the rigid gooseneck 34 attached by the end pieces 32, 35.
• a cable 66 is attached to the gooseneck 34, which makes it possible to end the descent by unwinding the cable 66 which unwinds from the winch 53 while passing over a return pulley, for example the pulley 54 already used for returning the hose.
• the buoy 8 is lowered with the crane 62, the buoy being ballasted.
• the descent of the cable 66 is continued and the vertical connection of the gooseneck 34 with the end piece 33 of the production line 2 is effected by means of an automatic connector and with the assistance of of an underwater robot.
• the buoy 8 is unballasted so as to obtain the tension T1 at the column head. This can be done from the support boat 60 with means of the type flexible hose, pump and robot underwater. The installation is then complete and ships 50 and 60 can leave the area.
• the fluid connections at the head of the column can be made in a second step, according to methods known to those skilled in the art, once the surface installation 3 has been routed on site.
• the laying boat 50 only supports half of the hanging weight of the pipe 10, the rest being supported by the support boat 60, it is possible to use boats of lesser capacity.
• the installation voltages are lower compared to the laying of unrolled rigid pipe, because the flexible pipes can support curvatures much lower than the rigid pipes.
• This solution would be particularly suitable for laying flexible pipes for gas transport, because the presence of water or moisture inside these pipes is likely to cause the formation of hydrate plugs later.
• the installation of a rising flexible pipe according to the present invention is much faster than that of a rigid hybrid tower, and the flexibility of the method allows the installation in sea conditions worse than those for the laying of rigid hybrid towers .

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
• Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
• Earth Drilling (AREA)
• Chain Conveyers (AREA)
• Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
• Loading And Unloading Of Fuel Tanks Or Ships (AREA)
• Pipe Accessories (AREA)
• Tents Or Canopies (AREA)
• Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)

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• 2007
  • 2007-01-26 FR FR0700549A patent/FR2911907B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2008
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  • 2008-01-23 EP EP08761795A patent/EP2122114B1/de active Active
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