EP2118965B1 - Petite antenne électriquement auto-résonante - Google Patents

Petite antenne électriquement auto-résonante Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2118965B1
EP2118965B1 EP07702735A EP07702735A EP2118965B1 EP 2118965 B1 EP2118965 B1 EP 2118965B1 EP 07702735 A EP07702735 A EP 07702735A EP 07702735 A EP07702735 A EP 07702735A EP 2118965 B1 EP2118965 B1 EP 2118965B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resonant
antenna
feed point
folded
self
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
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EP07702735A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2118965A1 (fr
Inventor
Jordi Bonache Albacete
Javier DACUÑA SANTOS
Rafael Pous Andres
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Aida Centre SL
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Aida Centre SL
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Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
    • H01Q1/2225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
    • H01Q13/16—Folded slot antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials

Definitions

  • the present invention is applicable to the antenna miniaturization design, for example, in the technical field of Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) by a micro-antenna coupled to a chip conforming an electronic label, commonly termed RFID tag, and attached to an object, animal or a person for its/his/her automatic identification.
  • RFID Radiofrequency Identification
  • the invention that is disclosed herein relates to an antenna that achieves self-resonance without needing any external matching network between the antenna and the source (for example an RFID chip) and can be reduced in size arbitrarily, just adjusting different parameters of the resonant structure (at the expense of a reduced read range).
  • This tiny antenna is especially suitable for RFID applications because it can be fabricated in a single layer substrate, with small dimensions as the antennas used in RFID tags require.
  • Antennas should be integrated in different electronic products as mobile phones, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), etc..., and they require a small antenna capable of being integrated with different products.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • Radio Frequency Identification This technology allows the identification of any object with the aid of an electronic tag attached to it.
  • This electronic tag is composed by a small antenna and a micro-chip.
  • Radiofrequency Identification the tiny antennae of the RFID electronic tag can operate in a low-frequency band (LF), around 125 kHz, others in the high-frequency band (HF) at 13.56 MHz and some last ones are developed to work in the 900 MHz range, in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) band.
  • LF low-frequency band
  • HF high-frequency band
  • UHF ultra-high-frequency
  • Different implementations of the RFID tags carrying in the interior thereof the microchip connected to the printed circuit antenna are known, for example, implemented in self-adhesive labels, capsules, coins, cards, badges, etc.
  • the size of a given antenna is in the order of the wavelength. This restriction means that antennas for low frequencies will be larger than antennas for high frequencies.
  • small antennas herein are commonly defined as antennas that fit in a sphere of radius ⁇ /(2- ⁇ ), being ⁇ the wavelength.
  • a resonant dipole is a balanced antenna formed by a wire with length slightly shorter than half a wavelength fed at the centre.
  • a self-resonant antenna as the resonant dipole, is an antenna whose input impedance is purely real.
  • the maximum power transfer theorem states that, for a linear network with fixed source impedance, the maximum power is delivered from the source (antenna) to the load (chip) when the load impedance is the complex conjugate of the source impedance.
  • the maximum power will be delivered when the antenna and source impedance are equal.
  • theorem Based on the maximum power transfer theorem, if the antenna is not self-resonant, usually a matching network is needed in order to achieve the maximum power transfer between antenna and load.
  • the self-resonant antennas known so far have a size in the order of the wavelength, which for some applications is very large. If the size of the antenna is required to be reduced, the input impedance becomes reactive (inductive or capacitive, depending of the structure of the antenna).
  • the Split Ring Resonator (SRR), introduced by Pendry (see “ Magnetism from conductors and enhanced non linear phenomena" by J. B. Pendry et al., IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, pp. 2075-2084, November 1988 ) is a great contribution to the field of metamaterials since it is the first particle able to achieve negative values of effective magnetic permeability.
  • the structure of such resonator consists of two concentric metallic rings. Both rings have a certain thickness (c) and small gaps etched on opposite sides, as shown in Figure 1A .
  • the SRR has a mean radius (r 0 ) measured just in between the two concentric rings.
  • the induction (L s ) can be approximated by the induction of a single ring with a radius equal to the mean radius (r 0 ) of the SRR and width (c) of each concentric ring.
  • a periodic array of these resonators can be used as a filter for millimetre waves and microwaves.
  • An example of this use is EP 1675212 A1 , wherein a planar transmission element, such as a microstrip line or a central metallic plane with dielectric substrate on both sides and a conducting strip formed on it, is mounted in magnetic coupling with an in-series insertion of several SRRs.
  • EP 1675212 A1 provides an antenna or a battery of antennae which incorporates the described filter comprising said array of SRRs for emission and reception of electromagnetic waves, because the behaviour of the array of SRRs as an effective medium allows the propagation of fast waves for a given frequency, and then it behaves as a leaky wave antenna.
  • the SRR has a dual counterpart which is so-called Complementary SRR (CSRR).
  • Metal parts of the SRR are changed by slots in a conducting plane in the CSRR.
  • electric currents in the rings are changed by magnetic currents in the slots and electric and magnetic fields surrounding the SRR are swapped by each other in the CSRR.
  • Magnetic currents in the slots do no physically exist; actually they are a mathematical model for modelling the electric currents on the conducting plane. The currents are not confined to the edges of the slot but rather spread out over the conducting plane. In the SRR, the currents are more confined, and a higher current density flows through the rings. Because of this, power loss in SRR due to metal losses can be higher (lower efficiency) than in CSRR.
  • a solution to overcome the reduction of the radiation resistance due to the miniaturization of the antenna is using a folded structure, which allows a x4 increment of the radiation resistance.
  • a folded structure which allows to increase the real component of the input impedance (radiation resistance and loss resistance) without varying the resonant frequency.
  • a dipole antenna and a single folded-dipole antenna are shown in Figure 8A and 8B respectively.
  • resonant antenna is the one disclosed in US 2005/0088342 which comprises a magnetically coupled feed ring within an electrically conductive ring which is a resonant and radiant element built in a planar dielectric.
  • the resonant structure is a split ring resonator used as an antenna and the internal ring has a gap to define feed points in diametrical opposition to a gap in the external conductive ring. This latter gap provides a desired capacitance and establishes a desired resonant frequency.
  • the present invention is intended to resolve the problem outlined above on miniaturized antenna design without needing to introduce a matching network in the antenna and satisfying both of two antenna design requirements: small size and matching to the source.
  • one aspect of this invention deals with an antenna which comprises a self-resonant radiating structure that is perfectly adaptable to manufacture of micro-antennas for Radiofrequency Identification (RFID).
  • RFID Radiofrequency Identification
  • another aspect of the invention refers to an RFID tag which comprises an antenna configured with this self-resonant radiating structure as described as follows.
  • the antenna proposed in this invention comprises at least a radiant element consisting of a resonant structure, built in a planar substrate and excited at a feed point, which produces an electric current through the feed point when said resonant structure is excited by a magnetic field (or an electric field in case the complementary resonant structure, applying the Babinet principle, is used) pointed in a direction transversal to the planar substrate.
  • the resonant structure which can be modelled by an equivalent electric circuit with inductance and capacitance that determine its resonant frequency, is a folded structure used as a split ring resonator (SSR) antenna.
  • SSR split ring resonator
  • such self- resonant structure can be used as a near field UHF tag antenna, because it can be excited by the magnetic near (or evanescent) field from a reader antenna.
  • the split ring resonator structure can resonate at a frequency not only dependent on its overall size, this means that the size of the resonator can be reduced arbitrarily for a given frequency and so, when the structure is fed to produce electromagnetic radiation, the SRR is a self-resonating and radiating element which becomes an antenna as small as required.
  • a small slit or gap can be done in the middle of the SRR, without modifying significantly the resonance frequency, because the equivalent circuit of this SRR behaves as a RLC series circuit at the resonant frequency and said resonant frequency is not affected by introducing a series resistor in the feeding point or feeding port etched in the external or internal ring.
  • An advantage of the antenna based on the SRR configuration is that the resonant antenna overall size can be reduced as much as needed just by increasing the overall inductance and capacitance between rings of the SRR.
  • a main difference of the present invention from the antennae described in EP 1675212 A1 lies in the electromagnetic radiation originated by the rings of the SRR.
  • the radiation pattern of the SRR antenna described here is almost omni-directional with maximum gain in the plane containing the rings. If these rings have a radius much smaller than the wavelength, the SRR can be modelled, at the resonant frequency, as a loop antenna with an equivalent radius equal to the mean radius (r 0 ) of the SRR and an equivalent width equal to the width (c) of the rings.
  • the radiation pattern of the SRR is similar to the one generated by a loop antenna.
  • the SRR radiating structure is self-resonant, whilst the loop is purely inductive and requires a matching network to maximize transferring of power to the load of the antenna.
  • the load must be the complex conjugated of the antenna impedance and the inductive component must be cancelled.
  • the SRR does not need any matching network to the load and, at the same time, the resonant frequency can be kept independent from the SRR size, being an optimal configuration to be applied in miniature antennae.
  • a folded SRR antenna can be used to increase more than four times the radiation resistance for a given (constant) resonant frequency with respect to the SRR antenna for matching purposes.
  • Another way to increase the radiation resistance is to shift the feed port along the ring. Because of the current density in each ring decreases as it gets close to the gap of the ring, the feed point displacement along the external or internal ring achieves higher radiation resistance without modifying the resonant frequency. Moving the feed port results in an unbalanced antenna, so it is not suitable for applications which require a balanced transmission line, but it is perfectly valid for RFID applications.
  • An aspect of the invention deals with a self-resonant electrically small antenna comprising at least a radiant element which is a resonant structure built in a planar substrate and excited at a feed point, being said resonant structure modelled by an equivalent electric circuit with inductance and capacitance that determine a resonant frequency, and said resonant structure producing an electric current through the feed point when said resonant structure is excited by a magnetic field pointed in a direction transversal to the planar substrate, and being said resonant structure a folded split ring resonator which comprises:
  • the folded ring configures another gap in diametrical opposition to the gap of the internal ring and the feed point.
  • a self-resonant electrically small antenna comprising at least a radiant element which is a resonant structure built in a planar substrate and excited at a feed point, being said resonant structure modelled by an equivalent electric circuit with inductance and capacitance that determine a resonant frequency, and said resonant structure producing an electric current through the feed point (1) when said resonant structure is excited by a magnetic field pointed in a direction transversal to the planar substrate, and being said resonant structure a folded split ring resonator which comprises:
  • another gap is configured in diametrical opposition to the gap of the external ring and said feed point.
  • RFID tags have their maximum radiation direction perpendicular to the plane containing the tag itself, but with the antenna based on the SRR in any of the proposed configurations the maximum direction of radiation is situated in the plane containing the antenna.
  • an RFID tag with an SRR-based antenna can be placed inside a cap on a bottle so that the RFID reader can interrogate the SRR-based antenna when the reader antenna reaches the cap, being the optimum read direction the natural one defined by the major surface of the cap.
  • a main benefit of the present invention in any of the diverse implementation ways disclosed here, is that the antenna can be fabricated very easily using a planar, rigid or flexible, substrate. This means that the fabrication process involves lower costs and also the fabricated antenna can be easily integrated for numerous applications that demand strictly reduced dimensions.
  • a possible embodiment of this invention deals with folding one or both rings of the SRR in order to achieve a larger radiation resistance.
  • An example of a folded split ring resonator (11) structure is drawn in Figure 9 .
  • This folded split ring resonator (11) is composed by an internal ring (R1) and a folded ring (R2') with an external slit for the feed point (1).
  • Table 1 shows the self-resonant frequency and real part of the input impedance of different resonant structures known in the prior art and the folded SRR implementation of the invention. All the structures have been simulated with a full wave MoM [Method of Moments] simulator assuming they are in free space, made of copper and have the same size with a maximum value about 20 millimetres. Table 1.- Characteristics of different radiating structures. Structure Single loop Single split ring Split Ring Resonator Folded SRR ( Figure 9 ) Resonant frequency (f r ) 5.5 GHz 2.36 GHz 1.72 GHz 1.72 GHz Re(Z a ) at f r . 150 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 14 ⁇
  • the single split ring resonates at 2.36 GHz. At this frequency the length of the ring is approximately half a wavelength. This means that it is equivalent to the resonant frequency of a dipole of the same length (however, a dipole would have a larger overall size because it is straight).
  • the higher input resistance is for a single loop antenna; however the resonant frequency is 5.5 GHz.
  • the input impedance of the single loop at 1.72 GHz is 15.2 + j979 ⁇ , which is highly inductive. If we cancel out the reactive part by means of a series capacitor, the input resistance would be 15.2 ⁇ , which is very close to the folded split ring resonator, but the folded SRR does not need any matching network or external lumped components.
  • the folded structure used in the folded split ring resonator has two arms. In order to increase more the input resistance, more arms can be used. As instance, a three-arms folded SRR, drawn in Figure 10 , with identical overall size, would have a resonant frequency of 1.72 GHz and input impedance of 27 ⁇ . The input resistance is about N 2 times the input resistance of the non-folded structure, where N is the number of arms.

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Claims (5)

  1. Petite antenne électrique auto-résonnant comprenant au moins un élément de rayonnement qui est une structure de résonance construite dans un substrat plan et excitée à un point d'alimentation (1), étant ladite structure résonnante modelée par un circuit électrique équivalent avec une inductance et capacité qui déterminent une fréquence de résonance, et ladite structure résonnante produisant un courant électrique à travers le point d'alimentation (1) lorsque ladite structure résonnante est excitée par un champ magnétique pointé dans une direction transversale au substrat plan, caractérisée en ce que la structure résonnante est un résonateur en anneau plié, divisé (11) qui comprend un anneau interne (R1) avec un espace et un anneau plié (R2') avec une fente externe pour le point d'alimentation (1), ledit anneau plié (R2') configurant un autre espace diamétralement opposé à l'espace de l'anneau interne (R1) et audit point d'alimentation (1).
  2. Petite antenne électrique auto-résonnante comprenant au moins un élément de rayonnement qui est une structure résonnante construite dans un substrat plan et excitée à un point d'alimentation, étant ladite structure résonnante modelée par un circuit électrique équivalent avec une inductance et capacité qui déterminent une fréquence de résonance, et ladite structure résonnante produisant un courant électrique à travers le point d'alimentation lorsque ladite structure résonnante est excitée par un champ magnétique pointé dans une direction transversale au substrat plan, caractérisée en ce que la structure résonnante est un résonateur en anneau plié, divisé qui comprend un anneau externe avec un espace et un anneau interne plié avec une fente interne pour le point d'alimentation, ledit anneau interne plié configurant un autre espace diamétralement opposé à l'espace de l'anneau externe et audit point d'alimentation.
  3. Etiquette d'identification par radiofréquence comprenant une petite antenne électrique auto-résonnante définie selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
  4. Etiquette d'identification par radiofréquence selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle la petite antenne électrique auto-résonnante est installée à l'intérieur d'un capuchon d'une bouteille.
  5. Etiquette d'identification par radiofréquence selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle la petite antenne électrique auto-résonnante est réalisée à partir d'une tôle en feuille d'emballage sous coque.
EP07702735A 2007-01-12 2007-01-12 Petite antenne électriquement auto-résonante Not-in-force EP2118965B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2007/000262 WO2008083719A1 (fr) 2007-01-12 2007-01-12 Petite antenne électriquement auto-résonante

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EP2118965A1 EP2118965A1 (fr) 2009-11-18
EP2118965B1 true EP2118965B1 (fr) 2011-05-04

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EP (1) EP2118965B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE508493T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE602007014410D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2366137T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008083719A1 (fr)

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US11446966B2 (en) 2019-03-27 2022-09-20 Lyten, Inc. Tires containing resonating carbon-based microstructures
WO2022216403A1 (fr) * 2021-04-09 2022-10-13 Lyten, Inc. Pneu comprenant des résonateurs à anneau fendu
US11479062B2 (en) 2019-03-27 2022-10-25 Lyten, Inc. Tuned radio frequency (RF) resonant materials and material configurations for sensing in a vehicle
US11537806B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2022-12-27 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices

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US11537806B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2022-12-27 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices
US11783142B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2023-10-10 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices
US11783143B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2023-10-10 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices
US11783141B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2023-10-10 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices
US11915088B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2024-02-27 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices
US12026576B2 (en) 2018-08-09 2024-07-02 Lyten, Inc. Electromagnetic state sensing devices
US11446966B2 (en) 2019-03-27 2022-09-20 Lyten, Inc. Tires containing resonating carbon-based microstructures
US11472233B2 (en) 2019-03-27 2022-10-18 Lyten, Inc. Tuned radio frequency (RF) resonant materials
US11479062B2 (en) 2019-03-27 2022-10-25 Lyten, Inc. Tuned radio frequency (RF) resonant materials and material configurations for sensing in a vehicle
WO2022216403A1 (fr) * 2021-04-09 2022-10-13 Lyten, Inc. Pneu comprenant des résonateurs à anneau fendu

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WO2008083719A1 (fr) 2008-07-17
ATE508493T1 (de) 2011-05-15
EP2118965A1 (fr) 2009-11-18
DE602007014410D1 (de) 2011-06-16
ES2366137T3 (es) 2011-10-17

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