EP2108051B1 - Method and device for the cold-gas spraying of particles having different solidities and/or ductilities - Google Patents

Method and device for the cold-gas spraying of particles having different solidities and/or ductilities Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2108051B1
EP2108051B1 EP08701266.2A EP08701266A EP2108051B1 EP 2108051 B1 EP2108051 B1 EP 2108051B1 EP 08701266 A EP08701266 A EP 08701266A EP 2108051 B1 EP2108051 B1 EP 2108051B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
particles
type
stagnation chamber
nozzle
area
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EP08701266.2A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2108051A2 (en
Inventor
Axel Arndt
Uwe Pyritz
Heike Schiewe
Raymond Ullrich
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/14—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas designed for spraying particulate materials
    • B05B7/1481—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material
    • B05B7/1486—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material for spraying particulate material in dry state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/1606—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed the spraying of the material involving the use of an atomising fluid, e.g. air
    • B05B7/1613—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed the spraying of the material involving the use of an atomising fluid, e.g. air comprising means for heating the atomising fluid before mixing with the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/162—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed the spraying of the material involving the use of an atomising fluid, e.g. air comprising means for heating the atomising fluid before mixing with the material to be sprayed and heat being transferred from the atomising fluid to the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/1626—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed the spraying of the material involving the use of an atomising fluid, e.g. air comprising means for heating the atomising fluid before mixing with the material to be sprayed and heat being transferred from the atomising fluid to the material to be sprayed at the moment of mixing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for cold gas spraying, in which particles of a first type together with particles of a second type are fed into a stagnation chamber and are accelerated together with a carrier gas through a nozzle downstream of the stagnation chambers to a substrate to be coated.
  • the particles of the first type deform and adhere to form a layer
  • the particles of the second type which have a higher strength and / or a lower ductility than the particles of the first type, being incorporated into the layer.
  • the aforementioned method is for example from the US 2003/0126800 A1 known.
  • particles of a hard material are deposited on the surface of turbine blades together with particles of a metallic material by cold gas spraying.
  • a proportion of 15 to 20% of the hard material particles is embedded in the matrix of the metallic matrix material forming during cold gas spraying.
  • the hard particles remain unchanged due to their high strength and low ductility in the matrix.
  • the incorporation rate of hard materials with proportions of more than 20% is not possible. Namely, the hard material particles do not automatically adhere to the surface of the substrate to be coated, since the kinetic energy input of the cold gas spraying is insufficient and the particles do not have sufficient ductility. Rather, the particles of the hard material are incorporated into the just forming matrix of the metallic material, so that the adhesion indirectly is ensured by the component with the lower strength or higher ductility.
  • the object of the invention is to specify a method for cold gas spraying, with which, when using particles of different types, those particles with the higher strength and / or low ductility can be introduced into the layer with a comparatively high layer fraction.
  • This object is achieved in that the particles of the first kind are fed into a first region of the stagnation chamber, which is closer to the nozzle, as a second region in which the particles of the second type are fed.
  • This Energy input is primarily caused by the preheated carrier gas of the cold gas jet. Namely, a temperature compensation takes place between the molecules of the carrier gas and the particles located in the stagnation chamber. This is the stronger, the longer the particles remain in the stagnation chamber.
  • the energy input into the particles of the second type is greater. This advantageously improves the conditions for a separation of the particles of the second type.
  • the particles of the second kind can be produced from a brittle material, in particular from a ceramic material.
  • tungsten carbide is suitable as the ceramic material, and this can preferably be deposited on the blade of a compressor or a turbine in order to increase its service life.
  • the additional heating of brittle materials in the stagnation chamber basically does not change their properties. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the heated particles allow higher rates of incorporation into a ductile matrix. This is explained by the fact that the particles of the second type are used as thermal energy stores, wherein this thermal energy at the moment of incorporation of the brittle particles in the ductile matrix improves the interaction between the particles of the first and second type. The contribution of energy to the brittle particles is thus made indirectly available to the layer structure with the ductile particles.
  • the particles of the second type are produced from a metal or a metal alloy, which is ductile above a transition temperature and below this temperature brittle, wherein the particles of the second type in the stagnation chamber so far heated be that they behave ductile. If it is possible, by preheating the particles of the second type, to cause them to become ductile as well, separation of these particles is advantageously possible without these having to be incorporated into a matrix of another material. This results in advantageous that the proportion of the brittle material itself can be arbitrarily increased, as a matrix enclosing these particles of the other layer component not more is necessary. This advantageously leads to the fact that with the cold gas spraying a larger range of alloy compositions can be deposited.
  • the carrier gas is heated in the stagnation chamber.
  • a heatable outer wall can be provided in the stagnation chamber. Due to the additional heating of the carrier gas in the stagnation chamber, the amount of energy that is introduced into the particles of the second type can be at least partially replaced before the relaxation of the carrier gas in the nozzle. Also, a certain energy input from the heater can be achieved in the particles of the second kind itself.
  • the invention relates to a device for cold gas spraying.
  • a device for cold gas spraying Such devices are well known and, for example in the US 2004/0037954 A1 known.
  • Such a device has a stagnation chamber with a feed opening for a carrier gas and a first feed line for particles intended for coating, these particles being referred to below as first particles.
  • the stagnation chamber is followed by a nozzle, by means of which the carrier gas is expanded with the particles in the direction of a substrate to be coated.
  • the carrier gas cools adiabatically, wherein the amount of energy which is released thereby, is converted into an acceleration of the carrier gas and the particles provided for coating.
  • the object of the invention is also to provide a device for cold gas spraying, can be produced with the layers in which a comparatively high proportion of particles with a higher strength and / or lower ductility than the particles of the first kind (hereinafter particles of the called second type) can be installed.
  • a second feed line is provided, wherein the first feed line opens into a first region of the stagnation chamber, which is closer to the nozzle as a second region into which opens the second feed line.
  • This device is suitable for operation according to the method described in more detail above, since it has two feed lines, and in this way the particles of the second type can be made to cover a further path through the stagnation chamber, as the particles of the first kind In this way, a preheating of the particles of the second type associated with the advantages already mentioned above can be achieved.
  • the device is provided with a heater attached to the stagnation chamber.
  • a heater attached to the stagnation chamber.
  • the wall of the stagnation chamber or the interior of the stagnation chamber can be heated directly, whereby an additional amount of heat can be introduced into the particles of the second type or of the carrier gas.
  • a further embodiment of the invention provides that the heating device is integrated in the wall of the stagnation chamber. This has the advantage that the flow conditions in Inside the stagnation chamber are not affected and on the other hand, a short heat transfer path is ensured by the heater to the wall of the stagnation chamber.
  • a particular embodiment of the invention is obtained when the first feed line and / or second feed line can be moved in the device such that the distance from the first region and / or the second region to the nozzle is variable.
  • This has the advantage that the amount of heat that can be transmitted by the carrier gas can be controlled by the fact that the feed points for the particles in the direction of the carrier gas flow are variable. These directly affect the length of the path that the particles must travel through the stagnation chamber to the nozzle, this path is crucial for the amount of heat transferable.
  • a Kaltgasspritzpistole 11 as a device for cold gas spraying is the core of a thermal spray device, as shown for example in the US 2004/00347954 A1 is described.
  • the cold gas spray gun 11 consists essentially of a single housing 13, in which a Laval nozzle 14 and a stagnation chamber 15 are formed.
  • a heating coil 16 is embedded in the wall of the housing 13, which causes the heating of a carrier gas, which is supplied through a feed opening 17 of the stagnation chamber 15.
  • the carrier gas first passes through the feed opening 17 into the stagnation chamber 15 and leaves it through the Laval nozzle 14.
  • the carrier gas in the stagnation chamber can be warmed up to 800.degree.
  • a second feed line 18a and a first feed line 19 the particles provided for coating are fed.
  • a cooling of the carrier gas flow is effected, which has temperatures below 300 ° C in the region of the nozzle opening. This temperature reduction is due to a substantially aliabatic expansion of the carrier gas, which has, for example, a pressure of 30 bar in the stagnation chamber and is expanded to atmospheric pressure outside the nozzle opening.
  • the first feed line 19 opens in a very near the nozzle area in the stagnation chamber.
  • the part of the cold spray gun is understood to be the nozzle, which initially narrows in cross-section and then expands again (indicated by the reference numeral 14).
  • the area of the cold spray gun, which serves as a stagnation chamber, is indicated by the bracket to the reference numeral 15.
  • FIG. 1 It is clear that the conical region adjoining the cylindrical region of the stagnation chamber can be attributed to both the stagnation chamber 15 and the nozzle 14.
  • the flow conditions between stagnation chamber and nozzle merge into one another, with the conical wall parts adjoining the cylindrical area initially still having such a large cross section form that the flow conditions correspond more closely to those in the stagnation chamber, ie, a significant acceleration of the carrier gas and the particles occurs only in the much narrower conical region. Therefore, the first feed line 19 also opens into this conical region, so that the particles fed in are accelerated as far as possible without a time delay in the part which significantly acts as a nozzle 14.
  • the second feed line 18a opens into the part of the stagnation chamber 15 facing away from the nozzle 14, so that the particles have to pass through the entire stagnation chamber and are primarily heated by the carrier gas.
  • a first region 20 and a second region 21 for the feeding of the first-type particles 22 and the second-type particles 23 (in FIG. 1 only hinted at).
  • the particles of the first type 22 and second type 23 are then mixed and are deposited on a substrate 25 as a layer 26.
  • feed line 18a it is also possible to provide a feed line 18b which is axially displaceable. By a shift in the direction of the indicated double arrow so that the feed point 21 can be moved toward the nozzle 14 and away from her. In this way, the cold spray gun 11 can be adapted to the particular application and the amount of heat required for preheating the particles 23.
  • FIG. 2 is the temperature-dependent behavior of metals with a transition temperature T u shown schematically.
  • the temperature T is plotted on the X axis and the impact energy A v on the Y axis.
  • This is in the so-called Kerbschlagbiege Basket determined in which a notched sample is exposed to a beating stress (for example, DIN EN 10045).
  • the behavior of the metals can be divided into three areas depending on the fracture behavior. In zone I, a brittle fracture occurs as the metal loses its ductile properties at low temperatures. In area III, the metal behaves ductile and therefore unfolds the mechanical properties known per se for metals. Between region I and region III lies region II, in which so-called mixed fractures occur which have brittle and ductile fractions.
  • unalloyed steels with a proportion of more than 0.6% by mass of carbon already have a transition temperature between 100 and 200 ° C., so that they are predestined for the process according to the invention.
  • Another example is the production of a copper-chromium alloy by means of cold gas spraying.
  • turbine blades can be coated, for example, tungsten carbide are deposited as a hard material together with a MCrAlY alloy.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Kaltgasspritzen, bei dem Partikel einer ersten Art zusammen mit Partikeln einer zweiten Art in eine Stagnationskammer eingespeist werden und zusammen mit einem Trägergas durch eine der Stagnationskammern nachgeschaltete Düse auf ein zu beschichtendes Substrat beschleunigt werden. Dabei verformen sich die Partikel der ersten Art und bleiben unter Ausbildung einer Schicht haften, wobei die Partikel der zweiten Art, die eine höhere Festigkeit und/oder eine geringere Duktilität als die Partikel der ersten Art aufweisen, in die Schicht eingebaut werden.The invention relates to a method for cold gas spraying, in which particles of a first type together with particles of a second type are fed into a stagnation chamber and are accelerated together with a carrier gas through a nozzle downstream of the stagnation chambers to a substrate to be coated. In this case, the particles of the first type deform and adhere to form a layer, the particles of the second type, which have a higher strength and / or a lower ductility than the particles of the first type, being incorporated into the layer.

Das eingangs genannte Verfahren ist beispielsweise aus der US 2003/0126800 A1 bekannt. Gemäß diesem Verfahren werden durch Kaltgasspritzen Partikel eines Hartstoffes zusammen mit Partikeln eines metallischen Werkstoffes auf der Oberfläche von Turbinenschaufeln abgeschieden. Dabei wird ein Anteil von 15 bis 20 % der Hartstoffpartikel in die sich beim Kaltgasspritzen ausbildende Matrix des metallischen Matrixwerkstoffes eingebettet. Die Hartstoffpartikel bleiben aufgrund ihrer hohen Festigkeit und geringen Duktilität in der Matrix unverändert. Hierdurch lässt sich auch die Tatsache erklären, dass die Einbaurate von Hartstoffen mit Anteilen von mehr als 20 % nicht möglich ist. Die Hartstoffpartikel bleiben nämlich nicht selbstständig auf der Oberfläche des zu beschichtenden Substrates haften, da hierzu der kinetische Energieeintrag des Kaltgasspritzens nicht ausreicht und die Partikel keine genügende Duktilität aufweisen. Vielmehr werden die Partikel des Hartstoffes in die gerade sich ausbildende Matrix des metallischen Werkstoffes mit eingebaut, so dass die Haftung indirekt durch die Komponente mit der geringeren Festigkeit bzw. höheren Duktilität gewährleistet wird.The aforementioned method is for example from the US 2003/0126800 A1 known. According to this method, particles of a hard material are deposited on the surface of turbine blades together with particles of a metallic material by cold gas spraying. In this case, a proportion of 15 to 20% of the hard material particles is embedded in the matrix of the metallic matrix material forming during cold gas spraying. The hard particles remain unchanged due to their high strength and low ductility in the matrix. This also explains the fact that the incorporation rate of hard materials with proportions of more than 20% is not possible. Namely, the hard material particles do not automatically adhere to the surface of the substrate to be coated, since the kinetic energy input of the cold gas spraying is insufficient and the particles do not have sufficient ductility. Rather, the particles of the hard material are incorporated into the just forming matrix of the metallic material, so that the adhesion indirectly is ensured by the component with the lower strength or higher ductility.

Gemäß EP 1 925 693 A2 , welche nach dem Anmeldetag der vorliegenden Anmeldung veröffentlicht wurde, ist eine Kaltspritzeinrichtung beschrieben, welche mehrere Einspeisungsstellen für verschiedene Pulver aufweist. Eine Einspeisungsstelle mündet in die Stagnationskammer, in der eine zuverlässige Mischung mit dem Prozessgas möglich ist. Alle weiteren Einspeisungsstellen liegen im Überschallbereich der Düse bzw. hinter der Düse.According to EP 1 925 693 A2 , which was published after the filing date of the present application, a cold spraying device is described, which has multiple feed points for different powders. A feed point opens into the stagnation chamber, in which a reliable mixture with the process gas is possible. All other feed points are located in the supersonic area of the nozzle or behind the nozzle.

Gemäß der EP 1 712 657 A2 ist weiterhin beschrieben, dass mehrere Einspeisungsstellen in einem Beschichtungsverfahren auch dahingehend genutzt werden können, dass abwechselnd das eine Pulver und das andere Pulver abgeschieden wird.According to the EP 1 712 657 A2 is further described that multiple feed points can be used in a coating process also to the effect that alternately the one powder and the other powder is deposited.

Die Aufgabe der Erfindung liegt darin, ein Verfahren zum Kaltgasspritzen anzugeben, mit dem sich bei der Verwendung von Partikeln unterschiedlicher Art diejenigen Partikel mit der höheren Festigkeit und/oder der geringen Duktilität mit einem vergleichsweise hohen Schichtanteil in die Schicht einbringen lassen.The object of the invention is to specify a method for cold gas spraying, with which, when using particles of different types, those particles with the higher strength and / or low ductility can be introduced into the layer with a comparatively high layer fraction.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass die Partikel der ersten Art in einem ersten Bereich der Stagnationskammer eingespeist werden, der näher an der Düse liegt, als ein zweiter Bereich, in dem die Partikel der zweiten Art eingespeist werden. Hierdurch wird vorteilhaft erreicht, dass die Partikel der zweiten Art, die aufgrund der höheren Festigkeit und/oder der geringeren Duktilität problematisch hinsichtlich einer Abscheidung in hohen Raten sind, einen stärkeren Energieeintrag in der Stagnationskammer erfahren. Dieser Energieeintrag wird vorrangig durch das vorgeheizte Trägergas des Kaltgasstrahls bewirkt. Zwischen den Molekülen des Trägergases und den in der Stagnationskammer befindlichen Partikeln findet nämlich ein Temperaturausgleich statt. Dieser fällt um so stärker aus, je länger die Partikel in der Stagnationskammer verbleiben. Da der zweite Bereich, in dem die Partikel der zweiten Art eingespeist werden, in Flussrichtung des Trägergases weiter von der Düse entfernt ist, ist der Energieeintrag in die Partikel der zweiten Art größer. Dadurch verbessern sich vorteilhaft die Voraussetzungen für eine Abscheidung der Partikel der zweiten Art.This object is achieved in that the particles of the first kind are fed into a first region of the stagnation chamber, which is closer to the nozzle, as a second region in which the particles of the second type are fed. This advantageously achieves that the particles of the second type, which are problematic due to the higher strength and / or the lower ductility with regard to deposition in high rates, experience a greater energy input in the stagnation chamber. This Energy input is primarily caused by the preheated carrier gas of the cold gas jet. Namely, a temperature compensation takes place between the molecules of the carrier gas and the particles located in the stagnation chamber. This is the stronger, the longer the particles remain in the stagnation chamber. Since the second region, in which the particles of the second type are fed, is further away from the nozzle in the direction of flow of the carrier gas, the energy input into the particles of the second type is greater. This advantageously improves the conditions for a separation of the particles of the second type.

Die zusätzliche Erwärmung der festeren bzw. weniger duktilen Partikel kann, wie sich gezeigt hat, den Beschichtungsprozess auf unterschiedliche Weise beeinflussen. Gemäß einer Ausgetaltung der Erfindung können die Partikel der zweiten Art aus einem spröden Werkstoff, insbesondere aus einem keramischen Werkstoff, hergestellt werden. Als keramischer Werkstoff kommt insbesondere Wolframcarbid in Frage, wobei dieser bevorzugt auf der Schaufel eines Verdichters oder eine Turbine abgeschieden werden kann, um deren Standzeit zu erhöhen.The additional heating of the stronger or less ductile particles can, as has been shown, influence the coating process in different ways. According to a statement According to the invention, the particles of the second kind can be produced from a brittle material, in particular from a ceramic material. In particular, tungsten carbide is suitable as the ceramic material, and this can preferably be deposited on the blade of a compressor or a turbine in order to increase its service life.

Die zusätzliche Erwärmung von spröden Werkstoffen in der Stagnationskammer ändert deren Eigenschaften grundsätzlich nicht. Dennoch hat es sich gezeigt, dass die erwärmten Partikel höhere Einbauraten in eine duktile Matrix erlauben. Dies wird damit erklärt, dass die Partikel der zweiten Art als thermische Energiespeicher zum Einsatz kommen, wobei diese thermische Energie im Augenblick des Einbaus der spröden Partikel in die duktile Matrix das Zusammenspiel zwischen den Partikeln der ersten und zweiten Art verbessert. Der in die spröden Partikel eingebrachte Energiebeitrag wird insofern indirekt dem Schichtaufbau mit den duktilen Partikeln zur Verfügung gestellt.The additional heating of brittle materials in the stagnation chamber basically does not change their properties. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the heated particles allow higher rates of incorporation into a ductile matrix. This is explained by the fact that the particles of the second type are used as thermal energy stores, wherein this thermal energy at the moment of incorporation of the brittle particles in the ductile matrix improves the interaction between the particles of the first and second type. The contribution of energy to the brittle particles is thus made indirectly available to the layer structure with the ductile particles.

Gemäß einer anderen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass die Partikel der zweiten Art aus einem Metall oder einer Metalllegierung hergestellt werden, welches/welche oberhalb einer Übergangstemperatur duktil und unterhalb dieser Temperatur spröde ist, wobei die Partikel der zweiten Art in der Stagnationskammer so weit erwärmt werden, dass diese sich duktil verhalten. Gelingt es, durch eine Vorwärmung der Partikel der zweiten Art zu bewirken, dass diese ebenfalls duktil werden, so ist vorteilhaft eine Abscheidung dieser Partikel möglich, ohne dass diese in eine Matrix eines anderen Werkstoffes eingebaut werden müssten. Hierdurch ergibt sich vorteilhaft, dass der Anteil des an sich spröden Materials beliebig gesteigert werden kann, da eine diese Partikel umschließende Matrix des anderen Schichtbestandteils nicht mehr notwendig ist. Dies führt vorteilhaft dazu, dass mit dem Kaltgasspritzen eine stärkere Bandbreite von Legierungszusammensetzungen abgeschieden werden kann.According to another embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the particles of the second type are produced from a metal or a metal alloy, which is ductile above a transition temperature and below this temperature brittle, wherein the particles of the second type in the stagnation chamber so far heated be that they behave ductile. If it is possible, by preheating the particles of the second type, to cause them to become ductile as well, separation of these particles is advantageously possible without these having to be incorporated into a matrix of another material. This results in advantageous that the proportion of the brittle material itself can be arbitrarily increased, as a matrix enclosing these particles of the other layer component not more is necessary. This advantageously leads to the fact that with the cold gas spraying a larger range of alloy compositions can be deposited.

Gemäß einer besonderen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass das Trägergas in der Stagnationskammer geheizt wird. Hierzu kann in der Stagnationskammer beispielsweise eine beheizbare Außenwand vorgesehen werden. Durch die zusätzliche Beheizung des Trägergases in der Stagnationskammer kann der Energiebetrag, der in die Partikel der zweiten Art eingebracht wird, vor der Entspannung des Trägergases in der Düse zumindest zum Teil ersetzt werden. Auch lässt sich ein gewisser Energieeintrag von der Heizung in die Partikel der zweiten Art selbst erreichen.According to a particular embodiment of the invention it is provided that the carrier gas is heated in the stagnation chamber. For this purpose, for example, a heatable outer wall can be provided in the stagnation chamber. Due to the additional heating of the carrier gas in the stagnation chamber, the amount of energy that is introduced into the particles of the second type can be at least partially replaced before the relaxation of the carrier gas in the nozzle. Also, a certain energy input from the heater can be achieved in the particles of the second kind itself.

Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zum Kaltgasspritzen. Derartige Vorrichtungen sind allgemein bekannt und beispielsweise in der US 2004/0037954 A1 bekannt. Eine solche Vorrichtung weist eine Stagnationskammer mit einer Zuführöffnung für ein Trägergas und einer ersten Einspeisungsleitung für zur Beschichtung vorgesehene Partikel auf, wobei diese Partikel im Folgenden als erste Partikel bezeichnet werden. Außerdem ist der Stagnationskammer gesehen in Flussrichtung des Trägergases eine Düse nachgeschaltet, durch die das Trägergas mit den Partikeln in Richtung eines zu beschichtenden Substrates entspannt wird. Dabei kühlt sich das Trägergas adiabatisch ab, wobei der Energiebetrag, der hierdurch freigesetzt wird, in eine Beschleunigung des Trägergases sowie der zur Beschichtung vorgesehenen Partikel umgesetzt wird.Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for cold gas spraying. Such devices are well known and, for example in the US 2004/0037954 A1 known. Such a device has a stagnation chamber with a feed opening for a carrier gas and a first feed line for particles intended for coating, these particles being referred to below as first particles. In addition, as seen in the flow direction of the carrier gas, the stagnation chamber is followed by a nozzle, by means of which the carrier gas is expanded with the particles in the direction of a substrate to be coated. In this case, the carrier gas cools adiabatically, wherein the amount of energy which is released thereby, is converted into an acceleration of the carrier gas and the particles provided for coating.

Wie bereits erläutert, ist eine Abscheidung von Partikeln mit unterschiedlich hoher Festigkeit und/oder Duktilität nur unter Einschränkungen möglich.As already explained, a separation of particles with different high strength and / or ductility is possible only with restrictions.

Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht weiterhin darin, eine Vorrichtung zum Kaltgasspritzen anzugeben, mit der sich Schichten herstellen lassen, in denen ein vergleichsweise hoher Anteil an Partikeln mit einer höheren Festigkeit und/oder einer geringeren Duktilität als die Partikel der ersten Art (im Folgenden Partikel der zweiten Art genannt) eingebaut werden können.The object of the invention is also to provide a device for cold gas spraying, can be produced with the layers in which a comparatively high proportion of particles with a higher strength and / or lower ductility than the particles of the first kind (hereinafter particles of the called second type) can be installed.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass in der Stagnationskammer eine zweite Einspeisungsleitung vorgesehen ist, wobei die erste Einspeisungsleitung in einen ersten Bereich der Stagnationskammer mündet, der näher an der Düse liegt als ein zweiter Bereich, in den die zweite Einspeisungsleitung mündet. Diese Vorrichtung ist für einen Betrieb nach dem oben genauer geschilderten Verfahren geeignet, da diese zwei Einspeisungsleitungen aufweist, und auf diese Weise die Partikel der zweiten Art dazu gebracht werden können, einen weiteren Weg durch die Stagnationskammer zurückzulegen, als die Partikel der ersten Art. Auf diese Weise lässt sich eine Vorwärmung der Partikel der zweiten Art verbunden mit den oben bereits genannten Vorteilen erreichen.This object is achieved in that in the stagnation chamber, a second feed line is provided, wherein the first feed line opens into a first region of the stagnation chamber, which is closer to the nozzle as a second region into which opens the second feed line. This device is suitable for operation according to the method described in more detail above, since it has two feed lines, and in this way the particles of the second type can be made to cover a further path through the stagnation chamber, as the particles of the first kind In this way, a preheating of the particles of the second type associated with the advantages already mentioned above can be achieved.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung dieser Erfindung ist die Vorrichtung mit einer Heizeinrichtung versehen, die an der Stagnationskammer angebracht ist. Hierdurch lässt sich die Wand der Stagnationskammer bzw. das Innere der Stagnationskammer direkt erwärmen, wodurch ein zusätzlicher Wärmebetrag in die Partikel der zweiten Art bzw. des Trägergases eingebracht werden kann.According to another embodiment of this invention, the device is provided with a heater attached to the stagnation chamber. As a result, the wall of the stagnation chamber or the interior of the stagnation chamber can be heated directly, whereby an additional amount of heat can be introduced into the particles of the second type or of the carrier gas.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, dass die Heizeinrichtung in die Wand der Stagnationskammer integriert ist. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass die Strömungsverhältnisse im Inneren der Stagnationskammer nicht beeinträchtigt werden und andererseits ein kurzer Wärmeübertragungsweg von der Heizeinrichtung zu der Wand der Stagnationskammer gewährleistet ist.A further embodiment of the invention provides that the heating device is integrated in the wall of the stagnation chamber. This has the advantage that the flow conditions in Inside the stagnation chamber are not affected and on the other hand, a short heat transfer path is ensured by the heater to the wall of the stagnation chamber.

Eine besondere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird erhalten, wenn sich die erste Einspeisungsleitung und/oder zweite Einspeisungsleitung derart in der Vorrichtung verschieben lassen, dass die Entfernung vom ersten Bereich und/oder zweiten Bereich zur Düse veränderlich ist. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass die durch das Trägergas übertragbare Wärmemenge dadurch gesteuert werden kann, dass die Einspeisungsstellen für die Partikel in Richtung des Trägergasstromes veränderlich sind. Diese beeinflussen direkt die Länge des Weges, den die Partikel durch die Stagnationskammer zur Düse zurücklegen müssen, wobei dieser Weg ausschlaggebend für die übertragbare Wärmemenge ist.A particular embodiment of the invention is obtained when the first feed line and / or second feed line can be moved in the device such that the distance from the first region and / or the second region to the nozzle is variable. This has the advantage that the amount of heat that can be transmitted by the carrier gas can be controlled by the fact that the feed points for the particles in the direction of the carrier gas flow are variable. These directly affect the length of the path that the particles must travel through the stagnation chamber to the nozzle, this path is crucial for the amount of heat transferable.

Weitere Einzelheiten der Erfindung werden im Folgenden anhand der Zeichnung beschrieben. Es zeigen

Figur 1
den schematischen Querschnitt durch ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Vorrichtung zum Kaltgasspritzen und
Figur 2
ein Diagramm der Kerbschlagarbeit über der Temperatur bei Metallen, die eine Übergangstemperatur haben.
Further details of the invention will be described below with reference to the drawing. Show it
FIG. 1
the schematic cross section through an embodiment of the apparatus for cold gas spraying and
FIG. 2
a plot of impact energy versus temperature for metals that have a transition temperature.

Eine Kaltgasspritzpistole 11 als Vorrichtung zum Kaltgasspritzen stellt das Kernstück einer thermischen Spritzvorrichtung dar, wie sie beispielsweise in der US 2004/00347954 A1 beschrieben ist. Die Kaltgasspritzpistole 11 besteht im Wesentlichen aus einem einzigen Gehäuse 13, in dem eine Laval-Düse 14 und eine Stagnationskammer 15 ausgebildet sind. Im Bereich der Stagnationskammer 15 ist in die Wand des Gehäuses 13 eine Heizspirale 16 eingebettet, welche die Beheizung eines Trägergases bewirkt, welches durch eine Zuführungsöffnung 17 der Stagnationskammer 15 zugeführt wird.A Kaltgasspritzpistole 11 as a device for cold gas spraying is the core of a thermal spray device, as shown for example in the US 2004/00347954 A1 is described. The cold gas spray gun 11 consists essentially of a single housing 13, in which a Laval nozzle 14 and a stagnation chamber 15 are formed. In the region of the stagnation chamber 15, a heating coil 16 is embedded in the wall of the housing 13, which causes the heating of a carrier gas, which is supplied through a feed opening 17 of the stagnation chamber 15.

Das Trägergas gelangt durch die Zuführöffnung 17 zunächst in die Stagnationskammer 15 und verlässt diese durch die Laval-Düse 14. Dabei kann das Trägergas in der Stagnationskammer bis zu 800° C aufgewärmt werden. Durch eine zweite Einspeisungsleitung 18a sowie eine erste Einspeisungsleitung 19 werden die zur Beschichtung vorgesehenen Partikel eingespeist. Durch eine Entspannung des mit den Partikeln beaufschlagten Trägergasstromes durch die Laval-Düse 14 wird eine Abkühlung des Trägergasstroms bewirkt, der im Bereich der Düsenöffnung Temperaturen unter 300° C aufweist. Diese Temperaturverringerung ist auf eine im Wesentlichen aliabatische Expansion des Trägergases zurückzuführen, welches in der Stagnationskammer beispielsweise einen Druck von 30 Bar aufweist und außerhalb der Düsenöffnung auf Atmosphärendruck entspannt wird.The carrier gas first passes through the feed opening 17 into the stagnation chamber 15 and leaves it through the Laval nozzle 14. The carrier gas in the stagnation chamber can be warmed up to 800.degree. Through a second feed line 18a and a first feed line 19, the particles provided for coating are fed. By a relaxation of the charged with the particles carrier gas flow through the Laval nozzle 14, a cooling of the carrier gas flow is effected, which has temperatures below 300 ° C in the region of the nozzle opening. This temperature reduction is due to a substantially aliabatic expansion of the carrier gas, which has, for example, a pressure of 30 bar in the stagnation chamber and is expanded to atmospheric pressure outside the nozzle opening.

Die erste Einspeisungsleitung 19 mündet in einem sehr düsennahen Bereich in die Stagnationskammer. Als Düse wird im Rahmen dieser Anmeldung der Teil der Kaltspritzpistole aufgefasst, der sich im Querschnitt zunächst verengt und dann wieder erweitert (angedeutet durch die Klammer zum Bezugszeichen 14). Der Bereich der Kaltspritzpistole, der als Stagnationskammer dient, ist mit der Klammer zum Bezugszeichen 15 gekennzeichnet. Aus Figur 1 wird deutlich, dass der an den zylindrischen Bereich der Stagnationskammer anschließende konische Bereich sowohl der Stagnationskammer 15 als auch der Düse 14 zugerechnet werden kann. Die Strömungsverhältnisse zwischen Stagnationskammer und Düse gehen nämlich ineinander über, wobei die an den zylindrischen Bereich anschließenden konischen Wandteile anfänglich noch einen derart großen Querschnitt bilden, dass die Strömungsverhältnisse eher denen in der Stagnationskammer entsprechen, d. h. eine signifikante Beschleunigung des Trägergases und der Partikel erst in dem wesentlich engeren konischen Bereich auftritt. Daher mündet die erste Einspeisungsleitung 19 auch in diesen konischen Bereich, damit die eingespeisten Partikel möglichst ohne Zeitverzögerung in dem signifikant als Düse 14 wirkenden Teil beschleunigt werden.The first feed line 19 opens in a very near the nozzle area in the stagnation chamber. As part of this application, the part of the cold spray gun is understood to be the nozzle, which initially narrows in cross-section and then expands again (indicated by the reference numeral 14). The area of the cold spray gun, which serves as a stagnation chamber, is indicated by the bracket to the reference numeral 15. Out FIG. 1 It is clear that the conical region adjoining the cylindrical region of the stagnation chamber can be attributed to both the stagnation chamber 15 and the nozzle 14. The flow conditions between stagnation chamber and nozzle merge into one another, with the conical wall parts adjoining the cylindrical area initially still having such a large cross section form that the flow conditions correspond more closely to those in the stagnation chamber, ie, a significant acceleration of the carrier gas and the particles occurs only in the much narrower conical region. Therefore, the first feed line 19 also opens into this conical region, so that the particles fed in are accelerated as far as possible without a time delay in the part which significantly acts as a nozzle 14.

Die zweite Einspeisungsleitung 18a mündet in den der Düse 14 abgewendeten Teil der Stagnationskammer 15, so dass die Partikel die gesamte Stagnationskammer durchlaufen müssen und dabei vorrangig vom Trägergas aufgeheizt werden. Durch die beiden Einspeisungsstellen der Einspeisungsleitungen 18a, 19 entsteht ein erster Bereich 20 und ein zweiter Bereich 21 für die Einspeisung der Partikel erster Art 22 und der Partikel zweiter Art 23 (in Figur 1 nur angedeutet). In dem in der Düse erzeugten Kaltgasstrahl 24 liegen die Partikel erster Art 22 und zweiter Art 23 dann gemischt vor und werden auf einem Substrat 25 als Schicht 26 abgeschieden.The second feed line 18a opens into the part of the stagnation chamber 15 facing away from the nozzle 14, so that the particles have to pass through the entire stagnation chamber and are primarily heated by the carrier gas. Through the two feed points of the feed lines 18a, 19, a first region 20 and a second region 21 for the feeding of the first-type particles 22 and the second-type particles 23 (in FIG FIG. 1 only hinted at). In the cold gas jet 24 produced in the nozzle, the particles of the first type 22 and second type 23 are then mixed and are deposited on a substrate 25 as a layer 26.

Alternativ zur Einspeisungsleitung 18a lässt sich auch eine Einspeisungsleitung 18b vorsehen, welche axial verschieblich ist. Durch eine Verschiebung in Richtung des angedeuteten Doppelpfeiles kann damit die Einspeisungsstelle 21 zur Düse 14 hin und von ihr weg bewegt werden. Hierdurch kann die Kaltspritzpistole 11 an den jeweiligen Anwendungsfall und die notwendige Wärmemenge zur Vorwärmung der Partikel 23 angepasst werden.As an alternative to the feed line 18a, it is also possible to provide a feed line 18b which is axially displaceable. By a shift in the direction of the indicated double arrow so that the feed point 21 can be moved toward the nozzle 14 and away from her. In this way, the cold spray gun 11 can be adapted to the particular application and the amount of heat required for preheating the particles 23.

In Figur 2 ist das temperaturabhängige Verhalten von Metallen mit einer Übergangstemperatur Tu schematisch dargestellt. Auf der X-Achse ist die Temperatur T aufgetragen und auf der Y-Achse die Kerbschlagarbeit Av. Diese wird im sogenannten Kerbschlagbiegeversuch ermittelt, bei dem eine gekerbte Probe einer schlagenden Beanspruchung ausgesetzt wird (beispielsweise DIN EN 10045). Das Verhalten der Metalle kann abhängig vom Bruchverhalten in drei Bereiche eingeteilt werden. In Bereich I erfolgt ein Sprödbruch, da das Metall seine duktilen Eigenschaften bei tiefen Temperaturen verliert. Im Bereich III verhält sich das Metall duktil und entfaltet daher die an sich für Metalle bekannten mechanischen Eigenschaften. Zwischen dem Bereich I und dem Bereich III liegt der Bereich II, in denen sogenannte Mischbrüche auftreten, die spröde und duktile Anteile aufweisen. Wie den strichpunktierten Linien entnommen werden kann, liegt in dem Bereich II eine große Streuung bei der Ermittlung der Kerbschlagarbeit vor, da die Verhältnisse im Gefüge chaotisch sind. In den Bereichen I und III lassen sich die Werte für die Kerbschlagarbeit genauer ermitteln. Die Übergangstemperatur Tü ist daher ein Wert, der sich nicht genau ermitteln lässt.In FIG. 2 is the temperature-dependent behavior of metals with a transition temperature T u shown schematically. The temperature T is plotted on the X axis and the impact energy A v on the Y axis. This is in the so-called Kerbschlagbiegeversuch determined in which a notched sample is exposed to a beating stress (for example, DIN EN 10045). The behavior of the metals can be divided into three areas depending on the fracture behavior. In zone I, a brittle fracture occurs as the metal loses its ductile properties at low temperatures. In area III, the metal behaves ductile and therefore unfolds the mechanical properties known per se for metals. Between region I and region III lies region II, in which so-called mixed fractures occur which have brittle and ductile fractions. As can be seen from the dot-dashed lines, there is a great deal of variation in the area II in the determination of the notch impact work, since the conditions in the structure are chaotic. In the areas I and III, the values for the impact energy can be determined more precisely. The transition temperature T u is therefore a value that can not be determined accurately.

Typische Metalle, die eine Übergangstemperatur aufweisen, sind die folgenden:

  • Metalle mit kubisch raumzentriertem Gitter (unlegierte und niedrig legierte Stähle, Chrom, Molybdän),
  • Metalle mit hexagonalen Gittern (Aluminium)
Typical metals that have a transition temperature are the following:
  • Cubic body centered lattice metals (unalloyed and low alloy steels, chromium, molybdenum),
  • Metals with hexagonal lattices (aluminum)

Beispielsweise haben unlegierte Stähle mit einem Anteil von mehr als 0,6 Masse-% Kohlenstoff bereits eine Übergangstemperatur zwischen 100 und 200° C, so dass diese für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren prädestiniert sind. Ein anderes Beispiel ist die Erzeugung einer Kupfer-Chrom-Legierung mittels Kaltgasspritzen. Außerdem können auch Turbinenschaufeln beschichtet werden, wobei beispielsweise Wolframcarbid als Hartstoff zusammen mit einer MCrAlY-Legierung abgeschieden werden.For example, unalloyed steels with a proportion of more than 0.6% by mass of carbon already have a transition temperature between 100 and 200 ° C., so that they are predestined for the process according to the invention. Another example is the production of a copper-chromium alloy by means of cold gas spraying. In addition, turbine blades can be coated, for example, tungsten carbide are deposited as a hard material together with a MCrAlY alloy.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1111
Partikel 1Particles 1
1212
Partikel 2Particles 2
1414
Düsejet
1515
Stagnationskammerstagnation chamber
1616
Heizspiraleheating coil
1717
Zuführöffnungfeed
18a, 18b18a, 18b
Einspeisungsleitungfeed line
1919
Einspeisungsleitungfeed line
2020
1. Bereich1st area
2121
2. Bereich2nd area
2222
1. Partikel1. particles
2323
2. Partikel2. particles
2525
Substratsubstratum
2626
Schichtlayer

Claims (9)

  1. Cold gas spraying process, in which particles (22) of a first type together with particles (23) of a second type are fed into a stagnation chamber (15) and are accelerated, together with a carrier gas, through a nozzle (14) connected downstream of the stagnation chamber (15) onto a substrate (25) to be coated, wherein the particles (22) of the first type deform and remain adhering to the substrate (25) to form a layer (26), and wherein the particles (23) of the second type, which have a higher solidity and/or a lower ductility than the particles (22) of the first type, are incorporated into the layer (26),
    characterized
    in that the particles (22) of the first type are fed into a first area (20) of the stagnation chamber (15), which is closer to the nozzle (14) than a second area (21) of the stagnation chamber (15), into which the particles (23) of the second type are fed.
  2. Process according to Claim 1,
    characterized
    in that the particles (23) of the second type are produced from a brittle material, in particular from a ceramic material.
  3. Process according to Claim 2,
    characterized
    in that the particles (23) of the second type are produced from a hard material, in particular tungsten carbide (WoC), and in that the substrate coated is a blade or vane for a compressor or a turbine.
  4. Process according to Claim 1,
    characterized
    in that the particles (23) of the second type are produced from a metal or a metal alloy which is ductile above a transition temperature and brittle below this temperature, wherein the particles (23) of the second type are heated in the stagnation chamber to such an extent that they have a ductile behavior.
  5. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized
    in that the carrier gas is heated in the stagnation chamber (15).
  6. Cold gas spraying device, comprising
    - a stagnation chamber (15) having a supply opening (17) for a carrier gas and a first infeed line (19) for particles (22) of a first type intended for coating, and
    - a nozzle (14) connected downstream of the stagnation chamber (15),
    characterized
    in that a second infeed line (18a, 18b) is provided in the stagnation chamber (15), wherein the first infeed line (19) issues into a first area (20) of the stagnation chamber (15), which is closer to the nozzle (14) than a second area (21) of the stagnation chamber (15), into which the second infeed line issues.
  7. Device according to Claim 6,
    characterized
    in that the stagnation chamber is provided with a heating device.
  8. Device according to Claim 7,
    characterized
    in that the heating device is integrated in the wall of the stagnation chamber.
  9. Device according to one of Claims 6 to 8,
    characterized
    in that the first infeed line (19) and/or second infeed line (18a, 18b) can be moved in the device in such a way that the distance between the first area (20) and/or second area (21) and the nozzle can be varied.
EP08701266.2A 2007-01-09 2008-01-07 Method and device for the cold-gas spraying of particles having different solidities and/or ductilities Active EP2108051B1 (en)

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DE102007001477A DE102007001477B3 (en) 2007-01-09 2007-01-09 Cold gas spraying method for spraying the surface of a turbine blade comprises injecting particles of a first type in a first region of a stagnation chamber which lies closer to a nozzle than a second region
PCT/EP2008/050087 WO2008084025A2 (en) 2007-01-09 2008-01-07 Method and device for the cold-gas spraying of particles having different solidities and/or ductilities

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PT2108051E (en) 2014-06-09
CN101605922A (en) 2009-12-16
EP2108051A2 (en) 2009-10-14
WO2008084025A2 (en) 2008-07-17
RU2009130335A (en) 2011-02-20
US20100040775A1 (en) 2010-02-18
CN101605922B (en) 2011-02-23
DE102007001477B3 (en) 2008-01-31
CA2674762C (en) 2014-05-20
RU2457280C2 (en) 2012-07-27
WO2008084025A3 (en) 2009-05-07
CA2674762A1 (en) 2008-07-17
ES2463484T3 (en) 2014-05-28
US8197895B2 (en) 2012-06-12

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