EP2094293A1

EP2094293A1 - Tissue targeted antigenic activation of the immune response to treat cancers

Info

Publication number: EP2094293A1
Application number: EP07816065A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Harold David Gunn
Original assignee: Harold David Gunn
Current assignee: Qu Biologics Inc
Priority date: 2006-10-27
Filing date: 2007-10-25
Publication date: 2009-09-02
Also published as: AU2007308721A1; CA2571805C; CA2571805A1; AU2007308721B2; CA2997459A1; CA2997459C; EP3338797A1; CN101636176A; EP2094293A4; CN107412759A

Abstract

The invention provides in part methods of treating cancers of a specific organ or tissue by administering a composition that is antigenically specific for one or more microbes that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue in which the cancer is situated. The formulations of the invention thereby facilitate activation of a treatment response to a cancer in a particular tissue or organ. The compositions may for example include killed or attenuated microbial pathogens, and may be administered at sites distant from the cancer, for example the skin. In some embodiments, microbial species of endogenous flora that are known to cause infection in the relevant organ or tissue may be used in the formulation of the antigenic compositions. In alternative embodiments, exogenous microbial pathogens that are known to cause infection in the relevant organ or tissue may be used in the formulation of the antigenic compositions. The administration of the immunogenic compositions may be repeated relatively frequently over a relatively long period of time. In embodiments for intradermal or subcutaneous injection, dosages may be adjusted so that injections reproduce a consistent visible delayed inflammatory immune reaction at the successive site or sites of administration.

Description

TISSUE TARGETED ANTIGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

TO TREAT CANCERS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] In various aspects, the invention relates to immunological cancer therapies. In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods of formulating antigenic microbial composition and methods of using the antigenic compositions to treat cancers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] More than one in three people in the developed nations are diagnosed with cancer. More than one in four die from it. Therapies for cancer have primarily relied upon treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. These approaches however, while beneficial for some types and stages of cancer, have proved to be of limited efficacy in many common types and stages of cancers. For example, surgical treatment of a tumor requires complete removal of cancerous tissue to prevent reoccurrence. Similarly, radiation therapy requires complete destruction of cancerous cells. This is difficult since, in theory, a single malignant cell can proliferate sufficiently to cause reoccurrence of the cancer. Also, both surgical treatment and radiation therapy are directed to localized areas of cancer, and are relatively ineffective when the cancer metastasizes. Often surgery or radiation or both are used in combination with systemic approaches such as chemotherapy. Chemotherapy however has the problem of non- selectivity with the concomitant problem of deleterious side effects, as well as the possibility of the cancer cells developing resistance to the drugs.

[0003] Alternative approaches for the treatment of cancers have included therapies that involve augmentation of immune system function such as cytokine therapy (e.g., recombinant interleukin 2 and gamma interferon for kidney cancers), dendritic cell therapy, autologous tumor vaccine therapy, genetically-altered vaccine therapy, lymphocyte therapy, and microbial vaccine therapies. Microbial vaccines have been used to vaccinate subjects against pathogens that are associated with cancer, such as the human papillomavirus, lmmunostimulatory microbial vaccines that are not targeted to cancer-causing organisms, i.e. nonspecific immunostimulatory vaccines, such as pyrogenic vaccines, have a long clinical history that includes reports of successes and failures in treating a variety of cancers. For example, Coley's vaccine (a combination of Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens) has been reported to be helpful for the treatment of sarcomas, and lymphomas (Nauts HC, Fowler GAA, Bogato FH. A review of the influence of bacterial infection and of bacterial products [Coley's toxins] on malignant tumors in man. Acta Med Scand 1953; 145 [Suppl. 276]:5- 103). Clinical trials have reportedly demonstrated the benefit of Coley's vaccine treatment for lymphoma and melanoma (Kempin S, Cirrincone C, Myers J et al: Combined modality therapy of advanced nodular lymphomas: the role of nonspecific immunotherapy [MBV] as an important determinant of response and survival. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1983;24:56; Kolmel KF, Vehmeyer K. Treatment of advanced malignant melanoma by a pyrogenic bacterial lysate: a pilot study. Onkologie 1991 ; 14:411 -17).

[0004] It has been suggested that the effectiveness of some non-specific bacterial cancer vaccines is attributable to particular bacterial components or products, such as bacterial DNA or endotoxin (LPS), or because they induce the expression of particular factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interleukin-12. A correspondingly broad range of physiological mechanisms have been ascribed to such treatments, ranging from generalized effects of fever to anti-angiogenic mechanisms. In accordance with these various principles, a wide variety of microbial vaccines have been tested as general immune stimulants for the treatment of cancer, many have shown negative results, amongst those that have shown positive results are the following:

[0005] Intradermal BCG (Mycobacterium bovis) vaccine treatment has been reported to be effective for the treatment of stomach cancer (Ochiai T, Sato J, Hayashi R, et al: Postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy of gastric cancer with BCG-cell wall endoskeleton. Three- to six-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Immunol lmmunother 1983; 14:167-171 ) and colon cancer (Smith RE, Colangelo L, Wieand HS, Begovic M, Wolmark N. Randomized trial of adjuvant therapy in colon carcinoma: 10-Year results of NSABP protocol C-01. J. NCI 2004;96[15]: 1128-32; Uyl-de Groot CA, Vermorken JB, Hanna MG, Verboon P, Groot MT, Bonsel GJ, Meijer CJ, Pinedo HM. Immunotherapy with autologous tumor cell-BCG vaccine in patients with colon cancer: a prospective study of medical and economic benefits Vaccine 2005; 23[17-18]:2379-87).

[0006] Mycobacterium w vaccine therapy, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation, was found to significantly improve quality of life and response to treatment in patients with lung cancer (Sur P, Dastidar A. Role of Mycobacterium w as adjuvant treatment of lung cancer [non-small cell lung cancer]. J Indian Med Assoc 2003 Feb; 101 [2]: 118-120). Similarly, Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine therapy was found to improve quality of life (O'Brien M, Anderson H, Kaukel E, et al. SRL172 [killed Mycobacterium vaccae] in addition to standard chemotherapy improves quality of life without affecting survival, in patients with advanced non- small-cell lung cancer: phase III results. Ann Oncol 2004 Jun;15[6];906-14) and symptom control (Harper-Wynne C, Sumpter K, Ryan C, et al. Addition of SRL 172 to standard chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer [SCLC] improves symptom control. Lung Cancer 2005 Feb;47[2]:289-90) in lung cancer patients.

[0007] Corynebacterium parvum vaccine was linked with a trend towards improved survival for the treatment of melanoma (Balch CM, Smalley RV, Bartolucci AA, et al. A randomized prospective trial of adjuvant C. parvum immunotherapy in 260 patients with clinically localized melanoma [stage I]. Cancer 1982 Mar 15;49[6]: 1079-84).

[0008] Intradermal Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine therapy was found to be effective for the treatment of stomach cancer (Hanaue H, Kim DY, Machimura T, et al. Hemolytic streptococcus preparation OK-432; beneficial adjuvant therapy in recurrent gastric carcinoma. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1987 Nov;12[4]:209-14).

[0009] Nocardia rubra vaccine was found to be effective for the treatment of lung cancer (Yasumoto K, Yamamura Y. Randomized clinical trial of non-specific immunotherapy with cell-wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra. Biomed Pharmacother 1984;38[1]:48-54; Ogura T. Immunotherapy of respectable lung cancer using Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1983 Feb;10[2 Pt 2]:366-72) and linked to a trend to improved survival for the treatment acute myelogenous leukemia (Ohno R, Nakamura H, Kodera Y, et al. Randomized controlled study of chemoimmunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia [AML] in adults with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton and irradiated allogeneic AML cells. Cancer 1986 Apr 15;57[8]: 1483-8).

[0010] Lactobacillus casei vaccine treatment combined with radiation was found to more effective for the treatment of cervical cancer than radiation alone. (Okawa T, Kita M, Arai T, et al. Phase Il randomized clinical trial of LC9018 concurrently used with radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Its effect on tumor reduction and histology. Cancer 1989 Nov 1 ;64[9]: 1769-76)

[0011 ] Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine treatment was found to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy in the treatment of lymphoma and lung cancer (Li Z, Hao D, Zhang H, Ren L, et al. A clinical study on PA_MSHA vaccine used for adjuvant therapy of lymphoma and lung cancer. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2000 Sep;31 [3]:334-7).

[0012] Childhood vaccination with the smallpox vaccine (i.e., Vaccinia virus vaccine) was found to be associated with a decreased risk of melanoma later in life (Pfahlberg A, Kolmel KF, Grange JM. et al. Inverse association between melanoma and previous vaccinations against tuberculosis and smallpox: results of the FEBIM study. J Invest Dermatol 2002[119]:570-575) as well as decreased mortality in those patients who did develop melanoma (Kolmel KF, Grange JM, Krone B, et al. Prior immunization of patients with malignant melanoma with vaccinia or BCG is associated with better survival. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer cohort study on 542 patients. Eur J Cancer 41 [2005]: 118-125).

[0013] Rabies virus vaccine was found to result in temporary remission in 8 of 30 patients with melanoma (Higgins G, Pack G. Virus therapy in the treatment of tumors. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 1951 ;12:379-382; Pack G. Note on the experimental use of rabies vaccine for melanomatosis. Arch Dermatol 1950;62:694-695).

[0014] In spite of substantial efforts to engage the immune system to combat cancers using non-specific immunostimulatory microbial vaccines, there is little clinical or research evidence of widespread success in improving the survival of cancer patient populations. While it has been recognized that immunostimulatory microbial vaccine approaches have promise, it has also been recognized that significant challenges characterize the field (RaIf Kleef, Mary Ann Richardson, Nancy Russell, Cristina Ramirez. "Endotoxin and Exotoxin Induced Tumor Regression with Special Reference to Coley Toxins: A Survey of the Literature and Possible Immunological Mechanisms." Report to the National Cancer Institute Office of Alternative and Complementary Medicine August 1997;DL Mager. "Bacteria and Cancer: Cause, Coincidence or Cure? A Review."Journal of Translational Medicine 28 March 2006 4[14]:doi: 10.1 186/1479-5876-4-14). There remains a need for alternative approaches to the formulation, administration and methodology of antigenic compositions for the treatment of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] In one aspect, the invention provides methods for formulating an immunogenic composition for treating a cancer situated in a specific organ or tissue in a mammal, such as human patient. The method may include selecting at least one microbial pathogen that is naturally pathogenic in the organ or tissue of the mammal within which the cancer is situated. An antigenic composition may be produced that includes antigenic determinants that together are specific for or characteristic of the microbial pathogen.

[0016] A diagnostic step may be used to identify the specific organ or tissue within which the cancer is situated, prior to producing the antigenic composition targeted to the site of the cancer. The site of the cancer may be a primary site, or a secondary site of metastasis. The antigenic composition may be sufficiently specific that it would be capable of eliciting an immune response in the mammal specific to the microbial pathogen. The antigenic composition may be a bacterial composition, for example derived from a bacterial species or species that are endogenous to the flora of the patient or from an exogenous species or species. In alternative embodiments, the antigenic composition may be derived from a virus or viruses. Accordingly, the microbial pathogen from which the antigenic composition is derived may be a virus. The microbial pathogen may be killed. In alternative embodiments, the microbial pathogen may be live or attenuated. Immunogenic compositions of the invention may also be formulated or administered with anti-inflammatory modalities, such as an NSAID. The site of administration may be at a site distant from the site of the cancer, for example in an organ or tissue that is not the organ or tissue within which the cancer is situated, for example the skin.

[0017]The antigenic composition may for example be formulated for subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection or oral administration. In embodiments for subcutaneous or intradermal injection, the dosing or formulation of the antigenic composition may be adjusted in order to produce a localized immune reaction visible in the skin at the site of administration, for example an area of inflammation from 2mm to 100mm in diameter. The antigenic composition may be formulated for repeated subcutaneous or intradermal administration, for example at alternating successive sites. [0018] In some embodiments, the invention involves methods of treating a mammal for a cancer situated in a tissue or an organ. In alternative embodiments, the treatment may anticipate the development of the cancer in the tissue, for example if the site of a primary tumour suggests the likelihood of metastasis to a particular tissue or organ, then the patient may be prophylactically treated to prevent or ameliorate metastasis to that tissue or organ. The method may include administering to the subject an effective amount of an antigenic composition comprising antigenic determinants that together are specific for at least one microbial pathogen. An aspect of the invention involves the use of a microbial pathogen that is pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the mammal within which the cancer is situated. The antigenic composition may be administered, for example by subcutaneous or intradermal injection at an administration site, in successive doses given at a dosage interval, for example of between one hour and one month, over a dosage duration, for example of at least 2 weeks, 2 months, 6 months, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 years. Each injection dose may for example be metered so that it is effective to cause visible localized inflammation at the administration site.

[0019] The invention provides in part methods of treating cancers of a specific organ or tissue in a subject by administering one or more antigens of one or more microbial pathogens, such as bacterial or viral species that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue.

[002O] In alternative embodiments, the pathogenic microbial species may be capable of causing infection naturally, (i.e. without human intervention) in the specific organ or tissue in a healthy subject, or may have caused an infection in the specific organ or tissue in a healthy subject. In alternative embodiments, the antigen may be administered by administering a whole microbial species. In alternative embodiments, the method may for example include administering at least two or more microbial species, or administering at least three or more microbial species, and the microbes may be bacteria or viruses. In alternative embodiments, the method may further include administering a supplement or an adjuvant. An aspect of the invention involves administering antigenic compositions so as to elicit an immune response in said subject.

[0021] In alternative embodiments, the microbial pathogen in the antigenic composition may be killed, and thus rendered non-infectious. In some embodiments, the antigenic composition is administered at a site distant from the cancer site, and in selected embodiments of this kind, methods of the invention may be carried out so that they do not produce infection at the cancer site.

[0022] A "cancer" or "neoplasm," as used herein, is any unwanted growth of cells serving no physiological function. In general, a cancer cell has been released from its normal cell division control, i.e., a cell whose growth is not regulated by the ordinary biochemical and physical influences in the cellular environment. Thus, "cancer" is a general term for diseases characterized by abnormal uncontrolled cell growth. In most cases, a cancer cell proliferates to form clonal cells that are malignant. The lump or cell mass, "neoplasm" or "tumor," is generally capable of invading and destroying surrounding normal tissues. By "malignancy" is meant an abnormal growth of any cell type or tissue that has a deleterious effect in the organism having the abnormal growth. The term "malignancy" or "cancer" includes cell growths that are technically benign but which carry the risk of becoming malignant. Cancer cells may spread from their original site to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or blood stream in a process known as "metastasis." Many cancers are refractory to treatment and prove fatal. Examples of cancers or neoplasms include, without limitation, transformed and immortalized cells, tumors, carcinomas, in various organs and tissues as described herein or known to those of skill in the art.

[0023]A "cell" is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism. In higher organisms, e.g., animals, cells having similar structure and function generally aggregate into "tissues" that perform particular functions. Thus, a tissue includes a collection of similar cells and surrounding intercellular substances, e.g., epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle, nerve. An "organ" is a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in a higher organism that may be composed of different types of tissues and is specialized for some particular function, e.g., kidney, heart, brain, liver, etc. Accordingly, by "specific organ, tissue, or cell" is meant herein to include any particular organ, and to include the cells and tissues found in that organ.

[0024] "Pathogenic" agents are agents, such as microbes, such as bacteria or viruses, that are known to cause infection in a host in nature, and in this sense, "pathogenic" is used in the context of the present invention to mean "naturally pathogenic". Although a wide variety of microbes may be capable of causing infection under artificial conditions, such as artificial innoculations of a microbe into a tissue, the range of microbes that natually cause infection is necessarily limited, and well established by medical practice.

[0025] An "infection" is the state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent (e.g., a microbe, such as a bacterium) which, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces effects that are injurious (Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 14th Ed., CL. Thomas, Ed., F.A. Davis Company, PA, USA). An infection may not always be apparent clinically and may result in only localized cellular injury. Infections may remain subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. Infections may spread locally to become clinically apparent as an acute, a subacute, or a chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the pathogenic agent gains access to the lymphatic or vascular system (On-LJne Medical Dictionary, http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/). Infection is usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation may occur without infection.

[0026] "Inflammation" is the characteristic tissue reaction to injury (marked by swelling, redness, heat, and pain), and includes the successive changes that occur in living tissue when it is injured. Infection and inflammation are different conditions, although one may arise from the other (Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, supra). Accordingly, inflammation may occur without infection and infection may occur without inflammation (although inflammation typically results from infection by pathogenic bacteria or viruses).

[0027] Inflammation is characterized by the following symptoms: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor). Localized visible inflammation on the skin may be apparent from a combination of these symptoms, particularly redness at a site of administration.

[0028] Various subjects may be treated in accordance with alternative aspects of the invention. A "subject" is an animal, e.g, a mammal, to whom the specific pathogenic bacteria, bacterial antigens, viruses, viral antigens or compositions thereof of the invention may be administered. Accordingly, a subject may be a patient, e.g., a human, suffering from a cancer, or suspected of having a cancer, or at risk for developing a cancer. A subject may also be an experimental animal, e.g., an animal model of a cancer. In some embodiments, the terms "subject" and "patient" may be used interchangeably, and may include a human, a non-human mammal, a non-human primate, a rat, mouse, dog, etc. A healthy subject may be a human who is not suffering from a cancer or suspected of having a cancer, or who is not suffering from a chronic disorder or condition. A "healthy subject" may also be a subject who is not immunocompromised. By immunocompromised is meant any condition in which the immune system functions in an abnormal or incomplete manner, lmmunocompromisation may be due to disease, certain medications, or conditions present at birth. Immunocompromised subjects may be found more frequently among infants, the elderly, and individuals undergoing extensive drug or radiation therapy.

[0029]An "immune response" includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following responses in a mammal: induction or activation of antibodies, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, B cells, T cells (including helper T cells, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, γδ T cells), such as induction or activation by the antigen(s) in a composition or vaccine, following administration of the composition or vaccine. An immune response to a composition or vaccine thus generally includes the development in the host animal of a cellular and/or antibody-mediated response to the composition or vaccine of interest. In some embodiments, the immune response is such that it will also result in slowing or stopping the progression of a cancer in the animal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Figure 1 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B or 4 inoperable lung cancer (all patients), comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0031] Figure 2 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B or 4 inoperable lung cancer (patients treated for at least 2 months with MRV), comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0032] Figure 3 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B or 4 lung cancer, illustrating the benefits of treatment with the MRV composition of the invention, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0033] Figure 4 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B or 4 lung cancer, illustrating the effect of treatments for at least 2 months, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve. [0034] Figure 5 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B or 4 lung cancer, illustrating the effect of treatments for at least 6 months duration, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0035] Figure 6 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of 52 breast cancer patients with metastases to bone and/or lung, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0036] Figure 7 is a comparison of survival of a cumulative series of metastatic prostate cancer patients who had surgery or radiation to destroy their prostate gland (and thus, the primary tumour) and who had detectable cancer limited to bone metastases, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0037] Figure 8 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients initially diagnosed with Stage 4 colorectal cancer, comparing patients treated with PVF, patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with an antigenic composition and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0038] Figure 9 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients initially diagnosed with Stage 4 Colorectal Cancer, with date from patients receiving treatment within 3 months of diagnosis, comparing patients treated with PVF, patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with an antigenic composition and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0039] Figure 10 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of stage 3B lung cancer patients who were treated with an oral antigen therapy, Respivax, compared to patients who did not use an antigenic composition. [0040] Figure 11 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B lung cancer, illustrating the benefits of treatment with the MRV composition of the invention, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0041] Figure 12 shows a survival curve measured from date of first visit for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B lung cancer, illustrating the benefits of treatment with the MRV composition of the invention, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

[0042] Figure 13 shows a survival curve for a cumulative series of patients diagnosed with stage 3B lung cancer whose first visit was within 3 months of diagnosis, illustrating the benefits of early treatment with the MRV composition of the invention, comparing patients treated with MRV, patients not treated with the MRV, and a standard SEER survival curve.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0043] In various aspects, the invention relates to the surprising discovery that administration, for example at a site distant from the cancer, of microbial pathogens, such as killed microbial pathogens, that are pathogenic in a particular tissue or organ is effective in treating cancer situated in that specific tissue or organ. Accordingly, the invention provides antigenic compositions derived from these microbial pathogens, including whole killed bacterial or viral species, or components thereof, for the treatment of cancer, and methods for using the same.

[0044] Based on observations from treating patients, it was found that administering compositions including many of the most common pathogenic bacteria that cause lung infection was surprisingly and unexpectedly effective in improving the clinical course of cancer of the lung. Similarly, it was found that administering compositions including Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most common causes of bone, breast, skin, perineal and lymph node infection and septicemia was surprising and unexpectedly effective in improving the clinical course of cancer of the bone, breast, skin, perineum, and lymphoma (cancer of the lymph glands) and multiple myeloma (a type of hematological cancer). Similarly, it was surprisingly and unexpectedly found that administering a composition including Escherichia coli, which is a common cause of colon, kidney, peritoneal, liver, abdominal, pancreatic and ovarian infection, was effective in improving the clinical course of cancer in the colon, kidney, peritoneum, liver, abdominal lymph nodes, pancreas and ovary.

[0045] These results indicate that a composition including antigens of pathogenic microbial species that cause infection in a particular tissue or organ will be an effective formulation for treating a cancer in that tissue or organ. For example, cancer in the lung is effectively treated with a microbial composition including pathogenic species that commonly cause lung infection, while cancer in the colon is effectively treated with a composition including pathogenic microbial species that commonly cause colon infections.

[0046] Antigenic compositions of the invention may be produced that include antigenic determinants that together are specific for or characteristic of a microbial pathogen. In this context, by "specific", it is meant that the antigenic determinants are sufficiently characteristic of the pathogen that they could be used to raise an immune response, such as an adaptive immune response, against the pathogen in the patient, if the antigenic determinants were to be administered in an appropriate manner to have that effect. It will be recognized that the antigenic determinants need not be so specific that they are characteristic of only one particular strain or species of pathogen, since even a specific immune response against a particular pathogen may be cross reactive with other closely related organisms that are also naturally pathogenic in the tissue or organ in which the cancer is situated and that the antigenic composition is formulated or selected to target. [0047] In some embodiments, the compositions of pathogenic microbes may be used for treating primary cancer sites and/or sites of metastasis. Thus, for example, the microbial compositions may be used for the treatment of a cancer at a particular site, regardless of whether the cancer is the primary cancer or the mestastatic site. The composition may be directed to the treatment of each cancer site, or may be a combined composition for both the primary cancer and the metastatic site(s). For example, to treat kidney cancer that has metastasized to the lung and bone, three different compositions, including species that are known to be kidney pathogens, species that are known to be lung pathogens and species that are known to be bone pathogens, or a combined composition thereof may be used. In some embodiments, the compositions may be administered in different locations at the same time or at different times.

[0048] For example, for lung cancer with metastasis to the bone, in alternative embodiments, both a microbial composition including bacteria (or viruses) which commonly cause lung infection and a microbial composition including bacteria (or viruses) which commonly cause bone infection may be used. Similarly, for colon cancer with metastasis to the lungs, both a pathogenic bacterial (or viral) composition including bacteria (or viruses) which commonly cause colon infection and a microbial composition including bacteria (or viruses) which commonly cause lung infection may be used; for prostate cancer with metastasis to the bones, both a pathogenic bacterial (or viral) composition including bacteria (or viruses) which commonly cause prostate infection and a pathogenic bacterial (or viral) composition including bacteria (or viruses) that commonly cause bone infection may be used.

[0049] The following list provides some non-limiting examples of primary cancers and their common sites for secondary spread (metastases): Primary cancer Common sites for metastases prostate bone, lungs breast bone, lungs, skin, liver, brain lung bone, brain, liver, lungs colon liver, lungs, bone, brain kidney lungs, bone, brain pancreas liver, lungs melanoma lungs, skin, liver, brain uterus lungs, bones, ovaries ovary liver, lung bladder bone, lung, liver head and neck bone, lungs sarcoma lungs, brain stomach liver cervix bone, lungs testes lungs thyroid bone, lungs

[0050] In some embodiments, the antigenic compositions may be used for treating or preventing cancers at primary sites or for treating or preventing metastasis. For example, in long-term smokers, an antigenic composition specific for cancer of the lung (for example including antigenic determinants of bacteria or viruses which commonly cause lung infection) may be used to appropriately stimulate the immune system to defend against the development of cancer within the lung tissue. As another example, an antigenic composition specific for cancer of the breast (for example including antigenic determinants of bacteria which commonly cause breast infection) could be used to prevent breast cancer in women with a strong family history of breast cancer or a genetic predisposition. In alternative embodiments, an antigenic composition including bacteria which commonly cause bone infection may be used to prevent or treat bone metastases in a patient with prostate cancer. In further alternative embodiments, an antigenic composition including bacteria or viruses which commonly cause lung infection may be used to prevent or treat lung metastases in a patient with malignant melanoma.

[0051] Various alternative embodiments and examples of the invention are described herein. These embodiments and examples are illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

Cancers

[0052] Most cancers fall within three broad histological classifications: carcinomas, which are the predominant cancers and are cancers of epithelial cells or cells covering the external or internal surfaces of organs, glands, or other body structures (e.g., skin, uterus, lung, breast, prostate, stomach, bowel), and which tend to metastasize; sarcomas, which are derived from connective or supportive tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, muscle); and hematologic tumors, which are derived from bone marrow and lymphatic tissue. Carcinomas may be adenocarcinomas (which generally develop in organs or glands capable of secretion, such as breast, lung, colon, prostate or bladder) or may be squamous cell carcinomas (which originate in the squamous epithelium and generally develop in most areas of the body). Sarcomas may be osteosarcomas or osteogenic sarcomas (bone), chondrosarcomas (cartilage), leiomyosarcomas (smooth muscle), rhabdomyosarcomas (skeletal muscle), mesothelial sarcomas or mesotheliomas (membranous lining of body cavities), fibrosarcomas (fibrous tissue), angiosarcomas or hemangioendotheliomas (blood vessels), liposarcomas (adipose tissue), gliomas or astrocytomas (neurogenic connective tissue found in the brain), myxosarcomas (primitive embryonic connective tissue), or mesenchymous or mixed mesodermal tumors (mixed connective tissue types). Hematologic tumors may be myelomas, which originate in the plasma cells of bone marrow; leukemias which may be "liquid cancers" and are cancers of the bone marrow and may be myelogenous or granulocytic leukemia (myeloid and granulocytic white blood cells), lymphatic, lymphocytic, or lymphoblastic leukemias (lymphoid and lymphocytic blood cells) or polycythemia vera or erythremia (various blood cell products, but with red cells predominating); or lymphomas, which may be solid tumors and which develop in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system, and which may be Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In addition, mixed type cancers, such as adenosquamous carcinomas, mixed mesodermal tumors, carcinosarcomas, or teratocarcinomas also exist.

[0053] Cancers may also be named based on the organ in which they originate i.e., the "primary site," for example, cancer of the breast, brain, lung, liver, skin, prostate, testicle, bladder, colon and rectum, cervix, uterus, etc. This naming persists even if the cancer metastasizes to another part of the body that is different from the primary site. With the present invention, treatment is directed to the site of the cancer, not type of cancer, so that a cancer of any type that is situated in the lung, for example, would be treated on the basis of this localization in the lung.

[0054] Cancers named based on primary site may be correlated with histological classifications. For example, lung cancers are generally small cell lung cancers or non-small cell lung cancers, which may be squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or large cell carcinoma; skin cancers are generally basal cell cancers, squamous cell cancers, or melanomas. Lymphomas may arise in the lymph nodes associated with the head, neck and chest, as well as in the abdominal lymph nodes or in the axillary or inguinal lymph nodes. Identification and classification of types and stages of cancers may be performed by using for example information provided by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute, which is an authoritative source of information on cancer incidence and survival in the United States and is recognized around the world. The SEER Program currently collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data from 14 population-based cancer registries and three supplemental registries covering approximately 26 percent of the US population. The program routinely collects data on patient demographics, primary tumor site, morphology, stage at diagnosis, first course of treatment, and follow-up for vital status, and is the only comprehensive source of population- based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and survival rates within each stage. Information on more than 3 million in situ and invasive cancer cases is included in the SEER database, and approximately 170,000 new cases are added each year within the SEER coverage areas. The incidence and survival data of the SEER Program may be used to access standard survival for a particular cancer site and stage. For example, to ensure an optimal comparison group, specific criteria may be selected from the database, including date of diagnosis and exact stage (for example, in the case of the lung cancer example herein, the years were selected to match the time-frame of the retrospective review, and stage 3B and 4 lung cancer were selected; and in the case of the colon cancer example herein, the years were also selected to match the time-frame of the retrospective review, and the stage 4 colon cancer was selected).

Bacteria and Bacterial Colonizations and Infections

[0055] Most animals are colonized to some degree by other organisms, such as bacteria, which generally exist in symbiotic or commensal relationships with the host animal. Thus, many species of normally harmless bacteria are found in healthy animals, and are usually localized to the surface of specific organs and tissues. Often, these bacteria aid in the normal functioning of the body. For example, in humans, symbiotic Escherichia coli bacteria may be found in the intestine, where they assist in food digestion.

[0056] Bacteria that are generally harmless, such as Escherichia coli, can cause infection in healthy subjects, with results ranging from mild to severe infection to death. Whether or not a bacterium is pathogenic (i.e., causes infection) depends to some extent on factors such as the route of entry and access to specific host cells, tissues, or organs; the intrinsic virulence of the bacterium; the amount of the bacteria present at the site of potential infection; or the health of the host animal. Thus, bacteria that are normally harmless can become pathogenic given favorable conditions for infection, and even the most virulent bacterium requires specific circumstances to cause infection. Accordingly, microbial species that are members of the normal flora can be pathogens, when they move beyond their normal ecological role in the endogenous flora. For example, endogenous species can cause infection outside of their ecological niche in regions of anotomical proximity, for example by contiguous spread. When this occurs, these normally harmless endogenous bacteria are considered pathogenic.

[0057] Specif ic pathogenic bacterial species and viruses are known to cause infections in specific cells, tissues, or organs in otherwise healthy subjects.

Examples of pathogenic bacteria and viruses that commonly cause infections in specific organs and tissues of the body are listed below; it will be understood that these examples are not intended to be limiting and that a skilled person would be able to readily recognize and identify infectious or pathogenic bacteria that cause infections, or commonly cause infections, in various organs and tissues in healthy adults (and recognize the relative frequency of infection with each bacterial species) based on the knowledge in the field as represented, for example, by the following publications: Manual of Clinical Microbiology 8th Edition, Patrick Murray, Ed., 2003, ASM Press American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, USA; Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 5th Edition, G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, R. DoNn, Eds., 2000, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA, USA, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0058] Infections of the skin are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Beta hemolytic streptococci group A, B, C or G, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa; or viral pathogens: rubeola, rubella, varicella-zoster, echoviruses, coxsackieviruses, adenovirus, vaccinia, herpes simplex, or parvo B19. [0059] Infections of the soft tissue (e.g., fat and muscle) are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, or other Clostridium spp.; or viral pathogens: influenza, or coxsackieviruses

[0060] Infections of the breast are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, or Streptococcus pyogenes.

[0061] Infections of the lymph nodes of the head and neck are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes; or viral pathogens: Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, measles, rubella, herpes simplex, coxsackieviruses, or varicella-zoster.

[0062] Infections of the lymph nodes of the arm/axillae are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes; or viral pathogens: measles, rubella, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, or varicella-zoster.

[0063] Infections of the lymph nodes of the mediastinum are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: viridans streptococci, Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp.; or Mycobacterium tuberculosis; or viral pathogens: measles, rubella, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, or adenovirus.

[0064] Infections of the pulmonary hilar lymph nodes are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis; or viral pathogens: influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, or coxsackievirus. [0065] Infections of the intra-abdominal lymph nodes are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis; or viral pathogens: measles, rubella, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, adenovirus, influenza, or coxsackieviruses.

[0066] Infections of the lymph nodes of the leg/inguinal region are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, or Streptococcus pyogenes; or viral pathogens: measles, rubella, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex.

[0067] Infections of the blood (i.e., septicemia) are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or group B streptococci; or viral pathogens: rubeola, rubella, varicella-zoster, echoviruses, coxsackieviruses, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex or cytomegalovirus.

[0068] Infections of the bone are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, other streptococci spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., or Serratia spp.; or viral pathogens: parvovirus B19, rubella, or hepatitis B.

[0069] Infections of the meninges are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, or Listeria monocytogenes; or viral pathogens: echoviruses, coxsackieviruses, other enteroviruses, or mumps. [0070] Infections of the brain are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus spp. (including S. anginosus, S. constellatus, S. intermedius), Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Proteus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., or Borrelia burgdorferi; or viral pathogens: coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, poliovirus, other enteroviruses, mumps, herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, flaviviruses, or bunyaviruses.

[0071 ] Infections of the spinal cord are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, or Borrelia burgdorferi; or viral pathogens: coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, poliovirus, other enteroviruses, mumps, herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, flaviviruses, or bunyaviruses.

[0072] Infections of the eye/orbit are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., or

Treponema pallidum; or viral pathogens: adenoviruses, herpes simplex, varicella- zoster, or cytomegalovirus.

[0073] Infections of the salivary glands are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, viridans streptococci (e.g.,

Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans), Peptostreptococcus spp., or Bacteroides spp., or other oral anaerobes; or viral pathogens: mumps, influenza, enteroviruses, or rabies.

[0074] Infections of the mouth are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Prevotella melaninogenicus, anaerobic streptococci, viridans streptococci, Actinomyces spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., or Bacteroides spp., or other oral anaerobes; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex, coxsackieviruses, or Epstein-Barr.

[0075] Infections of the tonsils are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group C or G B-hemolytic streptococci; or viral pathogens: rhinoviruses, influenza, coronavirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, or herpes simplex.

[0076] Infections of the sinuses are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, α-streptococci, anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Prevotella spp.), or Staphylococcus aureus; or viral pathogens: rhinoviruses, influenza, adenovirus, or parainfluenza.

[0077] Infections of the nasopharynx are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group C or G B-hemolytic streptococci; or viral pathogens: rhinoviruses, influenza, coronavirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, or herpes simplex.

[0078] Infections of the thyroid are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Streptococcus pneumoniae; or viral pathogens: mumps, or influenza.

[0079] Infections of the larynx are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Streptococcus pyogenes; or viral pathogens: rhinovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, corona virus, or human metapneumovirus. [0080] Infections of the trachea are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; or viral pathogens: parainfluenza, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, or adenovirus.

[0081] Infections of the bronchi are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae; or viral pathogens: influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, or coxsackievirus.

[0082] Infections of the lung are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenza; or viral pathogens: influenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, or parainfluenza.

[0083] Infections of the pleura are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, peptostreptococcus spp., or Mycobacterium tuberculosis; or viral pathogens: influenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, or parainfluenza.

[0084] Infections of the mediastinum are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: viridans streptococci, Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., or Fusobacterium spp. or Mycobacterium tuberculosis; or viral pathogens: measles, rubella, Epstein-Barr, or cytomegalovirus.

[0085] Infections of the heart are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus spp. (including S. mitior, S. bovis, S. sanguis, S. mutans, S. anginosus), Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium diptheriae, Clostridium pe^ήringens, Neisseria meningitidis, or Salmonella spp.; or viral pathogens: enteroviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, poliovirus, adenovirus, mumps, rubeola, or influenza.

[0086] Infections of the esophagus are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Actinomyces spp., Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Streptococcus spp.; or viral pathogens: cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, or varicella-zoster.

[0087] Infections of the stomach are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pyogenes or Helicobacter pylori; or viral pathogens: cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr, rotaviruses, noroviruses, or adenoviruses.

[0088] Infections of the small bowel are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteriditis, Yersinia enterocolitica, or Shigella flexneri; or viral pathogens: adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, or cytomegalovirus.

[0089] Infections of the colon/rectum are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteriditis, Yersinia enterocolitica, or Shigella flexneri; or viral pathogens: adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, or cytomegalovirus.

[0090] Infections of the anus are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., anaerobic streptococci, Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Treponema pallidum; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

[0091] Infections of the perineum are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobic streptococci, Clostridium spp., or Enterobacter spp.; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

[0092] Infections of the liver are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus (anginosus group), Enterococcus, spp. other viridans streptococci, or Bacteroides spp.; or viral pathogens: hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex, mumps, rubella, rubeola, varicella-zoster, coxsackieviruses, or adenovirus.

[0093] Infections of the gallbladder are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., enterococci, Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Salmonella enteriditis, Yersinia enterocolitica, or Shigella flexneri.

[0094] Infections of the biliary tract are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., enterococci, Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Salmonella enteriditis, Yersinia enterocolitica, or Shigella flexneri; or viral pathogens: hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex, mumps, rubella, rubeola, varicella-zoster, cocsackieviruses, or adenovirus.

[0095] Infections of the pancreas are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcal spp., Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella typhi, Leptospirosis spp., or Legionella spp.; or viral pathogens: mumps, coxsackievirus, hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex 2, or varicella-zoster.

[0096] Infections of the spleen are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp.,

Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, or Enterococcus spp.; or viral pathogens: Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, measles, rubella, coxsackieviruses, or varicella-zoster.

[0097] Infections of the adrenal gland are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, or Enterococcus spp.; or viral pathogens: varicella-zoster.

[0098] Infections of the kidney are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgatus, Providentia spp., Morganella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa; or viral pathogens: BK virus, or mumps.

[0099] Infections of the ureter are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgatus, Providentia spp., Morganella spp., or Enterococcus spp.

[00100] Infections of the bladder are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgatus,

Providentia spp., Morganella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, or Corynebacterium jekeum; or viral pathogens: adenovirus, or cytomegalovirus.

[00101] Infections of the peritoneum are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,

Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., enterococci, Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Fusobacterium spp., or Clostridium spp.

[00102] Infections of the retroperitoneal area are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus.

[00103] Infections of the prostate are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, enterococci spp., Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium spp., or Neisseria gonorrhoeae; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

[00104] Infections of the testicle are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., or Salmonella enteriditis; or viral pathogens: mumps, coxsackievirus, or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

[00105] Infections of the penis are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Treponema pallidum; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

[00106] Infections of the ovary/adnexae are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardenerella vaginalis, Prevotella spp., Bacteroides spp., Peptococcus spp. Streptococcus spp., or Escherichia coli.

[00107] Infections of the uterus are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardenerella vaginalis, Prevotella spp., Bacteroides spp., Peptococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., or Escherichia coli. [00108] Infections of the cervix are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Treponema pallidum; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

[00109] Infections of the vagina are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Gardenerella vaginalis, Prevotella spp., Bacteroides spp., peptococci spp., Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia Trachomatis, or Treponema pallidum; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

[00110] Infections of the vulva are commonly caused by the following bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Treponema pallidum; or viral pathogens: herpes simplex.

Bacterial Strains/Viral Subtypes [00111] It will be understood by a skilled person that bacterial species are classified operationally as collections of similar strains (which generally refers to groups of presumed common ancestry with identifiable physiological but usually not morphological distinctions, and which may be identified using serological techniques against bacterial surface antigens). Thus, each bacterial species (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae) has numerous strains (or serotypes), which differ in their ability to cause infection or differ in their ability to cause infection in a particular organ/site. For example, although there are at least 90 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, serotypes 1 , 3, 4, 7, 8, and 12 are most frequently responsible for pneumococcal disease in humans.

[00112] As a second example, certain strains of Escherichia coli, referred to as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), are more likely to cause unrinary tract infection or other extraintestinal infections such as neonatal meningitis, whereas other strains, including enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and diffuse adhering E. coli (DAEC) are more likely to cause gastrointestinal infection/diarrhea. Even among the sub-category of ExPEC strains, specific virulence factors (e.g., production of type-1 fimbriae) enable certain strains to be more capable of causing infection of the bladder, while other virulence factors (e.g., production of P fimbriae) enable other strains to be more capable of causing infection in the kidneys. In accordance with the present invention, an ExPEC strain(s) that is more likely to cause infection in the bladder would be chosen for a formulation to target bladder cancer, whereas an ExPEC strain(s) that is more likely to cause infection in the kidney would be chosen for a formulation to target kidney cancer. Likewise, one or more of an ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, STEC, EAEC, EIEC or DAEC strains of E. coli (i.e, strains that cause colon infection), would be chosen for a formulation to treat colon cancer.

[00113] Similary, there may be numerous subtypes of specific viruses. For example, there are three types of influenza viruses, influenza A, influenza B and influenza C, which differ in epidemiology, host range and clinical characteristics. For example, influenza A is more likely to be associated with viral lung infection, whereas influenza B is more likely to be associated with myositis (i.e., muscle infection). Furthermore, each of these three types of influenza virus have numerous subtypes, which also may differ in epidemiology, host range and clinical characteristics. In accordance with the present invention, one would choose an influenza A subtype most commonly associated with lung infection to target lung cancer, whereas one would choose an influenza B strain most commonly associated with myositis to treat cancer of the muscle/soft tissues.

[00114] It is understood that a clinical microbiologist skilled in the art would therefore be able to select, based on the present disclosure and the body of art relating to bacterial strains for each species of bacteria (and viral subtypes for each type of virus), the strains of a particular bacterial species (or subtype of a particular virus) to target a specific organ or tissue. Bacterial Compositions, Dosages, And Administration [00115] The compositions of the invention include antigens of pathogenic microbial (bacterial or viral) species that are pathogenic in a specific tissue or organ. The compositions may include whole bacterial species, or may include extracts or preparations of the pathogenic bacterial species of the invention, such as cell wall or cell membrane extracts or whole cell extracts. The compositions may also include one or more isolated antigens from one or more of the pathogenic bacterial species of the invention; in some embodiments, such compositions may be useful in situations where it may be necessary to precisely administer a specific dose of a particular antigen, or may be useful if administering a whole bacterial species or components thereof (e.g., toxins) may be harmful. Pathogenic bacterial species may be available commercially (from, for example, ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA), or may be clinical isolates from subjects having a bacterial infection of a tissue or organ (e.g., pneumonia).

[00116] The microbial compositions of the invention can be provided alone or in combination with other compounds (for example, nucleic acid molecules, small molecules, peptides, or peptide analogues), in the presence of a liposome, an adjuvant, or any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in a form suitable for administration to mammals, for example, humans. As used herein

"pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" or "excipient" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. The carrier can be suitable for any appropriate form of administration, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, sublingual, inhalational, intratumoral or oral administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound (i.e., the specific bacteria, bacterial antigens, or compositions thereof of the invention), use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

[00117] If desired, treatment with bacterial antigens according to the invention may be combined with more traditional and existing therapies for cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, etc., or with any other therapy intended to stimulate the immune system, reduce inflammation or otherwise benefit the subject, such as nutrients, vitamins and supplements. For example, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B complex, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, beta carotene, fish oil, curcumin, green tea, bromelain, resveratrol, ground flaxseed, garlic, lycopene, milk thistle, melatonin, other antioxidants, cimetidine, indomethacin, or COX-2 Inhibitors (e.g., Celebrex [celecoxib] or Vioxx [rofecoxib]) may be also be administered to the subject.

[00118] Conventional pharmaceutical practice may be employed to provide suitable formulations or compositions to administer the compounds to subjects suffering from a cancer. Any appropriate route of administration may be employed, for example, parenteral, intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrathecal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, inhalational, aerosol, topical, intratumoral, sublingual or oral administration. Therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; for oral administration, formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols; and for sublingual formulations, in the form of drops, aerosols or tablets.

[00119] Methods well known in the art for making formulations are found in, for example, "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" (20th edition), ed. A. Gennaro, 2000, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA. Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes. Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds. Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel. For therapeutic or prophylactic compositions, the pathogenic bacterial species are administered to an individual in an amount effective to stop or slow progression or metastasis of the cancer, or to increase survival of the subject (relative to for example prognoses derived from the SEER database) depending on the disorder.

[00120] An "effective amount" of a pathogenic microbial species or antigen thereof according to the invention includes a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount. A "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result, such as reduction or elimination of the cancer cells or tumors, prevention of carcinogenic processes, slowing the growth of the tumour, or an increase in survival time beyond that which is expected using for example the SEER database. A therapeutically effective amount of a pathogenic microbial (bacterial or viral) species or antigen(s) thereof may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. A therapeutically effective amount may also be one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the pathogenic bacterial species or virus or antigen thereof are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A "prophylactically effective amount" refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result, such as prevention of cancer, prevention of metastasis, slowing the growth of the tumour, reduction or elimination of the cancer cells, tissues, organs, or tumors, or an increase in survival time beyond that which is expected using for example the SEER database. Typically, a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of cancer, so that a prophylactically effective amount may be less than a therapeutically effective amount.

[00121] For administration by subcutaneous or intradermal injection, an exemplary range for therapeutically or prophylactically effective amounts of one or more pathogenic bacterial species may be about 1 million to 40,000 million organisms per ml, or may be 100 million to 7000 million organisms per ml, or may be 500 million to 6000 million organisms per ml, or may be 1000 million to 5000 million organisms per ml, or may be 2000 million to 4000 million organisms per ml, or any integer within these ranges. The total concentration of bacteria per ml may range from 10 million to 40,000 million organisms per ml, or may be 50 million to 7000 million organisms per ml, or may be 100 million to 6000 million organisms per ml, or may be 500 million to 5000 million organisms per ml, or may be 1000 million to 4000 million organisms per ml, or any integer within these ranges. The range for therapeutically or prophylactically effective amounts of antigens of a pathogenic bacterial species may be any integer from 0.1 nM- 0.1 M, 0.1 nM- 0.05M, 0.05 nM-15μM or 0.01 nM-10μM.

[00122] It is to be noted that dosage concentrations and ranges may vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated, or may vary with the subject's immune response. In general, the goal is to achieve an adequate immune response. For administration by subcutaneous or intradermal infection, adequate immune response may be determined by, for example, by size of delayed local immune skin reaction at the site of injection (e.g, from 0.25 inch to 4 inch diameter). The dose required to achieve an appropriate immune response may vary depending on the individual (and their immune system) and the response desired. Standardized dosages may also be used. In the context of subcutaneous or intradermal adminstration, if the goal is to achieve a 2 inch local skin reaction, the total bacterial composition dose may, for example, range from 2 million bacteria (i.e., 0.001 ml of a vaccine with a concentration of 2,000 million organisms per ml) to more than 4,000 million bacteria (i.e., 2 ml of a vaccine with a concentration of 2,000 million organisms per ml). The concentrations of individual bacterial species or antigens thereof within a composition may also be considered. For example, if the concentration of one particular pathogenic bacterial species, cell size of that species or antigenic load thereof is much higher relative to the other pathogenic bacterial species in the vaccine, then the local immune skin reaction of an individual may be likely due to its response to this specific bacterial species. In some embodiments, the immune system of an individual may respond more strongly to one bacterial species within a composition than another, depending for example on past history of exposure to infection by a particular species, so the dosage or composition may be adjusted accordingly for that individual.

[00123] For any particular subject, the timing and dose of treatments may be adjusted over time (e.g, timing may be daily, every other day, weekly, monthly) according to the individual need and the professional judgement of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions. For example, in the context of subcutaneous or intradermal administration, the compositions may be administered every second day. An initial dose of approximately 0.05 ml may be administered subcutaneously, followed by increases from 0.01 -0.02 ml every second day until an adequate skin reaction is achieved at the injection site (for example, a 1 inch to 2 inch diameter delayed reaction of visible redness at the injection site). Once this adequate immune reaction is achieved, this dosing is continued as a maintenance dose. The maintenance dose may be adjusted from time to time to achieve the desired visible skin reaction (inflammation) at the injecition site. Dosing may be for a dosage duration, for example of at least 2 weeks, 2 months, 6 months, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 years. [00124] Oral dosages may for example range from 10 million to 1 ,000,000 million organisms per dose, comprising antigenic determinants of one or more species. Oral dosages may be given, for example, from 4 times per day, daily or weekly. Dosing may be for a dosage duration, for example of at least 2 weeks, 2 months, 6 months, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 years.

[00125] In some embodiments, the invention may include antigenic compositions administed sublingually or by inhilation, or administered to one or more epithelial tissues (i.e., skin by intradermal or subcutaneous injection; lung epithelium by inhalation; gastrointestinal mucosa by oral ingestion; mouth mucosa by sublingual administration) simultaneously or sequentially. Accordingly, in some embodiments the antigenic compositions of the invention are administered so as to provoke an immune response in an epithelial tissue. In some embodiments, one or more epithelial routes of administration may be combined with one or more additional routes of administration, such as intratumoral, intramuscular or intravenous administration.

[00126] In various aspects of the invention, the antigenic compositions that are administered to a patient may be characterized as having an antigenic signature, i.e. a combination of antigens or epitopes, that is sufficiently specific that the antigenic compsition is capable of eliciting an immune response that is specific to a particular pathogen, such as an adaptive immune response. A surprising and unexpected aspect of the invention is that the non-adaptive or non- specific activation of the immune response that is mediated by these specific antigenic compositions is effective to treat cancers situated in the tissues in which the particular pathogen is pathogenic.

[00127] Routes of administration and dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and do not limit the route of administration and dosage ranges that may be selected by medical practitioners. The amount of active compound (e.g., pathogenic bacterial species or viruses or antigens thereof) in the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It may be advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.

[00128] In the case of antigenic formulations (analogous to a vaccine), an immunogenically effective amount of a compound of the invention can be provided, alone or in combination with other compounds, with an immunological adjuvant. The compound may also be linked with a carrier molecule, such as bovine serum albumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin to enhance immunogenicity. An antigenic composition ("vaccine") is a composition that includes materials that elicit a desired immune response. An antigenic composition may select, activate or expand memory B, T cells, neutrophils, monocytes or macrophages of the immune system to, for example, reduce or eliminate the growth or proliferation of cancerous cells or tissue. In some embodiments, the specific pathogenic microbe, virus, viral antigens, bacteria, bacterial antigens, or compositions thereof of the invention are capable of eliciting the desired immune response in the absence of any other agent, and may therefore be considered to be an antigenic composition. In some embodiments, an antigenic composition includes a suitable carrier, such as an adjuvant, which is an agent that acts in a non-specific manner to increase the immune response to a specific antigen, or to a group of antigens, enabling the reduction of the quantity of antigen in any given vaccine dose, or the reduction of the frequency of dosage required to generate the desired immune response. A bacterial antigenic composition may include live or dead bacteria capable of inducing an immune response against antigenic determinants associates with the disease or infection normally associated with the bacteria. In some embodiments, an antigenic composition may include live bacteria that are of less virulent strains (attenuated), and therefore cause a less severe infection. In some embodiments the antigenic composition may include live, attenuated or dead viruses capable of inducing an immune response against antigenic determinants associates with the disease or infection normally associated with the virus.

[00129] An antigenic composition comprising killed bacteria for administration by injection may be made as follows. The bacteria may be grown in suitable media, and washed with physiological salt solution. The bacteria may then be centrifuged, resuspended in salt solution, and killed with phenol. The suspensions may be standardized by direct microscopic count, mixed in required amounts, and stored in appropriate containers, which may be tested for safety, shelf life, and sterility in an approved manner. In addition to the pathogenic bacterial species and/or antigens thereof, a killed bacterial vaccine suitable for administration to humans may include 0.4% phenol preservative and/or 0.9% sodium chloride. The bacterial vaccine may also include trace amounts of brain heart infusion (beef), peptones, yeast extract, agar, sheep blood, dextrose, and/or sodium phosphate.

[00130] In some embodiments, the bacterial vaccine may be used in tablet or capsule form or drops for oral ingestion, as an aerosol for inhalation, or as drops, aerosol or tablet form for sublingual administration.

[00131] In antigenic compositions comprising bacteria (analogous to bacterial vaccines), the concentrations of specific bacterial species in compositions for subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be about 1 million to 40,000 million organisms per ml, or may be 100 million to 7000 million organisms per ml, or may be 500 million to 6000 million organisms per ml, or may be 1000 million to 5000 million organisms per ml, or may be 2000 million to 4000 million organisms per ml, or any integer within these ranges. The total concentration of bacteria per ml may range from 10 million to 40,000 million organisms per ml, or may be 50 million to 7000 million organisms per ml, or may be 100 million to 6000 million organisms per ml, or may be 500 million to 5000 million organisms per ml, or may be 1000 million to 4000 million organisms per ml, or any integer within these ranges.

[00132] In some embodiments, a selected killed bacterial vaccine for cancer of the lung tissue would include the common bacterial lung pathogens, and may for example be: bacteria per ml Streptococcus pneumoniae 600 million

Haemophilus influenzae 400 million

Moraxella catarrhalis 400 million

Mycoplasma pneumoniae 300 million

Klebsiella pneumoniae 300 million

total: 2,000 million

In some selected embodiments, a selected killed bacterial vaccine for cancer of the lung tissue would include only more common bacterial lung pathogens, and may for example be: bacteria per ml

Streptococcus pneumoniae 800 million

Haemophilus influenzae 600 million

Moraxella catarrhalis 600 million total: 2,000 million

[00133] In further selected embodiments, a selected killed bacterial vaccine for cancer of the lung tissue would include only the most common bacterial lung pathogen, and may be: bacteria per ml

Streptococcus pneumoniae 2.000 million total: 2,000 million

[00134] In some embodiments, an antigenic microbial composition for treating cancer at a particular site (e.g., cancer of the lung tissue) may include pathogenic microbes that commonly, more commonly, or most commonly cause infection in that tissue or organ (e.g., infection in the lung tissue i.e., pneumonia).

[00135] In general, the pathogenic bacterial species and antigens thereof of the invention should be used without causing substantial toxicity. Toxicity of the compounds of the invention can be determined using standard techniques, for example, by testing in cell cultures or experimental animals and determining the therapeutic index, i.e., the ratio between the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the LD100 (the dose lethal to 100% of the population).

[00136] In some aspects, the invention involves the use of an antiinflammatory in conjunction with vaccinations. In these embodiments, a wide variety of anti-inflammatory treatments may be employed, including effective amounts of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including but not limited to: diclofenac potassium, diclofenac sodium, etodolac, indomethicin, ketorolac tromethamine, sulindac, tometin sodium, celecoxib, meloxicam, valdecoxib, floctafenine, mefenamic acid, nabumetone, meloxicam, piroxicam, tenoxicam, fenoprofen calcium, flubiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, naproxen sodium, oxaprozin, tiaprofenic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, diflunisal, choline magnesium trisalicylate, choline salicylate, triethanolamine salicylate, COX1 inhibitors, COX2 inhibitors (e.g. Vioxx, and Celebrex). A variety of herbs and natural health products may also be used to provide anti-inflammatory treatment, including but not limited to: green tea, fish oil, resveratrol, turmeric, bromelain, boswellia, feverfew, quercetin, ginger, rosemary, oregano, cayenne, clove, nutmeg, willowbark. Alternative anti-inflammatory modalities may also include lifestyle modifications, such as: exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, stress reduction, seeking social support, treatment of depression, stress management, abdominal breath work and dietary change (such as adopting a mediterranean diet, a low glycemic diet, eating non-charred foods, including foods having omega-3 fatty acids).

EXAMPLE 1 : Clinical Studies

Bacterial Compositions

[00137] Five killed bacterial compositions have been used to treat a wide variety of cancer types and stages in blinded studies, as follows:

1. The Bayer Corporation MRV™ "Bayer MRV" (Hollister-Steir Laboratories, Spokane, WA, U.S.A.), containing the following bacterial species:

Organisms per ml

Staphylococcus aureus 1200 million viridans and non-hemolytic Streptococci 200 million Streptococcus pneumoniae 150 million

Moraxella (Neisseria) catarrhalis 150 million

Klebsiella pneumoniae 150 million

Haemophilus influenzae 150 million

[00138] This vaccine was produced for the following indications: rhinitis, infectious asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyposis and chronic serous otitis media. Cancer treatment was not indicated as an intended use for this vaccine. The vaccine also included the following ingredients: 0.4% phenol, 0.9% NaCI, trace amounts of brain heart infusion (beef), peptones, yeast extract, agar, sheep blood, dextrose, and sodium phosphates.

2. Stallergenes MRV "Stallergenes MRV" (Laboratories des Stallergenes, S.A., Fresnes, France), containing the following:

Organisms per ml Staphylococcus aureus 600 million

Staphylococcus albus 600 million non-hemolytic Streptococci 200 million

Streptococcus pneumoniae 150 million

Moraxella (Neisseria) catarrhalis 150 million

Klebsiella pneumoniae 150 million Haemophilus influenzae 150 million

[00139] This vaccine was produced for the same indications as the MRV vaccine i.e., recurrent respiratory tract infections, and listed cancer as a contraindication.

[00140] As set out below, surprisingly, these MRV vaccines, which contain many common lung pathogens, were found to be effective for the treatment of lung cancer.

3. Polyvaccinum Forte (PVF; Biomed S.A., Krakow, Poland), containing the following:

Organisms per ml

Staphylococcus aureus 500 million

Staphylococcus epidermidis 500 million Escherichia coli 200 million

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 200 million

Streptococcus pyogenes 100 m i 11 ion

Streptococcus salivarius (viridans Streptococci) 100 million

Streptococcus pneumoniae 100 million Moraxella (Neisseria) catarrhalis 100 million

Klebsiella pneumoniae 100 million

Haemophilus influenzae 100 million

[00141] This vaccine was produced for chronic and recurrent inflammatory conditions of the upper and lower respiratory tract and genitourinary tract, including rhinopharyngitis, recurrent laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, otitis media, chronic and recurrent neuralgia of trigeminal and occipital nerve, ischialgia, brachial plexitis, intercostals neuralgia, chronic cystoureteritis, vaginitis, adnexitis, and endometrium inflammation. Cancer treatment was not indicated as an intended use for this vaccine.

[00142] Of note, although the total concentration of bacteria in PVF is identical to that of the MRVs (Bayer and Stallergenes), patients typically demonstrated a visible inflammatory response to subcutaneous injection of the PVF composition at a much smaller dose than the usual dose required to achieve a similar skin response with the MRV composition, indicating that the immune reaction was likely occurring to one of the novel components in the Polyvaccinum Forte vaccine, such as E. coli. As set out below, surprisingly, PVF, which contains E. coli a common pathogen of the colon, abdomen, kidney, ovaries, peritoneum, liver and pancreas, has been found to be effective in the treatment of cancers in the colon, abdominal lymph nodes, kidney, ovary, peritoneum, liver and pancreas.

4. Staphage Lysate (Delmont Laboratories Inc., Swarthmore, PA, USA), containing the following:

Staphyloccus aureus

[00143] As set out below, surprisingly, Staphage Lysate, which contains Staphyloccocus aureus a common pathogen of the breast and bone, was found to be effective in the treatment of cancer in the breast and bone.

Administration of MRV. Staphage Lvsate and PVF

[00144] The bacterial compositions (vaccines) were a suspension of killed bacterial cells and therefore, the suspensions were gently shaken prior to use to ensure uniform distribution prior to withdrawing dose from vial, and administered subcutaneously three times a week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Patients were advised to continue treatment for at least 6 months. The dose of vaccine required was determined by the adequacy of the immune reaction to the vaccine. Beginning with a very small dose (0.05cc), the dose was gradually increased (by 0.01 -0.02cc each time) until an adequate immune reaction was achieved. This delayed local reaction at the injection site occurred 6-24 hours after injection. The goal was to achieve a one to two inch diameter round patch of pinkness/redness at the injection site, indicating adequate immune stimulation. Once this reaction was achieved, the dose was maintained at the level required to achieve this reaction. If the reaction was significantly less than two inches (e.g., half an inch) the dose was increased, if it was significantly more than two inches (e.g., three inches), the dose was decreased. This local immune reaction generally occurs within the first 24 hours after the injection. Patients were asked to check for this reaction and, if present, to measure or mark it. The maintenance dose required to achieve an adequate immune reaction varies considerably, depending on the individual's immune response - as little as 0.001 cc for some people, as much as 2cc for others. The vaccine must be stored in a refrigerator (2° to 8°C). The usual site for injection is the upper arms, the thighs or the abdomen. The exact site of each injection was varied so that it was not given in sites in which pinkness/redness was still present. A known contraindication to the vaccines is hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine.

[00145] A fifth vaccine, a polymicrobial oral vaccine, was used in alternative aspects of the invention, as follows:

5. Respivax, produced by BB-NCIPD Ltd (Bulgaria). This oral vaccine contained the following freeze-dried killed bacterial species:

Organisms per mg

Steptococcus pneumoniae 25 million

Neisseria catarrhalis 25 million

Streptococcus pyogenes 25 million Haemophilus influenzae 25 million

Staphylococcus aureus 25 million

Klebsiella pneumoniae 25 million

Administration of Respivax [00146] The Respivax oral vaccine was produced for the treatment for chronic respiratory infection, and contains many of the most common respiratory tract pathogens, including many of the most common causes of lung infection. Patients were treated with a dose of one 50 mg tablet per day, providing the equivalent of 1.25 x 109 cells of each species per dose. Patients were prescribed the above dose for a continuous period of at least 6 months.

[00147] As set out below, surprisingly, Respivax oral vaccine, which contains many common lung pathogens, was found to be effective for the treatment of cancer of the lung.

Example 1 A: Cancer of the Lung

[00148] This section relates to primary cancer in the lung, or metastases to the lung, treated with microbial pathogens of the lung, such as endogenous respiratory bacteria flora, exogenous bacterial lung pathogens, or viral lung pathogens.

[00149] Patients qualified for the lung cancer study if they were initially diagnosed with stage 3B or 4-lung (inoperable) cancer. Lung cancer staging was performed using standard methods as for example described in AJCC: Cancer Staging Handbook (sixth edition) 2002; Springer-Verlag New York: Editors:

Fredrick Greene, David Page and Irvin Fleming, or in International Union Against Cancer: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (sixth edition) 2002; Wiley-Liss Geneva Switzerland: Editors: L.H. Sobin and CH. Wittekind. For example, lung cancers may be classified as follows:

TNM lung clinical and pathological classification

T PRIMARY TUMOUR

TX Primary tumour cannot be assessed, or tumour proven by the presence of malignant cells in sputum or bronchial washings but not visualized by imaging or bronchoscopy

Tis Carcinoma in situ

TO No evidence of primary tumour

T1 Tumour 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (ie, not in the main bronchus)

T2 Tumour with any of the following features of size or extent: More than 3 cm in greatest dimension Involves main bronchus, 2 cm or more distal to the carina Invades visceral pleura Associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region but does not involve the entire lung

T3 Tumour of any size that directly invades any of the following: chest wall (including superior sulcus tumours), diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumour in the main bronchus less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina; or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung

T4 Tumour of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, vertebral body, carina; ortumour with a malignant pleural or pericardial effusion; or with separate tumour nodule(s) within the ipsilateral primary-tumour lobe of the lung,

N REGIONAL LYMPH NODES

NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

NO No regional lymph node metastasis N1 Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension

N2 Metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s)

N3 Metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s)

M DISTANT METASTASIS

MX Distant metastasis cannot be assessed

MO No distant metastasis

M1 Distant metastasis; includes separate tumour nodule(s) in the non- primary-tumour lobe (ipsilateral or contralateral)

Stage Grouping of TNM Subsets:

Occult TX NO MO carcinoma

Stage 0 Tis NO MO

Stage IA T1 NO MO

Stage IB T2 NO MO

Stage MA T1 N1 MO

Stage MB T2 N1 MO

T3 NO MO

Stage IMA T3 N1 MO

T1 N2 MO

T2 N2 MO

T3 N2 MO

Stage IMB Any T N3 MO

T4 Any N MO

Stage IV Any T Any N M1

[00150] Charts with diagnostic codes 162.9 (lung cancer) and 197 (metastatic cancer) were collected manually and electronically. Information was collected on these patients, such as date of diagnosis, date of death, and cancer stage. Charts for patients were reviewed to confirm the date of diagnosis and cancer stage. Patients were excluded from the analysis for the following reasons: 1 ) wrong stage; 2) missing data; 3) no chart, or; 4) chart did not reach in time for the data analysis. 20 patients were excluded from the study because their charts have not arrived yet or there was insufficient information, of which 6 were MRV users. The study group includes 108 patients in total: 50 who took the MRV vaccine and 58 who did not take the MRV vaccine.

[00151 ] Comparison of survival of patients initially diagnosed with stage 3B and 4 lung cancer who took MRV with patients who didn't take MRV and with SEER standard survival data for patients initially diagnosed with stage 3B and 4 lung cancer (Figure 1 ) was as follows:

SEER non-MRV MRV median survival: 5 months 10.5 months 12.5 months survival at 1 year: 25% 45% 58% survival at 3 years: 5% 3% 20% survival at 5 years: 3% 0% 10%

[00152] A comparison of survival (as above), including only those patients who took MRV for at least 2 months (Figure 2) is as follows: median survival: 16.5 months survival at 1 year: 70% survival at 3 years: 27% survival at 5 years: 15%

[00153] Median survival and survival at 1 year, 3 years and 5 years, was substantially better in the group that was treated with MRV (containing bacteria which commonly cause lung infection), evidence of the effectiveness of this vaccine for the treatment of lung cancer. Patients who were treated with the MRV vaccine for more than 2 months had higher survival rates, further evidence of the effectiveness of this vaccine for the treatment of lung cancer.

[00154] An alternative analysis was conducted on data that included a patient population to whom the MRV composition was not available, to address a perceived potential for bias caused by sicker patients being more likely to choose the novel treatment (with MRV) and healthier patients being potentially less likely to submit to the use of the antigenic compositions of the invention. Comparison of survival of MRV patients to whom the MRV composition was available (designated "Lung 1 ") to survival of non-MRV patients to whom the MRV composition was not available (designated "Lung 2") removes some of this selection bias, providing a clearer and more accurate illustration of the benefit of MRV treatment, as illustrated in Figure 3.

[00155] In some embodiments, particularly striking clinical benefits have been obtained with antigenic bacterial compositions used in repeated frequent injections (i.e., three times per week) for a prolonged period of time - such as at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 12 months, or 2, 3, 4 or 5 years (in the context of advanced cancer such as inoperable lung cancer, the longer periods may be most beneficial). Treatments of this kind may be carried out so as to provide sustained, prolonged immune stimulation. When the above analysis is restricted to patients who were treated with MRV for a minimum of 2 months, the survival advantage of MRV treatment is even more clearly illustrated Figure 4.

[00156] As illustrated in Figure 4, one-year survival of stage 3B or 4 lung cancer patients treated with MRV for at least two months was 70%, compared to just 48% for the non-MRV Lung 2 group and 23% for the SEER database group. 3-year survival of the MRV group was more than 4 times that of both the non-MRV patients and the SEER registry. None of the non-MRV group in the Lung 2 study survived for 5 years, whereas 15% of patients treated with MRV for a minimum two-month period were still alive 5 years after diagnosis. In the context of an illness such as inoperable lung cancer that is considered terminal and has a usual 5-year survival rate of only 3% (SEER registry), the above results are extremely encouraging and surprising.

[00157] When the analysis of patient data is restricted to patients who were treated with MRV for at least 6 months, the survival curve is truly remarkable, as illustrated in Figure 5. More than 60% of patients were alive at 3 years, more than 10 times the survival in both the non-MRV group and the SEER registry. 36% (5 of 14 patients) of patients who were treated with MRV for at least 6 months were alive 5 years after diagnosis, compared with only 3% in the SEER database and 0% in the non-MRV group. These remarkable results, in the context of a cancer diagnosis that is considered terminal, are extremely promising and surprising. Accordingly, in some embodiments, cancers, such as advanced cancers, such as inoperable lung cancer, may be treated over a dosing duration of at least 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, or indefinitely.

[00158] Restricting analysis to those patients who were treated with MRV for a minimum period of time (e.g., 6 months) introduces a bias in favour of the MRV group, since MRV patients who survived for less than that period of time are excluded from the group (including those who died before they could complete the 6 months of treatment). A detailed statistical analysis of this bias, with compensatory exclusion of short-term survivors in both the non-MRV and SEER groups, demonstrates that this bias played a very minor role in the truly remarkable survival advantage of patients who were treated with the MRV for at least 6 months.

[00159] In stage 3B lung cancer, cancer is confined to the lungs, and thus, a targeted anti-cancer treatment response may be stimulated, in accordance with various aspects of the invention, by a vaccine, such as MRV, comprised of lung pathogens. In stage 4 lung cancer, the cancer has metastasized to distant organs not amenable to targeted stimulation by lung pathogens in accordance with methods of the invention. Thus, in accordance with some embodiments, patients with stage 3B lung cancer may be selected for treatment with MRV vaccine, since all of the cancer is confined to the lungs and thus, will be targeted by the MRV vaccine. When the analysis of patient data is restricted to patients with stage 3B lung cancer, comparison of survival curves even more clearly illustrates the benefit of MRV treatment. As illustrated in Figure 11 , one-year survival of stage 3B lung cancer patients treated with MRV was 76%, compared to just 53% for the non-MRV Lung 2 group and 23% for the SEER database group. 3-year survival of the MRV group was 3 times that the non-MRV patients and more than 6 times the SEER registry. None of the non-MRV group survived for 5 years, whereas 14% of stage 3B patients treated with MRV were still alive 5 years after diagnosis. In the context of an illness such as inoperable stage 3B lung cancer that is considered terminal and has a usual 5-year survival rate of only 5% (SEER registry), the above results are extremely encouraging and surprising.

[00160] As some patients did not have their first visit for many months or even a year or two after diagnosis, their inclusion in the survival curves skews the curve towards longer survival. In order to determine whether this bias influenced the difference in survival curves, survival was analysed from date of first visit which excludes this bias, as illustrated in Figure 12. Comparision of survival curves of stage 3B lung cancer patients in Figure 12 demonstrates an even greater survival benefit for MRV treatment than illustrated in Figure 11 , indicating that the benefit of MRV treatment was partially masked in Figure 11. As illustrated in Figure 12, 1 -year survival (from date of first visit) of stage 3B lung cancer patients treated with MRV was 57%, compared to only 21 % for stage 3B patients not treated with MRV. While no stage 3B lung cancer patients not treated with MRV survived for 3 years, 3-year survival of stage 3B patients treated with MRV was 33% and 5-year survival was14%, a remarkable and unexpected result. [00161] When analysis was restricted to stage 3B lung cancer patients whose first visit was within 3 months of diagnosis, the benefits of early treatment with MRV are clearly illustrated. As illustrated in Figure13, while all stage 3B lung cancer patients who had their first visit within 3 months of diagnosis died within 1 year of diagnosis, 70% of stage 3B lung cancer patients treated with MRV within 3 months of diagnosis survived for 1 year, 40% survived 3 years and 20% survived 5 years, a truly remarkable survival benefit for early MRV treatment.

[00162] One aspect of the invention involves the treatment of primary lung cancers or metastasis to the lung with antigenic compositions that comprise antigenic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be lung pathogens, such as exogenous lung pathogens or pathogens that are members of the endogenous flora of the respiratory system. For example, antigenic determinants of the endogenous bacterial respiratory flora species that most commonly cause infection in the lung (see Table 5) may be used to treat primary and metastatic cancers situated in the lung: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza. Similarly, common viral lung pathogens from Table 5 may be selected for use in some embodiments. Alternatively, a more exhaustive list of endogenous lung pathogens may be selected from Table 1 , based on the pathogenicity information provided in Table 2. In further alternative embodiments, viral lung pathogens listed in Table 4 may be used. And in further alternative embodiments, exogenous bacterial lung pathogens from Table 3 may be used in formulating antigenic compositions of the invention, i.e. selected from the group consisting of; Achromobacter spp., Actinomadura spp., Alcaligenes spp., Anaplasma spp., Bacillus anthracis, other Bacillus spp., Balneatrix spp., Bartonella henselae, Bergeyella zoohelcum, Bordetella holmesii, Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia recurrentis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia gladioli, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Campylobacter fetus, Capnoctyophaga canimorsus,

Capnoctyophaga cynodegmi, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chromobacterium violaceum, Chlamydophila psittaci, Chryseobacterium spp., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Gordonia spp., Legionella spp., Leptospirosis spp., Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, other Mycobacterium spp., Nocardia spp., Orientia tsutsugamushi, Pandoraea spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other Pseudomonas spp., Rhodococcus spp., Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsiae, Rickettsia typhi.

[00163] For example, since the MRV compositions contain many of the most common lung pathogens, these vaccines may be used to treat primary lung cancer or lung metastases, as illustrated in the cumulative data presented here, and in a number of the case reports. In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of primary lung cancer and metastasis to the lung with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be pathogenic in the lung, such as exogenous lung pathogens or pathogens that are members of the endogenous flora of the respiratory tract. In selected embodiments, antigenic determinants of the common lung pathogens may be used to treat primary and metastatic cancers situated in the lung, for example, antigenic determinants from one or more of the following bacterial species or viral types: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, influenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza. In further selected embodiments, antigenic determinants of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of bacterial lung infection may be used alone or with other of the most common pathogens of the lung to treat cancer of the lung.

[00164] Primary lung cancer may also arise from bronchial tissue and therefore, in some embodiments, antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause bronchial infection may be used to treat patients with cancer situated in the bronchial tissue, including, for example, the following common causes of bronchial infection: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, or coxsackievirus. Lung cancer (or lung metastases) that is located in both lung and bronchial tissue may be treated with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause both lung and bronchial infection (for example, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are all common lung and bronchial pathogens) or alternatively, with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause lung infection and antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause bronchial infection.

Example 1 B: Breast Cancer with Metastasis to the Bone or Lung

[00165] The most common cause of both breast infection and bone infection is Staphylococcus aureus. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, an antigenic composition comprising antigenic determinants of S. aureus may be used to treat breast cancer with metastases to the bone. The remarkable case of Patient R (PtR), treated with a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine, set out below in the Case Reports, illustrates the efficacy of this approach to treating breast cancer with bone metastases. As illustrated in Figure 6, in a cumulative series of 52 patients survival of breast cancer patients with metastases to bone and/or lung treated with MRV (n=19), which contains Staphylococcus aureus, is better than the survival of patients not treated with the MRV vaccine (n=33):

% survival MRV patients %survival non-MRV patients 10 months 95% 76%

20 months 74% 61 %

5 years 26% 18% [00166] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of primary cancer in the breast or metastasis to the breast with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be breast pathogens, and treatment of primary cancer of the bone or metastasis to the bone with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be bone pathogens. In selected embodiments, a vaccine comprising antigenic determinants of Staphlyococcus aureus, the most common cause of both breast and bone infection, may be used alone or in combination with other of the most common pathogens of the breast to treat cancer in the breast, or alone or in combination with other of the most common pathogens of the bone to treat cancer in the bone.

Example 1C: Metastases to the Bone [00167] One of the most common sites for metastases in patients with prostate cancer is bone. In one aspect of the invention, the MRV composition, which contains antigenic determinants of S. aureus, the most common cause of bone infection, may be used for the treatment of metastases to the bone, for example in patients who have, or who have had, a primary prostate cancer. The graph of Figure 7 is a comparision of survival of a cumulative series of metastatic prostate cancer patients who had surgery or radiation to destroy their prostate gland (and thus, the primary tumour) and who had detectable cancer limited to bone metastases. As illustrated, the survival of patients treated with MRV (n=4) is substantially better than that of patients not treated with MRV (n=7): % survival MRV patients %survival non-MRV patients

2 years 100 % 57 %

3 years 75 % 43 % 5 years 50 % 0 %

[00168] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of primary bone cancers or metastases to the bone with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be bone pathogens, such as exogenous bone pathogens or pathogens that are members of the endogenous flora of the skin, mouth or colon. For example, in selected embodiments, antigenic determinants of one or more of the following microbial species from the list of common bone pathogens may be used to treat primary and metastatic cancers situated in the bone: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, other streptococci spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Serratia spp., parvovirus B19, rubella, hepatitis B. In further selected embodiments, Staphylococcus aureus, the most common cause of bone infection, may be used alone or with other of the most common pathogens of the bone to treat cancer of the bone.

Example 1 D: Cancer Situated in the Colon

[00169] Treatment with the PVF composition has been shown to improve the survival of colon cancer patients (see Figure 8), as illustrated by a comparison of the following four colon cancer patient groups:

1. Stage 4 colon cancer patients who were treated with MRV. 2. Stage 4 colon cancer patients who were not treated with a vaccine.

3. Stage 4 colon cancer patients who were treated with PVF vaccine. 1. Stage 4 colon cancer patients from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) database.

[00170] This example illustrates that patients with colon cancer treated with PVF, which contains E. coli the most common cause of colon infection, have substantially improved survival.

[00171 ] Patients qualified for the first two groups of this study if they presented with stage 4 colon cancer. Patients were excluded from this analysis for the following reasons: • incorrect diagnosis

• incorrect stage

• missing essential data (e.g., date of death)

• no chart • chart did not reach us in time for the data analysis.

[00172] The patient group included a total of 136 stage 4 colon cancer patients: 15 who took the PVF vaccine, 56 who took the MRV vaccine, and 65 who did not take a vaccine. Results are illustrated in Figure 8, as follows:

SEER no vaccine MRV PVF median survival: 8.4 mo. 15.1 mo. 15.0 mo. 33.6 mo. at 10 months 45 % 69 % 71 % 100 % at 20 months 24 % 42 % 36 % 67 % at 30 months 14 % 29 % 23 % 52 % at 5 years 5 % 6 % 7 % 10 %

[00173] The median survival of patients with stage 4 colon cancer treated with PVF (which contains E. coli, one of the most common colonic pathogens) was more than double that of patients treated with MRV (which does not contain colonic pathogens) or patients not treated with a vaccine, and four times that of the SEER registry. All 15 patients treated with PVF were still alive 10 months after diagnosis, compared to only 71 % for the MRV group, 69% for the no-vaccine group and only 45% for the SEER registry. Survival at 30 months for the PVF group was double that of both the MRV group and the no-vaccine group and almost 4 times that of the SEER registry.

[00174] The wilcoxon test shows a statistically significant survival difference between patients treated with PVF vaccine and both the MRV group (p = 0.0246) and the no vaccine group (p = 0.0433). This is remarkable considering the small size of the PVF group (n = 15), indicative of substantial therapeutic effect. As evidenced by these results, the PVF composition, which contains E. coli the most common cause of colon infection, is an effective treatment for colon cancer.

[00175] Survival of those patients who presented for immunological treatment in accordance with the invention within 3 months of diagnosis (i.e., excluding those patients who were long-term survivors before presenting for treatment) has also been analyzed. The results of this analysis are presented in Figure 9. As illustrated, the 'MRV and 'No Vaccine' survival curves in Figure 9 are shifted substantially to the left (indicating that a selection bias towards 'long- term' survivors may have artifactually shifted these curves to the right in Figure 8), whereas, remarkably, the PVF curve in Figure 9 is actually further to the right than the curve in Figure 8, indicating that the benefit of earlier treatment with PVF (i.e., within 3 months of diagnosis) more than outweighed any long-term survivor bias excluded in Figure 9. This analysis provides compelling evidence that the benefit of PVF treatment for stage 4 colon cancer may be even greater than that illustrated in Figure 8, and that the earlier the treatment with the compositions of the invention is begun following diagnosis, the greater the benefit.

[00176] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of colon cancers with antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be colon pathogens, such as pathogens that are members of the endogenous flora of the colon or exogenous colonic pathogens. For example, antigenic determinants of the following microbial species may be used to treat primary and metastatic cancers situated in the colon: Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteriditis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri; adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, or cytomegalovirus. For example, cancers situated in the colon may be treated with the PVF composition, which contains E. coli, or alternative formulations that include only antigenic determinants of colonic pathogens. In selected embodiments, antigenic determinants of E. coli, the most common colonic pathogen, may be used alone or with antigenic determinants of other common pathogens of the colon to treat cancer of the colon.

Example 1 E: Use of Respivax, an Oral Vaccine to Treat Lung Cancer

[00177] Oral Respivax vaccine was administered as described above, with a dose of one 50 mg tablet per day, providing the equivalent of 1.25 x 109 cells of each species per dose. Patients were advised to continue the above dose for at least 6 months.

[00178] As illustrated in Figure 10, survival of stage 3B lung cancer patients who were treated with the oral Respivax antigens was substantially better than patients who were not treated with the antigenic composition. Median survival was 37 months for the patients treated with Respivax, compared to only 20 months for those patients not treated with an antigenic composition vaccine. 40% of patients treated with Respivax were alive 5 years after diagnosis, whereas none of the untreated patients survived for more than 2 years.

[00179] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of primary of the lung or metastases to the lung with oral administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that commonly cause lung infection.

Example 2: Case Reports [00180] These case reports are indicative of the patients that make up the patient populations reflected in the foregoing cumulative studies, as well as illustrating additional aspects of the invention.

MRV for Cancer of the Lung with and without Anti-inflammatories [00181 ] Patient A (PtA): In September year 0, PtA developed right upper chest pain with an associated wheeze. These symptoms persisted and in January, year 1 , she had a chest x-ray that revealed a large 7 cm x 8 cm mass in the apex of the right lung. A fine needle aspiration was positive for non-small cell lung cancer. On January 27, year 1 , an MRI showed invasion of the subclavian arteries, making surgical resection impossible and thus, PtA was diagnosed with stage 3B inoperable terminal lung cancer. She underwent a short course of palliative radiation and declined chemotherapy. She was told that she had terminal cancer with a 3 to 6 months life expectancy.

[00182] On April 29, year 1 , PtA began therapy with MRV vaccine three times per week. On that same date she also began treatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) indomethicin 50 mg four times per day and a regime of antioxidant supplements and vitamin D. 18 months later, by October, year 2, the tumour had markedly reduced in size to 3 cm in diameter and, by May 19, year 5, four years after starting treatment with the combined regime of MRV vaccine, indomethicin, antioxidants vitamins and vitamin D, only residual scarring remained. PtA continued treatment with this combination of MRV vaccine and adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapies for more than 4 years until the end of May, year 5 at which time there was no evidence of residual cancer, in spite of a diagnosis of terminal inoperable lung cancer more than 4 years previously. More than 12.5 years since diagnosis with terminal lung cancer, PtA continues to feel well with no evidence of residual cancer.

[00183] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancers in the lung with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that commonly cause lung infection.

[00184] In accordance with the forgoing results, another aspect of the invention involves the administration of the immunogenic compositions repeatedly relatively frequently over a relatively long period of time. [00185] The concomitant use of anti-inflammatory agents, such as antioxidants, vitamin D and indomethicin, in conjunction with targeted MRV therapy, was associated with substantially improved survival, which was greater than that of otherwise similar cases, in which these adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities were not used in conjunction with the compositions of the invention. For example, Patient B, an otherwise similar case in which anti-inflammatories were not administered, was diagnosed with inoperable stage 3B non-small cell lung cancer, which was fatal within 3 months of diagnosis. These cases provide evidence of a synergistic effect between the antigenic compositions of the invention and anti-inflammatory treatments.

[00186] In accordence with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancers with both the administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigenic determinants of microbial pathogens that are pathogenic to the organ or tissue targeted, as well as adjuvant antiinflammatory treatments, for synergistic effect.

MRV for Cancer of the Lung with and without Anti-inflammatories

[00187] Patient C (PtC): In the spring of year 0, PtC began having pain in his right upper chest area. This pain persisted and on October 5, year 0 he had a chest x-ray that revealed a large 12 cm x 11 cm mass occupying virtually the entire right upper lobe. A fine needle aspiration was positive for poorly differentiated non-small cell lung cancer. Exploratory thoracotomy was performed on December 7, year 0, which revealed tumour invasion of the chest wall and superior vena cava and therefore, PtCs tumour was inoperable (i.e., stage 3B). PtC underwent a short course of palliative radiation and declined chemotherapy. He was told that he had terminal cancer with a 3 to 6 months life expectancy. By January 27, year 1 , the rapidly growing tumour had increased in size to 14 cm x 1 1.5 cm. [00188] On February 9, year 1 , PtC began treatment with indomethicin 50 mg four times per day, antioxidant vitamins, and vitamin D. Three weeks later, on March 1 , year 1 , PtC began treatment with MRV vaccine three times per week. By June, year 1 , PtC was feeling well and was running 8 km 3-4 times per week. On June 4, year 1 , a chest x-ray revealed that the tumour had reduced in size to 11 cm diameter. PtC continued to feel very well, leading a full and active life with return to full employment and continued full physical activity. PtC continued treatment with a combination of the MRV vaccine and adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapies (indomethicin, antioxidants and vitamin D) for more than 16 months until July 24, year 2, at which time indomethicin treatment was discontinued (as a result of decreased kidney function, a known potential side-effect of long-term indomethicin use). 6 months later, in December, year 2, after 22 months of targeted vaccine therapy, MRV treatment was discontinued (since MRV was no longer available past that date). PtC continued to feel well until June, year 6, at which time he was diagnosed with a recurrence of cancer in both lungs, which lead to his death on May 26, year 7, more than 6.5 years after he was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer and told he had 3-6 months to live.

[00189] In this case, the use of adjuvant anti-inflammatory agents, including antioxidants, vitamin D and indomethicin, used in conjunction with targeted MRV therapy for more than 16 months, was associated with substantially improved survival in the face of a diagnosis that is usually fatal within 1 year, which was greater than that of an otherwise similar case, Patient D, in which these adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities were not used in conjunction with the compositions of the invention, and an inoperable lung cancer was fatal within 8 months of diagnosis. These cases provide evidence of a synergistic effect between the antigenic compositions of the invention and anti-inflammatory treatments.

PVF for Cancer of the Colon with Metastases to the Liver and Lung, and without Anti-inflammatories [00190] Patient E (PtE): PtE had a surgical resection of colon cancer on June 17, year 0, followed by chemotherapy. On August 15, year 0, he was diagnosed stage 4 cancer with metastases to the liver and lungs, a diagnosis with a very poor prognosis. On October 20, year 0, PtE began treatment with an antioxidant and vitamin D regime and, on Dec 10, year 0, he began treatment with the PVF composition three times per week, which he has continued in combination with the antioxidants and vitamin D. In September, year 1 , he began treatment with Celebrex 100 mg twice per day. In spite of a very poor initial prognosis, PtE is still alive more than 3 years after diagnosis with terminal metastatic colon cancer.

In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancers of the colon, liver and lung with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be pathogenic in the colon, liver and lung.

[00191 ] In contrast to PtE, of the 15 patients diagnosed with stage 4 colon cancer and treated with PVF, the patient with the shortest survival, Patient F, was not treated with anti-inflammatories. These cases provide compelling evidence that anti-inflammatory modalities (i.e., Celebrex, anti-oxidants and vitamin D) taken in conjunction with targeted PVF therapy has a synergistic effect, contributing to PtE's prolonged survival, which was greater than that of otherwise similar cases in which these adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities were not used in conjunction with the compositions of the invention.

PVF for Cancer of the Colon with Metastases to Lung, with Anti-inflammatories [00192] Patient G (PtG): PtG developed rectal bleeding in May, year 0, and was diagnosed with colon cancer. He underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, but developed metastases to his lungs (stage 4 cancer) on 16 August, year 1 , a terminal diagnosis with a poor prognosis. He had begun a regime of antioxidant vitamins and vitamin D in June, year 0, and, on September 23, year 1 , he began taking the NSAID Celebrex 100 mg twice per day. In March, year 3, he began PVF vaccine three times per week, which he continued till April, year 4 at which time he developed brain metastases, which lead to his death on June 2, year 4, almost 3 years after a diagnosis of stage 4 terminal colon cancer. PtG lived substantially longer than would normally be expected with a diagnosis of stage 4 colon cancer. In this context, the invention provides for the use of antiinflammatory modalities in conjunction with immunogenic compositions, such as PVF, for synergistic effect.

[00193] Patient H (PtH): PtH was diagnosed with colon cancer with metastases to the liver and lungs on February 13, year 0. On January 11 , year 1 , he was prescribed an antioxidant and vitamin D regime. However, in March, year 1 , he entered a chemotherapy research study and discontinued these supplements at that time at the request of the study coordinators. He was not treated with any NSAIDs. On May 12, year 1 , he began treatment with PVF, which he took three times per week until his death just 2.5 months later. When contrasted to similar cases that involved the use of anti-infammatories, this case illustrates that, if adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities are not given concomitantly with the targeted antigenic activation therapy, there is a lack of a synergistic effect that would otherwise occur with concomitant use of adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities.

[00194] In summary, in cases of stage 4 colon cancer treated with targeted PVF vaccine therapy, the use of adjuvant anti-inflammatory agents, including antioxidants, vitamin D and Celebrex, used in conjunction with targeted antigenic activation therapy, was associated with substantially improved survival, much greater than that of the two cases in which these adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities were not used in conjunction with the vaccine, providing evidence suggestive of a synergistic effect. PVF with and without Antiinflammatories for Cancer of the Pancreas with Metastases to the Lungs, Liver and Addominal Lymph Nodes [00195] Patient I (PtI): PtI was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in August, year 1 , at which time he had surgery to remove his pancreas (i.e., Whipple's procedure). However, in July year 2, he developed metastases to the lungs bilaterally and in Feb year 4 he developed recurrence of cancer in the pancreatic area with abdominal and liver metastases. This is a terminal diagnosis with a very poor prognosis. PtI began a regime of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin D, large doses of turmeric (curcumin), fish oil (9 gm per day), resveratrol and green tea (equivalent of 36 cups per day) on September 27, year 2, all of which are antiinflammatory modalities, all of which he continues to take. In March year 3, he began treatment with Celebrex 100 mg twice per day, which he took for more than 20 months. PtI began treatment with PVF three times per week in May year 4, which he has continued to use regularly for more than 2.5 years since then. PtI is alive more than 4 years after a diagnosis of terminal metastatic pancreatic cancer, a remarkably prolonged survival in the context of a diagnosis that has an extremely poor prognosis. This case provides evidence that high doses of multiple anti-inflammatory modalities (i.e., Celebrex, antioxidants, vitamin D, turmeric, fish oil, resveratrol, green tea) taken in conjunction with the PVF compositions, resulted in a synergistic effect which has contributed to Ptl's remarkable survival more than 4 years after developing metastatic pancreatic cancer, a diagnosis that is usually fatal within 6 months.

[00196] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancer of the pancreas, abdominal lymph nodes, liver and lung with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause infection in the pancreas, abdominal lymph nodes, liver and lungs.

[00197] Patient J (PtJ) had an essentially identical diagnoses to PtI (i.e., pancreatic cancer with metastases to abdominal lymph nodes, lungs and liver). PtJ, who did not take any other anti-inflammatories along with the PVF vaccine except antioxidants, died within 4 months of diagnosis, whereas PtI, who took large doses of numerous other anti-inflammatories modalities (i.e., Celebrex, turmeric, fish oil, resveratrol and green tea) in conjunction with PVF vaccine, is still alive more than 4 years after diagnosis. These cases provide evidence of a synergistic effect of high dose multiple anti-inflammatory modalities and targeted vaccine therapy.

MRV for Cancer of the Breast with Metastases to the Bone [00198] Patient K (PtK):ln March, year 0, PtK developed neck and back pain, which persisted. On July 28, year 0, she was diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer with metastases to the cervical spine, an incurable diagnosis. She underwent surgery to remove two breast lumps (axillary lymph nodes positive) and palliative radiation to the metastases in her spine. On January 18, year 1 , PtK began treatment with doses of antioxidants and vitamin D, as well as the NSAID indomethicin 50 mg four times per day. Three days later, on January 21 , year 1 , she began treatment with the MRV composition, which contains Staphylococcus aureus the most common pathogen of both the breast and bone. Although there was no documentation of the exact length of time that treatment with this combination of MRV/indomethicin/antioxidant/vitamin D was continued, the patient was given sufficient vaccine (20 ml) for approximately 2 years of treatment at the usual dose and frequency (i.e., three times per week) and PtK states that she completed the recommended treatment course at home. Remarkably, PtK is still alive, 13 years after diagnosis with stage 4 metastatic breast cancer with metastases to bone.

[00199] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancers of the breast and bone with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be pathogenic in the breast and bone infection. [00200] In contrast to Patient K, Patient L (PtL) was diagnosed with breast cancer with metastases to bone on October 11 , year 0. She was not prescribed an NSAID or other anti-inflammatories. PtL began treatment with MRV on February 27, year 1. She died 9 months later on November 4, year 1 , just over one year after diagnosis with stage 4 breast cancer with metastases to bone. The contrast between the othewise similar cases of PtK and PtL illustrates the potential for synergistic treatment with anti-inflammatories and the antigenic compositions of the invention.

MRV with and without Anti-inflammatories for Cancer of the Breast with Metastases to the Bone

[00201] Patient M (PtM): PtM was diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer with metastases to bone on June 15, year 0. She began on the NSAID Naprosyn 250 mg twice per day on an ongoing basis for pain relief and, in October, year 3, she began doses of antioxidants and vitamin D. Three months later, on January 15, year 4, she began treatment with MRV vaccine (which contains Staphylococcus aureus, the most common breast and bone pathogen) in combination with these anti-inflammatory therapies (i.e., Naprosyn, antioxidants and vitamin D). PtM lived for more than 9 years after being first diagnosed with stage 4 metastatic breast cancer with metastases to bone, an unusually long survival considering the usual poor prognosis associated with this diagnosis.

[00202] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancers of the breast and bone with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be common causes of breast and bone infection.

[00203] In contrast to PtM, Patient N (PtN): PtN was diagnosed with stage 4 cancer with metastases to bone on April 8, year 0. She began doses of antioxidants and vitamin D on April 24, year 0. However, prior to starting MRV, she was prescribed the blood thinner warfarin, limiting supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C, two important antioxidants that can lead to potential complications if used in conjunction with warfarin. In addition, NSAIDs could not be prescribed in this case since they are contraindicated with warfarin use. On June 2, year 1 PtN began treatment with MRV. She died 14 months later in August, year 2. In this context, it is possible that the use of targeted vaccine therapy without the synergistic effect of adjuvant anti-inflammatories (i.e., NSAID, vitamin E and therapeutic doses of vitamin C) limited its potential benefit.

[00204] In summary, in the cases of stage 4 breast cancer with metastases to the bone treated with targeted MRV therapy detailed above, the use of adjuvant anti-inflammatory agents in conjunction with MRV was associated with substantially improved survival, much greater than that of the two cases in which these adjuvant anti-inflammatory modalities were not used in conjunction with the vaccine, providing evidence suggestive of a synergistic effect.

MRV for Metastases to the Lungs

[00205] Patient O (PtO) was diagnosed in June, year 0 with kidney cancer with metastases to the lungs bilaterally and to the bone (left femur). This is generally considered to be an incurable terminal diagnosis with a poor prognosis. He began treatment with the MRV on August 10, year 0 and continued regular treatment (three times per week) for 16 months (after which MRV was no longer available). In September, year 0, he began 7 months of treatment with an experimental drug, pegylated interferon alpha-2a. His left femur was 'pinned' due to the risk of fracture as a result of the metastasis but, due to surgical complications, amputation of the left leg below the mid-thigh was required. In September, year 2, his cancerous right kidney was removed. In October, year 2, a PET scan found no evidence of cancer in the lungs and no further evidence of bone metastases. PtO is alive with no evidence of cancer in his lungs, more than 7 years after a diagnosis of bilateral pulmonary metastases, a remarkable result. [00206] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of metastases to the lung with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be lung pathogens.

MRV for Metastases to the Bone and Lungs

[00207] Patient P (PtP) was diagnosed with kidney cancer in July, year 0, and underwent excision of this right kidney. In December, year 4, he developed metastases to the bone (femurs bilaterally) and lungs (bilaterally). PtP declined conventional treatment and began treatment with MRV in April, year 5, which he continued regularly, three times per week, for 18 months. PtP's health improved and he returned to normal daily activities. X-rays and imaging of the chest and femurs showed no progression, with stable disease in the lungs and femurs during the 18 months that PtP was on MRV treatment.

[00208] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of metastases to the lung and bone with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are common causes of lung and bone infection.

MRV for Metastases to the Lungs

[00209] Patient Q (PtQ) was diagnosed with colon cancer with probable metastases to the lungs in June, year 0. At that time, the primary colon tumour was fully excised, leaving only several lung metastases. PtQ started treatment with MRV on Dec. 11 , year 0 which she continued three times per week for 4 months. On April 19, year 1 , after 6 months treatment with chemotherapy, she had surgery to excise the only visible lung lesion remaining, which was confirmed to be a metastatic lesion. A diagnosis of colon cancer with lung metastases has a poor prognosis, even in the context of chemotherapy followed by surgery to excise visible metastases. In spite of her original poor prognosis, PtQ remains in excellent health, with no evidence of cancer more than 8 years after her initial diagnosis with metastases to the lung and treatment with MRV.

S. aureus Antigens for Breast Cancer with Metastasis to the Bone [00210] Patient R (PtR): In May, year 0, PtR was diagnosed with breast cancer with metastases to her sternum, femur and cervical spine, an incurable cancer with a poor prognosis. She was treated with radiation and Tamoxefen. In May, year 4, she developed an additional area of metastasis in her lumbar spine and she began on treatment with Megace. In November, year 4, she began treatment with a vaccine (Staphage Lystate vaccine) containing only

Staphylococcus aureus, the most common cause of infection of both the breast and bone and thus, a selected formulation for the treatment of breast and bone cancer. She continued regular therapy with this vaccine for 5 years. In spite of a diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer with multiple bone metastases, PtR survived for more than 17 years, a remarkable survival in the context of incurable metastatic breast cancer and a testament to the promise of targeted vaccine therapy for the treatment of breast cancer.

[00211] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancers of the breast and bone with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be the most common cause of the breast and bone infection.

[00212] This embodiment illustates that a formulation that includes antigenic determinants of only the most frequently pathogenic organisms for a tissue may provide particular advantages. In keeping with this, we have found enhanced effectiveness of Respivax as opposed to MRV in treating cancers situated in the lung, reflecting the fact that the Respivax formulation is somewhat more optimal because it includes higher relative concentrations of the pathogenic species which most commonly cause lung infection (i.e., 67% of the bacterial cell count of Respivax is comprised of species that most commonly cause lung infection, whereas only 30% of the MRV vaccines are comprised of species that most commonly cause lung infection).

[00213] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves formulating the antigenic compositions such that antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be the common causes of infection are given preferential priority in the proportions of the formulation, with the most common cause of infection receiving the greatest preferential priority. For example, the proportion of antigenic determinants that are derived from pathogens that are known to be a common cause of infection may be 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99%.

[00214] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the invention provides antigenic compositions in which a threshold proportion of antigenic determinants selected in accordance with the invention are used, relative to any other antigenic determinants in the composition. For example, antigenic compositions may have greater than X% of the antigenic determinants therein derived from pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic, or most commonly pathogenic) species, where X may for example be 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 (or any integer value between 20 and 100). For example, at least X% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition may be specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic, or most commonly pathogenic) in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated. Using an alternative measure, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least X% may be selected to be microbial pathogens that are pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic, or most commonly pathogenic) in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated. In some embodiments, the antigenic composition may accordingly consist essentially of antigenic determinants of one or more microbial pathogens that are each pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated. In selected embodiments, the antigenic composition may consist essentially or entirely of antigenic determinants of microbial pathogens that are commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patients with which the cancer is situated. In further selected embodiments, the antigenic antigenic composition may consist essentially or entirely of antigenic determinants of microbial pathogens that are most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patients with which the cancer is situated.

MRV for Multiple Myeloma [00215] Patient S (PtS) was diagnosed with multiple myeloma (stage 3A) in the fall of year 0, with multiple lesions on bone scan, including skull, humeri and pelvis. He was treated with standard chemotherapy (melphalan and prednisone) for 6 months. However, in December year 3, he developed a pathological fracture of his right femur as a result of his disease, which required pinning and local radiation. On April 28, year 4, PtS began treatment with MRV, which contains Staphylococcus aureus a common cause of septicemia, which he continued for more than 13 years until this vaccine was no longer available in December year 17. Remarkably, PtS was still alive 23 years after being diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a truly extraordinary outcome considering his 'terminal' diagnosis.

[00216] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of hematological cancers with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause septicemia.

[00217] In accordance with the forgoing results, and as illustrated in other patient case reports detailed herein, another aspect of the invention involves the administration of the immunogenic compositions repeatedly relatively frequently over a relatively long period of time, as described elsewhere herein.

PVF for Colon Cancer with Metastases of the Liver and Abdominal Lymph Nodes [00218] Patient T (PtT) was diagnosed with colon cancer and was treated with excision of the primary tumour (and subsequent chemotherapy) in September year 0. Ten months later, she developed a liver metastasis, which was surgically excised in July year 1. PtT remained well until June year 7, when she was diagnosed with recurrent disease - an inoperable mass of abdominal lymph nodes in close proximity to the aorta and spine, obstructing her left ureter, requiring insertion of a nephrostomy tube. PtT was considered terminal and treated with palliative radiation in October year 7. She began treatment with PVF on November 17, year 7, which she has continued every second day since. PtT is alive more than 3.5 years after being diagnosed with terminal recurrent metastatic colon cancer.

[00219] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancer in abdominal lymph nodes with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause infection in abdominal lymph nodes.

MRV for Metastasis to the Skin and Perineum

[002201 Patient U (PtU) was diagnosed with colon cancer and was treated with excision of the primary tumour in November year 0. He was diagnosed with stage 4 cancer in July year 2 with metastases to the perineum (i.e., peri- anal/genital soft tissue area) and skin. He had further surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible in the perineum (cancer extended past surgical margins) with follow-up radiation and chemotherapy. The only known cancer sites remaining were in the skin and perineum. PtU started treatment with MRV, which contains Staphylococcus aureus a common cause of skin and perineal infection, on May 25, year 3, which he continued three times per week for 5 months. In spite of his original poor prognosis, PtU is in excellent health almost 8 years after his diagnosis with stage 4 cancer with metastases to the perineum and skin. r002211 In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancer of the skin and perineum with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be common causes infection in the skin and perineum.

PVF for Metastases to the Peritoneum

[00222] Patient V (PtV) was diagnosed with breast cancer in May, year 0, at which time she had a masectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy. In January, year 12, she developed abdominal pain and ascites and was diagnosed with peritoneal metastases, a diagnosis with a poor prognosis. On August 5, year 12, PtV began treatment with PVF, which contains E. colia common cause of peritoneal infection, which she continued regularly for 1 year. Her tumour markers and ascites decreased and, in August year 13, after one year of PVF treatment, she had abdominal surgery for an unrelated medical condition, at which time the surgeon could not find any evidence of the previous peritoneal cancer. PtV discontinued use of the vaccine. PtV is alive, 3 years and 9 months after being diagnosed with terminal peritoneal metastases.

[00223] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of peritoneal metastases with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause peritoneal infection.

PVF for Ovarian and Pelvic Cancer

[00224] Patient W (PtW) was diagnosed with stage 3B poorly differentiated ovarian cancer in the fall of year 0. She had surgery in November year 0, with removal of the left ovary, but the cancer could not be completely excised and thus, she was at extreme risk for recurrence. She had a full course of post-operative chemotherapy. However, in year 2 her tumour markers began to rise and in

January year 3 she was diagnosed with a recurrence in her right ovary area. She had surgery to remove this right ovarian mass in February year 3, but again the cancer could not be completely excised and she had follow-up chemotherapy. However, once again in December year 3 she developed a further recurrence in the pelvic area and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. She began treatment with PVF vaccine, which contains E. coli a cause of ovarian and pelvic infection, on Jan 5, year 4, which she continued for 6 months. Her tumour markers, which had risen to 2600, fell to the 300 range. PtW is alive and feeling very well, 2 years and 9 months after being diagnosed with recurrent ovarian cancer. Of note is the fall in her tumour markers following PVF treatment.

[00225] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of ovarian and pelvic cancer with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to cause infection in the ovary and pelvic areas.

MRV for Follicular Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

[00226] Patient Y (PtY): was diagnosed with stage 4A Follicular Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, with extensive marked lymphadenopathy (i.e., enlarged lymph glands). He declined all conventional treatment. PtY began treatment with the MRV composition, which contains many of the pathogens which commonly cause infection of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, axillae, mediastinum and inguinal areas. In addition, he began treatment with a multiple vitamin/supplement regime, healthful diet and other immune enhancement treatments. He continued regular use of this vaccine for more than 3 years, at which time his lymph glands had begun to greatly reduce in size and he was feeling well. This resolution of lymphadenopathy continued, and imaging showed almost complete resolution of previous extensive lymphadenopathy. PtY was feeling well and there was no lymphadenopathy palpable: a clearly remarkable recovery. Five years after his initial diagnosis with Stage 4A Follicular Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, PtY had no evidence of recurrence and was leading an active and healthy life. Treatment with MRV vaccine resulted in complete remission of his stage 4A follicular non-Hodgkins¹ lymphoma.

[00227] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of lymphoma with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be common causes of lymph node infection in the region the lymphoma is located.

PVF for Colon Cancer with Metastases to the Liver and Kidneys [00228] Patient Z (PtZ) was diagnosed with metastatic spread of previously treated colon cancer, with a metastasis to the liver and probable other metastases to both kidneys. The liver metastasis was excised. The prognosis for this stage (i.e., stage 4) of colon cancer is poor and the benefit of further conventional treatment (i.e., chemotherapy) is limited. PtZ declined chemotherapy initially. Three months after diagnosis with metastatic colon cancer, PtZ began treatment with Polyvaccinum Forte (PVF), which contains E. coli, a common cause of infection of the colon, liver and kidneys. In addition PtZ began treatment with a multiple vitamin/supplement regime and healthful diet. He continued regular use of this vaccine and the vitamin and supplement regime, and began chemotherapy. Although the overall course of his disease was slowly progressive, with development of lung metastases and recurrence of liver metastases, 28 months after his initial diagnosis of metastatic disease, his weight was stable and his energy levels were good. Three years (36 months) after diagnosis of stage 4 colon cancer, PtZ was feeling well except for nausea and mild weight loss related to chemotherapy.

[00229] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancer of the colon, liver and kidneys with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be pathogenic in the colon, liver and kidneys. PVF for Colon Cancer with Metastases to the Liver. Porta Hepatic Lymph Nodes and Lung

[00230] Patient AA (PtAA) was diagnosed with metastatic colon cancer with metastases to the liver, portahepatic lymph nodes and lungs. The prognosis for this stage (i.e., stage 4) of colon cancer is very poor (i.e., 'terminal' cancer) and the benefit of conventional treatment (i.e., chemotherapy) is limited. PtAA began chemotherapy, but discontinued treatment approximately 5 months after his diagnosis due to side effects, at which time he began treatment with Polyvaccinum Forte (containing bacterial species which cause infection in the colon, liver, abdominal lymph nodes and lungs) every second day as well as a multiple vitamin/supplement regime and a healthy diet. PtAA's subsequent CT Scans demonstrated necrotic porta hepatic lymph nodes unchanged in size from the time of his diagnosis and no change in size of the lung metastases, although the two liver metastases grew moderately in size (3.4 cm to 4.5 cm and 1.2 cm to 3.0 cm). In spite of the very poor prognosis, PtAA continued to feel quite well almost one year after a diagnosis of terminal cancer.

[00231] In accordance with the foregoing results, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of cancer of the colon, liver, abdominal lymph nodes and lungs with administration of antigenic compositions that comprise antigentic determinants of microbial pathogens that are known to be pathogenic in the colon, liver, abdominal lymph nodes and lungs.

Example 3: Microbial Pathogens [00232] In alternative aspects, the invention utilizes microbial antigens, such as bacterial or viral antigens, to formulate antigenic compositions, where the microbial species is selected on the basis of the tissue or organ within which the microbe is known to cause infections. Bacterial resident flora are the most common pathogens, accounting for the vast majority of infectious episodes of most animals, including humans. Resident flora can for example infect through primary attachment, or attachment and invasion following mucosa damage, resulting for example from vascular, trauma, chemical insult, or damage resulting from primary infection.

[00233] For microbial pathogens, virulence and infection potential is a combination of the ability of the microbe to adhere, to produce enzymes, to survive immunoproducts (complement, antibody) and to survive the microbiocidal activity of macrophage and neutrophils. Some bacteria, including endogenous bacteria, may be sufficiently virulent as to cause monomicrobial infections, while others are more effective with the synergy of polymicrobial infection. In general, it is often not possible to be precise about the specific role of individual microbes within the milieu of mixed infection. Bacteria successful at intracellular survival within macrophages are more commonly associated with chronic infection, as are bacteria with slow growth cycles. As acute infection may, in some cases, provide more optimal immune stimulation, accordingly, in some embodiments, the invention utilizes microbial species that are involved in acute infection.

[00234] In some embodiments, bacteria that are members of the endogenous flora of a particular region may be used to formulate antigenic compositions of the invention. The rows of Table 1 list a number of bacterial species, together with the biological regions in which each species may form a part of the endogenous flora. For example, Abiotrophia spp. are typically members of the endogenous flora of the respiratory tract and the mouth.

Table 1 : Human Bacterial Normal Flora (Endogenous Bacterial Human Pathogens)

[00235] Endogenous microbial flora, such as bacteria, have access to tissues for pathogenesis either through contiguous spread or bacteremic spread. Under favorable conditions, all endogenous organisms can become pathogenic and invade locally and spread by contiguous spead to adjacent tissues and organs. Endogenous bacterial flora of the skin, mouth and colon are the species that are understood to be amenable to bacteremic spread. Bacteria that are members of a particular endogenous flora domain may therefore cause infection in tissues or organs to which these bacteria may spread. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention involves the use of endogenous microbial pathogens to treat a cancer of a tissue or organ to which the endogenous bacteria may spread to cause infection. The columns of Table 2 list 9 domains for endogenous flora, the: skin, respiratory system, genitals, GU system, mouth, stomach, duodenum/jejunum, ileum and colon. The rows of Table 2 list organs or tissues within which cancers may be situated. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention involves the use of endogenous microbial pathogens to formulate antigenic compositions, or the selection of existing formulations having the pathogens, for treating cancers situated in tissues or organs to which the pathogen may spread to cause an infection. Accordingly, in alternative embodiments, tumors situated in the tissues or organs listed in the first column of Table 2 may be treated with antigenic compositions comprising antigenic determinants that are specific for microbial pathogens that are members of the endogenous flora of one or more of the endogenous flora domains listed in the first row of Table 2 and indicated with an X or a check mark in the appropriate row. For example, tumors situated in the prostate may be treated with an antigenic composition having antigenic determinants specific for a microbial pathogen or pathogens endogenous to the GU system and/or genital system. A number of the bacterial species that are endogenous to the endogenous flora domains listed in Table 2 are listed, with the corresponding endogenous flora domains, in Table 1. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention involves the treatment of a cancer situated in a tissue listed in Table 2 with an antigenic composition comprising antigenic determinants of the bacterial species that are listed in Table 1 , where the regions of endogenous flora linked to the tumor in Table 2 match the regions of endogenous flora linked to the bacterial species in Table 1.

Table 2: Tissue/Organ Pathogenicity of Endogenous Flora

Vulva

* Bacteria have access to tissues/organs either through: Contiguous spread (X) or Bacteremic spread: (S).

[00236] In accordance with the combined information in Tables 1 and 2, cancers located in the tissues or organs set out in column 1 of Table 2 may be treated with antigenic compositions comprising antigenic determinants of the corresponding bacterial species of Table 1 , so that the column headings in Table 2 are in effect replaced with the bacterial species of Table 1.

[00237] In some embodiments, microbial pathogens for use in the invention may be exongenous bacterial pathogens. For example, the organisms listed in Table 3 may be used as microbial pathogens to formulate antigenic compositions, or antigenic compositions having those pathogens may selected, for use to treat cancers situated in the tissues or organs listed with the relevant organism in Table 3. In some embodiments, antigenic determinants of both endogenous and exogenous bacterial species targeted to a specific tissue or organ may be used in combination.

Table 3 Exogenous Bacterial Human Pathogens, and their Sites of Infection

[00238] In some embodiments, microbial pathogens for use in the invention may be viral pathogens. Table 4 provides an exemplary list of viral pathogens together with the tissue and organ sites for which each viral species is reportedly a pathogen. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention involves utilizing immunogenic compositions that are specific for the named viruses to treat a cancer situated in the organs or tissues that are identified adjacent to the name of the virus in Table 4. For example, an antigenic composition derived from, or specific for, a vaccinia virus, may be used to treat a cancer situated in the skin, hematological tissues, lymph nodes, brain, spinal cord, eye or heart. Table 4 Viral Human Pathogens and Their Sites of Infection

[00239] The cumulative information in Tables 1 through 4 provides an extensive identification of microbial pathogens that may be used in the formulation of antigenic compositions of the invention, together with an identication of the tissues or organs in which these organisms are pathogenic, and accordingly the tissues or organs in which a cancer is situated that may be treated with the antigenic formulation.

[00240] In some embodiments, the microbial pathogen selected for use in antigenic compositions of the invention may be one that is a common cause of acute infection in the tissue or organ in which the cancer to be treated is situated. Table 5 identifies bacterial and viral pathogens of this kind, together with the tissues and organs in which they commonly cause infection. Accordingly, in selected embodiments, a cancer residing in a tissue identified in the first column of Table 5 may be treated with an antigenic composition that comprises antigenic determinants for one or more of the pathogenic organisms listed in the second column of Table 5. For example, a cancer residing in the skin may be treated with an antigenic composition comprising antigenic determinants of one or more of the following organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Beta hemolytic streptococci group A, B, C and G, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rubeola, rubella, varicella-zoster, echoviruses, coxsackieviruses, adenovirus, vaccinia, herpes simplex, or parvo B19.

Table 5: Common Causes of Acute Infection (Bacterial and Viruses) For

Each Tissue/Or an Site

[00241] In selected embodiments, particular microbial pathogens may be suited for treatment of particular cancers, examples of selected embodiments are set out in Table 5. These are exemplary embodiments, and not an exhaustive list of the alternative formulations for use in accordance with the invention.

[00242] The specific microbes which commonly cause infection in a specific tissue or organ may vary by geographical location. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a more common cause of lung infection in some geographical locations and populations than in others and therefore, while M. tuberculosis may not be a common lung pathogen in some geographic and population groups it may be a common lung pathogen in others. Table 5 is thus not an exhaustive list of common pathogens for all geographic locations and population groups. It is understood that a clinical microbiologist skilled in the art could determine the common pathogenic species in a particular geographic area or population group for a specific tissue or organ site in accordance with the invention.

[00243] As discussed in the context of Patient R, in selected embodiments, the microbial pathogen selected for use in antigenic compositions of the invention may be one that is the most common cause of acute infection in the tissue or organ in which the cancer to be treated is situated, which may provide particular benefit as illustrated by the case of Patient R. For example, for the treatment of bone cancer Staphylococcus aureus would be the bacterial species selected, for the treatment of cancer in lung tissue Streptococcus pneumoniae would be selected, for the treatment of breast cancer Staphylococcus aureus would be selected, for the treatment of kidney or bladder cancer Escherichia coli would be selected, and for the treatment of colon cancer Escherichia coli would be the bacterial species selected. It is understood that a clinical microbiologist skilled in the art could determine the most frequently pathogenic species, bacterial or viral, for each specific tissue or organ in accordance with the invention. In selected embodiments, only antigenic determinants of the most common pathogen for the particular tissue or organ could be used to treat cancers of that tissue or organ. In alternative embodiments, antigenic determinants of the most common pathogen for the particular tissue or organ could be used in combination with antigenic determinants of other pathogens that are known to be pathogenic in the of that particular tissue or organ, preferentially selecting from the more common pathogens.

[00244] In some embodiments, the invention provides antigenic compositions in which a threshold proportion of antigenic determinants selected in accordance with the invention are used, relative to any other antigenic determinants in the composition. For example, antigenic compositions may have greater than X% of the antigenic determinants therein derived from pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic, or most commonly pathogenic) species, where X may for example be 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 (or any integer value between 20 and 100). For example, at least X% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition may be specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic or most commonly pathogenic) in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated. Using an alternative measure, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least X% may be selected to be microbial pathogens that are pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic or most commonly pathogenic) in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated. In some embodiments, the antigenic composition may accordingly consist essentially of antigenic determinants of one or more microbial pathogens that are each pathogenic (or commonly pathogenic or most commonly pathogenic) in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated. The following data illustrates the surprising effectiveness of these selected formulations:

(1 ) The use of MRV (which contains many common respiratory tract pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen of both breast and bone) was found to be helpful for the treatment of breast cancer with metastases to the bone (see Figure 6). However, survival benefit (survival of patients who were treated with MRV compared to those who were not) was modest (i.e., median survival of 31 months for patients treated with the vaccine compared to 26 months for patients not treated with the vaccine). On the other hand, the one patient (Patient R) who was treated with a vaccine specifically targeted for breast cancer and bone cancer (i.e., containing only Staphylococcus aureus, by far the most common cause of both breast and bone infection) had a remarkable survival benefit, surviving for more than 17 years. The inclusion, in MRV, of other bacterial species that do not (or far less commonly) cause bone infection and commonly cause infection elsewhere (i.e., respiratory tract) appears to substantially reduce the benefit of this vaccine for the treatment of cancer of the breast and bone.

(2) The survival of stage 3B lung cancer patients treated with Respivax (i.e., median survival of 38 months and 40% 5-year survival) was substantially greater than the survival of stage 3B lung cancer patients treated with MRV (i.e., median survival of 18 months and 14% 5-year survival). Respivax contains substantially greater relative concentrations of the bacterial species that commonly cause lung infection than MRV does. 67% of the bacterial cell count of Respivax is comprised of bacterial species that are the common causes of lung infection, whereas only 30% of the bacterial cell count of MRV is comprised of bacterial species that are the common causes of lung infection. Thus, the composition having the greater proportion of bacteria that most commonly cause lung infections, Respivax, is shown to be more effective for the treatment of lung cancer than the MRV formulation.

(3) The survival of stage 4 colon cancer patients treated with MRV (which does not contain any colon pathogens) was poorer than patients not treated with a vaccine. This indicates that treatments that use antigenic determinants that are not derived from microbes that are pathogenic in the organ or tissue in which the cancer is situated may not only be ineffective, but may also be deliterious.

The data herein accordingly provide evidence of an increasing gradation of benefit from pathogenic, to commonly pathogenic, to most commonly pathogenic for the treatment cancer within a specific organ or tissue using targeting antigenic compositions that are derived from microbial pathogens that are pathogenic to that specific organ or tissue.

[00245] In some embodiments, the invention comprises the use of bacterial or viral vaccines that are approved for other purposes (e.g., poliomyelitis vaccine, H. influenza vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, influenza vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, diphtheria vaccine, tetanus vaccine, pertussis vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, rubella vaccine, varicella vaccine, BCG vaccine, cholera vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, rabies vaccine, typhoid vaccine, yellow fever vaccine, small pox vaccine, etc.) for use as cancer treatments by selecting a vaccine containing a pathogen (or antigenic constituent of a pathogen) that is pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated by consulting Tables 1 -5. For example, a S. pneumoniae vaccine, either a whole cell vaccine or a vaccine comprised of one or more antigenic components of S. pneumoniae (e.g., pneumococcal polysaccharide-23-valent) could be used to treat cancer at any of the following sites in which S. pneumoniae is listed as a common pathogen in Table 5: pulmonary hilar lymph nodes, hematological cancers, bone, meninges, spinal cord, eye/orbit, sinus, thyroid, bronchi, lungs, pleura or peritoneum. As a further example, a hepatitis B vaccine could be used to treat cancer at any of the following sites in which hepatitis B virus is listed as a pathogen in Table 4, as follows: liver, pancreas, or hematological cancers.

[00246] In some embodiments, selected compositions and methods are specifically excluded from the scope of the invention. For example, the use of the following microbial pathogens in the treatment of the following cancers is excluded from some embodiments, so that the claimed invention may extend to particular embodiments with the exception of one or more of the following: a) BCG (Mycobacterium bovis) for the treatment of stomach cancer and colon cancer, for example by injection; b) Mycobacterium wfor the treatment of lung cancer, for example by injection; c) Mycobacterium vaccae for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer, for example by injection; d) Corynebacterium parvum for the treatment of melanoma, for example by injection; e) Streptococcus pyogenes for the treatment of stomach cancer, for example by injection; f) Nocardia rubra for the treatment of lung cancer or acute myelogenous leukemia, for example by injection; g) Lactobacillus casei for the treatment of cervical cancer, for example by injection; h) Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the treatment of lymphoma and lung cancer, for example by injection; i) Vaccinia for the treatment of melanoma, for example by injection; j) Rabies virus for the treatment of melanoma, for example by injection; k) A composition consisting of the combined antigens of the following bacterial species for the veterinary (or, alternatively, human) treatment, for example by oral administration, for primary (or, alternatively, metastatic) cancers situated in the lung: Steptococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria catarrhalis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Haemophilus influenzae;

Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiella pneumoniae.

I) A composition consisting of the combined antigens of the following bacterial species for the veterinary (or, alternatively, human) treatment, for example by oral administration, for primary (or, alternatively, metastatic) cancers situated in the lung: Steptococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria catarrhalis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Haemophilus influenzae; Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Klebsiella ozaenae; Streptococcus viridans.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

[00247] Although various embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein, many adaptations and modifications may be made within the scope of the invention in accordance with the common general knowledge of those skilled in this art. Such modifications include the substitution of known equivalents for any aspect of the invention in order to achieve the same result in substantially the same way. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. In the specification, the word "comprising" is used as an open-ended term, substantially equivalent to the phrase "including, but not limited to", and the word "comprises" has a corresponding meaning. Citation of references herein shall not be construed as an admission that such references are prior art to the present invention. All publications are incorporated herein by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein and as though fully set forth herein. The invention includes all embodiments and variations substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the examples and drawings.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for formulating an immunogenic composition for treating a cancer situated in a specific organ or tissue in a human patient, comprising: selecting at least one microbial pathogen that is pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated; producing an antigenic composition comprising antigenic determinants that together are specific for the microbial pathogen; and, formulating the antigenic composition for administration as an immunogenic composition capable of illiciting an immune reaction to treat the cancer in the patient.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antigenic composition is formulated for subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection or oral administration.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a diagnostic step of identifying the specific organ or tissue within which the cancer is situated prior to producing the antigenic composition.

4. The method of claim 1 , 2 or 3, wherein the antigenic composition is formulated for injection to produce a localized skin immune response at a site of administration.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the skin immune response is an inflammatory immune response.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the organ or tissue is selected from the group consisting of skin, soft tissue, breast, head and neck lymph nodes, axillae/arm lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary hilar lymph nodes, intra-abdominal lymph nodes, inguinal/leg lymph nodes, hematological, bone, meninges, brain, spinal cord, eye/orbit, salivary glands, oral, tonsil, sinus, nasopharynx, thyroid, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung, pleura, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon/rectum, anus, perineum, liver, gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreas, spleen, adrenal gland, kidney, ureter, bladder, peritoneum, retroperitoneal area, prostate, testicle, penis, ovary/adnexae, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the cancer is a metastatic cancer having a site of metastasis, and the organ or tissue is a site of metastsis.

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the cancer is a primary cancer in the organ or tissue.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the antigenic composition is formulated for repeated subcutaneous or intradermal administration.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the antigenic composition is formulated for administration in an organ or tissue that is not the organ or tissue within which the cancer is situated.

11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the microbial pathogen is a bacteria.

12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising killing the bacteria to formulate the antigenic composition.

13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the bacteria is a member of an endogenous human flora of the specific organ or tissue.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the bacteria is endogenous to flora of the respiratory system, mouth, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, genitourinary (GU) system, vagina or skin.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the antigenic composition is capable of eliciting an immune response in the patient specific to the microbial pathogen.

16. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12 or 15, wherein the microbial pathogen is an exogenous bacterial species.

17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, or 15 wherein the microbial pathogen is a virus.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the organ or tissue is x, and the bacteria is endogenous to flora of the y of the patient, and: when x is skin, y is skin or mouth; when x is soft tissue, y is skin; when x is breast, y is skin or mouth; when x is lymph nodes of the head and neck, y is skin, respiratory system or mouth; when x is lymph nodes of the axillae/arm, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is lymph nodes of the mediastinum, y is respiratory system, mouth or colon; when x is lymph nodes of the pulmonary hilum, y is respiratory system; when x is intra-abdominal lymph nodes, y is GU system, mouth, duodenum/jejunum, ileum or colon; when x is inguinal/let lymph nodes, y is skin, genital, mouth or colon; when x is hematological, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is bone, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is meninges, y is respiratory system or mouth; when x is brain, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is spinal cord, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is eye/orbit, y is skin, respiratory system, genital or mouth; when x is salivary glands, y is mouth; when x is oral, y is mouth; when x is tonsil, y is respiratory system or mouth; when x is nasopharynx/sinus, y is respiratory system or mouth; when x is thyroid, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is larynx, y is respiratory system or mouth; when x is lung/bronchi/trachea, y is respiratory system; when x is pleura, y is skin, respiratory system, mouth or colon; when x is mediastinum, y is respiratory system; when x is heart, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is esophagus, y is stomach; when x is stomach, y is stomach when x is small bowel, y is duodenum/jejunum or ileum; when x is colon/rectum, y is colon; when x is anus, y is skin or colon; when x is perineum, y is skin or colon; when x is liver, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is gallbladder, y is duodenum/jejunum; when x is biliary tract, y is duodenum/jejunum; when x is pancreas, y is duodenum/jejunum; when x is spleen, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is adrenal gland, y is skin, mouth or colon; when x is kidney, y is skin, GU system, mouth or colon; when x is ureter, y is GU system; when x is bladder, y is skin, genital or GU system; when x is peritoneum, y is stomach, duodenum/jejunum, ileum or colon; when x is retroperitoneal area, y is stomach, duodenum/jejunum, ileum or colon; when x is prostate, y is gential or GU system ; when x is testicle, y is gential or GU system; when x is penis, y is skin, genital or GU system; when x is ovary/adnexae, y is genital, GU system or colon; when x is uterus, y is genital, GU system or colon; when x is cervix, y is genital, GU system or colon; when x is vagina, y is genital or colon; when x is vulva, y is genital or colon.

19. The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising formulating the antigenic composition for administration with an anti-inflammatory.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the anti-inflammatory is an NSAID.

21. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that at least 70% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that at least 90% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

23. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that 100% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

24. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that at least 70% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for a microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

25. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that at least 90% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for a microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

26. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that 100% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for a microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

27. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least 70% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

28. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least 90% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

29. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least 70% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

30. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least 90% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

31. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, 100% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

32. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition comprises antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

33. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein at least 70% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

34. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein at least 90% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

35. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein 100% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

36. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antigenic composition is produced so that the antigenic composistion consists essentially of antigenic determinants of one or more microbial pathogens that are each pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

37. The use of an antigenic composition for formulating a medicament for treating a human patient for a cancer situated in a tissue or an organ, the antigenic composition comprising antigenic determinants that together are specific for at least one microbial pathogen, the microbial pathogen being pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

38. The use according to claim 37, wherein the medicament is formulated for administration at an administration site in successive doses given at a dosage interval of between one hour and one month, over a dosage duration of at least two weeks.

39. The use according to claim 38, wherein the medicament is formulated so that each dose is effective to cause a visible localized inflammatory immune response at the administration site.

40. The use according to claim 37, 38 or 39, wherein the medicament is formulated for intradermal or subcutaneously administration.

41. The use according to claim 37, wherein the medicament is formulated for oral administration.

42. The use according to claim 37, 38 or 40, wherein the medicament is formulated so that visible localized inflammation at the administration site occurs within 1 to 48 hours.

43. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 42, further comprising the use of an anti-inflammatory to treat the patient.

44. The use according to claim 43, wherein the anti-inflammatory is an NSAID.

45. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 44, wherein the tissue or organ is X, and the microbial pathogen is selected from the group consisting of Y, wherein:

46. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 45, wherein the use is not the use of: a) antigenic determinants of BCG (Mycobacterium bovis) for the treatment of stomach cancer or colon cancer by injection; b) antigenic determinants of Mycobacterium wior the treatment of lung cancer by injection; c) antigenic determinants of Mycobacterium vaccae for the treatment of non- small-cell lung cancer by injection; d) antigenic determinants of Corynebacterium parvum for the treatment of melanoma by injection; e) antigenic determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes for the treatment of stomach cancer by injection; f) antigenic determinants of Nocardia rubra for the treatment of lung cancer or acute myelogenous leukemia by injection; g) antigenic determinants of Lactobacillus case/ for the treatment of cervical cancer by injection; h) antigenic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the treatment of lymphoma and lung cancer by injection; i) antigenic determinants of Vaccinia for the treatment of melanoma by injection; j) antigenic determinants of Rabies virus for the treatment of melanoma by injection; k) a composition consisting of the combined antigens of the following bacterial species for the veterinary or human treatment by oral administration of metastatic cancers situated in the lung: Steptococcus pneumoniae;

Neisseria catarrhalis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Haemophilus influenzae;

Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiella pneumoniae.

I) a composition consisting of the combined antigens of the following bacterial species for the veterinary (or, alternatively, human) treatment, for example by oral administratoin, for metastatic cancers situated in the lung:

Steptococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria catarrhalis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Haemophilus influenzae; Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Klebsiella ozaenae; Streptococcus viridans.

47. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein at least 70% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

48. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein at least 90% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

49. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein 100% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

50. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein at least 70% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for a microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

51. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein at least 90% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for a microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

52. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein 100% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are specific for a microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

53. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least 70% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

54. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, at least 90% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

55. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein, of the total number of microbial pathogens in the antigenic composition, 100% are microbial pathogens that are pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

56. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein at least 70% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

57. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein at least 90% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

58. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein 100% of the antigenic determinants in the antigenic composition are antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

59. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein the antigenic composition comprises antigenic determinants of a single microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

60. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein the antigenic composition consists essentially of antigenic determinants of one or more microbial pathogens that are each pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.

61. The use according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein the antigenic composition consists essentially of antigenic determinants of the microbial pathogen that is the most commonly pathogenic in the specific organ or tissue of the patient within which the cancer is situated.