EP2084311A2 - Codéposition électrochimique de films sol-gel - Google Patents

Codéposition électrochimique de films sol-gel

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Publication number
EP2084311A2
EP2084311A2 EP07827190A EP07827190A EP2084311A2 EP 2084311 A2 EP2084311 A2 EP 2084311A2 EP 07827190 A EP07827190 A EP 07827190A EP 07827190 A EP07827190 A EP 07827190A EP 2084311 A2 EP2084311 A2 EP 2084311A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sol
metal
gel
additive
film
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07827190A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Daniel Mandler
David Avnir
Ronen Shacham
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Yissum Research Development Co of Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Original Assignee
Yissum Research Development Co of Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Yissum Research Development Co of Hebrew University of Jerusalem filed Critical Yissum Research Development Co of Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Publication of EP2084311A2 publication Critical patent/EP2084311A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
    • C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
    • C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials
    • C25D9/06—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials by anodic processes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of electrochemical co-deposition of sol-gel and different additives to thereby form films on various surfaces.
  • Electrochemical deposition which dates back to the middle of the 19 th century, is still an extremely powerful process in particular for depositing metals (electroplating), such as copper, cobalt, nickel and their alloys on various surfaces.
  • metals electroroplating
  • Thin metal films, deposited on the surface of conducting and non-conducting materials by electrolysis play an important role in many fields, such as decorative and anticorrosion coatings.
  • Electrodeposition of metals, e.g., copper has become of utmost significance due to its role in microelectronics.
  • Electrodeposition of ceramic films employing electrochemical methods is a fast evolving field.
  • the methods for electrodeposition may be divided into two: electrophoretic and electrolytic deposition.
  • Electrolytic deposition can be driven using cathodic currents by either reducing the metal ions, which causes their deposition, e.g., Cu 2 O, or by driving a proton-dependent reducing process, leading to an increase of the pH on the electrode surface and the subsequent metal hydroxide deposition.
  • the deposition of metal oxides and hydroxides can be driven by anodic currents as a result of oxidizing the metal ions, thus increasing their oxidation state, which usually results in lower solubility of their hydroxide salts, such as in Fe(OH) 3 deposition.
  • Ormocers are metal oxides that are formed at room temperature and comprise organic moieties. They are formed as a result of the hydrolysis and condensation of functionalized trialkoxymetals, e.g., alkyl- trimethoxysilanes, as shown in Equations 1 and 2.
  • porous solids made of well-ordered silica walls were developed. These porous solids are spatially arranged by micelle-templating to form channels of regular size in the mesoporous range. They are called micelle-templated silica, MTS. Their surface reactivity is rather close to that of silica gel so that grafting organic functionalities to the inner walls of these silicates with uniform channel structures can be readily achieved. Incorporation of organic groups in MTS can also be performed by co-condensation under surfactant control. Due to the fluid character of the sol, the sol- gel synthesis of ordered mesoporous films on solid substrates is possible, but their use in connection to electrochemistry is scarce.
  • the inventors of the present invention have developed a method for coating a conducting material by electrodeposition of a sol-gel film of silicon oxide originating from methyltrimethoxysilane (Refs [1] and [H]).
  • the mechanism of the electrochemical sol-gel coating described involves the alteration of the local pH next to the conducting surface, resulting in an enhancement of the deposition specifically on the desired surface.
  • This technique was suitable for sol-gel coating of flat surfaces utilizing a basic pH above 8.2.
  • the electrochemical co-deposition approach described herein is based on an entirely new concept of electrodeposition of organic sol-gel materials by electrochemistry.
  • the two basic processes that lead to the formation of organo-sol-gel materials, i.e., hydrolysis and condensation, comprise acid/base processes and therefore it is not trivial that they can be driven by electrochemistry, which, as a person skilled in the art would realize, is mostly used for driving oxidation/reduction reactions.
  • the invention does not lie only in the approach, but also in its wide-range potential applications. That is, the process of electrochemical co-deposition of additives and organo-ceramics as films adds a unique control, i.e., by the applied potential, as a means of controlling the film composition as well as the deposition rate. Since this approach is generic, its applicability covers a wide range of ceramic materials and additives. Possible impact spans from reinforcing metal coatings to forming functionally graded materials. - A -
  • the uniqueness of the approach disclosed herein lies in the ability to co-deposit an inorganic or organic insulating matrix together with an additive material, e.g., metallic particles, and conductive polymers and more so in the ability to form a film on a substrate by controlling the kinetics of both processes which allows tailoring of film morphology.
  • an additive material e.g., metallic particles, and conductive polymers
  • This co-deposition process affords a film which may in some instances have at least two distinct phases.
  • the thickness of the coating and the nature thereof is highly controllable and depends primarily on the ratio between the sol-gel monomer and the additional substance and the potential applied and duration of application;
  • the method may be used with reproducible results, affording coatings of a great variety, on a great variety of surfaces, including those with complex geometries;
  • the electrochemical sol-gel polymerization process allows for secondary processes such as reductions of metal or organic compounds to take place at the same time without affecting or interfering with the sol-gel polymerization process.
  • a method for electrochemical co-depositing on a conductive surface a film of sol-gel and at least one additive comprising inducing an electrochemical reaction on said conductive surface in the presence of a composite of at least one sol-gel precursor and at least one additive, thereby obtaining a film of said composite on the surface.
  • the at least one additive is selected so as to be capable of undergoing reduction or oxidation during the electrodeposition process.
  • the composite as used in the context of the present invention is a combination of at least one sol-gel precursor and at least one additive, each having different properties than that of the composite as a whole, and have different chemical and physical characteristics such that they do not dissolve or merge completely in one another. Complete dissolution of both in a liquid medium (e.g., a solution) is nevertheless required for the formation of the composite.
  • the sol-gel precursors and the additives have strong interactions therebetween, such interactions being one or more of covalent, electrostatic, complex-forming interactions, hydrophobic-hydrophilic and hydrogen bonding. In the absence of such strong interactions, only doping is achieved, namely, only minute quantities of the at least one additive, as defined herein, will be deposited along with the sol-gel.
  • the composite is typically prepared as a solution of at least one sol-gel precursor and at least one additive.
  • the solution may be prepared by adding the components simultaneously and mixing until complete dissolution of both components is achieved or by adding one component after the other as demonstrated herein below.
  • said solution is an aqueous solution.
  • the solution is an alcoholic solution containing water.
  • the composite is a nanocomposite.
  • the method allows the electro co-deposition of sol-gel and an additive(s).
  • electro co- deposition is used interchangeably with the "electrodeposition of the composite", as defined.
  • co-deposition or any lingual variation thereof, refers to the “depositing together", namely to a single-step simultaneous deposition of the two components, namely sol-gel and additive(s) and the formation of a film or a coat on a substrate according to the invention, wherein the film which is formed is a hybrid (in some cases two-phase) film of the sol-gel and additive (the phases can be of the order of a few nanometers resulting in nanocomposite materials).
  • a sol-gel polymerization reaction takes place simultaneously with the reduction of a metal or an oxidation of an organic compound, such as pyrrole.
  • the sol-gel precursors are typically monomers, which can undergo polymerization under the electrochemical conditions employed.
  • the precursors are selected from metal alkoxide monomers, transition metal alkoxide monomers, silicon alkoxide monomers, metal ester monomers, transition metal ester monomers, silicon ester monomers, monomers of the formula (RO) n M(RZ) 4-11 , partially hydrolyzed and/or partially condensed polymers of said monomers and mixtures thereof, wherein in the formula (R0) n M(R') 4-n , M is selected from a silicon atom, a metallic or semimetallic element such as Si, Zr, Ti and others, R is an organic moiety selected from Ci-C 3 -alkyl, being preferably unsubstituted, R' is an organic moiety selected from Q-Cio-alkyl, C 2 - Cg-alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkynyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl, C 4
  • the at least one sol-gel precursor is a mixture of such precursors.
  • the mixture of precursors is chosen so as to improve one or more of the following properties of the coating: adhesion, charge and charge distribution, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, thickness, reactivity, resistivity, resistance to oxidation, etc.
  • the precursors are monomers being selected amongst metal alkoxide monomers and silicon alkoxide monomers.
  • the silicon alkoxide monomer is of the formula (RO) n Si(R') 4-n , wherein R is an organic moiety selected from C 1 -C 3 -alkyl, R is an organic moiety selected from CrCjo-alkyl or C 6 -C 12 -aryl, optionally substituted by at least one amine or thiol group, and n is an integer from 1 to 4, or partially hydrolyzed and partially condensed polymer thereof, or a mixture thereof.
  • R is an organic moiety selected from C 1 -C 3 -alkyl
  • R is an organic moiety selected from CrCjo-alkyl or C 6 -C 12 -aryl, optionally substituted by at least one amine or thiol group
  • n is an integer from 1 to 4, or partially hydrolyzed and partially condensed polymer thereof, or a mixture thereof.
  • alkyF refers to an aliphatic moiety having at least 1 carbon atom and being optionally substituted by at least one group selected from C 2 -C 8 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkynyl, C 6 -C !
  • o-aryl and C 4 -C 10 - heteroaryl optionally substituted by at least one group selected from Q-Q-alkyl, C 2 - C 8 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkynyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl, C 4 -C 10 -heteroaryl, halide, amine (primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary), hydroxyl, thiol, nitro and repeating methylenedioxy (-0-CH 2 -O-) or ethylenedioxy (-O-(CH 2 ) 2 -O-) groups.
  • alkyl refers to an alkyl group having between 1 and 3 carbon atoms and unless specifically defined may be substituted. Unless specifically stated, the alkyl group may be linear or branched. Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups are a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and dodecyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a carbon chain having at least 2 carbon atoms and at least one double bond, which may be at one of the terminal positions of the chain or be an inner-chain double bond.
  • alkynyl refers similarly to a carbon chain having at least two carbon atoms and at least one triple bond which may be a terminus bond or an inner-chain triple bond.
  • ⁇ /jf refers to an aromatic moiety, preferably a benzene ring (i.e., a phenyl ring), which may optionally be substituted by at least one or more functional group, provided that such does not interfere with the hydrolysis and condensation of the sol-gel, said group being selected from CrCg-alkyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkynyl, C 6 - C 10 -aryl, C 4 -C 10 -heteroaryl, halide, amine (primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary), hydroxyl, thiol, nitro and repeating methylenedioxy (-0-CH 2 -O-) or ethylenedioxy (-0- (CH 2 ) 2 -O-) groups.
  • the aryl group may also be a biaryl such as a biphenyl.
  • the specific designation "Ce-Cn-aryl” refers to an aromatic moiety having between 6 carbon atoms and 12 carbon atoms.
  • Non-limiting examples of aryls are a phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl.
  • aryl also encompasses heteroaryls having between 5 and 10 atoms, at least one of which being a heteroatom selected from N, O and S.
  • the heteroaryls may be similarly substituted.
  • M is a metal atom or a transition metal atom selected from Si, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu(I) Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and Ac and mixtures thereof.
  • said metal is Si, Zr, Al, Ti, Fe, V, and W.
  • the sol-gel precursor is a metal oxide selected from (i) aluminum oxides such as, but not limiting to, aluminum triethoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum sec-butoxide, and aluminum tri-t-butoxide; (ii) titanium oxides such as, but not limiting to, titanium methoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium propoxide, titanium butoxide, titanium ethylhexoxide, titanium (triethanolaminato)isopropoxide, titanium bis(ethyl acetoacetato)diisopropoxide, and titanium bis(2,4-pentanedionate)diisopropoxide; (iii) zirconium oxides such as, but not limiting to, zirconium ethoxide, zirconium isopropoxide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium sec-butoxide, and zirconium t-butoxide; (iv) aluminum oxides such
  • Metal salts such as metal carboxylates, metal halides, and metal nitrates may also be added as the metal oxide compound to make the sol-gel precursors.
  • Metal carboxylates include metal acetates, metal ethylhexanoates, metal gluconates, metal oxalates, metal propionates, metal pantothenates, metal cyclohexanebutyrates, metal bis(ammonium lacto)dihydroxides, metal citrates, and metal methacrylates.
  • the metals are the same metals as the metal alkoxides.
  • metal carboxylates include aluminum lactate, acetate, ethylhexanoate, gluconate, oxalate, propionate, pantothenate, cyclohexanebutyrate, and methoxyethoxide, iron alkoxide, iron isopropoxide, tin acetate, tin oxalate, titanium bis(ammonium lacto)dihydroxide, zinc acetate, zinc methacrylate, zinc stearate, zinc cyclohexanebutyrate, zirconium acetate, and zirconium citrate.
  • the at least one sol-gel precursor is an organosilane such as phenyltrimethoxysilane; phenyltriethoxysilane; diphenyldimethoxysilane; diphenyl diethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; N-(3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole; N- [3 -(triethoxysilyl)propyl] -4,5 -dihydroimidazole ; beta- trimethoxysilylethyl-2-pyridine; N-phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 3 -(N-styryl methyl-2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane; methacryloxy-propenyltrimethoxy silane; 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; 3-
  • the sol-gel precursor is one or more of TiO 2 , SiO 2 , titanium tetra-rc-propoxide (Ti(OPr) 4 ), phenyltrimethoxy silane (PhTMOS), aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTEOS), tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and silicon oxide.
  • the at least one additive of the composite may be any substance which is inert to the sol-gel process, does not interfere therewith, does not take part in the sol-gel polymerization (namely, it is not an essential component of the sol-gel polymerization process which can proceed even in its absence) and which is distributed in the sol-gel film in a homogenous or heterogeneous fashion.
  • the at least one additive may be a mixture of different additives, in different quantities or in different forms.
  • Non-limiting examples of the at least one additive are reinforcing elements, metals, metal salts, fillers, polymers, monomers, nanoparticles, encapsulated materials, and composite matrix binders.
  • the at least one additive is a mixture of additives, such as two or more different polymers or two or more different monomers thereof.
  • the at least one additive is a plurality of micro- or nanoparticles or nano- or microcapsules constructed from and/or containing different materials.
  • the at least one additive is a substance which is capable of undergoing a reduction or an oxidation under the conditions employed, without interfering with the sol-gel deposition.
  • Non-limiting examples of such are monomers, oligomers, metals, and metal salts.
  • the at least one additive is an additive or a plurality thereof, such as monomers or oligomers, capable of polymerizing during the electrochemical co-deposition process without affecting the sol-gel process.
  • the ratio between the sol-gel and the additive may range from 1:1, 10:1, 100:1, 100:1, 1000:1, respectively, or any ratio therebetween.
  • the at least one additive is not a doping agent or a dopant existing in the film in minute concentrations (ppm or lower) so as to alter a specific property or a colloquium of properties of the substance in which it is present.
  • dopants added in so-called "doping quantities" the at least one additive of the composite constitutes a substantial part of the composite, as demonstrated in the examples below.
  • the at least one additive is at least one monomer of a conducting polymer which polymerizes independently of the polymerization of the sol- gel, without disrupting it, and the method affords a surface coated with a film of sol-gel embedded with a conductive polymer.
  • the at least one additive is a polymer. In still another embodiment, said polymer is conductive.
  • the at least one additive is a prepolymer, i.e., an oligomer made of several monomers capable of further polymerization.
  • the conductive polymers or monomers thereof which are suitable for use in the present invention include, in a non-limiting fashion, polymers having a polymeric component of one or more olefin, such as polyethylene; polyacetylenes, polypyyroles, polythiophenes, and polyanilines, copolymers thereof and blends of two or more such polymers.
  • olefin such as polyethylene
  • polyacetylenes, polypyyroles, polythiophenes, and polyanilines copolymers thereof and blends of two or more such polymers.
  • Each of said conductive polymer may or may not be substituted.
  • the polypyrroles may be selected from, in a non-limiting fashion, unsubstituted polypyrrole, alkylated polypyrrole, copolymers of polypyrrole, polypyrrole/poly (styrene sulfonic acid), 3,4-dialkoxy substituted polypyrrole styrene sulfonate, and 3,4- dialkoxy substituted polythiophene styrene sulfonate.
  • the at least one additive may be the polymer it self or a precursor thereof in the form of monomers, oligomers or shorter polymers capable of undergoing polymerization into the desired polymer.
  • the polymer is pluronic, preferably F 127, polyethylene glycol of various molecular weights, and oligo or polypyrrole or other conducting polymers of various molecular weights.
  • the at least one additive is a plurality of nanoparticles.
  • the nanoparticles contain at least one substance or mixture of substances.
  • the nanoparticles are hollow (empty, or contain a gas or a non-particular solvent).
  • the nanoparticles which may be added as additives may be made of a variety of materials such as silica, carbon, metals of different types, such as gold, platinum or metal oxides thereof.
  • the nanoparticles are silica hollow particles.
  • the nanoparticles are particles encapsulating at least one substance or a mixture of substances.
  • the substance or mixture of substances which may be encapsulated in the particles may be selected from drugs, fillers, metals, metal oxides, metal salts, metal particulates, reinforcing materials, colorants, fluorescent materials, magnetic materials, and semiconductive materials.
  • the at least one additive is a metal.
  • the metal is added to the reaction solution in the form of a metal salt.
  • metals are copper (II), cobalt, nickel, silver, palladium and gold.
  • the at least one metal salt may be added as a solid (as powder or semi-solid) to the solution containing the sol-gel precursors and thereafter allow to dissolve therein, as a concentrate (a high concentration solution of the metal salt), or as a solution of any other concentration.
  • the solution may be a water solution containing only the metal salt and water, or an aqueous solution containing also inert metal forms (being different from the additive metal salts), alcohol, acids, bases or other additives.
  • the at least one metal salt is one metal salt.
  • the at least one metal salt is a mixture of salts of the same metal but of at least two different counter ions.
  • the at least one metal salt is a mixture of salts of different metals.
  • the at least one metal salt is not a dopant.
  • the surface to be coated (be it the whole surface or a portion thereof which coating is desired) must be conductive. In cases where the surface is conductive only in specific regions thereof, the electrodeposition will be affected at the conductive regions only.
  • Surfaces which are non-conductive may be coated with a conductive layer, for example by electroless processes, before sol-gel electrodeposition.
  • the term "conductive" refers generally to the ability of the surface to conduct electric current. The conductivity of surfaces may be measured according to methods known in the art.
  • the conductive surface to be coated according to the invention may be a surface of any device, structure, article, or element.
  • the surface may be flat, smooth, coarse, round, a three-dimensional surface, inner and/or outer surfaces, a surface having regions of restricted access and cavities, multilayered surfaces and a surface of any thickness, constitution and size.
  • the conductive surfaces may be for example of metallic materials or alloys such as, but not limited to, stainless steel (316L), MP35N (an alloy of 35% cobalt, 35% nickel, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum), MP20N (an alloy of 50% cobalt, 20% nickel, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum), ELASTINITE (Nitinol), cobalt- chromium alloys (e.g., ELGILOY), tantalum, tantalum-based alloys, nickel-titanium alloy, platinum, platinum-based alloys such as platinum-iridium alloy, iridium, gold, magnesium, titanium, titanium-based alloys, zirconium-based alloys, copper, graphite, or combinations thereof.
  • stainless steel 316L
  • MP35N an alloy of 35% cobalt, 35% nickel, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum
  • MP20N an alloy of 50% cobalt, 20% nickel, 20% chromium, and
  • Semiconductive or superconductive compounds may also serve as conductive surfaces suitable for the electrodeposition of the invention.
  • Devices made from bioabsorbable or biostable polymers can also be used with the embodiments of the present invention, provided that at least a portion thereof to be coated is conductive.
  • said surface is made of stainless steel, hi a preferred embodiment, the stainless steel is stainless steel 316L.
  • said surface is a metallic surface.
  • said surface is made of indium-tin oxide (ITO).
  • ITO indium-tin oxide
  • Non-limiting examples of devices, structures, articles, and elements having such surfaces are metals wires, metal sheets, metallic surfaces of electronic devices, patterned surfaces, electric elements, medical devices, medical implants, household appliances, refractive elements, structures requiring insulation, and containers.
  • said surface is the surface of a medical device or an implant.
  • a medical implant is a structure which may be implanted into the body of an animal, e.g., non-human or human.
  • the structure may be implanted in the body of the subject during a medical procedure which purpose may be the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder or the diagnosis of a condition.
  • the implant may also be one which is used as a vehicle for providing therapy.
  • the implant may act as scaffoldings, functioning to physically hold open and, if desired, to expand the wall of a passageway, inserted through small vessels, such as via catheters, and then expanded to a larger diameter once it is at the desired location.
  • medical implants are a stent, an artificial heart valve, a cerebrospinal fluid shunt, a pacemaker electrode, an axius coronary shunt, an endocardial lead, an orthopedic device, and a vessel occlusion device.
  • the surface to be coated by the composite according to the invention is the surface of a medical implant, said composite comprising apart from the sol-gel precursors a plurality of nanoparticles containing at least one drug.
  • the at least one drug may be selected, in a non-limiting fashion amongst analgesics/antipyretics, antiasthamatics, antibiotics, antidepressants, antidiabetics, antifungal agents, antihypertensive agents, anti-inflammatories, antineoplastics, antianxiety agents, immunosuppressive agents, antimigraine agents, sedatives/hypnotics, antipsychotic agents, antimanic agents, antiarrhythmics, antiarthritic agents, antigout agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, antifibrinolytic agents, antiplatelet agents and antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, antimicrobials, anti-infectives, and combination thereof.
  • said medical implant is a stent or an orthopedic device such as a
  • the coating of the conductive surface by a film of the composite is achieved by the induction of electrochemical reaction on the surface to be coated.
  • the induction of the electrochemical reaction is typically achieved by applying a voltage to said surface while in contact with the composite.
  • DC power supply has the negative output lead electrically connected to the surface to be coated through one or more contacts.
  • the positive output lead of the power supply is electrically connected to an anode located in the plating solution comprising the additives, sol-gel precursors and other agents as detailed before.
  • power supply biases the surface to provide a negative potential relative to the anode causing electrical current to flow from the anode to the surface. This causes an electrochemical reaction on the surface to be coated which results in deposition of the composite of a sol-gel and an additive on the surface.
  • contacting refers within the context of the present invention to having the surface and the composite in intimate proximity to allow the above detailed electro-co-deposition, i.e., the formation of a film on the surface.
  • the contacting is achieved by immersion of the surface in a composite solution containing the sol-gel precursors and the at least one additive, as disclosed.
  • the method comprises:
  • the at least one additive is selected so as to have the capability of undergoing reduction or oxidation during the electrodeposition process.
  • the contacting is achieved by immersion of the surface in a solution containing the composite prior to and throughout the electrodeposition process.
  • solution refers to the liquid media in which the sol-gel precursors and at least one additive are contained.
  • the solution further contains at least one electrolyte that can reduce the solution resistance.
  • the solution is a transparent solution.
  • the solution is an emulsion.
  • the solution is a microemulsion.
  • the solution comprises micelles.
  • the solution may a pre-made solution of all required components or may be a solution which is assembled by adding each of the components at a different point in the process.
  • the solution has to contain a mixture of the sol-gel precursors and additives, the addition of each should take place sufficient time prior to contacting with the substrate so as to allow formation of the composite.
  • the applied voltage is typically a low voltage which application creates a positive or negative potential for a determined period of time.
  • the potential is selected to allow the deposition of the composite on the surface.
  • the potential is selected to allow sol-gel polymerization reaction and reduction or oxidation of at least one additive on the surface.
  • a person skilled in the art would be able to ascertain from available data or previous experiments the potential or potential range which would be necessary to achieve both the primary sol-gel polymerization and the secondary reduction/oxidation of e.g., the metal or the organic monomer or oligomer.
  • reduction/oxidation potentials of a great variety of organic and inorganic materials one may refer to "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", David R. Lide, Ed, 86 th Edition, 2005.
  • the applied voltage is a low voltage not exceeding a few volts in its absolute value.
  • said voltage not exceeding a few volts in its absolute value is a voltage between (-1.7) V to (+2.6) V versus Ag/AgBr. In another embodiment, the voltage is between (-1.4) V to (+1.4) V. In another embodiment, the voltage is between (-1.0) V to (+1.4) V.
  • the metal to be reduced and co-deposited is copper and the potential is between -1.0 V and -1.4 V.
  • the sol-gel to be deposited along with a metal salt is SiO 2 or TiO 2 and the potential is between -1.0 V and -1.4 V.
  • the additive is polypyrrole (PPY) and the voltage is between 0.7 V and IV.
  • the additive is pyrrole (monomers) and the voltage required for its polymerization and electrochemical co-deposition is between 0.5 V and I V.
  • the voltage is applied for a period of from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes.
  • said negative or positive potential induces electrochemical formation of solvated H + or OH .
  • said solution comprising the sol-gel precursors further comprises at least one alcohol, water and at least one inert salt.
  • the alcohol is a CrC 4 -alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, /s ⁇ -propanol, 1- or 2-butanol, te/Y-butanol and 2-methylpropanol.
  • the at least one inert salt being different from said at least one metal salt, is a water-soluble salt which can dissociates into ions to reduce the solution resistance.
  • the at least one inert salt is a salt of an alkali metal such as Na, K, and Li.
  • the at least one inert salt is a tetralkylammonium salt.
  • Non-limiting examples of such inert salts are NaCl, NaBr, KCl, KBr, LiClO 4 , KNO 3 , KBF 4 and ammonium NH 4 + containing salt.
  • the method comprises:
  • said at least one additive is a monomer of a conductive polymer and the method comprises:
  • the at least one additive is a metal and the method comprises:
  • the step of treating the solution with said at least one metal salt is carried out before induction of the electrochemical reaction.
  • the solution of step (ii) is admixed with at least one metal salt prior to the immersion of the surface therein.
  • the film produced according to the methods of the invention is referred to as a hybrid film.
  • the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the two-phase film namely the visual appearance of micro- or nanostructures in the sol-gel matrix may be determined visually by the naked eye, under an optical or electronic microscopes. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the presence of such micro- or nanostructures in the film depends on the grain size of the embedded additive material(s), which may be in the micrometer scale and/or in the nanometer scale.
  • a film is said of being a hybrid homogenous film when a single phase is observed by the naked eye or under an optical or electronic microscope, under the specific resolution. In some cases, a homogenous film may be observed even at a high resolution.
  • the film may be a classic continuous and homogenous film or may have small enough nanostructures which are not observed even under the high resolution employed.
  • the films prepared according to the invention may have different thicknesses based on the reaction time and/or voltage employed.
  • the electrodeposited two-phase film is between about 1 and 100 micrometer thick.
  • Figs. IA-C show scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of CuZTiO 2 - electrodeposited films (-1.4V), deposited on ITO at three different concentrations: Fig. IA 100 mM, Fig. IB 10 mM. and Fig. 1C, in accordance with the method of the invention.
  • Figs. 2A-B show SEM images of electrodeposited Cu/TiO 2 upon applying a less negative potential of -1.0 V (Fig. 2A) and electrodeposited Cu/SiO 2 upon applying a potential of -1.4 V (Fig. 2B).
  • Figs. 3A-B show electrochemically co-deposited CWTiO 2 that was peeled off the surface (Fig. 3A) and a cross-section of a layer deposited on ITO (Fig. 3B).
  • Figs. 4A and 4B show scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of a firm of PEG 20000 co-deposited with phenylTMOS (deposition ratio 1:1) on stainless steel plate, according to the invention (Fig. 4A). An image of a bare stainless plate is shown in Fig. 4B.
  • SEM scanning electron micrograph
  • Figs. 5A and 5B show SEM images of two two-phase films of F127 co- deposited with APTEOS (deposition ratio 0.1:1) on stainless steel plate.
  • Figs. 6A and 6B show SEM images of a film of pure PhTMOS (Fig. 6A) and of a composite of PhTMOS and pluronic (Fig. 6B).
  • Figs. 7A and 7B are scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of a stent electrochemically coated with a mixture of sol-gel and pluronic.
  • Figs. 8A and 8B are electrochemically deposited films made of silica nanoparticles containing a fluorescent dye and tetramethoxysilane. Picture A was acquired by SEM. Picture B was taken by a fluorescence optical microscopy.
  • Figs. 9A-9D show SEM images of PPY/SiO 2 electrodeposited films after applying different positive potential: Fig. 9A at 0.7 V, Fig. 9B at 0.8 V, Fig. 9C at 0.9 V, and Fig. 9D at IV.
  • Figs. 1OA and 1OB depict in Fig. 1OA the optical micrograph of four different electrochemically deposited sol-gel/pyrrole samples, which were deposited under different potentials, as shown.
  • Fig. 1OB is depicted a SEM image of an electrochemically deposited sol-gel/polypyrrole film.
  • Figs. 1 IA-I ID show EDX analysis plots of the film shown in Figs. 6A-6D, at different potentials: Fig. HA at 0.7 V, Fig. HB at 0.8 V, Fig. HC at 0.9 V, and Fig. HD at IV.
  • Fig. 12 shows the absorbance measurements of the electrodeposited films, PPY/SiO 2 .
  • Fig. 13 shows electrodeposited films obtained at different deposition times.
  • Figs. 14A-14B show SEM images of PPY and PhTMOS electrodeposited film at two different resolutions: 2500X (Fig. 14A) and 10,00OX (Fig. 14B).
  • Sol-gel polymers are usually formed as thin films or coatings with a thickness that can vary between a few nanometers to tens of microns.
  • the most common methods for depositing sol-gel films are dip-coating, spin-coating and spraying.
  • composite materials comprising additives such as metals, polymers and particulates may be embedded in a sol-gel film electrodeposited on a surface.
  • additives such as metals, polymers and particulates
  • the electrochemical deposition of the present invention may be driven by the formation of a network that embeds the other substance, e.g., polymer or metal, and forces it to deposit in the course of sol-gel deposition.
  • the single step electrochemical method for the preparation of sol-gel-additive, e.g., copper-sol-gel or PPY-sol-gel films involves the application of either negative or positive potentials to a conducting substrate which alters the pH at the electrode surface, and catalyses the polymerisation of sol-gel monomers, leading to the deposition of the appropriate oxide films.
  • This method of the invention has been successfully employed for the coating or codeposition of such metals as copper and titania as well as copper and silica to form CuZTiO 2 and Cu/SiO 2 films, respectively, and also for the deposition of conductive polymers and monomers thereof on such surfaces.
  • Example 1 EIectrodeposition of a composite containing copper metal and sol-gel.
  • a standard three-electrode cell was used.
  • a potential of -1.4 V vs. Ag/ AgBr was applied to an electrode such as indium-tin oxide (ITO, R ⁇ 10 Ohm/ ⁇ , Delta Technologies) for 0.5-60 min, while stirring the deposition solution (0.2 M titanium tetra-H-propoxide (Ti(OPr) 4 ), 8.9 mM water and 0.1 M LiClO 4 in dry 2-propanol).
  • CuCl 2 was dissolved in this solution (1-100 mM).
  • the ITO samples were pulled out of the deposition solution (maintaining the stirring and the potential) at a rate of 50 ⁇ msec "1 .
  • Figs. IA-C are SEM images of CuZTiO 2 films deposited at three different concentrations (100, 10 and 1 mM, respectively) of CuCl 2 according to the method of the invention. Deposits can be clearly seen at the two higher concentrations (the titania is not seen in the SEM images due to its insulating nature). EDX analysis confirmed that the deposits are made of copper and the area between the deposits contains titania. Moreover, it is evident that the concentration of the Cu 2+ strongly affects the morphology and grain size of the deposited copper. As the concentration of Cu 2+ in the solution increases, the average size of the grains increases and their number per area decreases.
  • any parameter that controls the kinetics of each of these processes is likely to affect the morphology of the deposits. Indeed, lowering the applied potential to -1.0 V decreases the kinetics of titania deposition, while maintaining the reduction of copper under diffusion-controlled conditions, such that a denser layer of copper (Fig. 2A, as compared with Fig. IA) results. Likewise, when Ti(OPr) 4 was replaced by tetramethoxysilane, significantly larger aggregates of copper were obtained (Fig. 2B, as compared with Fig. IA), reflecting the slower polycondensation of the silicon monomer.
  • the morphology of the deposited films can be clearly seen in Figs. 3A-B that show part of a Cu/TiO 2 film which was peeled off the surface.
  • the CuZTiO 2 film is an electrochemically co-deposited film according to the invention. From the cross-section shown in Fig. 3B the thickness of the layer can be estimated at 160 nm.
  • the thickness of the film prepared according to the invention can be varied not only by varying the deposition time but also by varying the potential. Typically, films of various thicknesses ranging from 1 nanometer to 100 micrometer have been prepared.
  • Example 2 EIectrodeposition of a composite containing phenyltrimethoxysilane (PhTMOS) and polyethylene glycol (2OkDa).
  • the composite was first prepared by adding 2.5 ml of 0.1 M HCl to 1 ml of PhTMOS, and then the mixture was dissolved in 6.5 ml EtOH. The sol solution was stirred at 4O 0 C. After 1.5 h PEG 20,000 was added to the mixture (in a 1 :1 ratio to PhTMOS) and the stirring was continued until it completely dissolved.
  • the interaction between the sol-gel precursors and, e.g., the PEG added is one of covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic-hydrophilic and hydrogen bonding. This interaction allows successful co- deposition of the two components onto the surface.
  • the electrodeposition was carried out in a standard three-electrode cell.
  • a potential of between (-1.7) V to (+2.6) V vs. Ag/ AgBr was applied to the surface, e.g., ITO to be coated which was inserted into the cell containing the solution for 1-10 min.
  • Fig. 4A shows a bare stainless steel surface and
  • Fig. 4B shows a stainless steel surface coated with a two-phase film of sol-gel and PEG 20,000. As aggregates of PEG 20,000 are not visual to the naked eye, the film is considered homogenous.
  • Example 3 Electrodeposition of a composite comprising aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTEOS) or phenyltrimethoxysilane (PhTMOS) and F127 pluronic.
  • the composite was prepared by adding 2.5 ml of 0.1 M HCl to 1 ml of APTEOS, and then the mixture was dissolved in 6.5 ml EtOH.
  • the sol solution was stirred at 25°C at least 0.5 h prior before F127 pluronic (a block copolymer based on ethylene oxide and propylene oxide) was added to the mixture at a concentration of 5-10% of the silane concentration, and stirring was continued until complete dissolution.
  • F127 pluronic a block copolymer based on ethylene oxide and propylene oxide
  • the electrodeposition was conducted as detailed above on a stainless steel surface, and an exemplary films obtained are shown in Figs. 5A and 5B.
  • the two films contain aggregates of pluronic which are of different sizes, shapes and distribution.
  • Each of the aggregates contains a plurality of nanosize aggregates of pluronic embedded in the sol-gel polymer.
  • These aggregates and nano-aggregates are characteristic of two-phase films of APTEOS and pluronic. Homogenoues films of APTEOS and pluronic were also obtained.
  • Figs. 6A and 6B Images shown in Figs. 6A and 6B are of films of PhTMOS (Fig. 6A) and of a composite of PhTMOS and pluonic (Fig. 6B).
  • the images demonstrate that at even at a much higher resolution of 30,00OX, the film is homogenous with no indication of polymer aggregates as demonstrated above. Further, one may note that the presence of the polymer in the film does not impose any morphological change on the sol-gel coating.
  • Both the sol-gel film alone (Fig. 6A) and the two-phase film of sol-gel and pluronic (Fig. 6B) exhibit identical morphology on the micro scale.
  • Figs. 7A and 7B The heterogeneity of some PhTMOS films is exhibited in Figs. 7A and 7B. These SEM images of a stent coated with a PhTMOS and pluronic show the visible two phases, so called two-phase structure of the film.
  • homogeneity or lack thereof of the film does not influence its short-term or long-term stability. Both homogenous and heterogeneous films fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8A shows a cross section of a coating formed upon adding onto a tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) solution nanoparticles made of silica in which a fluorescent dye was incorporated. From the cross section shown it is evident that the film is a dense phase embedded with nanoparticles.
  • Fig. 8B is a fluorescent optical micrograph indicating that the fluorescence of the dye is kept upon electrochemical co-deposition.
  • TMOS tetramethoxysilane
  • Conductive polymers are made by the electropolymerization of monomers such as and not being limiting to pyrrole, aniline and thiophene or their derivatives, at positive potentials. Since the electrodeposition of sol-gel can be driven by either acidic or basic pH, the polyemrization of such monomers independently of the sol-gel process was also achieved (by electrodeposition of a sol-gel monomer such as teteramethoxysilane and pyrrole) by applying positive potentials. The positive potential decreases the pH at the electrode surface and at the same time oxidizes the pyrrole to form polypyrrole. The potential affects the ratio between the electropolymerization of monomers of the conducting polymer and electrodeposition of the sol-gel as can be seen in Figs. 9-11.
  • ITO indium-tin oxide
  • TsONa sodium p-toluensulfonate
  • TEOS tetraethoxysilane
  • HCl HCl
  • N 5 N- dimethylformamide for crack prevention.
  • the ITO samples were pulled out of the deposition solution at a rate of 50 ⁇ m sec " .
  • the two reactions shown below occurred simultaneously in the polypyrrole-silica sol-gel densification process to result in the polypyrrole-silica composite film.
  • Figs. 9A-9D show SEM images of films that were electrodeposited after applying different positive potentials. It is evident that the applied potential strongly affected the morphology of the deposited films.
  • Fig. 1OA provides a photograph of indium tin oxide substrates which were coated with a composite based on sol-gel and pyrrole. With different potentials being applied, different film thicknesses were obtained.
  • Fig. 1OB shows a SEM image of the film that is formed at a potential of 2.3V.
  • the conducting polymer is the continuous phase and the sol-gel are the embedded particles. The ratio between the monomer of the conducting polymer and that of the sol-gel dictates whether the two polymers will form two distinct phases, such as seen in Fig. 1OB, or form a continuous one phase.
  • EDX analysis of the films formed according to the invention confirmed the presence of silica and polypyrrole. It can be seen from Figs. 11A-11D that as the applied potential is more negative, the atomic percent of nitrogen (from the polypyrrole) increases while the silicon (from the silica) decreases.
  • Fig. 12 demonstrates the absorbance measurements of the electrodeposited films, polypyrrole/SiO 2 at different applied potential.
  • Figs. 14A-14B show SEM images of two-phase films of phenyltrimethoxysilane (PhTMOS) and pyrrole.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un nouveau procédé de codéposition électrochimique de sol-gel et un ou plusieurs micro-additifs sélectionnés parmi une grande variété d'agents tels que monomères, oligomères, polymères, métaux et autres. Le procédé permet d'obtenir des films continus possédant une stabilité et une précision élevées.
EP07827190A 2006-09-27 2007-10-07 Codéposition électrochimique de films sol-gel Withdrawn EP2084311A2 (fr)

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