EP2075924A1 - Waveform equalizing device - Google Patents
Waveform equalizing device Download PDFInfo
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- EP2075924A1 EP2075924A1 EP07828592A EP07828592A EP2075924A1 EP 2075924 A1 EP2075924 A1 EP 2075924A1 EP 07828592 A EP07828592 A EP 07828592A EP 07828592 A EP07828592 A EP 07828592A EP 2075924 A1 EP2075924 A1 EP 2075924A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/005—Control of transmission; Equalising
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/04—Control of transmission; Equalising
- H04B3/10—Control of transmission; Equalising by pilot signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L25/03012—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain
- H04L25/03019—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain adaptive, i.e. capable of adjustment during data reception
- H04L25/03057—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain adaptive, i.e. capable of adjustment during data reception with a recursive structure
- H04L25/03076—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain adaptive, i.e. capable of adjustment during data reception with a recursive structure not using decision feedback
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/14—Picture signal circuitry for video frequency region
- H04N5/21—Circuitry for suppressing or minimising disturbance, e.g. moiré or halo
- H04N5/211—Ghost signal cancellation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L2025/03433—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by equaliser structure
- H04L2025/03439—Fixed structures
- H04L2025/03445—Time domain
- H04L2025/03471—Tapped delay lines
- H04L2025/03484—Tapped delay lines time-recursive
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L2025/03592—Adaptation methods
- H04L2025/03598—Algorithms
- H04L2025/03605—Block algorithms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L2025/03592—Adaptation methods
- H04L2025/03598—Algorithms
- H04L2025/03611—Iterative algorithms
- H04L2025/03617—Time recursive algorithms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a waveform equalizing device for removing multipath interference in broadcasting and radio communication.
- Some receivers in broadcasting and radio communication are equipped with a waveform equalizing device for removing multipath interference.
- the multipath interference is a phenomenon in which since a broadcast signal reaches a receiver via different paths including a major path and the other paths, an interference wave between a main signal having traveled via the major path and a reflected signal or the like (ghost signal) having traveled via another path is observed in the receiver.
- the waveform equalization device restores the main signal of which reception is desired from the multipath-caused interference wave.
- a pre-ghost signal and a post-ghost signal are removed by equalization using tap coefficients for the filters. Such tap coefficients will be described.
- G FIR (z) 1
- the input signal X can be equalized by respectively providing A 4 , -A 3 , A 2 , -A and 1 as the tap coefficients for the 0-th, fifth, tenth, fifteenth and twentieth taps of the FIR filter and considering that A 5 is sufficiently small.
- equalization is generally considered difficult when a pre-ghost signal exists compared with when a post-ghost signal exists. Also, equalization of a signal containing a pre-ghost signal is very difficult when the value of the signal intensity A is very large or the number of taps of the FIR filter is insufficient.
- the optimum values of tap coefficients are found out with an adaptive algorithm (e.g., least mean square (LMS) algorithm).
- LMS least mean square
- the LMS algorithm is an algorithm of generating next-time tap coefficients from the last-time tap coefficients.
- the tap coefficients are gradually closer to the optimum values as being updated repeatedly. Hence, the convergence time of the LMS algorithm will be shortened as the initial values of the tap coefficients are closer to their optimum values.
- a waveform equalizing device having a FIR filter and an IIR filter to converge tap coefficients to their optimum values.
- a waveform equalizing device in which the initial values of tap coefficients are given to a FIR filter and an IIR filter so as to cancel any wave other than the main signal (see Patent Document 1).
- a device provided with a filter for determining tap coefficients in response to the estimated results of channel response to perform waveform equalization using the determined tap coefficients (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- Non-Patent Document 1 a filter that can reduce a pre-ghost signal is provided upstream of a waveform equalizing device, as in Non-Patent Document 1, degradation in waveform equalization performance may occur depending on tap coefficients given to this filter, and further the circuit area may be increased.
- An object of the present invention is preventing degradation in waveform equalization performance, which may occur due to convergence of tap coefficients for a filter for removing a ghost signal to wrong values, and allowing tap coefficients to be converged to their optimum values in a short time, even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received.
- the waveform equalizing device of the present invention is a waveform equalizing device for performing waveform equalization for an input signal and outputting the equalization result as an output signal, including: a finite impulse response (FIR) filter for performing convolution operation between the input signal and a plurality of tap coefficients and outputting the result; an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter for performing convolution operation between the output signal and a plurality of tap coefficients and outputting the result; an addition section for summing the output of the FIR filter and the output of the IIR filter and outputting the sum as the output signal; an error detection section for detecting an error in the output signal and outputting the error as error information; a pattern signal generation section for generating a predetermined pattern signal; a correlation operation section for performing convolution operation between the input signal and the pattern signal to determine a plurality of correlation values respectively corresponding to delays different from one another and outputting the plurality of correlation values; an initial tap coefficient generation section for determining and outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR
- a pre-ghost signal can be converted to a post-ghost signal.
- a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received, it is possible to prevent degradation in waveform equalization performance that may otherwise occur due to convergence of tap coefficients for the filter to wrong values, and also shorten the time required for convergence of tap coefficients.
- the present invention even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal or a signal containing noise is received, degradation in waveform equalization performance can be prevented, which may otherwise occur due to convergence of tap coefficients for a filter to wrong values, and tap coefficients can be converged to optimum values in a short time. Also, since the number of taps of a filter can be reduced, the circuit area can be made small.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a waveform equalizing device of an embodiment according to the present invention.
- the waveform equalizing device of FIG. 1 includes a FIR filter 10, an IIR filter 20, a pattern signal generation section 32, a correlation operation section 34, an initial tap coefficient generation section 36, an error detection section 38 , a tap coefficient updating section 42 and an addition section 44.
- This waveform equalizing device is used in an Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) defined vestigial-sideband (VSB) receiver, for example.
- ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
- VSB vestigial-sideband
- the FIR filter 10 delays an input signal IS to obtain a plurality of tap values having delays different from one another by a predetermined time each.
- the FIR filter 10 performs convolution operation, using the resultant tap values, between the input signal IS and a plurality of tap coefficients respectively corresponding to the tap values, and outputs the results to the addition section 44.
- the IIR filter 20 delays an output signal ES to obtain a plurality of tap values having delays different from one another by a predetermined time each.
- the IIR filter 20 performs convolution operation, using the resultant tap values, between the output signal ES and a plurality of tap coefficients respectively corresponding to the tap values, and outputs the results to the addition section 44.
- the addition section 44 sums the output of the FIR filter 10 and the output of the IIR filter 20, and outputs the result as the output signal ES.
- the error detection section 38 detects an error in the output signal ES and outputs the resultant error to the tap coefficient updating section 42 as error information.
- the pattern signal generation section 32 generates a pattern signal having a predetermined pattern and outputs the signal to the correlation operation section 34.
- the correlation operation section 34 performs convolution operation between the pattern signal generated in the pattern signal generation section 32 and a pattern signal in the input signal IS to determine a sequence of correlation values, and outputs the result to the initial tap coefficient generation section 36.
- These correlation values represent channel responses, where the respective correlation values R i (i is an integer) correspond to delays iT S (T S is a symbol interval) different from one another with respect to the main signal.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 normalizes the plurality of correlation values R i determined in the correlation operation section 34 with the maximum of these correlation values to obtain a plurality of normalized correlation values S i , determines initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter 10 and the IIR filter 20 based on the normalized correlation values S i , and outputs the results to the tap coefficient updating section 42.
- the tap coefficient updating section 42 outputs the initial values received from the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 to the FIR filter 10 and the IIR filter 20 as the tap coefficients.
- the coefficient updating section 42 updates the tap coefficients based on an error detected in the error detection section 38 using an LMS algorithm, for example, and outputs the resultant new tap coefficients to the FIR filter 10 and the IIR filter 20.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the FIR filter 10 in FIG. 1 .
- the FIR filter 10 includes delay devices 11A, 11B, ..., 11C, 11D, 11E, ..., 11F, multipliers 12A, 12B, ..., 12C , 12D, 12E, ... 12F, and an addition portion 14.
- the delay devices 11A to 11F are registers, for example, whose outputs are respectively connected with inputs of the next registers.
- the delay devices 11A to 11F delay their inputted signals by a delay T S and output the delayed signals.
- the input of the delay device 11A is referred to as tap TP 0
- the outputs of the delay devices 11A to 11F as TP 1 , TP 2 , ..., TP n (n is a natural number).
- Tap coefficients C 0 , C 1 , ..., C n respectively correspond to the taps TP 0 to TP n .
- the IIR filter 20 has substantially the same configuration as the FIR filter 10 shown in FIG. 2 except for being different in the number of taps and the tap coefficients.
- the multipliers 12A to 12F respectively multiply the values of the taps TP 0 to TP n by their corresponding tap coefficients C 0 to C n , and output the multiplication results to the addition portion 14.
- the addition portion 14 sums up all the multiplication results from the multipliers 12A to 12F, and outputs the result to the addition section 44 as an output FS.
- the normalized correlation value corresponding to the main signal is S n and the normalized correlation value corresponding to a signal preceding the main signal by kT S (k is an integer) is S n-k .
- the tap coefficient C n for the FIR filter 10 is made to correspond to the main signal and the tap coefficient C n-k is made to correspond to the signal preceding the main signal by kT S .
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 reverses the order of normalized correlation values S m , S m+1 , ..., S n corresponding to delays -(n-m)T S , -(n-m-1)T S , ..., T S , 0 with respect to the main signal, to determine the results as the initial values of the tap coefficients C m , C m+1 , ..., C n .
- the correlation value S n corresponding to the main signal is considered as the maximum of the correlation values and is multiplied by 0.5.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 supplies 0 as the initial values of the tap coefficients C 0 , C 1 , ..., C m-1 .
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 reverses the signs of normalized correlation values S n+1 , S n+2 , ..., S n+p (p is the number of taps of the IIR filter 20), to determine the results as the initial values of tap coefficients for the IIR filter 20, and supplies the resultant values to the tap coefficient updating section 42.
- the correlation values corresponding to delays of 0 or less correspond to the tap coefficients for the FIR filter 10
- the correlation values corresponding to delays of T S or more correspond to the tap coefficients for the IIR filter 20.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 reverses the order of the correlation values S n-T and S n and divides the correlation value S n corresponding to the main signal by 2, to use the resultant correlation values S n /2 and S n-T as the initial values of the tap coefficients C n-T and C n , respectively.
- FIGS. 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) are graphs showing examples of the input signal X, the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter 10 and the output signal Y, respectively, for the waveform equalizing device of FIG. 1 .
- the output signal Y as shown in FIG. 3(c) is obtained from the input signal X as shown in FIG. 3(a) .
- a signal containing a pre-ghost signal as shown in FIG. 3(a) can be converted to a signal containing a post-ghost signal as shown in FIG. 3(c) that can be easily equalized.
- convergence of tap coefficients to optimum values can be made even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received because tap coefficients with which such a signal can be converted to a signal containing a post-ghost signal are provided as the initial values. This prevents convergence of tap coefficients to wrong values and can shorten the convergence time. Also, since the delays imparted by the FIR filter can be small, the circuit area can be reduced.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 may output 0 as the initial value of the tap coefficient.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 may output 0 as the initial values of all the tap coefficients for the IIR filter 20 .
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 may output 0 as the initial values of tap coefficients other than a tap coefficient corresponding to the maximum of the correlation values, among tap coefficients for the FIR filter 10 corresponding to delays within a predetermined range.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 may output 0 as the initial value of the tap coefficient.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section 36 multiplied the maximum of the correlation values by 0.5.
- the maximum value may be used as it is without being multiplied by 0.5.
- the maximum of the correlation values may otherwise be multiplied by a predetermined coefficient less than 1. This can prevent convergence of tap coefficients to wrong values and shorten the time required for convergence of tap coefficients even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received.
- the FIR filter 10 may perform the convolution operation using complex arithmetic for at least tap coefficients for the FIR filter 10 corresponding to delays within a predetermined range. This can shorten the time required for convergence of tap coefficients and enhance the precision of waveform equalization.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section normalizes each of the correlation values determined in the correlation operation section 34 with the maximum of the correlation values and then squares each of the normalized correlation values. Thereafter, the initial tap coefficient generation section performs substantially the same processing as that performed in the case of FIG. 1 using the squared normalized correlation values in place of the normalized correlation values.
- FIG. 4(a) is a graph showing an example of normalized correlation values determined from an actually received VSB signal.
- FIG. 4(b) is a graph showing the results of squaring of the respective normalized correlation values in FIG. 4(a) .
- the x-axis represents the delay from the main signal in units of symbol intervals T S .
- the resultant correlation values When a signal containing a number of ghost signals and noise is received, the resultant correlation values contain a large amount of noise as shown in FIG. 4(a) . If the resultant correlation values are used as they are as the initial values of tap coefficients, the convergence of the tap coefficients is hindered, resulting in increase in the time required for the convergence. By squaring the respective normalized correlation values, the correlation values other than those corresponding to large ghost signals can be reduced to roughly 0 as shown in FIG. 4(b) .
- the initial tap coefficient generation section determines the range of delays corresponding to the correlation values S m , S m+1 , ..., S n , the order of which is to be reversed, so as to include a correlation value equal to or more than a predetermined threshold, among the correlation values.
- a normalized correlation value equal to or more than a threshold Th exists prior to the main signal by DT S (D is a natural number)
- the initial tap coefficient generation section determines the range of delays from 0 to (D+S)T S earlier (S is a natural constant) so as to include the correlation value in question.
- D 0 is determined.
- FIG. 5(a) is a graph showing normalized correlation values.
- FIG. 5(b) is a graph showing the initial values of tap coefficients given to the FIR filter 10 and the IIR filter 20 in the case shown in FIG. 5(a) .
- the x-axis represents the delay with respect to the main signal.
- the initial tap coefficient generation section then reverses the order of the normalized correlation values within the above range, that is, the normalized correlation values corresponding to delays from 0 to -19T S , and uses the results with the signs unchanged as the initial values of the corresponding tap coefficients for the FIR filter 10. Also, the initial tap coefficient generation section reverses the signs of the normalized correlation values corresponding to delays T S or more, and uses the results as the initial values of the corresponding tap coefficients for the IIR filter 20.
- the initial values computed in the manner described above are as shown in FIG. 5(b) .
- the optimum initial values of tap coefficients can be determined according to the magnitude of a pre-ghost signal contained in a received signal and the time difference thereof with respect to the main signal. It is therefore possible to equalize a signal containing a pre-ghost signal at a position greatly distant from the main signal. If no large pre-ghost signal exists, the range of delays corresponding to the correlation values, the order of which is to be reversed, will be small. Therefore, the correlation value corresponding to the main signal (the largest coefficient in FIG. 5(a) ) can be used for a tap coefficient corresponding to a delay near 0, and this permits removal of a pre-ghost signal more distant from the main signal.
- the present invention even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received, tap coefficients for a filter for waveform equalization can be swiftly converged to optimum values.
- the present invention is therefore useful for a waveform equalizing device and the like.
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Abstract
Tap coefficients for a filter for removing a ghost signal are converged to optimum values in a short time. The waveform equalizing device includes: an initial tap coefficient generation section for determining and outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for a FIR filter and an IIR filter based on a plurality of correlation values; and a tap coefficient updating section for outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter to these filters and updating tap coefficients for these filters based on error information. The initial tap coefficient generation section reverses the order of values, among the plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays within a predetermined range to determine the order-reversed values as the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter corresponding to the delays within the predetermined range, and also reverses the signs of values, among the plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays exceeding the predetermined range to determine the sign-reversed values as the initial values of tap coefficients for the IIR filter.
Description
- The present invention relates to a waveform equalizing device for removing multipath interference in broadcasting and radio communication.
- Some receivers in broadcasting and radio communication are equipped with a waveform equalizing device for removing multipath interference. The multipath interference is a phenomenon in which since a broadcast signal reaches a receiver via different paths including a major path and the other paths, an interference wave between a main signal having traveled via the major path and a reflected signal or the like (ghost signal) having traveled via another path is observed in the receiver. The waveform equalization device restores the main signal of which reception is desired from the multipath-caused interference wave.
- In a waveform equalizing device having a finite impulse response (FIR) filter and an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, a pre-ghost signal and a post-ghost signal are removed by equalization using tap coefficients for the filters. Such tap coefficients will be described.
- The relationship
is satisfied where GFIR(z) is a characteristic of the FIR filter, GIIR(z) is a characteristic of the IIR filter, and X and Y are respectively an input signal and an output signal of the waveform equalizing device. This equation can be changed to
where G is a characteristic of the waveform equalizing device. - If there exists a post-ghost signal having a signal intensity A (A < 1) delayed by 5 symbols with respect to a main signal E, the input signal X is expressed by
Assuming that GFIR(z) = 1 and GIIR(z) = -AZ-5, the following equation is satisfied. - If there exists a pre-ghost signal having a signal intensity A prior to the main signal E by 5 symbols, the input signal X is expressed by
- As described above, in removal of a pre-ghost signal, a larger number of proper tap coefficients must be given to the filter than in removal of a post-ghost signal. Therefore, equalization is generally considered difficult when a pre-ghost signal exists compared with when a post-ghost signal exists. Also, equalization of a signal containing a pre-ghost signal is very difficult when the value of the signal intensity A is very large or the number of taps of the FIR filter is insufficient.
- The optimum values of tap coefficients are found out with an adaptive algorithm (e.g., least mean square (LMS) algorithm). The LMS algorithm is an algorithm of generating next-time tap coefficients from the last-time tap coefficients. The tap coefficients are gradually closer to the optimum values as being updated repeatedly. Hence, the convergence time of the LMS algorithm will be shortened as the initial values of the tap coefficients are closer to their optimum values.
- For example, in decoding of a vestigial-sideband (VSB) modulated signal, it takes time for a waveform equalizing device having a FIR filter and an IIR filter to converge tap coefficients to their optimum values. To address this problem, a waveform equalizing device is known in which the initial values of tap coefficients are given to a FIR filter and an IIR filter so as to cancel any wave other than the main signal (see Patent Document 1). Also known is a device provided with a filter for determining tap coefficients in response to the estimated results of channel response to perform waveform equalization using the determined tap coefficients (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.
2000-244777 - Non-Patent Document 1: Yiyan Wu et al, "An ATSC DTV Receiver With Improved Robustness to Multipath and Distributed Transmission Environments", (US), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, IEEE, March 2004, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 32-41
- However, determination of the optimum initial values of tap coefficients is difficult in the case of receiving a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal or a signal containing a plurality of pre-ghost signals. In such cases, therefore, the time required for convergence of tap coefficients may increase, or tap coefficients may be converged to wrong values, resulting in degradation in waveform equalization performance. Also, in determination of the initial values of tap coefficients, correlation is determined between the received signal and a predetermined signal. If a large amount of noise is generated in the correlation result, however, the time required for convergence of tap coefficients may increase, or tap coefficients may be converged to wrong values
- To equalize a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal, the required delay amount of the FIR filter will be great, and this increases the circuit area. Also, if a filter that can reduce a pre-ghost signal is provided upstream of a waveform equalizing device, as in Non-Patent
Document 1, degradation in waveform equalization performance may occur depending on tap coefficients given to this filter, and further the circuit area may be increased. - An object of the present invention is preventing degradation in waveform equalization performance, which may occur due to convergence of tap coefficients for a filter for removing a ghost signal to wrong values, and allowing tap coefficients to be converged to their optimum values in a short time, even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received.
- The waveform equalizing device of the present invention is a waveform equalizing device for performing waveform equalization for an input signal and outputting the equalization result as an output signal, including: a finite impulse response (FIR) filter for performing convolution operation between the input signal and a plurality of tap coefficients and outputting the result; an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter for performing convolution operation between the output signal and a plurality of tap coefficients and outputting the result; an addition section for summing the output of the FIR filter and the output of the IIR filter and outputting the sum as the output signal; an error detection section for detecting an error in the output signal and outputting the error as error information; a pattern signal generation section for generating a predetermined pattern signal; a correlation operation section for performing convolution operation between the input signal and the pattern signal to determine a plurality of correlation values respectively corresponding to delays different from one another and outputting the plurality of correlation values; an initial tap coefficient generation section for determining and outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter based on the plurality of correlation values; and a tap coefficient updating section for outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter to the FIR filter and the IIR filter and updating tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter based on the error information, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section reverses the order of values, among the plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays within a predetermined range to determine the order-reversed values as the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter corresponding to the delays within the predetermined range, and also reverses the signs of values, among the plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays exceeding the predetermined range to determine the sign-reversed values as the initial values of tap coefficients for the IIR filter.
- With the above configuration, in which the order of values, among a plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays within a predetermined range is reversed to use the results as initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter, a pre-ghost signal can be converted to a post-ghost signal. Hence, even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received, it is possible to prevent degradation in waveform equalization performance that may otherwise occur due to convergence of tap coefficients for the filter to wrong values, and also shorten the time required for convergence of tap coefficients.
- According to the present invention, even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal or a signal containing noise is received, degradation in waveform equalization performance can be prevented, which may otherwise occur due to convergence of tap coefficients for a filter to wrong values, and tap coefficients can be converged to optimum values in a short time. Also, since the number of taps of a filter can be reduced, the circuit area can be made small.
-
- [
FIG. 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a waveform equalizing device of an embodiment of the present invention. - [
FIG. 2] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a FIR filter inFIG. 1 . -
[FIG. 3] FIGS. 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) are graphs respectively showing examples of an input signal X, the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and an output signal Y in the waveform equalizing device ofFIG. 1 . - [
FIG. 4] FIG. 4(a) is a graph showing an example of normalized correlation values determined from an actually received VSB signal, andFIG. 4(b) is a graph showing the results of squaring of the respective normalized correlation values inFIG. 4(a) . - [
FIG. 5] FIG. 5(a) is a graph showing normalized correlation values, andFIG. 5(b) is a graph showing the initial values of tap coefficients given to the FIR filter and an IIR filter in the case ofFIG. 5(a) . -
- 10
- FIR filter
- 20
- IIR filter
- 32
- Pattern signal generation section
- 34
- Correlation operation section
- 36
- Initial tap coefficient generation section
- 38
- Error detection section
- 42
- Tap coefficient updating section
- 44
- Addition section
- Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the relevant drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a waveform equalizing device of an embodiment according to the present invention. The waveform equalizing device ofFIG. 1 includes aFIR filter 10, anIIR filter 20, a patternsignal generation section 32, acorrelation operation section 34, an initial tapcoefficient generation section 36, anerror detection section 38, a tapcoefficient updating section 42 and anaddition section 44. This waveform equalizing device is used in an Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) defined vestigial-sideband (VSB) receiver, for example. - The
FIR filter 10 delays an input signal IS to obtain a plurality of tap values having delays different from one another by a predetermined time each. TheFIR filter 10 performs convolution operation, using the resultant tap values, between the input signal IS and a plurality of tap coefficients respectively corresponding to the tap values, and outputs the results to theaddition section 44. TheIIR filter 20 delays an output signal ES to obtain a plurality of tap values having delays different from one another by a predetermined time each. TheIIR filter 20 performs convolution operation, using the resultant tap values, between the output signal ES and a plurality of tap coefficients respectively corresponding to the tap values, and outputs the results to theaddition section 44. - The
addition section 44 sums the output of theFIR filter 10 and the output of theIIR filter 20, and outputs the result as the output signal ES. Theerror detection section 38 detects an error in the output signal ES and outputs the resultant error to the tapcoefficient updating section 42 as error information. - The pattern
signal generation section 32 generates a pattern signal having a predetermined pattern and outputs the signal to thecorrelation operation section 34. Thecorrelation operation section 34 performs convolution operation between the pattern signal generated in the patternsignal generation section 32 and a pattern signal in the input signal IS to determine a sequence of correlation values, and outputs the result to the initial tapcoefficient generation section 36. These correlation values represent channel responses, where the respective correlation values Ri (i is an integer) correspond to delays iTS (TS is a symbol interval) different from one another with respect to the main signal. - The initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 normalizes the plurality of correlation values Ri determined in thecorrelation operation section 34 with the maximum of these correlation values to obtain a plurality of normalized correlation values Si, determines initial values of tap coefficients for theFIR filter 10 and theIIR filter 20 based on the normalized correlation values Si, and outputs the results to the tapcoefficient updating section 42. - The tap
coefficient updating section 42 outputs the initial values received from the initial tapcoefficient generation section 36 to theFIR filter 10 and theIIR filter 20 as the tap coefficients. Thecoefficient updating section 42 updates the tap coefficients based on an error detected in theerror detection section 38 using an LMS algorithm, for example, and outputs the resultant new tap coefficients to theFIR filter 10 and theIIR filter 20. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of theFIR filter 10 inFIG. 1 . TheFIR filter 10 includesdelay devices multipliers addition portion 14. - The
delay devices 11A to 11F are registers, for example, whose outputs are respectively connected with inputs of the next registers. Thedelay devices 11A to 11F delay their inputted signals by a delay TS and output the delayed signals. The input of thedelay device 11A is referred to as tap TP0 , and the outputs of thedelay devices 11A to 11F as TP1 , TP2 , ..., TPn (n is a natural number). Tap coefficients C0, C1, ..., Cn respectively correspond to the taps TP0 to TPn . TheIIR filter 20 has substantially the same configuration as theFIR filter 10 shown inFIG. 2 except for being different in the number of taps and the tap coefficients. - The
multipliers 12A to 12F respectively multiply the values of the taps TP0 to TPn by their corresponding tap coefficients C0 to Cn, and output the multiplication results to theaddition portion 14. Theaddition portion 14 sums up all the multiplication results from themultipliers 12A to 12F, and outputs the result to theaddition section 44 as an output FS. - Generation of the initial values of tap coefficients in the initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 will be described. Assume that the normalized correlation value corresponding to the main signal is Sn and the normalized correlation value corresponding to a signal preceding the main signal by kTS (k is an integer) is Sn-k. Assume also that the tap coefficient Cn for theFIR filter 10 is made to correspond to the main signal and the tap coefficient Cn-k is made to correspond to the signal preceding the main signal by kTS. - The initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 determines Cm = Sn/2, Cm+1 = Sn-1, Cm+2 = Sn-2, ..., Cn = Sm as the initial values of tap coefficients for theFIR filter 10, e.g., the tap coefficients Cm, Cm+1, ..., Cn for the taps TPm (m is an integer satisfying 0=m<n) to TPn, which correspond to delays within a predetermined range with respect to the main signal, and supplies the resultant initial values to the tapcoefficient updating section 42. In other words, the initial tapcoefficient generation section 36 reverses the order of normalized correlation values Sm, Sm+1, ..., Sn corresponding to delays -(n-m)TS, -(n-m-1)TS, ..., TS, 0 with respect to the main signal, to determine the results as the initial values of the tap coefficients Cm, Cm+1, ..., Cn. At this time, the correlation value Sn corresponding to the main signal is considered as the maximum of the correlation values and is multiplied by 0.5. The initial tapcoefficient generation section 36supplies 0 as the initial values of the tap coefficients C0, C1, ..., Cm-1. - Also, the initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 reverses the signs of normalized correlation values Sn+1, Sn+2, ..., Sn+p (p is the number of taps of the IIR filter 20), to determine the results as the initial values of tap coefficients for theIIR filter 20, and supplies the resultant values to the tapcoefficient updating section 42. In this way, the correlation values corresponding to delays of 0 or less correspond to the tap coefficients for theFIR filter 10, and the correlation values corresponding to delays of TS or more correspond to the tap coefficients for theIIR filter 20. -
- In the above case, since Sn-T = A and Sn = 1 are determined as the normalized correlation values Sn-T and Sn based on the correlation values determined in the
correlation operation section 34, the initial tapcoefficient generation section 36 reverses the order of the correlation values Sn-T and Sn and divides the correlation value Sn corresponding to the main signal by 2, to use the resultant correlation values Sn/2 and Sn-T as the initial values of the tap coefficients Cn-T and Cn, respectively. At this time, the initial value I of the transfer function of the waveform equalizing device ofFIG. 1 is
The output signal Y is -
-
FIGS. 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) are graphs showing examples of the input signal X, the initial values of tap coefficients for theFIR filter 10 and the output signal Y, respectively, for the waveform equalizing device ofFIG. 1 . When values as shown inFIG. 3(b) are given as the initial values of tap coefficients for taps of theFIR filter 10 within a predetermined range, the output signal Y as shown inFIG. 3(c) is obtained from the input signal X as shown inFIG. 3(a) . In other words, a signal containing a pre-ghost signal as shown inFIG. 3(a) can be converted to a signal containing a post-ghost signal as shown inFIG. 3(c) that can be easily equalized. - As described above, in this embodiment, convergence of tap coefficients to optimum values can be made even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received because tap coefficients with which such a signal can be converted to a signal containing a post-ghost signal are provided as the initial values. This prevents convergence of tap coefficients to wrong values and can shorten the convergence time. Also, since the delays imparted by the FIR filter can be small, the circuit area can be reduced.
- Note that if the initial value of a tap coefficient for the
IIR filter 20 falls short of a predetermined threshold, the initial tapcoefficient generation section 36 mayoutput 0 as the initial value of the tap coefficient. - Alternatively, the initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 mayoutput 0 as the initial values of all the tap coefficients for theIIR filter 20. - The initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 mayoutput 0 as the initial values of tap coefficients other than a tap coefficient corresponding to the maximum of the correlation values, among tap coefficients for theFIR filter 10 corresponding to delays within a predetermined range. - Alternatively, if the initial value of a tap coefficient for the
FIR filter 10 corresponding to a delay within a predetermined range falls short of a predetermined threshold, the initial tapcoefficient generation section 36 mayoutput 0 as the initial value of the tap coefficient. - In the above description, the initial tap
coefficient generation section 36 multiplied the maximum of the correlation values by 0.5. Alternatively, the maximum value may be used as it is without being multiplied by 0.5. - The maximum of the correlation values may otherwise be multiplied by a predetermined coefficient less than 1. This can prevent convergence of tap coefficients to wrong values and shorten the time required for convergence of tap coefficients even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received.
- The
FIR filter 10 may perform the convolution operation using complex arithmetic for at least tap coefficients for theFIR filter 10 corresponding to delays within a predetermined range. This can shorten the time required for convergence of tap coefficients and enhance the precision of waveform equalization. - (First alteration)
The first alteration to this embodiment will be described. In this alteration, the initial tap coefficient generation section normalizes each of the correlation values determined in thecorrelation operation section 34 with the maximum of the correlation values and then squares each of the normalized correlation values. Thereafter, the initial tap coefficient generation section performs substantially the same processing as that performed in the case ofFIG. 1 using the squared normalized correlation values in place of the normalized correlation values. -
FIG. 4(a) is a graph showing an example of normalized correlation values determined from an actually received VSB signal.FIG. 4(b) is a graph showing the results of squaring of the respective normalized correlation values inFIG. 4(a) . In these graphs, the x-axis represents the delay from the main signal in units of symbol intervals TS. - When a signal containing a number of ghost signals and noise is received, the resultant correlation values contain a large amount of noise as shown in
FIG. 4(a) . If the resultant correlation values are used as they are as the initial values of tap coefficients, the convergence of the tap coefficients is hindered, resulting in increase in the time required for the convergence. By squaring the respective normalized correlation values, the correlation values other than those corresponding to large ghost signals can be reduced to roughly 0 as shown inFIG. 4(b) . - As described above, in this alteration, even when a signal whose correlation values contain a large amount of noise is received, convergence of tap coefficients to wrong values is prevented, and the time required for convergence of tap coefficients can be shortened.
- (Second alteration)
The second alteration to this embodiment will be described. In this alteration, the initial tap coefficient generation section determines the range of delays corresponding to the correlation values Sm, Sm+1, ..., Sn, the order of which is to be reversed, so as to include a correlation value equal to or more than a predetermined threshold, among the correlation values. In other words, if a normalized correlation value equal to or more than a threshold Th exists prior to the main signal by DTS (D is a natural number), the initial tap coefficient generation section determines the range of delays from 0 to (D+S)TS earlier (S is a natural constant) so as to include the correlation value in question. When no normalized correlation value larger than the threshold Th exists prior to the main signal, D = 0 is determined. The other aspects of this alteration are substantially the same as those in the embodiment described above. -
FIG. 5(a) is a graph showing normalized correlation values.FIG. 5(b) is a graph showing the initial values of tap coefficients given to theFIR filter 10 and theIIR filter 20 in the case shown inFIG. 5(a) . The x-axis represents the delay with respect to the main signal. - Assume that the threshold Th = 0.5 and the constant S = 4, for example. In
FIG. 5(a) , since a normalized correlation value of 0.5 or more is found at a position prior to the main signal by 15TS (15 taps), D = 15 is determined. Hence, the range of delays corresponding to the correlation values Sm, Sm+1, ..., Sn, the order of which is to be reversed, is from 0 to (D+S)TS = (15+4)TS = 19Ts. - The initial tap coefficient generation section then reverses the order of the normalized correlation values within the above range, that is, the normalized correlation values corresponding to delays from 0 to -19TS, and uses the results with the signs unchanged as the initial values of the corresponding tap coefficients for the
FIR filter 10. Also, the initial tap coefficient generation section reverses the signs of the normalized correlation values corresponding to delays TS or more, and uses the results as the initial values of the corresponding tap coefficients for theIIR filter 20. The initial values computed in the manner described above are as shown inFIG. 5(b) . - As described above, in this alteration, the optimum initial values of tap coefficients can be determined according to the magnitude of a pre-ghost signal contained in a received signal and the time difference thereof with respect to the main signal. It is therefore possible to equalize a signal containing a pre-ghost signal at a position greatly distant from the main signal. If no large pre-ghost signal exists, the range of delays corresponding to the correlation values, the order of which is to be reversed, will be small. Therefore, the correlation value corresponding to the main signal (the largest coefficient in
FIG. 5(a) ) can be used for a tap coefficient corresponding to a delay near 0, and this permits removal of a pre-ghost signal more distant from the main signal. - As described above, according to the present invention, even when a signal containing a large pre-ghost signal is received, tap coefficients for a filter for waveform equalization can be swiftly converged to optimum values. The present invention is therefore useful for a waveform equalizing device and the like.
Claims (10)
- A waveform equalizing device for performing waveform equalization for an input signal and outputting the equalization result as an output signal, comprising:a finite impulse response (FIR) filter for performing convolution operation between the input signal and a plurality of tap coefficients and outputting the result;an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter for performing convolution operation between the output signal and a plurality of tap coefficients and outputting the result;an addition section for summing the output of the FIR filter and the output of the IIR filter and outputting the sum as the output signal;an error detection section for detecting an error in the output signal and outputting the error as error information;a pattern signal generation section for generating a predetermined pattern signal;a correlation operation section for performing convolution operation between the input signal and the pattern signal to determine a plurality of correlation values respectively corresponding to delays different from one another and outputting the plurality of correlation values;an initial tap coefficient generation section for determining and outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter based on the plurality of correlation values; anda tap coefficient updating section for outputting the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter to the FIR filter and the IIR filter and updating tap coefficients for the FIR filter and the IIR filter based on the error information,wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section reverses the order of values, among the plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays within a predetermined range to determine the order-reversed values as the initial values of tap coefficients for the FIR filter corresponding to the delays within the predetermined range, and also reverses the signs of values, among the plurality of correlation values, corresponding to delays exceeding the predetermined range to determine the sign-reversed values as the initial values of tap coefficients for the IIR filter.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section normalizes the plurality of correlation values with the maximum of the plurality of correlation values and uses the normalized values.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 2, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section squares each of the plurality of normalized correlation values and uses the squared values.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein if the initial value of a tap coefficient for the IIR filter is less than a predetermined threshold, the initial tap coefficient generation section outputs 0 as the initial value of the tap coefficient.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section outputs 0 as the initial values of all tap coefficients for the IIR filter.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section outputs 0 as the initial value of a tap coefficient other than a tap coefficient corresponding to the maximum of the correlation values, among tap coefficients for the FIR filter corresponding to delays within the predetermined range.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein if the initial value of a tap coefficient for the FIR filter corresponding to a delay within the predetermined range is less than a predetermined threshold, the initial tap coefficient generation section outputs 0 as the initial value of the tap coefficient.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section multiplies the maximum of the correlation values by a predetermined coefficient less than 1.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein the initial tap coefficient generation section determines the predetermined range so as to include a correlation value equal to or more than a predetermined threshold among the correlation values.
- The waveform equalizing device of Claim 1, wherein the FIR filter performs convolution operation using complex arithmetic for at least a tap coefficient for the FIR filter corresponding to a delay within the predetermined range.
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JP2006268902 | 2006-09-29 | ||
PCT/JP2007/068846 WO2008041612A1 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2007-09-27 | Waveform equalizing device |
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EP (1) | EP2075924A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4829977B2 (en) |
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Cited By (2)
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US9236084B1 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Dynamic gain control for use with adaptive equalizers |
US9324364B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2016-04-26 | International Business Machines Corporation | Constraining FIR filter taps in an adaptive architecture |
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KR100954139B1 (en) * | 2009-10-07 | 2010-04-20 | 주식회사 이알에이와이어리스 | System and method for cancelling interference signal using digital signal processing |
JP5505968B2 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2014-05-28 | Necネットワーク・センサ株式会社 | Adaptive receiver, tap coefficient arithmetic circuit and tap coefficient arithmetic method for adaptive matched filter used therefor |
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SE461308B (en) * | 1988-06-03 | 1990-01-29 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | ADAPTIVE DIGITAL FILTER INCLUDING A NON-RECURSIVE PART AND A RECURSIVE PART |
JP2591079B2 (en) * | 1988-07-01 | 1997-03-19 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Decision feedback equalizer |
JP3185403B2 (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 2001-07-09 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Data receiving device |
JP2872547B2 (en) * | 1993-10-13 | 1999-03-17 | シャープ株式会社 | Active control method and apparatus using lattice filter |
JPH09270672A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-14 | Sharp Corp | Adaptive digital filter |
JP2000244777A (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2000-09-08 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Waveform equalizing device |
GB9907354D0 (en) * | 1999-03-30 | 1999-05-26 | Univ Bristol | Adaptive filter equalisation techniques |
JP2001257627A (en) * | 2000-03-13 | 2001-09-21 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Wireless receiver |
US7006566B2 (en) * | 2001-04-10 | 2006-02-28 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Two stage equalizer for trellis coded systems |
JP4283689B2 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2009-06-24 | パナソニック株式会社 | Waveform equalizer |
-
2007
- 2007-09-27 CN CNA200780019352XA patent/CN101454993A/en active Pending
- 2007-09-27 KR KR1020087023765A patent/KR20090056929A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-09-27 EP EP07828592A patent/EP2075924A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-09-27 WO PCT/JP2007/068846 patent/WO2008041612A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-09-27 JP JP2008537501A patent/JP4829977B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-09-27 US US12/298,276 patent/US20090070396A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US9236084B1 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Dynamic gain control for use with adaptive equalizers |
US9324364B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2016-04-26 | International Business Machines Corporation | Constraining FIR filter taps in an adaptive architecture |
US9418698B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2016-08-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Dynamic gain control for use with adaptive equalizers |
US9659593B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2017-05-23 | International Business Machines Corporation | Dynamic gain control for use with adaptive equalizers |
US9761267B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2017-09-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Constraining FIR filter taps in an adaptive architecture |
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JPWO2008041612A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
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