EP2048345A2 - Echangeur thermique, notamment destiné au refroidissement des gaz d'échappement - Google Patents
Echangeur thermique, notamment destiné au refroidissement des gaz d'échappement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2048345A2 EP2048345A2 EP08017079A EP08017079A EP2048345A2 EP 2048345 A2 EP2048345 A2 EP 2048345A2 EP 08017079 A EP08017079 A EP 08017079A EP 08017079 A EP08017079 A EP 08017079A EP 2048345 A2 EP2048345 A2 EP 2048345A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heat exchanger
- partition wall
- flow
- exchanger according
- flow channel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
- F28F27/02—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
- F02M26/25—Layout, e.g. schematics with coolers having bypasses
- F02M26/26—Layout, e.g. schematics with coolers having bypasses characterised by details of the bypass valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/29—Constructional details of the coolers, e.g. pipes, plates, ribs, insulation or materials
- F02M26/30—Connections of coolers to other devices, e.g. to valves, heaters, compressors or filters; Coolers characterised by their location on the engine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/005—Other auxiliary members within casings, e.g. internal filling means or sealing means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P11/00—Component parts, details, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01P1/00 - F01P9/00
- F01P11/04—Arrangements of liquid pipes or hoses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B29/00—Engines characterised by provision for charging or scavenging not provided for in groups F02B25/00, F02B27/00 or F02B33/00 - F02B39/00; Details thereof
- F02B29/04—Cooling of air intake supply
- F02B29/0406—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
- F02B29/0418—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit the intake air cooler having a bypass or multiple flow paths within the heat exchanger to vary the effective heat transfer surface
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/11—Manufacture or assembly of EGR systems; Materials or coatings specially adapted for EGR systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/22—Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates
- F28F2009/222—Particular guide plates, baffles or deflectors, e.g. having particular orientation relative to an elongated casing or conduit
- F28F2009/224—Longitudinal partitions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
- F28F2250/06—Derivation channels, e.g. bypass
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a heat exchanger, in particular for exhaust gas cooling, for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle with at least a first flow channel for flow through with a first fluid for cooling a second fluid, with at least one second flow channel for flow through the first fluid and at least one third flow channel to Flow through the first fluid, wherein the at least one second flow channel and the at least one third flow channel are separated by at least one separating element and at least one housing element for flow of the second flow channel and / or the third flow channel with the second fluid.
- exhaust gas is returned to the engine again to reduce emissions.
- a part of the combustion exhaust gas is removed behind the engine and fed back to the unburned air.
- This recirculated exhaust gas flow is cooled in a heat exchanger such as in an exhaust gas cooler.
- the lowest possible mixing temperatures between charge air and the recirculated exhaust gas should be achieved.
- the low mixing temperatures are required for a fuel-efficient and low-emission combustion process.
- the cooling of the recirculated exhaust gas flow is a desired warm-up of the engine but contrary.
- the exhaust gas is to be mixed substantially uncooled the charge air to accelerate the heating of the engine.
- a bypass channel is provided, in which the exhaust gas is not cooled, but the cooling section is passed around.
- the exhaust gas is returned to the engine through the cooled and / or uncooled flow channel.
- a bypass valve or a bypass flap is required for this purpose.
- the heat exchanger in particular for exhaust gas cooling, can be designed, for example, as a U-flow heat exchanger.
- the inlet side and the outlet side are substantially identical in the heat exchanger.
- the exhaust gas in the device is passed substantially longitudinally along the first flow path through the radiator, is then deflected at the end and returned again substantially in the opposite direction to the entry point.
- the control device in particular the bypass valve or the bypass flap, is arranged substantially on the inlet side.
- the flow channel for cooling the exhaust gas and the flow channel, arranged for the uncooled exhaust gas substantially parallel to each other.
- the exhaust gas enters the radiator on one side and exits the radiator on the other side.
- the housing element, in which the control device, in particular the bypass flap or the bypass valve, are arranged, and the partition wall between adjacent flow channels have a gap. Due to manufacturing tolerances and to compensate for the thermal expansion of the components, the gap is known from the prior art. However, the gap leads to leaks, so that there is a leakage flow between the channels.
- the object of the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prior art, in particular to avoid an overflow of medium from one to the other channel, in particular to reduce at least significantly.
- the heat exchanger for exhaust gas cooling for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle has at least in sections between a separating element and a housing element at least one channel which is designed as Leckageminim istsdehnungskanal such that the leakage current of the second fluid between the at least one second and the at least one third flow channel minimized and longitudinal - And / or transverse expansions of the separating element and / or the housing member are receivable by the channel.
- the separating element is in particular a partition wall or a partition wall section.
- housing element is in particular an inlet or outlet diffuser or a flange to understand.
- second flow channels and / or at least one third flow channel are formed as tubes, which are accommodated in at least one tubesheet.
- At least one housing element has at least one first partition wall section.
- the at least one first partition wall section has a first, in particular groove-shaped recess.
- At least one second partition wall section is provided.
- first partition wall section and the second partition wall section engage in each other at least in sections.
- the second partition wall section has a second, in particular groove-shaped, recess.
- the at least one first partition wall section and / or the at least one second partition wall section are formed substantially s-shaped.
- the second partition wall portion is integrally connected to the separating element.
- the separating element is at least partially formed as a second partition wall section.
- the at least one third flow channel is designed as a bypass channel for avoiding the heat exchanger between the second medium and the first medium.
- second medium for example exhaust gas
- At least one control element for bypass and / or exhaust gas recirculation control is arranged adjacent, in particular on the upstream side, of the first partition wall section. In this way, exhaust gas can be cooled by the heat exchanger and / or flow uncooled.
- the heat exchanger is designed as an I-flow heat exchanger. It is in a particularly advantageous manner on the one hand, the entry into the heat exchanger and on the other substantially opposite side of the outlet of the heat exchanger.
- the heat exchanger is designed as a U-flow heat exchanger. In this way, a bottom can be saved particularly advantageously and the inlet and the outlet can be arranged in the heat exchanger on the same side.
- FIG. 1a shows an exhaust gas heat exchanger 1 in the I-flow with a leakage minimization expansion channel. 6
- the heat exchanger 1 is referred to below as the exhaust gas heat exchanger 1.
- the heat exchanger 1 may be a coolant radiator for engine cooling and / or a charge air cooler for intercooling and / or an oil cooler for oil cooling such as for transmission oil cooling and / or a condenser of an air conditioner or a gas cooler of an air conditioner or a battery cooler for cooling of batteries.
- the exhaust gas heat exchanger 1 has an unspecified designated housing.
- the housing has at least one housing wall 13 and two housing elements 5.
- the housing elements 5 are designed, for example, as flange housing elements or inlet and / or outlet diffusers.
- the housing member 5 is cooled in another embodiment, not shown.
- the exhaust gas heat exchanger 1 further has two tube sheets 11 which serve to receive the first flow channels 2, in particular the tubes 7 and / or the at least one third flow channel 3, in particular of the tube 7.
- the tubes 7 are materially connected to the tubesheets 11 such as by welding, soldering, gluing, etc. and / or positively connected such as by folding, crimping or crimping.
- the tubesheets 11 have openings for receiving the second flow channels 2 and the at least one third flow channel, in particular of the tubes.
- the second flow channels 2, in particular the tubes 7, have turbulence-generating elements such as winglets or other forms with any shape, which are introduced directly into the tubes 7.
- the turbulence-generating elements are inserted into the tubes 7 by means of, for example, turbulence-generating plates.
- the housing element 5 and / or the tubesheets 11 are formed from a material, in particular from a sheet material, such as stainless steel or gray cast iron, or from aluminum or from another metal casting.
- the housing wall 13 is formed for example of a metal such as stainless steel or of another steel or plastic or fiber composite material.
- a separating element in particular a partition, is arranged with a second partition wall section 9.
- the exhaust gas heat exchanger 1 has at least one diffuser, in particular an inlet and / or outlet diffuser. Furthermore, a housing is provided for receiving the first flow channels 2, which are each formed between two adjacent disks and / or the at least one third flow channel 3, which is formed between two adjacent disks.
- the discs are the at least one diffuser and / or to the housing cohesively such as by welding, soldering, gluing, etc. and / or positively connected, such as by folding, crimping or crimping.
- the second flow channels 2, which are formed between two adjacent disks, have turbulence-generating elements, such as, for example, turbulence inserts and / or turbulence-generating elements, which are formed, for example, from the disks or other forms of any shape.
- the turbulence-generating elements are arranged by means of, for example, turbulence-generating plates between the discs.
- the housing element 5 and / or the diffusers are made of a material, in particular of a sheet metal material, such as stainless steel or made of cast iron or of aluminum or of another metal casting.
- the housing wall 13 is formed for example of a metal such as stainless steel or of another steel or plastic or fiber composite material.
- a separating element in particular a partition, is arranged with a second partition wall section 9.
- the housing element 5 has a first partition wall section 8.
- the first partition wall section 8 has a first recess 21, which is formed, for example, as a groove such as a rectangular groove.
- the first recess 21 has a substantially triangular or polygonal or trapezoidal and / or at least partially radius or elliptical cross-sectional area.
- the second partition wall section is arranged at least in sections in the first recess 21.
- the width of the first recess 21 is greater than the width of the second partition wall section.
- the second partition wall portion is arranged substantially parallel to the first recess 21.
- the second partition wall portion 9 is substantially at an angle of 0 ° to 90 °, in particular from 0 ° to 70 °, in particular from 0 ° to 45 °, in particular from 0 ° to 30 °, in particular from 0 ° to 15 °, in particular from 0 ° to 5 °.
- Adjacent to the first partition wall section 8, a control element 12, in particular a bypass flap or a bypass valve is arranged.
- the control element 12 assumes a first bypass position BS, in which the entire inflowing exhaust gas which flows into the heat exchanger 1 via the heat exchanger inlet 15 is directed in the direction of the bypass direction BR into the third flow channel 3 and flows through it.
- a second position of the control element 12 which is shown in dashed lines KS flows in the direction KR through the second flow channels 2, in particular the tubes 7.
- the control element 12 assumes a position between the bypass position BS and the radiator position KS. In In this position, exhaust gas flows both through the second flow channels 2 and through the at least one third flow channel 3.
- the channel 6 is designed in particular as a labyrinthine sealing and expansion channel.
- the thermal expansion of the first separating element 4 and / or the first partition wall section 8 can be absorbed by the channel and a leakage flow from the first space section 23 to the second space section 24 and from the second space section 24 to the first space section 23 can be minimized.
- the exhaust gas flows through the bypass channel 10 and the tubes 7 in the direction of the exhaust gas flow direction ASR.
- FIG. 1b shows the exhaust gas heat exchanger 18 in U-flow with the leakage minimization stretch channel 6.
- the third flow channels are not formed as a bypass channel.
- the housing element 5 has the heat exchanger outlet 16.
- the bypass channel is arranged and formed in the housing element 5. The exhaust gas flows in the position KS in the second flow channels, flows through them, is deflected in the deflection element 14 and flows through the third flow channels back toward the heat exchanger outlet 16th
- only a diffuser is provided, and a housing member 5 for receiving the discs. Furthermore, the third flow channels are not formed as a bypass channel.
- the housing element 5 has the heat exchanger outlet 16.
- the bypass channel is arranged and formed in the housing element 5. The exhaust gas flows in the position KS in the second flow channels, which are formed between adjacent disks, flows through them, is deflected in the deflecting element 14 and flows through the third flow channels, which are formed between adjacent disks, back toward the heat exchanger outlet 16th
- FIG. 2a shows a section of the exhaust gas heat exchanger 1. The same features are provided with the same reference numerals. The enlargement of the FIG. 2a is in FIG. 2b and shows a deformed due to thermal expansion second partition wall portion 19th
- the first recess 21 absorbs this thermal expansion or deformation, which can take place as transverse and / or longitudinal expansion.
- FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of the Leckageminim istsentehnungskanals 6.
- the partition member 4 and in particular the second partition wall portion 9 is formed substantially S-shaped such that the second partition wall portion 9 forms a second recess 22 into which the first partition wall portion 8 engages at least in sections. In this way, the leakage minimization expansion passage 6 is formed.
- FIG. 4 shows a further third embodiment of the leakage minimization stretch channel 6.
- the same features are provided with the same reference numerals as in the previous figures.
- the second partition wall section 9 is integrally attached to the separating element 4, for example, welded, soldered or glued and / or form-fitting, for example riveted or screwed.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102007048824.8A DE102007048824B4 (de) | 2007-10-10 | 2007-10-10 | Wärmetauscher, insbesondere zur Abgaskühlung |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2048345A2 true EP2048345A2 (fr) | 2009-04-15 |
EP2048345A3 EP2048345A3 (fr) | 2014-01-22 |
EP2048345B1 EP2048345B1 (fr) | 2017-02-15 |
Family
ID=40120319
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP08017079.8A Expired - Fee Related EP2048345B1 (fr) | 2007-10-10 | 2008-09-29 | Echangeur thermique, notamment destiné au refroidissement des gaz d'échappement |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2048345B1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE102007048824B4 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2354521A3 (fr) * | 2010-01-27 | 2014-07-23 | Audi AG | Véhicule automobile doté d'une installation de gaz d'échappement |
EP2936040A4 (fr) * | 2012-12-20 | 2016-08-24 | Scania Cv Ab | Échangeur de chaleur comprenant des canaux de dérivation |
US20180156165A1 (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-07 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Charge air cooler with an integrated bypass |
US10690233B2 (en) | 2016-07-27 | 2020-06-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Bypass control for U-flow transmission oil coolers |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009004908A1 (de) * | 2009-01-16 | 2010-09-16 | Mahle International Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmetauschers |
DE102012005071A1 (de) | 2012-03-15 | 2013-09-19 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Wärmetauscher |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1426604A2 (fr) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-06-09 | Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Soupape de commutation à passage d'écoulement |
DE102004024056A1 (de) * | 2004-05-14 | 2005-12-01 | Arvin Technologies, Inc., Troy | Ventil für eine Abgasleitung |
FR2873412A1 (fr) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-27 | Denso Corp | Dispositif de regulation de temperature de gaz |
DE102006035423A1 (de) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-16 | Denso Corp | Ventilvorrichtung und Abgasrezirkulationsvorrichtung mit dieser |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10303910A1 (de) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-12 | Arvin Technologies Inc., Columbus | Baugruppe bestehend aus Abgas-Wärmetauscher und Bypass |
DE10312788A1 (de) * | 2003-03-21 | 2004-09-30 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Abgaswärmetauscher und Dichteinrichtung für Abgaswärmetauscher |
JP4527557B2 (ja) * | 2005-01-26 | 2010-08-18 | 株式会社ティラド | 熱交換器 |
JP2006284165A (ja) * | 2005-03-07 | 2006-10-19 | Denso Corp | 排気ガス熱交換器 |
-
2007
- 2007-10-10 DE DE102007048824.8A patent/DE102007048824B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-09-29 EP EP08017079.8A patent/EP2048345B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1426604A2 (fr) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-06-09 | Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Soupape de commutation à passage d'écoulement |
DE102004024056A1 (de) * | 2004-05-14 | 2005-12-01 | Arvin Technologies, Inc., Troy | Ventil für eine Abgasleitung |
FR2873412A1 (fr) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-27 | Denso Corp | Dispositif de regulation de temperature de gaz |
DE102006035423A1 (de) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-16 | Denso Corp | Ventilvorrichtung und Abgasrezirkulationsvorrichtung mit dieser |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2354521A3 (fr) * | 2010-01-27 | 2014-07-23 | Audi AG | Véhicule automobile doté d'une installation de gaz d'échappement |
EP2936040A4 (fr) * | 2012-12-20 | 2016-08-24 | Scania Cv Ab | Échangeur de chaleur comprenant des canaux de dérivation |
US10690233B2 (en) | 2016-07-27 | 2020-06-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Bypass control for U-flow transmission oil coolers |
US20180156165A1 (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-07 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Charge air cooler with an integrated bypass |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102007048824B4 (de) | 2018-02-22 |
DE102007048824A1 (de) | 2009-04-16 |
EP2048345B1 (fr) | 2017-02-15 |
EP2048345A3 (fr) | 2014-01-22 |
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