EP2035537A1 - Dishwashing unit for granule dishawhing machine - Google Patents
Dishwashing unit for granule dishawhing machineInfo
- Publication number
- EP2035537A1 EP2035537A1 EP07748179A EP07748179A EP2035537A1 EP 2035537 A1 EP2035537 A1 EP 2035537A1 EP 07748179 A EP07748179 A EP 07748179A EP 07748179 A EP07748179 A EP 07748179A EP 2035537 A1 EP2035537 A1 EP 2035537A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dishwashing
- detergent
- plastic granules
- container
- granule
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000004851 dishwashing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229920000426 Microplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013042 solid detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000474 nursing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
- C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
- C11D17/0073—Tablets
- C11D17/0091—Dishwashing tablets
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
- A47L15/0002—Washing processes, i.e. machine working principles characterised by phases or operational steps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
- A47L15/0094—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware cleaning with abrasive solid particles, e.g. by blasting the crockery with liquid containing granules
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
- A47L15/42—Details
- A47L15/44—Devices for adding cleaning agents; Devices for dispensing cleaning agents, rinsing aids or deodorants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
- B08B9/08—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks
- B08B9/20—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks by using apparatus into or on to which containers, e.g. bottles, jars, cans are brought
- B08B9/38—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks by using apparatus into or on to which containers, e.g. bottles, jars, cans are brought the apparatus cleaning by using scrapers, chains, grains of shot, sand or other abrasive means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/04—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties combined with or containing other objects
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/04—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties combined with or containing other objects
- C11D17/041—Compositions releasably affixed on a substrate or incorporated into a dispensing means
- C11D17/042—Water soluble or water disintegrable containers or substrates containing cleaning compositions or additives for cleaning compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3707—Polyethers, e.g. polyalkyleneoxides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L2601/00—Washing methods characterised by the use of a particular treatment
- A47L2601/18—Liquid and granule
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
- C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
- C11D2111/14—Hard surfaces
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dishwashing unit, and more specifically to a dishwashing unit for granule dishwasher machines.
- Granule dishwasher units or granule potwasher units are known per se. These dishwasher units use specially designed plastic granules or the like that are thrown with high impact together with a clean liquid and/or water towards the dish to be cleanded in order to clean the dish.
- EP-Bl-O 169 847 discloses such an apparatus and method.
- the granule dishwasher machine Before the first use, the granule dishwasher machine is filled with an amount of the plastic granules. While the dishwasher machine is used, the plastic granules are exposed to wear and small pieces of the plastic granules will wear off. As a result, the amount of granules decreases and the washing effect deteriorates.
- granules may be added continuously or at frequent intervals. This may take place when the granule dishwasher machine is located in institutional kitchens, such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes etc., where the staff handling the dishwasher machine is experienced and competent .
- Granule dishwasher machines used in restaurants may in many instances be not very well maintained, due to both the lack of experience and competence of the staff, but also due to the usage pattern of the granule dishwasher machines.
- the granule dishwasher machines in restaurants are sometimes used throughout the day, seven days a week, whereas the granule dishwasher machines in institutional kitchens may be used once or twice a day, five days a week. In restaurants, the staff often dishes the dish twice in the granule dishwasher machine when the dishwashing efficiency deteriorates.
- Another problem with granule dishwasher machines is that the users of the granule dishwasher machines may install a detergent dispenser.
- the installation of the detergent dispenser may cause problems with the granule dishwasher since the detergent dispenser is sometimes not installed correctly, the sensor monitoring the detergent dispensing is located in a wrong position, added holes cause leakage in the granule dishwasher etc.
- Other problems with the detergent dispenser may be that erroneous detergents may be used, such as a foaming detergent, causing the cleaning efficiency of the granules to decline.
- an object of the present invention is to mitigate, alleviate or eliminate one or more of the above- identified deficiencies and disadvantages singly or in any combination.
- a dishwashing unit for a granule dishwasher machine comprising a dishwashing detergent, wherein the dishwashing detergent is enclosed in a container further comprising plastic granules.
- the amount of plastic granules arranged in the container may correspond to the wear of plastic granules during the use of the dishwashing detergent contained in the container.
- the container may be made of a dissolvable material.
- the dishwashing detergent may be provided in a solid form or in liquid form.
- several separate containers comprising detergent and plastic granules may be arranged in an envelope, wherein the separate containers are made of dissolvable materials having different dissolution time.
- the container may be made of a starch material .
- the unit may be formed as a solid detergent tablet having the plastic granules incorporated inside the tablet, and wherein the tablet is arranged in the container.
- the unit may be formed as a mixture of granulated detergent and plastic granules arranged in the container.
- a cleaning product for use in a granule dishwashing maching comprising a dishwashing detergent and plastic granules, where the dishwashing detergent and the plastic granules are arranged in a container.
- a detergent tablet for use in a granule dishwashing machine comprising plastic granules, where the detergent tablet is arranged in a container.
- a granule dishwasher product for use in a granule dishwashing machine comprising a dishwashing detergent and plastic granules, where the dishwashing detergent and the plastic granules are arranged in a container.
- a method of producing a dishwashing unit as mentioned above.
- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a diagram similar to Fig. 1 of a second embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 3 is a diagram similar to Fig. 1 of a third embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 4 is a diagram similar to Fig. 1 _of a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- plastic granules are provided into the dishwasher machine; detergent is provided by a dispenser as the need arises; and water is supplied via water pipes connected to the dishwasher machine.
- a forceful flow of water and plastic granules is directed at high pressure over the pots through specially designed nozzles.
- the plastic granules impact at burnt and dried up food remains at high speed, the pots are literally scoured clean. This scouring action results in truly clean pots and pans. Food remains vanish without soaking or scrubbing by hand.
- Detergent may be supplied under the control of a sensor that measures the conductivity of the washing water.
- Low conductivity is normally an indication of the need to add more detergent to the cleaning process and high conductivity is normally an indication that no more detergent should be added.
- Some kinds of food may, however, contribute to the conductivity of the washing water and provide the sensor with erroneous information.
- the mechanical treatment with the plastic granules may be followed by a washing cycle with only water. During the water flushing, any remaining granules are rinsed off the pots and the pans.
- the washing cycle may end with a final rinse with clean water.
- the water rinse may take place at a high temperature.
- the time, flow and temperature of the rinse water are controlled to ensure a hygienic result.
- the quality or the efficiency of the dishwashing may vary.
- the plastic granules are mechanically worn during use, and in one embodiment, after roughly 2000-2500 dishes, the amount of granules may be reduced by up to 30% .
- the detergent which may be a low-foaming detergent
- low-foaming detergents are SumaTM Base 3M4 or SumaTM unison special G4 from Johnson Diversy and TC9005 or TC9020 Aluminium from Dabotexogen.
- the plastic granules may be made of an acetal polymer, POM, polyoxymethylenoxide . This material has been approved to be used in contact with food and is not dangerous if ingested. Other plastic material can also be used as long as the material has been approved to be used in contact with food and the material is not dangerous to man.
- the plastic granules have been developed to have the right shape and to be sufficiently hard to remove all food remains effectively at the same time as being sufficiently soft so that they do not damage the pots.
- a dishwashing unit as shown in Fig. 1, wherein the detergent is provided in granulated or powder form 11 and contained in a container 10 of a dissolvable material, such as starch, together with plastic granules 12.
- the amount of each component of the dishwashing unit contained inside the container corresponds to the need of detergent for 5-8 dishes and the wear of the plastic granules during these dishes, respectively.
- the dishwashing unit should be of a suitable size to be handled and for that reason the amount of the included components can be either greater or smaller than only to cover the need of detergent for 5-8 dishes and replacing the wear of the plastic granules during these 5-8 dishes, respectively.
- the detergent is provided in granulated or powder form 21 and contained in a main enclosure 20 of a dissolvable material, such as starch, together with plastic granules, but both the detergent and the plastic granules are arranged in separate inner containers 23 arranged inside the main container.
- the inner containers may have various dissolution time so that the different components of the dishwashing unit are added to the dishing or cleaning process at intervals or at different points of time.
- the dishwashing unit according to the first and second embodiment is simply thrown into the granule dishwasher when needed.
- a couple of dishwashing unit containers are added before the start of use of the granule dishwasher each day. Hot water dissolves the containers and the components are added to the cleaning process.
- a sensor may indicate that the conductivity of the dishwater has decreased and more dishwashing unit containers are needed.
- the user of the granule dishwasher simply adds further dishwashing unit containers according to the need indicated by the sensor.
- the detergent 31 is also provided in granulated or powder form and arranged in a enclosure 30 together with plastic granules 31, but the enclosure is made of a non-dissolvable material. In such a case the user needs to open the enclosure 30 before the dishwashing unit is added to the granule dishwasher machine. Otherwise the handling of the dishwashing unit according to the third embodiment does not vary from the handling of the dishwashing unit according to the first or second embodiment .
- the detergent is provided in liquid form 41 and contained in a main enclosure 40 of a dissolvable material, such as starch, together with plastic granules 42, but both the detergent and the plastic granules are arranged in separate inner containers 43 arranged inside the main enclosure 40.
- the inner containers may- have various dissolution time so that the different com- ponents of the dishwashing unit are added to the dishing or cleaning process at intervals or at different points of time.
- the main enclosure 40 may be mad of a non-dissolvable material as the enclosure 30.
- the detergent is provided in solid form, shaped e.g. like a tablet having plastic granules incorporated inside the detergent tablet.
- the dishwashing unit tablet may be contained in a container of a dissolvable material, such as starch, or contained in a container of a non- dissolvable material.
- the handling of the dishwashing unit according to the fifth embodiment varies dependent on the material of the container.
- the dishwashing unit is packaged in a "portion" container, corresponding to the need for 5-8 dishes as mentioned above, so that the user of the granule dishwasher easily can portion the dishwashing unit without having any special competence or skills.
- a sensor may be provided having means to indicate the need for more dishwashing detergent.
- the dissolvable material of the containers for containing the dishwashing unit components can be any water dissolvable material that fulfills the need of the invention.
- the containers can also be made of water soluble polymers from e.g. MonosolTM or Varuni Chemicals or a polyvinyl alcohol film from e.g. Lever Faberge.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Washing And Drying Of Tableware (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE0601157A SE0601157L (sv) | 2006-05-26 | 2006-05-26 | Diskmedelssammansättning för granuldiskmaskiner |
| PCT/SE2007/000515 WO2007139472A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2007-05-28 | Dishwashing unit for granule dishawhing machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2035537A1 true EP2035537A1 (en) | 2009-03-18 |
| EP2035537A4 EP2035537A4 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
Family
ID=38653278
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP07748179A Withdrawn EP2035537A4 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2007-05-28 | GRANULAR DOSING UNIT FOR DISHWASHER |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2035537A4 (it) |
| SE (1) | SE0601157L (it) |
| WO (1) | WO2007139472A1 (it) |
Family Cites Families (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE8301624D0 (sv) | 1983-03-24 | 1983-03-24 | Carl Goran Christer Mosell | Sett vid rengoringsmaskin |
| SE455265B (sv) | 1984-03-27 | 1988-07-04 | Arne Alvemarker | Blesterkroppar av kompositmaterial for att rengora diskgods |
| EP0292910B1 (en) * | 1987-05-28 | 1994-12-28 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Hard surface cleaning composition |
| US5234615A (en) | 1987-10-02 | 1993-08-10 | Ecolab Inc. | Article comprising a water soluble bag containing a multiple use amount of a pelletized functional material and methods of its use |
| JPH0633415B2 (ja) * | 1988-12-02 | 1994-05-02 | 花王株式会社 | 皮膚洗浄剤組成物 |
| DE19935083A1 (de) * | 1999-07-29 | 2001-02-08 | Benckiser Nv | Reinigungsmittel für glaskeramische Oberflächen |
| ES2240545T5 (es) * | 2000-11-27 | 2013-10-28 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Métodos detergentes |
| US6492312B1 (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-12-10 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Water soluble sachet with a dishwashing enhancing particle |
| GB2374582A (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2002-10-23 | Reckitt Benckiser | Water soluble container containing a composition |
| EP1321514A1 (fr) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-25 | Maclean S.A. | Détergent liquide à action récurante contenant du polyéthylène particulaire |
| GB2385598B (en) * | 2002-02-26 | 2005-03-02 | Reckitt Benckiser Nv | Packaged detergent compositions |
| US20050119150A1 (en) * | 2002-07-04 | 2005-06-02 | Ulrich Pegelow | Portioned detergent composition |
| US20050205574A1 (en) * | 2002-11-15 | 2005-09-22 | Alexander Lambotte | Water-soluble portion packaging with a filling |
| US20040121934A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-06-24 | Dougherty Richard Charles | Polymeric detergent additives |
| ES2285353T3 (es) * | 2004-04-29 | 2007-11-16 | Johnsondiversey, Inc. | Detergente granulado de dosis unitaria para limpiar una maquina de cafe. |
| DE102004036635A1 (de) * | 2004-07-28 | 2006-03-23 | Buck-Chemie Gmbh | Reinigungs- und Beduftungsmittel für den Toilettenbereich |
| EP1637583A1 (en) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-22 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Use of polymers in dishwashing compositions for the removal of grease and oil from plastic dishware, and dishwashing compositions |
| DE102006003286B3 (de) * | 2006-01-23 | 2007-05-03 | Henkel Kgaa | Duftabgabesystem für Geschirrspülmaschinen |
-
2006
- 2006-05-26 SE SE0601157A patent/SE0601157L/xx unknown
-
2007
- 2007-05-28 WO PCT/SE2007/000515 patent/WO2007139472A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-05-28 EP EP07748179A patent/EP2035537A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE529651C2 (sv) | 2007-10-16 |
| SE0601157L (sv) | 2007-10-16 |
| EP2035537A4 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
| WO2007139472A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
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| A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
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| RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: C11D 3/37 20060101ALI20100604BHEP Ipc: A47L 15/44 20060101ALI20100604BHEP Ipc: A47L 15/00 20060101ALI20100604BHEP Ipc: B08B 9/38 20060101ALI20100604BHEP Ipc: C11D 17/04 20060101AFI20080218BHEP |
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