EP2017364B1 - Herstellungsverfahren von Halbzeugen aus Aluminiumlegierung insbesondere für Struktur von Kraftfahrzeugen - Google Patents

Herstellungsverfahren von Halbzeugen aus Aluminiumlegierung insbesondere für Struktur von Kraftfahrzeugen Download PDF

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EP2017364B1
EP2017364B1 EP08356083.9A EP08356083A EP2017364B1 EP 2017364 B1 EP2017364 B1 EP 2017364B1 EP 08356083 A EP08356083 A EP 08356083A EP 2017364 B1 EP2017364 B1 EP 2017364B1
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Prior art keywords
test
sample
fabrication method
finished product
drawn
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2017364A2 (de
EP2017364A8 (de
EP2017364A3 (de
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Emmanuel Beslin
Bompard Serge
Benoit Hubert
Guy Michel Raynaud
Fernando Varanda
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Constellium Extrusions France SAS
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Constellium Extrusions France SAS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
    • B21C23/04—Making uncoated products by direct extrusion
    • B21C23/08—Making wire, rods or tubes
    • B21C23/085—Making tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C51/00—Measuring, gauging, indicating, counting, or marking devices specially adapted for use in the production or manipulation of material in accordance with subclasses B21B - B21F
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/05—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a semi-finished product made of aluminum alloy sheet or section, intended in particular to form a motor vehicle structure component that allows the absorption of energy in such a way that irreversible during a collision against an obstacle or shock.
  • a shock absorber made from a profile and used, in association with a beam, to form the entire bumper of said vehicle.
  • the beam is disposed transversely relative to the direction of movement of the vehicle, and the absorber or absorbers are generally arranged either transversely or longitudinally with respect to this direction.
  • a shock absorber is sometimes referred to as the "deformation element" or "crashbox".
  • the components intended to absorb energy irreversibly during a collision against an obstacle, or shock, in particular the bumper beams consisted of a shaped sheet metal, usually made of steel.
  • shock absorbers also called deformation elements or "crash boxes".
  • the structural component of the automobile body therefore has a dual role: on the one hand to deform elastically during small shocks or collisions against an obstacle, on the other hand to absorb energy and transmit the effort in a controlled manner, in particularly without collapsing abruptly during deformation, the absorbers or supports.
  • the industrial variability of the parameters of the steps of the manufacturing process leads to a variability in the characteristics of the half-products obtained, such as the energy absorption capacity and consequently a variability of their behavior in the event of a collision.
  • the variability of the characteristics of the half-product is dependent on several factors, the two main ones being the mechanical properties and the geometry of the semi-finished product.
  • the variations of the mechanical properties are related to the variability of the material from which they come, for example the variability on the chemical composition of the metal.
  • the variations in geometry are related to the extrusion or rolling process, for example to the geometric quality of the dies used in the case of an extrusion process.
  • EP1041165 discloses a method of manufacturing a semi-finished product made of an aluminum alloy profile consisting of a semifinished product step, a tempered heat treatment step, and a mechanical property measurement step and a tensile strength.
  • the aim of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks by proposing a manufacturing method making it possible to control and reduce the variability of at least one functional characteristic of the half-product and consequently of the finished product, in particular the structural component, resulting from this half-product. product.
  • the invention relates to a manufacturing method of the aforementioned type characterized in that, before the income step, a sample is taken from a batch comprising a set of semi-finished products having common manufacturing parameters, in order to undergo a test of at least one of its functional characteristics, the conditions of the income stage being determined as a function of the value measured during the test and of a target value of the at least one functional characteristic, the heat treatment step of income being applied under the conditions determined to the whole lot from which the sample originates.
  • the conditions of the heat treatment of the income stage are determined as a function of the value of the characteristics measured on the sampled sample and of the target value which one wishes to obtain for these characteristics, the conditions of the heat treatment of income being thus specific to each batch. It is thus possible to control and reduce the variability of the final functional characteristic.
  • all the semi-products of the same batch is derived from the same alloy and the same casting of this alloy.
  • all the semi-products, consisting of sheets or profiles, of the same batch is produced on the same rolling mill or the same extrusion press respectively.
  • all the semi-products of the same batch is made through respectively the same rolling mill rolls or the same die.
  • all the semi-finished products of the same batch are respectively derived from the rolling and quenching or from the extrusion of the same quantity of metal whose mass is limited and for which the interruption respectively is the same. rolling and / or quenching or extrusion between two portions of the amount of metal does not exceed a specified time.
  • a maturation period at room temperature is observed before testing the functional characteristics of a sample extracted from a batch.
  • the ripening period makes it possible to reduce the dispersion of the measurement of the functional characteristics of the semi-finished product.
  • the test of the functional characteristics of the sample taken is a crushing test of a sample of length given by a press, during which the displacement of the crushing head of the press and the The forces applied by the crushing head of the press are recorded.
  • the test of the functional characteristics of the sample taken is a tensile test of a sample.
  • the functional characteristics test of the sample taken is a sample folding test.
  • the measured functional characteristic of the sample taken during the crushing test is the value of the maximum force to exert on the half-product to obtain a deformation of the half-product corresponding to a predetermined displacement.
  • the measured functional characteristic of the sample taken during this same test is the value of the energy absorbed to obtain a deformation of the half-product corresponding to a predetermined displacement.
  • the manufacturing process makes it possible to prevent the overrun of a target effort and to reduce the associated energy dispersion.
  • the measured functional characteristic of the sample taken during the test is a mechanical characteristic representative of the tensile behavior of the yield strength type, breaking load and / or elongation.
  • the measured functional characteristic of the sample taken during the test is a mechanical characteristic representative of the bending behavior of the bending limit angle type.
  • the conditions of the heat treatment of income determined according to the results of the test are at least a pair of treatment time and treatment temperature.
  • the semi-finished products are intended for the manufacture of shock absorbers of an energy absorption system of the "automobile bumper” type, providing the interface between a bumper beam. and other components of the body structure.
  • the semi-finished products are intended for the manufacture of bumper beams.
  • the aluminum alloy used complies with the EN AW-6060 standard.
  • the section of the profile is represented on the figure 2 .
  • the outer shape of the section is a hexagon, the midpoints of three sides of the hex being joined by three partitions meeting at the center of the hexagon.
  • the obtained sections are put on hold at ambient temperature for a predetermined period constituting a so-called ripening step E9.
  • This ripening step preferably lasts at least two days. According to the first mode of implementation of the figure 1 this ripening stage lasts from three to five days.
  • the profiles subsequently undergo a heat treatment step in an oven, said step of income.
  • the profiles are constituted in batches L, each batch comprising a set of profiles having common manufacturing parameters.
  • the limited mass of metal is of the order of a ton or ten tons, and that the duration not to be exceeded for the interruption between two portions of billet is of the order of magnitude of the minute.
  • a sample e is taken from each batch of profiles comprising for example a profile.
  • a next functional characteristic test step E11 at least one functional characteristic of the sample e is measured.
  • the measured functional characteristic Fm of the profile taken during the test is the value of the maximum force Fm or maximum force to be exerted on the profile to obtain a deformation of the profile corresponding to a predetermined displacement do.
  • the test used to measure the functional characteristics of the profile taken is a bundling test.
  • the figure 3 gives an example of the type of curves obtained during a bundling test which consists in the overwriting of a sample e of a given length of the profile.
  • the sample e is deposited on a press so that the latter can apply a compressive force in one direction.
  • the base on which it rests on the press is flat and orthogonal to the crash direction.
  • the displacement d of the crushing head of the press and the applied forces F by the crushing head of the press are recorded.
  • the maximum effort Fm of the crash test corresponds to the first peak or local maximum of the curve representing the crushing force F of the press as a function of the displacement d of the press head. It is usually picked up in the first moments of the crash test.
  • the value of the maximum force Fm is of the order of 95 kN or 95000 N.
  • the energy absorbed by the profile during the measurement corresponds to the area under the curve, that is to say to the integral of the curve.
  • a desired target value is taken into account for each functional characteristic whose value is measured during the test step.
  • the target value Fc of the maximum force for the profile is taken into account.
  • the conditions of the income step are then determined according to the measured value Fm and a target value Fc of the functional characteristics.
  • the conditions of the heat treatment determined are at least a pair duration ⁇ t / temperature T.
  • the determination can in particular be made by considering the measured value Fm of the functional characteristic of the profile taken and the target value Fc of the characteristic, then by correlating these values or the calculated difference E of its values and reference curves obtained empirically to provide a suitable heat treatment in terms of time and temperature.
  • the figure 4 shows reference curves for describing the evolution of the force Fm as a function of the temperature T and the duration of the heat treatment t.
  • three line segments represent the evolution of the maximum force Fm for three temperatures T1, T2, T3 respectively corresponding in the example to 100, 110 and 120 ° C.
  • the duration of the heat treatment of income ⁇ t is expressed in hours (h), the temperature T during this treatment in degrees Celsius (° C), the measured force Fm and the desired force Fc in Newton (N).
  • the heat treatment thus defined is applied to all the batch L from which the sample e is derived.
  • a set of bumpers comprises a beam, at least two shock absorbers or "crashboxes" connected by the beam, and mounting plates of the absorbers on the vehicle body.
  • the measured functional characteristic of the profile taken during the test may be the value of the energy absorbed for a predetermined displacement or another critical functional characteristic in the functional response of the profile.
  • a method according to the invention is applied to the manufacture of a profile of the same type as that described for the first embodiment, and whose section is shown in FIG. figure 2 .
  • the predominant functional characteristic chosen is the load at break Rm, the characteristic test used being a static tensile test, which is well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the figure 7 shows reference curves for describing the evolution of the breaking load Rm of a profile as a function of the temperature T and the duration of heat treatment t.
  • three line segments represent the evolution of the load at break for three temperatures T1, T2, T3 respectively corresponding in the example to 100, 110 and 120 ° C.
  • the duration of the heat treatment of income ⁇ t is expressed in hours (h), the temperature T during this treatment in degrees Celsius (° C), the measured breaking load Rm m and the desired breaking load Rm c in Mega Pascal (MPa).
  • the heat treatment thus defined is applied to all the batch L from which the sample e.
  • a method according to the invention is applied to the manufacture of a profile of the same type as that described for the first embodiment, and whose section is shown in FIG. figure 2 .
  • the predominant functional characteristic chosen is the yield strength Rp 0.2 denoted Rp subsequently, the characteristic test used being also a static tensile test.
  • the figure 8 shows reference curves for describing the evolution of the elastic limit Rp of a profile as a function of the temperature T and the duration of the heat treatment t.
  • three line segments represent the evolution of the elastic limit Rp for three temperatures T1, T2, T3 respectively corresponding in the example to 100, 110 and 120 ° C.
  • the duration of the heat treatment of income ⁇ t is expressed in hours (h), the temperature T during this treatment in degrees Celsius (° C), the measured yield strength Rp m and the desired elasticity limit Rp c in Mega Pascal (MPa).
  • a manufacturing method according to the invention is applied to the manufacture of aluminum alloy sheets by rolling.
  • This method comprises a step of rolling between two rolls of a rolling mill of an aluminum alloy mass and a quenching heat treatment, hereinafter referred to as "quenching", to obtain a sheet.
  • the sheets subsequently undergo, as previously described in the first embodiment, a step of heat treatment in an oven, said step of income.
  • the method comprises a sampling step, in which the sheets are constituted in batches L, each batch comprising a set of sheets having common manufacturing parameters.
  • a sample e is taken from each batch of sheets comprising for example a sheet.
  • a next functional characteristic test step at least one functional characteristic of the sample e is measured.
  • the measured functional characteristic is a limiting angle of folding A, representative of the bending behavior of the sheet.
  • the bend limit angle A formed by the sample is measured using a protractor.
  • a sample e may comprise several test pieces.
  • several samples e from different L batches can give the same results in the E11 test. In this case, it is possible to collect these batches in a set to which the same heat treatment of income will be applied.
  • shock absorbers or bumper beams are also possible.
  • the functional characteristics tests may be adapted to the type of semi-finished product used or the functional characteristic to be measured.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Vibration Dampers (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Halbzeugs bestehend aus einem Blech oder einem Profil aus Aluminiumlegierung, das insbesondere zur Bildung eines Kraftfahrzeug-Strukturbauteils bestimmt ist, welches bei einem Aufprall auf ein Hindernis oder Crash irreversibel Energie aufzunehmen vermag, mit folgenden Verfahrensschritten:
    - einem Schritt zur Herstellung des Halbzeugs, bestehend aus einem Walzen und Abschrecken bzw. einem Strangpressen (E6) einer Aluminiumlegierung, um ein Halbzeug zu erhalten,
    - einem Schritt zur Warmauslagerungsbehandlung des Halbzeugs (E13),
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    vor dem Auslagerungsschritt (E13) aus einem Fertigungslos (L) bestehend aus einer Gruppe von Halbzeugen mit gemeinsamen Herstellungsparametern eine Probe (e) entnommen wird (E10), um mindestens eine ihrer Funktionseigenschaften (F) einem Test (E11) zu unterziehen, wobei die Bedingungen (T, Δt) des Auslagerungsschritts (E13) in Abhängigkeit von dem bei diesem Test (E11) gemessenen Wert (Cm, Fm, Rmm, Rpm, Am) und einem Zielwert (Cc, Fc, Rmc, Rpc, Ac) der mindestens einen Funktionseigenschaft (F) festgelegt werden (E12), wobei die Warmauslagerungsbehandlung (E13) unter den festgelegten Bedingungen (T, Δt) auf das gesamte Fertigungslos (L) angewandt wird, aus dem die Probe (e) stammt.
  2. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem sämtliche Halbzeuge desselben Fertigungsloses (L) aus derselben Legierung und demselben Abguss (E3) dieser Legierung stammen.
  3. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, bei dem sämtliche Halbzeuge desselben Fertigungsloses (L) auf demselben Walzgerüst bzw. derselben Strangpresse gefertigt werden.
  4. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, bei dem sämtliche Halbzeuge desselben Fertigungsloses (L) mit denselben Walzgerüstwalzen bzw. demselben Strangpresswerkzeug gefertigt werden.
  5. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, bei dem sämtliche Halbzeuge desselben Fertigungsloses (L) jeweils entweder aus dem Walz- und Abschreckvorgang oder aus dem Strangpressvorgang derselben Metallmenge stammen, deren Masse begrenzt ist und bei der die Unterbrechung entweder des Walz- und/oder Abschreckvorgangs bzw. des Strangpressvorgangs zwischen zwei Portionen der Metallmenge eine bestimmte Dauer nicht übersteigt.
  6. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, bei dem vor dem Test (E11) der Funktionseigenschaften einer entnommenen Probe (e) aus dem Fertigungslos (L) eine Kaltauslagerungszeit bei Raumtemperatur (E9) eingehalten wird.
  7. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem der Test (E11) der Funktionseigenschaften der entnommenen Probe (e) ein Stauchtest einer Probe (e) gegebener Länge mit einer Presse ist, bei welchem die Bewegung (d) des Stauchkopfs der Presse und die von dem Stauchkopf der Presse aufgebrachten Kräfte (F) aufgezeichnet werden.
  8. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem der Test (E11) der Funktionseigenschaften der entnommenen Probe (e) ein Zugtest einer Probe (e) ist.
  9. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem der Test (E11) der Funktionseigenschaften der entnommenen Probe (e) ein Biegetest einer Probe (e) ist.
  10. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, bei dem die beim Test (E11) gemessene Funktionseigenschaft der entnommenen Probe (e) der Wert der auf das Halbzeug auszuübenden maximalen Kraft (Fm) ist, um eine Verformung des Halbzeugs entsprechend einer vorbestimmten Bewegung (do) zu erreichen.
  11. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, bei dem die beim Test gemessene Funktionseigenschaft der entnommenen Probe (e) der Wert der aufgenommenen Energie ist, um eine Verformung des Halbzeugs entsprechend einer vorbestimmten Bewegung (do) zu erreichen.
  12. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem die beim Test gemessene Funktionseigenschaft der entnommenen Probe (e) eine für das Zugverhalten charakteristische Festigkeitseigenschaft vom Typ Elastizitätsgrenze (Rp), Bruchlast (Rm) und/oder Dehnung ist.
  13. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6 und nach Anspruch 9, bei dem die beim Test gemessene Funktionseigenschaft der entnommenen Probe (e) eine für das Biegeverhalten charakteristische Festigkeitseigenschaft vom Typ Grenzbiegewinkel (A) ist.
  14. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, bei dem die in Abhängigkeit von den Ergebnisses des Tests (E11) festgelegten Bedingungen der Warmauslagerungsbehandlung (E13) mindestens aus dem Paar Behandlungsdauer (Δt) und Behandlungstemperatur (T) bestehen.
  15. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Halbzeugs nach Anspruch 14, bei dem die Temperatur (T) und die Dauer der Behandlung (Δt) dadurch festgelegt werden, dass:
    - der Wert einer der beiden Bedingungen (T, Δt) gewählt wird,
    - der gemessene Wert (Fm, Rmm, Rpm, Am) der Funktionseigenschaft der entnommenen Probe (e) und der Zielwert (Fc, Rmc, Rpc, Ac) der Eigenschaft berücksichtigt werden,
    - diese Werte sowie Referenzkurven zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden, um die zweite Bedingung (T, Δt) festzulegen.
  16. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Halbzeugs nach Anspruch 14, bei dem die Relation zwischen der Dauer der Warmauslagerungsbehandlung Δt, der Temperatur T bei dieser Behandlung, dem gemessenen Wert der Funktionseigenschaft Cm und dem gewünschten Wert der Funktionseigenschaft Cc mit folgender Formel berechnet wird: Δt = Cc − Cm a T 2 + bT = c ,
    Figure imgb0006
     wobei die Parameter a, b und c empirisch bestimmte Konstanten sind.
  17. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, bei dem die Halbzeuge für die Herstellung von Stoßaufnehmern eines Energieaufnahmesystems vom Typ "Kraftfahrzeug-Stoßfänger" bestimmt sind, die die Grenzfläche zwischen einem Stoßfängerträger und den anderen Bauteilen der Wagenstruktur gewährleisten.
  18. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, bei dem die Halbzeuge für die Herstellung von Stoßfängerträgern bestimmt sind.
EP08356083.9A 2007-06-18 2008-06-13 Herstellungsverfahren von Halbzeugen aus Aluminiumlegierung insbesondere für Struktur von Kraftfahrzeugen Not-in-force EP2017364B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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FR0704316A FR2917428B1 (fr) 2007-06-18 2007-06-18 Procede de fabrication d'un demi-produit en alliage d'aluminium notamment pour structure de vehicule automobile

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EP2017364A2 EP2017364A2 (de) 2009-01-21
EP2017364A3 EP2017364A3 (de) 2009-06-17
EP2017364A8 EP2017364A8 (de) 2009-08-19
EP2017364B1 true EP2017364B1 (de) 2018-11-21

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CN106809280A (zh) * 2017-01-18 2017-06-09 福建省汽车工业集团云度新能源汽车股份有限公司 一种前纵梁
CN107155162A (zh) * 2017-06-05 2017-09-12 安徽福讯信息技术有限公司 一种音响测试系统及其方法
CN108161369B (zh) * 2018-02-05 2019-09-03 西安电子工程研究所 一种魔t调节膜片加工的方法
CN114653783B (zh) * 2020-12-22 2024-05-10 上海飞机制造有限公司 一种冲压成形方法
CN116237387B (zh) * 2023-01-17 2025-11-21 中南大学 一种高性能整体式吸能盒及其制备方法
CN118329573B (zh) * 2024-06-11 2024-12-10 小米汽车科技有限公司 用于测试压铸件性能的试样件和压铸件的测试方法
CN121267000B (zh) * 2025-12-09 2026-03-13 株洲市广森实业有限责任公司 一种储能铜连接件的高精度无应力弯折方法

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US6197130B1 (en) * 1997-04-24 2001-03-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Method and apparatus to access optimum strength during processing of precipitation strengthened alloys
JP3454755B2 (ja) * 1999-06-18 2003-10-06 株式会社神戸製鋼所 耐圧壊割れ性に優れた衝撃吸収部材
EP1041165A1 (de) * 1999-04-02 2000-10-04 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Stossabsorbierendes Material
JP2000345272A (ja) * 1999-04-02 2000-12-12 Kobe Steel Ltd 衝撃吸収部材
FR2897319B1 (fr) * 2006-02-15 2009-01-23 Pechiney Softal Soc Par Action Composants de structure de caisse automobile pour absorption d'energie de choc en alliage d'aluminium de la famille 3000

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EP2017364A8 (de) 2009-08-19
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EP2017364A3 (de) 2009-06-17
FR2917428A1 (fr) 2008-12-19

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