EP1991759B1 - Verfolgungsverfahren und -vorrichtung - Google Patents

Verfolgungsverfahren und -vorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1991759B1
EP1991759B1 EP07712982A EP07712982A EP1991759B1 EP 1991759 B1 EP1991759 B1 EP 1991759B1 EP 07712982 A EP07712982 A EP 07712982A EP 07712982 A EP07712982 A EP 07712982A EP 1991759 B1 EP1991759 B1 EP 1991759B1
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Prior art keywords
tracer
reservoir
metal
sample
tool
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EP07712982A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1991759A1 (de
Inventor
Darrell Green
David Stubbs
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
    • E21B47/11—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements using tracers; using radioactivity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
    • E21B43/116—Gun or shaped-charge perforators
    • E21B43/117—Shaped-charge perforators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for tracing fluids, particularly fluids flowing within a well such as from an oil or gas reservoir, and to a perforation tool suitable for introducing a tracer into such a reservoir.
  • tracers It is common in the oil exploration and recovery industry to place tracers within a well in order to determine the flow of fluid from the well or from a particular section of it.
  • the tracer When the tracer is incorporated in the fluid flowing from the well, it may be detected in the fluid by analysis of the fluid arriving at the well-head.
  • US 3,623842 describes a method of determining fluid saturations in reservoirs by injecting at least two tracers having different partition coefficients between fluid phases (e.g. oil and water) into the formation and monitoring the appearance of the two tracers in the produced fluids.
  • This example uses ethyl acetate as a tracer chemical. Radioactive tracers have been widely used for many years in well-monitoring applications.
  • EP 0816631-A describes a procedure to determine the inflow of oil and/or gas from a subterranean oil and/or gas reservoir by placing traceable material, preferably different radioactive isotopes, into different zones of the reservoir. An example is provided of shooting radioactive isotopes into a reservoir using a perforator gun.
  • radioactive tracers One problem encountered with the use of radioactive tracers is that their transport and use is highly regulated, leading to greater expense and difficulty with their use. In addition, it has become quite common to use tracers associated with a perforation tool, in which the tracer is fired by explosive devices located around the tool into the formation to perforate the formation and thereby to embed the tracer in the formation. Since explosive devices are also highly controlled, it has become very difficult to arrange the transport of devices incorporating both radioactive sources and explosives. Although non-radioactive tracers, i.e. chemical tracers, may be used, these require careful selection to ensure that they are sufficiently soluble in the phase to be monitored and that they are readily detectable at low concentrations.
  • US 4,755,469 describes the use of rare metal tracers for tracing oil and associated reservoir fluids by mixing an oil-dispersible rare metal salt with oil or an oil-like composition, injecting the dissolved tracer composition it into a subterranean reservoir and analysing oil fluids produced from a different part of the reservoir for the presence of the rare metal to determine whether the oil mixed with the tracer has been produced from the reservoir.
  • a method of monitoring the flow of fluid within or from a reservoir comprising the steps of inserting in said reservoir a solid non-radioactive tracer comprising at least one metal selected from caesium, niobium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, lanthanum, gold, iridium, osmium, silver, platinum, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, hafnium, indium a metal of the Lanthanide series of the periodic table, or a salt thereof, thereafter collecting a sample of fluid within or flowing from the reservoir and analysing said sample to determine the amount of said tracer contained in the sample.
  • a solid non-radioactive tracer comprising at least one metal selected from caesium, niobium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, lanthanum, gold, iridium, osmium, silver, platinum, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, ha
  • the reservoir is normally a subterranean oil and/or natural gas reservoir.
  • the fluid flowing within the reservoir normally contains oil, natural gas, water and solids such as sand or other particles.
  • a perforation tool comprising an elongate body having a central longitudinal axis, a control means, deployment means and at least one explosive charge mounted on or within said body and associated with detonation means, said charge being arranged to direct energy explosively, outwardly, and, preferably transversely, along a path with respect to the elongate body upon detonation, and at least one tracer material mounted on or within said body within the path of said explosive energy, characterised in that the tracer material comprises at least one non-radioactive metal selected from caesium, niobium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, lanthanum, gold, iridium, osmium, silver, platinum, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, hafnium, indium a metal of the Lanthanide series of the periodic table, or a salt thereof.
  • the tracer comprises at least one non-radioactive metal selected from caesium, niobium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, lanthanum, gold, iridium, osmium, silver, platinum, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, hafnium, indium a metal of the Lanthanide series of the periodic table, or a salt thereof.
  • the metals of the Lanthanide series comprise the elements of atomic numbers from 57 to 71.
  • Preferred metals include niobium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, europium, platinum and rhodium, and especially preferred are niobium, tantalum, tellurium, terbium and europium. These metals are not naturally abundant and have a low detection limit using standard elemental analysis methods such as inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS).
  • ICP-MS inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy
  • the metals naturally contain more than one isotope.
  • non-radioactive we mean that the metals used in the tracer do not contain a greater proportion of radioactive isotopes than found in the naturally occurring metal, i.e. they have not been enriched with radioactive isotopes.
  • Some of the metals may contain unstable radioactive isotopes in their natural state but the emission of radioactivity is very low, and they are unsuitable for use as radioactive tracers at the dilutions typically used without enrichment with one or more radioactive isotopes.
  • a metal is treated, e.g.
  • the metals used in the tracers of the present inventive method may have a composition of isotopes which is not naturally occurring, by enrichment with one or more stable non-radioactive isotopes to assist identification of the metal, particularly by mass-spectrometry.
  • the tracer or tracers may be formed of the selected metal or metals in elemental form.
  • the tracer may be supplied as salts of the metals.
  • inorganic anions are preferred, particularly, a low-mass anion such as nitride or carbide in order to increase the amount of tracer metal in a given mass of tracer composition.
  • a tracer in elemental form may be conveniently supplied as a discrete tracer unit such as a disc, wire or rod or as a coating for placement in or attachment to a reservoir perforator gun (perforation tool).
  • the tracer metal may be moulded to fit around an explosive charge.
  • the salts may be supplied as pressed discs or in another form. More than one metal may be used in a tracer. When more than one metal is used as a tracer they may be simply mixed or alloyed. Alternatively more than one discrete tracer unit, e.g. metallic disc, may be used in the same location or different tracers may be placed in different locations.
  • the tracer may take the physical form of a moulded metal shape such as a disc, wire or rod or may comprise finely divided particles of metal or as a salt of the metal.
  • the particles may be formed into a shape, such as a tablet or disk, e.g. by pressing, extruding, granulating or other method, optionally using a binder.
  • the tablet may further comprise other materials such as a diluent (i.e. a non-traceable material) to add mass, and/or a dispersant to aid dispersal and / or dissolution of the particles into the fluid to be traced.
  • the tablet or other shape may be encased in a protective coating, preferably of a soluble or permeable material.
  • a tracer metal For insertion of a tracer by means of a perforator gun, it is preferred to form the tracer metal into a disc for placement into a perforation gun apparatus, either in an external scallop or in close proximity to the explosive charge.
  • a disc may contain from about 0.1 g - 20g especially 5 - 20 g of metal, preferably from about 8 to 12 g.
  • the tracer may be associated with each explosive charge or only some of them.
  • the amount of tracer used in a well section provides from about 20 to about 500 g (more preferably between about 50 and 200 g) of tracer metal.
  • the sample of fluid may be taken from the top of the well or may be withdrawn from within a well using a suitable well tool.
  • the sample may be analysed by any suitable means to determine the amount of tracer present.
  • suitable methods for the detection and measurement of metals in a.sample by elemental analysis There are many suitable methods for the detection and measurement of metals in a.sample by elemental analysis.
  • One suitable method is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) calibrated for the metal used in the tracer.
  • ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  • the collected fluid sample may be aspirated into the plasma, optionally after a treatment to separate the phases or to concentrate the sample.
  • the sample is a hydrocarbon such as crude oil
  • the sample may be ashed and then extracted into acid which may then be introduced into the plasma.
  • ICP-AES Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
  • ICP-AES is also a suitable elemental analysis method to determine the metal tracer content of the sample.
  • a suitable solvent preferably with the addition of a complexing agent.
  • the complexing agent maintains the tracer metals in solution and avoids loss of tracer on surfaces within the analytical apparatus. When metal tracers stick to surfaces within the apparatus, they may be leached into successive samples passing through the apparatus and lead to inaccurate estimates of tracer within the sample.
  • Any suitable complexing agent may be used, provided it does not interfere with the analysis of the tracers and forms a stable complex with the metal in the selected solvent. Suitable complexing agents include quaternary ammonium compounds.
  • quaternary ammonium compounds having long-chain or bulky alkyl groups are very suitable, for example methyltrioctylammonium chloride, sold commercially as ALIQUATTM 336.
  • an internal standard is added to the sample which is believed to contain the tracer and diluted with a solvent containing a complexing agent.
  • the resulting solution is then analysed by ICP-MS configured for organics operation.
  • X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy may be used to determine the amount of fluorescence emitted by the sample at one or more characteristic frequencies when irradiated by X-rays. All of these methods are widely used in analysis and may be operated by the skilled person in a suitable manner. Alternative methods of elemental analysis may also be used, as would be known to the skilled analyst. Such methods may include chemical analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, the use of metal sensitive electrodes, voltammetry etc but these methods are likely to be less sensitive than the preferred instrumental analysis methods described above and so are less preferred.
  • a blank sample from the well i.e. a sample taken before tracer was inserted in the reservoir
  • the sample preparation may differ from that used for an organic sample: e.g. by evaporating the sample rather than ashing.
  • the above-described methods are generally capable of quantitatively determining the amount of metal found in a sample, with suitable calibration.
  • the tracer technique itself may not be quantitative because, especially when the tracer is forced into the reservoir formation by a perforation gun, at least some of the metal may stick to the formation in an unpredictable manner. Therefore the method may be most useful for determining the presence or absence of flow from a particular region of the reservoir.
  • the tracer method of the invention may be varied according to conventional methodologies used in the industry. Therefore, two or more tracers may be combined in a predetermined ratio in order to produce a unique tracer composition for marking a particular well or section of a well. It may be desired to determine the flow of tracer from a particular part of a well or reservoir. In this case a single reservoir may be marked by inserting different tracers or combinations of tracers in different locations in order to determine the part of the reservoir from which a particular sample has originated or flowed through.
  • the tracer may be inserted in the reservoir by one or more different methods.
  • a preferred method comprises associating the tracer with a part of a perforation tool or perforation gun.
  • the placement of tracers into the formation using a perforation tool (also known as a perforation gun) is already known.
  • a perforation tool is used in the oil and gas drilling, exploration and recovery industry for perforating a well, i.e. for forming channels or perforations extending from a well-bore into the reservoir formation. Each channel or perforation is formed by detonating an explosive charge carried on a tool located in the well.
  • the explosive energy is directed into the well casing (if the well has been cased) or the side of the well to penetrate the formation so that the well casing or well bore side is perforated allowing communication with the formation in the region of the tool.
  • the perforations form channels through which reservoir fluids may flow out of the formation and into the well bore, thereby to flow to the surface of the well for recovery.
  • Perforation tools vary in their size and design according to the result they are to achieve and any description herein of perforation tools is given as general background and not intended to limit the invention. Perforation tools are equipment already known and used in the oil exploration industry, and so a skilled designer of such tools is able to construct a tool suitable for use in the present invention.
  • the tool is typically of generally cylindrical shape and has a length typically of between about 0.5 and about 10 metres.
  • the perforation tool carries more than one charge, usually arranged around the circumference of the tool or gun.
  • the number of charges carried on a perforation tool varies but typically may be between about 2 and about 12 charges per foot (300 mm), normally arranged in a pattern, e.g. approximately helically, along the length of the tool.
  • the explosive charge, detonation means, deployment means and control means comprise materials and apparatus which are known in the industry.
  • the charge is normally shaped to direct the explosive energy along the desired path relative to the body of the perforation tool.
  • the detonator is usually an electrically operated detonator.
  • Control means may comprise a microprocessor and associated control program mounted within the perforation tool or an associated tool or the tool may be controlled directly by means of signals carried to the tool from an operator, normally located at the head of the well.
  • the signals may be carried along a cable connecting the tool and the well-head.
  • the tool is normally deployed by lowering it down a well suspended on a wire or string before, during or after completion of a well.
  • the tool generally has an outer sleeve covering the explosive charges.
  • the tracer When a perforation tool is used to insert tracer into a formation, the tracer may be placed into indentations or "scallops" formed in the outer sleeve, usually directly over one or more of the explosive charges carried by the tool.
  • the tracer compounds may be held in place by an adhesive or a covering film, such as an epoxy resin covering.
  • the tracer compounds may be located within the outer sleeve or casing of the perforation tool, for example in contact with an inner sleeve within the gun. It is preferred that the tracer materials are not placed in contact with the explosive charges in order to avoid destabilising the charges by redirecting the angle of the blast.
  • the tracer is therefore placed spaced away from the charge in the path of the blast so that at least some of the tracer material is carried into the reservoir formation with the explosive gases when the charge is detonated. It is likely that some of the tracer is vaporised in the explosion and then condenses within the formation. At least some of the tracer particles are then carried out of the formation with the flow of fluids released by the perforation of the formation by the explosive charge.
  • the tracer or tracers may be placed in the gun or perforation tool in the form of shaped units as described hereinbefore or coated onto a part of a perforator gun. Alternatively the tracer metal may be moulded to fit around an explosive charge.
  • a metal salt tracer may be selected to be soluble in the fluid which is to be traced.
  • an oil-soluble metal salt may be selected, e.g. a salt of an organic acid, particularly a long-chain fatty acid.
  • a water-soluble salt of the tracer metal(s) such as a sulphate, nitrate or halide.
  • a solid tracer comprising a soluble salt of the metal is placed in the well and is then dissolved in the water flowing within the well.
  • the method of the invention is for the placement of solid tracers comprising non-radioactive metals in a reservoir for tracing the flow of fluids in and from a well bored into the reservoir. It is known from US 5,711,900 and US 6,001,280 to use as a tracer a solution of a gadolinium salt of a carboxylic acid. The deployment of tracer solutions as disclosed in those references is not within the scope of the present invention.
  • 1 ⁇ g/ml stock standards were prepared by diluting 50 ⁇ l aliquots of the 1000 ⁇ g/ml and 500 ⁇ l of the 100 ⁇ g/ml ICP standards to 50 ml with stock standard dilution solution.
  • a 0.1 mg/ml combined standard was the prepared by combining 1 ml aliquots of stock solutions 1, 2 and 3 and diluting to 10 ml with stock standard dilution solution.
  • Instrumentation ICP-MS, Thermo X Series II fitted with organics kit, peltier cooled spray chamber, micromist low flow nebuliser (Glass Expansion), extra mass flow controller for addition of oxygen into the plasma and platinum cones.
  • the instrument was initially set up with a standard aqueous introduction system and a detector cross-calibration and full system tune were preformed. An instrument performance check was then performed to confirm that the instrument was performing within the manufacturers acceptance limits.
  • the organics kit was then fitted and the instrument stabilised on isopropanol. A blank solution containing internal standard was aspirated. The oxygen flow was adjusted until the green carbon emission was removed and the ICP-MS optics were then optimised on the low and high mass internal standards.
  • High level calibration standards were prepared by combining aliquots of stock solutions 1, 2 and 3, plus 500 ⁇ l of internal std solution and 1 g of base oil and diluting to 10 g with sample dilution solution.
  • Low level calibration standards were prepared by adding aliquots of the 0.1 ⁇ g/ml combined standard, 1 g of base oil and 500 ⁇ l of internal std solution and diluting to 10 g with sample dilution solution.
  • the instrument was calibrated using the prepared high-level and low-level calibration standards. Instrument response was linear over the calibration range 0 - 20 ng/g with a relative standard deviation of less than 2%.
  • the detection limits for the metals was determined as 3x standard deviation (limit of detection, LOD) and 10x standard deviation (limit of quantification, LOQ) of the results of ten repeated determinations of a measuring a 100 pg/g standard solution.
  • LOD limit of detection
  • LOQ limit of quantification
  • 12g of niobium carbide powder was mixed with a microcrystalline wax binder and formed into 40 disk-shaped tablets, each approximately 10mm diameter and 2mm thick by pressing.
  • the tablets were placed into indentations, known as scallops, in the outer surface of the casing of a perforation tool and covered in an epoxy material.
  • a second batch of 40 tablets containing a total of 12g of tantalum carbide mixed with the wax binder was prepared in the same way and the tablets were placed into the scallops of a second perforation tool.
  • the perforation tools were of a standard type, each being provided with a plurality of explosive charges arranged to fire outwardly from the perforation tool in a predetermined direction upon operation of the tool.
  • the perforation tools were placed down a well into different locations in the formation of an oil reservoir and fired to perforate the formation. When the reservoir fluids had reached the surface, samples of the reservoir fluid were collected every 30 minutes. The samples were later analysed using the ICP-MS method described above. The results are plotted in Figure 1 as the concentration of Nb and Ta found in a sample against time when the sample was taken. The plot shows that both Nb and Ta have been detected confirming that both perforation tools fired and that fluid is flowing up the well from the locations of each of the perforation tools.

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Claims (15)

  1. Verfahren zur Überwachung des Fluidstroms innerhalb einer Lagerstätte oder aus einer Lagerstätte, das die Stufen umfasst:
    - Einführen eines festen Tracers mit Hilfe eines Perforationswerkzeugs in die Lagerstätte,
    - anschließendes Sammeln einer Probe eines Fluids in der Lagerstätte oder eines aus der Lagerstätte ausströmenden Fluids und Analysieren der Probe, um die Menge des genannten Tracers, die in der Probe vorhanden ist, zu bestimmen,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der feste Tracer wenigstens ein nicht-radioaktives Metall umfasst, das ausgewählt ist aus Cäsium, Niob, Tantal, Tellur, Terbium, Lanthan, Gold, Iridium, Osmium, Silber, Platin, Palladium, Rhenium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Hafnium, Indium, einem Metall der Lanthanidenreihe des Periodensystems, oder ein Salz des genannten wenigstens einen nicht-radioaktiven Metalls.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Tracer Cäsium, Niob, Tantal, Tellur, Terbium, Europium, Platin oder Rhodium oder ein Salz davon umfasst.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, wobei der Tracer ein wasserlösliches Salz von wenigstens einem der genannten Metalle umfasst.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, wobei der Tracer ein kohlenwasserstofflösliches Salz von wenigstens einem der genannten Metalle umfasst.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, wobei der Tracer wenigstens eines der Metalle in elementarer Form umfasst.
  6. Verfahren nach irgendeinem der vorausgehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Tracer in Form fein verteilter Teilchen des Metalls oder eines Salzes des Metalls vorliegt.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, wobei die Teilchen zu geformten Einheiten geformt sind.
  8. Verfahren nach irgendeinem der vorausgehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Lagerstätte eine unterirdische Öl- und/oder Erdgas-Lagerstätte ist.
  9. Perforationswerkzeug, das umfasst:
    - einen langgestreckten Körper mit einer zentralen Längsachse;
    - eine Steuereinrichtung;
    - Einsatzmittel; und
    - wenigstens eine Explosivladung, die auf dem oder innerhalb des genannten Körpers montiert ist und mit Zündmitteln assoziiert ist, wobei die genannte Ladung so angeordnet ist, dass bei der Zündung Energie explosionsartig und von dem langgestreckten Körper nach außen gerichtet wird, sowie wenigstens ein festes Tracermaterial, das im Weg der genannten Explosionsenergie auf dem oder innerhalb des genannten Körpers montiert ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das feste Tracermaterial wenigstens ein nicht-radioaktives Metall umfasst, das ausgewählt ist aus Cäsium, Niob, Tantal, Tellur, Terbium, Lanthan, Gold, Iridium, Osmium, Silber, Platin, Palladium, Rhenium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Hafnium, Indium, einem Metall der Lanthanidenreihe des Periodensystems, oder ein Salz des genannten wenigstens einen nicht-radioaktiven Metalls.
  10. Perforationswerkzeug nach Anspruch 9, wobei der Tracer Cäsium, Niob, Tantal, Tellur, Terbium, Europium, Platin und Rhodium oder ein Salz davon umfasst.
  11. Perforationswerkzeug nach Anspruch 9 oder Anspruch 10, wobei der Tracer ein wasserlösliches Salz von wenigstens einem der Metalle umfasst.
  12. Perforationswerkzeug nach Anspruch 9 oder Anspruch 10, wobei der Tracer ein kohlenwasserstofflösliches Salz von wenigstens einem der genannten Metalle umfasst.
  13. Perforationswerkzeug nach Anspruch 9 oder Anspruch 10, wobei der Tracer wenigstens eines der genannten Metalle in elementarer Form umfasst.
  14. Perforationswerkzeug, wie es in irgendeinem der Ansprüche 9 bis 13 beansprucht wird, wobei das Werkzeug eine äußere Hülse umfasst, die die Explosivladungen überdeckt, und wobei der Tracer in einer oder mehreren Vertiefungen angeordnet ist, die in der äußeren Hülle ausgebildet sind und mit einer oder mehreren der Explosivladungen fluchten.
  15. Perforationswerkzeug nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 9 bis 13, wobei der Tracer in einem Abstand entfernt von einer Ladung zwischen der Ladung und einer äußeren Hülse des genannten Werkzeugs im geplanten Weg Explosionsdruckwelle angeordnet ist, so dass wenigstens etwas von dem Tracermaterial mit den Explosionsgasen in die Lagerstättenformation mitgerissen wird, wenn die Ladung gezündet wird.
EP07712982A 2006-03-06 2007-03-05 Verfolgungsverfahren und -vorrichtung Not-in-force EP1991759B1 (de)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0604451.5A GB0604451D0 (en) 2006-03-06 2006-03-06 Tracer method and apparatus
PCT/GB2007/050099 WO2007102023A1 (en) 2006-03-06 2007-03-05 Tracer method and apparatus

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EP1991759A1 EP1991759A1 (de) 2008-11-19
EP1991759B1 true EP1991759B1 (de) 2010-10-13

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US (1) US20090025470A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1991759B1 (de)
CN (1) CN101384794A (de)
AT (1) ATE484651T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2007222221B2 (de)
BR (1) BRPI0708570A2 (de)
CA (1) CA2636988A1 (de)
DE (1) DE602007009806D1 (de)
DK (1) DK1991759T3 (de)
EA (1) EA012563B1 (de)
GB (1) GB0604451D0 (de)
MX (1) MX2008011399A (de)
NO (1) NO20083437L (de)
NZ (1) NZ569759A (de)
WO (1) WO2007102023A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA200806458B (de)

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US8640773B2 (en) 2011-10-05 2014-02-04 Johnson Matthey Plc Method of tracing flow of hydrocarbon from a subterranean reservoir
US9951568B2 (en) 2013-06-28 2018-04-24 Johnson Matthey Public Company Limited Well liner
US11136883B2 (en) 2013-09-05 2021-10-05 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Tracer and method

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FR2954796B1 (fr) * 2009-12-24 2016-07-01 Total Sa Utilisation de nanoparticules pour le marquage d'eaux d'injection de champs petroliers
EP2542759A4 (de) * 2010-03-04 2015-11-18 Peter E Rose Kolloid-kristalline quantenpunkte als tracer in unterirdischen formationen
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AU2007222221B2 (en) 2011-10-27
WO2007102023A1 (en) 2007-09-13
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US20090025470A1 (en) 2009-01-29
NO20083437L (no) 2008-09-09
NZ569759A (en) 2012-03-30
EP1991759A1 (de) 2008-11-19
ZA200806458B (en) 2009-11-25
MX2008011399A (es) 2008-09-22
CN101384794A (zh) 2009-03-11
GB0604451D0 (en) 2006-04-12
CA2636988A1 (en) 2007-09-13
BRPI0708570A2 (pt) 2011-05-31
EA012563B1 (ru) 2009-10-30
ATE484651T1 (de) 2010-10-15
AU2007222221A1 (en) 2007-09-13
DK1991759T3 (da) 2011-01-10

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